1.
David Bradley (director)
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David Shedd Bradley was an American motion picture director, actor, film collector, and university instructor. He attended the Todd School for Boys from 1935 to 1937 and he then spent a year at the Goodman Memorial Theatre Drama Department of the Art Institute of Chicago. During this time, he directed a feature-length 16 mm version of Peer Gynt with 17-year-old Charlton Heston in the title role. His studies at Northwestern University were interrupted by three years’ service in the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II and he graduated in 1950 with Bachelor of Science degree from the university’s School of Speech. On the basis of the 16 mm feature Julius Caesar that he had produced and directed in Chicago, he was hired as a directing intern by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1950. After the teen drama Dragstrip Riot, he went on to direct Madmen of Mandoras, padded for television into the infamous They Saved Hitlers Brain, Bradley later taught film studies at UCLA and Santa Monica City College. David Bradley at the Internet Movie Database David Bradley Papers, Northwestern University Archives, David S. Bradley Film Collection, Indiana University
2.
Anna-Lisa
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Anna-Lisa is a Norwegian-born actress who appeared primarily in American films and television. Anna-Lisa was born in Oslo, Norway, as Anna Lisa Ruud, in 1954, she traveled to the United States to visit her brother, a travel agent in Hollywood, California. This led to a career in which she was cast in guest-starring roles in such western television series as Sugarfoot, Maverick. She guest starred on the 1960 series, The Islanders, an set in the South Pacific, as well as on Bonanza. Anna-Lisa then acquired a role as Nora Travers in the ABC western series Black Saddle, with Peter Breck. Her success in Black Saddle resulted in roles in two spaceflight-themed feature films, the 1959 comedy Have Rocket, Will Travel and a later in 12 to the Moon. She continued to appear in television series as GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the former segment, she played a young Swedish immigrant coming west to meet her husband for the first time. The episode focuses on her hat in which she had stored more than $1,300 to help get a start in her new life. Tris Coffin appeared in this episode, anna-Lisa, Norwegian American Actress, LawZone, retrieved 2012-08-10. Anna-Lisa at the Internet Movie Database
3.
John Alton
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Born Johann Jacob Altmann, in Sopron/Ödenburg, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary, was an American cinematographer. Alton won an Academy Award for the cinematography of An American in Paris, Alton photographed some of the most famous films noir of the classic period. He began as a lab technician in Los Angeles in the 1920s, in 1932, he moved to Argentina where he shot many Spanish-language films and designed the countrys first sound film studio for Lumiton and Argentina Sono Film. He returned to Hollywood in the late 1930s, with two dozen film credits, and became one of the most sought after cinematographers of the time, Alton was known for unconventional camera angles—especially low camera shots. His style is most notable in the noir, He Walked by Night, The Big Combo, The Amazing Mr. X, T-Men. Alton also photographed many color movies including Slightly Scarlet, Alton wrote Painting with Light, one of the first books written by a working studio cinematographer. It addresses both conventional and unconventional methods of studio motion-picture lighting, despite the vast technical advances achieved within the motion picture industry much of the content is still pertinent. Painting with Light contains essential reading for any budding filmmaker with detailed information and ideas for lighting several difficult interior and exterior setups, the table of contents includes chapters such as Mystery Lighting, Special Illumination, and Visual Symphony. Sources, In 1966, Alton shot the pilot for Mission, Impossible, wins Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color, An American in Paris, shared with, Alfred Gilks,1951. Nominations Laurel Awards, Golden Laurel, Top Cinematography, Color, The Brothers Karamazov, other honors Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, Career Achievement Award,1992. Border Incident, von Anthony Mann, Kamera, John Alton, in, Christian Cargnelli, Michael Omasta, Schatten
4.
Columbia Pictures
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The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra
5.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
6.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman
7.
Tom Conway
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Tom Conway was a British film, television and radio actor remembered for playing private detectives and psychiatrists. His younger brother was fellow actor George Sanders and their younger sister, Margaret Sanders, was born in 1912. At the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, the moved to England. He travelled to Northern Rhodesia, where he worked in mining and ranching, then returned to England, appearing in plays with the Manchester Repertory Company. When he joined his brother George in Hollywood, Conway became a player for MGM. Conway is perhaps best known for playing The Falcon in ten of the entries, taking over for his brother in The Falcons Brother. This work led Conway to become a player with RKO Pictures. While working for the studio, Conway starred in three of Val Lewtons horror films, in two otherwise unrelated films, Cat People and The Seventh Victim, he played Dr. Louis Judd, although the character was killed in Cat People. The third Lewton film in which he starred was I Walked with a Zombie, conways screen career diminished in the 1950s, but he appeared in a number of British films, as well as on radio and television. In 1951, he replaced Vincent Price as star of the mystery series The Saint. In 1956, the two brothers featured in the film Death of a Scoundrel, though Sanders had the starring role. In 1957, the series resumed on NBC, renamed Saber of London, Conway performed in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode The Glass Eye as Max Collodi, receiving critical praise. His final television appearance was in the Perry Mason episode, The Case of the Simple Simon and his wife at the time, Queenie Leonard, voiced a cow in the barn. Despite having been successful in his twenty-four-year film career, Conway later struggled to make ends meet. Failing eyesight and alcoholism took their toll on him in his last years and his second wife divorced him in 1963 because of his drinking problem, and his brother George Sanders broke off all contact with him because of it. Conway underwent cataract surgery during the winter of 1964–65, in September 1965, he briefly returned to the headlines, having been discovered living in a $2-a-day room in a Venice, Los Angeles flophouse. Gifts, contributions and offers of aid poured in for a time and his last years were marked with hospitalizations. It was there that former sister-in-law Zsa Zsa Gabor paid Conway a visit, tip the nurses a little bit so theyll be good to you, she told him
8.
Double feature
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Opera houses staged two operas together for the sake of providing long performance for the audience. This was related to one-act or two-act short operas that were otherwise commercially hard to stage alone, a prominent example is the double-bill of Pagliacci with Cavalleria rusticana first staged on 22 December 1893 by the Met. The two operas have since been performed as a double-bill, a pairing referred to in the operatic world colloquially as Cav. Movie theaters suffered a downturn in business in the years of the Great Depression. To attract customers, managers would offer additional features to the main attraction, the tactic worked, audiences considered the cost of a theater ticket good value for several hours of escapist and varied entertainment, and the practice became a standard pattern of programming. Afterward, the main feature ran. The major studios also made film series featuring recurring characters, the U. S. Supreme Court decided that this practice was illegal in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. in 1948, contributing to the end of the studio system. Even after the requirement was dropped, many smaller or independent neighborhood theatres, especially drive-in theatres. By the end of the 1940s double features were regular policy at 29 percent of American cinemas with 36 percent having them part-time, after the Paramount Decree the sources of the second feature had changed. James H. Nicholson and Samuel Z, by the 1960s, double features had been mostly abandoned in non–drive-ins in favor of the modern single-feature screening, in which only one feature film is exhibited. While most cinemas have discontinued the practice of showing the double feature, the Astor Theatre in St Kilda Melbourne, Australia, established in 1936, continues the tradition of the double feature. Short films still occasionally precede the feature presentation, but the feature is now effectively extinct in first-run movie theaters in the U. S. Only three were made and the scheme failed, many repertory houses continue to show two films, usually related in some way, back to back. During the 1990s, many VHS cassettes that showed two films on the tape were self-named as double features. Although Grindhouse received critical acclaim, it was a financial flop in the United States. The films were screened individually in international markets and on DVD, another recent double feature was the Duel Project, when Japanese directors Ryuhei Kitamura and Yukihiko Tsutsumi created competing films to be shown and voted on by the premier audience. More recently, two features of re-released popular films hit the big screen. The first was of the re-release of Toy Story and Toy Story 2 that started October 2,2009 before the release of Toy Story 3 in the following year, both films were in Disney Digital 3D in select movie theaters
9.
Battle in Outer Space
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Battle in Outer Space is a 1959 Japanese science fiction film produced by Toho Studios. Directed by Ishirō Honda and featuring special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya, the film was released theatrically in the United States in the summer of 1960 by Columbia Pictures. In 1965, a series of mysterious and devastating incidents are happening on Earth, a UN-connected international meeting is called at the Space Research Center in Japan. Major Ichiro Katsumiya, Professor Adachi and Dr. Richardson open the conference and describe the disasters, Dr. Katsumiya determines that such an action could only be accomplished by a force beyond the earth. Dr. Ahmed, an Iranian delegate at the meeting, reacts as though suffering from a severe headache, Ahmed walks outside to a courtyard in a daze. Etsuko Shiraishi sees him and watches in horror as he is enveloped in a red light coming from the sky, astronaut Iwamura comes in and Etsuko tells him what happened but Ahmed is nowhere to be seen. Back at the conference, it is believed that aliens might be behind the disasters, Dr. Ahmed appears and tries to sabotage the heat ray experiments held at the meeting. He is caught before completing his mission and he briefly takes Etsuko hostage and warns that the Earth will soon become a colony of the planet Natal. Ahmeds hand is injured and he makes a run for it, however, a Natal saucer appears near the center and vaporizes him, but forensics find a tiny radio transmitter that was put in him. The transmissions locate the aliens on the moon. The UN decides to launch two ships, called SPIPs, to the Moon on a reconnaissance mission. En route, both ships are attacked by remotely controlled meteors called space torpedoes, Iwamura, the navigator of SPIP-1, is also under mind control by the aliens. He is caught trying to disable the weapons and is tied up. Both SPIPs avoid the meteors and are given a warning by the Natal not to land on the moon, once the rockets land on the moon, the two teams look for the alien base in lunar rovers. Meanwhile, Iwamura has untied himself and blown up SPIP-1 and they find a cave on foot and locate the Natal base in a deep crater. Etsuko is temporarily captured by the Natal but is rescued by Katsumiya, a beam weapon battle erupts as the teams attack the base. The Natal base is destroyed, freeing Iwamura from the mind control. Feeling guilty, Iwamura stays behind to give covering fire, allowing the SPIP-2 to escape, back on Earth, the world prepares for a final conflict against the Natal
10.
13 Ghosts
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13 Ghosts is a 1960 American horror film written by Robb White and directed by William Castle. The film stars 11-year-old child actor Charles Herbert, Jo Morrow, Rosemary DeCamp, Martin Milner, Donald Woods, the film was released on a double bill in 1960 with either The Electronic Monster or Battle in Outer Space in most areas. Throughout the film, Buck refers to Elaine as a witch, though this is never confirmed, the film hints at the possibility. These inside references were an acknowledgement of Hamiltons best known role as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz. When occultist uncle Dr. Plato Zorba wills a huge ramshackle house to his nephew Cyrus and his impoverished family and their new furnished residence comes complete with Dr. Plato Zorbas housekeeper, Elaine Zacharides, plus a fortune in buried treasure and 12 horrifying ghosts. Zorba himself, all held captive in the house looking for an unlucky thirteenth ghost to free them. Dr. Zorba leaves a set of goggles, the only way of seeing the ghosts. However, there is someone in the house who is looking for the money and is willing to kill for it. The villain turns out to be the lawyer, Benjamin Rush, Rush becomes the 13th ghost, and the ghosts disappear. The next morning, Cyrus and his family count the money, Buck keeps the mask used by Benjamen Rush to scare Bucks big sister Medea Zorba. Plato Zorbas ghost As with several of his famous productions. The choice came via the special viewer, supposedly left by Dr. Zorba, audiences received viewers with red and blue cellophane filters. Unlike early 3D glasses where one eye is red and the other is cyan or blue, choosing to look through the red filter intensified the images of the ghosts, while the blue filter removed them. Because the ghosts were indeed viewable by the eye, the movie was broadcast for years by television without a viewer needed to see the ghosts. DVD editions have varied in their preservation of the Illusion-O effect, with the first DVD release including versions with and without the ghost outlines, mill Creek has removed the Use Viewer and Remove Viewer on screen prompts from their releases of the film. It was remade during 2001 with the title of Thirteen Ghosts, like the original movie, it was distributed by Columbia Pictures. List of American films of 1960 List of ghost films 13 Ghosts at the Internet Movie Database 13 Ghosts at AllMovie
11.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
12.
Nazism
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National Socialism, more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race and it aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of racial purity. The term National Socialism arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, the Nazi Partys precursor, the Pan-German nationalist and anti-Semitic German Workers Party, was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation, following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism. The full name of Adolf Hitlers party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the shorthand Nazi was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word national. The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a peasant, characterizing an awkward. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the name, Nationalsozialistische. The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, the use of Nazi Germany, Nazi regime, and so on was popularised by German exiles abroad. From them, the spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a name for the ideology the party advocated. The majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of far-right politics, far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements. Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms, a major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist Freikorps, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP, the Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag, the Nazis denounced them as an insignificant heap of reactionaries. The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their violence. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, there were factions in the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical
13.
The Holocaust
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The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis. The victims included 1.5 million children, and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe, killings took place throughout German-occupied Europe, as well as within Nazi Germany, and across all territories controlled by its allies. Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovahs Witnesses, some 42,500 detention facilities were utilized in the concentration of victims for the purpose of gross violations of human rights. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators, the persecution was carried out in stages, culminating in the policy of extermination of European Jews termed the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Following Hitlers rise to power, the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps. After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos, in 1941, as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East, all anti-Jewish measures radicalized. Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings actions in less than a year, by mid-1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945, the most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943, when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks. An estimated 20, 000–30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis, French Jews took part in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place, the term holocaust comes from the Greek adjective holókaustos, a variant of holókautos, referring to an animal sacrifice offered to a god in which the whole animal is completely burnt. Often used substantively in apposition with the noun thysia, the term appears in a fragment of pseudo-Callisthenes, writing in Latin, Jerome Latinized the Greek word as a neuter noun holocaustum, using it to translate references to the Jewish burnt offering in his translations of Exodus and Leviticus. In his Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi, Richard of Devizes, the English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1671 poem Samson Agonistes and the word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon. The term was used in the 1950s by historians as a translation of the Jewish word shoah to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews, the television mini-series Holocaust is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978. The biblical word shoah, meaning calamity became the standard Hebrew term for the Holocaust as early as the 1940s, especially in Europe and Israel. Shoah is preferred by some Jews for several reasons including the offensive nature of the word holocaust which they take to refer to the Greek pagan custom. The Nazis used the phrase Final Solution to the Jewish Question, all branches of Germanys bureaucracy were engaged in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar, Michael Berenbaum, has called a genocidal state. Every arm of the countrys sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process, as prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was in the eyes of the perpetrators, through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims
14.
Mortar (weapon)
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A mortar is a device that fires projectiles at low velocities and short ranges. The mortar has traditionally used as a weapon to propel explosive mortar bombs in high-arcing ballistic trajectories. The weapon is typically muzzle-loading with a short, often smooth-bore barrel, Modern mortars are light and easily portable. They can be used for fire support with a variety of ammunition. Mortars have been used for hundreds of years, originally in siege warfare, many historians consider the first mortars to have been used at the 1453 siege of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror. A European account of the 1456 siege of Belgrade by Giovanni da Tagliacozzo said that the Ottoman Turks used seven mortars that fired stone shots one Italian mile high. The time of flight of these was long enough that casualties could be avoided by posting observers to give warning of their trajectories. However, earlier mortars were used in Korea in a 1413 naval battle when Korean gunsmiths developed the Wangu, the earliest version of the Wangu dates back to 1407. Choe Hae-san, the son of Choe Mu-seon, is credited with inventing the first Wangu. Early mortars, such as the Pumhart von Steyr, were large and heavy. Simply made, these weapons were no more than iron bowls reminiscent of the kitchen, an early transportable mortar was invented by Baron Menno van Coehoorn. This mortar fired a shell, which had a fuse lit by the hot gases when fired. This innovation was taken up, necessitating a new form of naval ship. Mortars played a significant role in the Venetian conquest of Morea, an early use of these more mobile mortars as field weapons was by British forces in the suppression of the 1719 Jacobite rising at the Battle of Glen Shiel. High angle trajectory mortars held an advantage over standard field guns in the rough terrain of the West Highlands of Scotland. Coehorn-type mortars of approximately 180 pounds weight were used by both sides during the American Civil War and these answered as coehorns, and shells were successfully thrown from them into the trenches of the enemy. The mortar had fallen out of use by the Napoleonic era. The German Army studied the Siege of Port Arthur, where heavy artillery had been unable to destroy defensive structures like barbed wire, the solution they developed was a short-barrelled rifled muzzle-loading mortar called the Minenwerfer, and was built in three sizes
15.
Hieroglyph
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A hieroglyph is a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system. Logographic scripts that are pictographic in form in a way reminiscent of ancient Egyptian are also sometimes called hieroglyphs, in Neoplatonism, especially during the Renaissance, a hieroglyph was an artistic representation of an esoteric idea, which Neoplatonists believed actual Egyptian hieroglyphs to be. The word hieroglyphics refer to a hieroglyphic script, middle Egyptian, An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs, A Practical Guide, the Story of Writing, Alphabets, Hieroglyphs & Pictograms
16.
Francis X. Bushman
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Francis Xavier Bushman was an American film actor and director. His career as a matinee idol started in 1911 in the silent film His Friends Wife and he gained a very large female following and was one of the biggest stars of the 1910s and early 1920s. Bushman, like many of his contemporaries, broke into the picture business via the stage. He was performing at Broncho Billy Andersons Essanay Studios in Chicago, Illinois and he appeared in nearly 200 feature film roles—more than 175 films before 1920, and 17 in his screen debut year of 1911 alone. He also worked for the Vitagraph studio before signing with Metro in 1915 and he was born in Baltimore, Maryland. As a young man Bushman joined the Maryland Athletic Club and began a body building regimen that would give him his famous film physique and he cited Eugen Sandow as one of his body building influences. In New York, he worked as a model, often posing in the nude in sessions. In 1902, he married seamstress Josephine Fladine Duval, by the launch of his film career, the couple had five children. In 1918, he was the subject of a scandal as his affair with longtime costar Beverly Bayne became public. Three days after his divorce with Josephine was final, Bushman and Bayne were married, Bushman and his studios had kept his marriage secret for fear of losing popularity. Bushman eventually retained the services of Harry Reichenbach as his agent. When Bushman noted that he would be suited to starring in the upcoming 1925 film, Ben-Hur. He took Bushman to see studio executives from the railway station, lots of people followed them, picking up the coins and following them. The crowd gave the studio executives an impression that Bushman was very popular, Bushman was concerned that playing a villain would affect his career, so he asked the advice of William S. Hart who had played the part on stage for years. Take it, Hart advised—Its the best part in the play, unlike Ramon Novarro, the star of the picture, Bushman knew how to properly drive a team of horses and a chariot without getting severely injured or killed in the process. When Ben Hur was remade in 1959, Charlton Heston had to learn the technique, at the peak of his career, he was advertised as The Handsomest Man in the World. Bushman was also known as the King of Photoplay or the King of Movies before those titles were more attached to Clark Gable. Bushman was paid large salaries during his career, and donated the land upon which Sid Grauman erected his famous Chinese Theater
17.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
18.
The Hollywood Reporter
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Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
19.
Screen Gems
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The label currently specializes in genre films, namely horror. The name was used in 1933, when Columbia Pictures acquired a stake in Charles Mintzs animation studio. The name was derived from an early Columbia Pictures slogan, Gems of the Screen, itself a takeoff on the song Columbia, for an entire decade, Charles Mintz distributed his Krazy Kat, Scrappy, and Color Rhapsody animated film shorts through Columbia Pictures. When Mintz became indebted to Columbia in 1939, he ended up selling his studio to them, Mintzs production manager became the studio head, but was shortly replaced by Mintzs brother-in-law, George Winkler. Columbia then decided to house by ousting the bulk of the staff. After Tashlins short stay came Dave Fleischer, formerly of the Fleischer Studios, animators, directors, and writers at the series included people such as Art Davis, Sid Marcus, Bob Wickersham, and during its latter period, Bob Clampett. Like most studios, the Screen Gems studio had several established characters on their roster and these included Flippity and Flop, Willoughby Wren, and Tito and His Burrito. However, the most successful characters the studio had were The Fox and the Crow, a duo of a refined Fox. Screen Gems was, in an attempt to keep costs low, the final black-and-white Screen Gems shorts appeared in 1946, over three years after the second-longest holdouts. During that same year, the studio shut its doors for good, the Screen Gems cartoons were only moderately successful in comparison to those of Disney, Warner Bros. and MGM. Pioneer was later reorganized as Screen Gems, the studio started its new business in New York on April 15,1949. By 1951, Screen Gems became a television studio by producing and syndicating several popular shows. By 1952, the studio had produced a series of about 100 film-record coordinated releases for television under the brand TV Disk Jockey Toons in which the films synchronize perfectly with the records. On December 10,1956, Screen Gems expanded into television syndication by acquiring Hygo Television Films and its affiliated company United Television Films, Hygo Television Films was founded in 1951 by Jerome Hyams, who also acquired United Television Films in 1955 that was founded by Archie Mayers. Earlier on August 2,1957, they acquired syndication rights to Shock. A package of Universal horror films, which was successful in reviving that genre. The name Screen Gems, at the time, was used to hide the fact that the studio was entering television production and distribution. Many film studios saw television as a threat to their business, however, Columbia was one of a few studios who branched out to television under a pseudonym to conceal the true ownership of the television arm
20.
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
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Sony Pictures Home Entertainment is the home video distribution division of Sony Pictures, a subsidiary of Japanese company Sony Corporation. SPHE also releases products from Revolution Studios, since June 20,2007, SPHE now handles its former Sony BMG kids label, Sony Wonder. In Canada, Columbia TriStar Home Video helped distribute tapes from Astral Video in the 1990s and it also has an Australian deal with Hoyts. In June 1981, Columbia Pictures established a joint venture with RCA, RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video, the partnership expanded to North America as RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video the following year. The venture distributed NBC titles, as it was a subsidiary of RCA at the time, in March 1990, NBC filed a lawsuit against Columbia and its then-new parent company Sony under the perception that the latter two parties were violating their joint pact. Columbia purchased the video rights to Orion Pictures titles a month earlier. As the lawsuit continued into 1991, General Electric, the parent of NBC and RCA, in August 1991, General Electric sold its 50% share of the company to Sony Corporation, and the litigation officially ended with Sony renaming the company as Columbia TriStar Home Video. It was named Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment from 2001 until a change to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in late 2004. As RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video and as Columbia TriStar Home Video, the company also distributed films from New Line Cinema. Columbia TriStar Home Video also distributed tapes from Turner Home Entertainment in the UK from 1994-1997, SPHE has a three-year deal with Starzs Anchor Bay Entertainment for worldwide DVD releases, with the exceptions of North America, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. On February 21,2010, The Weinstein Company made a video distribution deal with SPHE through Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions. On August 31,2010, SPHE partnered with Image Entertainment in an agreement, marketing and distributing DVDs. Image retains its own sales and marketing, on April 23,2012, Mill Creek announced that they had signed a home video distribution deal with SPHE, acquiring the rights to distribute 250 films from the Sony Pictures catalog on DVD and Blu-ray. On August 27,2013, Mill Creek Entertainment signed a deal with SPHE to distribute 665 SPE films and 54 television series on DVD, on December 18,2013, SPHE president David Bishop announced he will leave when his contract expires in March 2014. David Bishop was president of SPHE since 2006 after leaving MGM Home Entertainment, on January 6,2014, it was announced that Man Jit Singh will replace Bishop after his contract expires in March. Man Jit Singh was the CEO of SPTs Multi Screen Media Pvt. Ltd. who was overseeing SPTs Indian Networks, Singh however, will not leave then Indian market, as he has been overseeing SPTs Indian TV market since 2009. On July 22,2015, SPHE and Transmission Films has reached a distribution pact to release the Transmission Films library in Australia. The Australian operations was a joint venture between RCA/Columbia Pictures Video and local cinema company Hoyts and it was known as RCA-Columbia Pictures-Hoyts Video, and released many local films in addition to Columbia Pictures titles
21.
Mill Creek Entertainment
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Mill Creek Entertainment is an American home video company founded in 2002 by Ian Warfield, Robert Zakheim and Scott Moss in Minnetonka, Minnesota. The companys licensing partnerships with major studios include Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, NBCUniversal, the company is known for its multi-film DVD collections, which draw heavily from material in the public domain in the United States. Mill Creek acquired the library of Crown International Pictures from now defunct Navarre Corporation subsidiary BCI Home Entertainment, cannell Productions LionHeart FilmWorks The Program Exchange Saban Brands Shout. Factory, Best-of collections of various Shout, factory licensed series Sonar Entertainment Sony Music Entertainment Sony Pictures Television Vivendi Entertainment Warner Bros. Animation Official website Mill Creek Entertainment at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Shout! Factory
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Factory is an American home video and music company founded in 2003. Its video releases include previously released films, classic and contemporary TV series, animation, live music. Factory also owns and operates Timeless Media Group, Biograph Records, Majordomo Records, HighTone Records, Factory was founded in 2003 by Bob Emmer, Garson Foos, and Richard Foos, three principals from Rhino Records. After selling Rhino to Warner Bros. the three set out to launch a new pop culture label. Their first releases included blues and jazz CDs from the Biograph label, with the release of Freaks & Geeks in 2004, Shout. hit its stride and shifted towards a reputable and celebrated TV on DVD company. That same year, they released a brand-new CD with actor William Shatner, in 2004, Shout. got the rights to Cartoon Network staple Home Movies and released each season set, and ultimately a complete series box. 1, Sweet himself was also added as a solo artist. Still earning a reputation for classic TV, Shout. acquired the rights to Americas Funniest Home Videos, That Girl, Punky Brewster, Factory obtained the rights to Herb Alperts catalog, launching the Herb Alpert Signature Series of CDs. These included The Lonely Bull, South of the Border, Lost Treasures, Whipped Cream & Other Delights and others. They also got the rights to show host Dick Cavetts library and started releasing theme sets focused on rock icons, Ray Charles, John Lennon and Yoko Ono. They also jumped into childrens animation with a deal with DiC Entertainment, the Animated Series and Heathcliff And the Catillac Cats were the first releases from that deal. On the sports side, they entered into a deal with Major League Baseball, releasing themed. By 2007, classic TV on DVD was a focus, with season sets of McHales Navy, Ironside, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Meanwhile, they started releasing Mickey Harts catalogs. In 2008, Shout. bought the Hightone Records catalog and added artists Tom Russell, Joe Ely, at the same time, the company was ramping up its place as a childrens animation destination and continuing with a TV on DVD schedule. It took over the Mystery Science Theater 3000 DVD series and released a 20th Anniversary set and have continued to put out box sets of episodes never before released on DVD. In 2009, Shout. reached another milestone when it struck a deal with childrens TV producers Hasbro, releasing the original Transformers and that same year, it released the first My Little Pony DVD, My Little Pony, Twinkle Wish Collection. Continues to release several Hasbro properties, including the series My Little Pony, in 2012, Shout. started releasing titles by both Saban and Marvel
23.
Mystery Science Theater 3000
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Mystery Science Theater 3000 is an American television comedy series created by Joel Hodgson and produced by Best Brains, Inc. The show premiered on KTMA in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on November 24,1988 and it later aired on The Comedy Channel/Comedy Central for another six seasons until its cancellation in 1997. Thereafter, it was picked up by The Sci-Fi Channel and aired for three seasons until another cancellation in August 1999. Over the series ten seasons,197 episodes and a film were produced. In 1995, there was also The Mystery Science Theater Hour, in 2015, Hodgson led a crowd funded revival of the series with at least fourteen episodes in its first season, to initially broadcast on Netflix in April 2017. These scenes were framed with interstitial sketches, the shows cast changed over its duration, most notably, the character of Joel was replaced by Mike Nelson in the shows fifth season. The revival will feature a new cast, including Jonah Ray as the new human test subject, along with Felicia Day. Factory, who along with Hodgson now own the rights to the show, MST3K was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME in 2007, and TV Guide has noted MST3K as one of the top cult television shows. The show won a Peabody Award in 1993, was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1994 and 1995, and for the CableACE Award from 1992 to 1997. MST3K also brought to several older movies that had not received public attention and were subsequently identified as some of the worst movies ever made, most notably Manos. MST3K is set in the not-too-distant future, to keep his sanity, Joel builds several sentient robots collectively named the bots, Tom Servo, Crow T. Joel has no control over when the start, because he used the parts that would have allowed him to do so to build the robots. As the movie plays, Joel, Tom Servo, and Crow wisecrack and mock the movie — a practice often referred to as riffing — to prevent themselves from going mad. Over the course of the run, there were several cast changes. When Weinstein left the series after the first national season, Kevin Murphy replaced him as the voice of Tom Servo while TVs Frank replaced Weinsteins Dr. Erhardt as Dr. Forresters lackey. Hodgson departed the series halfway through the season, head writer Michael J. Nelson replaced him as the shows human host until the end of the series. When Conniff left following the season, Dr. Forrester was paired with his mother Pearl Forrester for the seventh season. Episodes of Mystery Science Theater 3000 are generally 90 minutes in running time, each episode primarily features the riffing of the movie, with these theater segments wrapped with live-action skits performed by the cast
24.
Cat People (1942 film)
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Cat People is a 1942 horror film produced by Val Lewton and directed by Jacques Tourneur. DeWitt Bodeen wrote the screenplay, which was based on Val Lewtons short story The Bagheeta. The film stars Simone Simon, Kent Smith, Jane Randolph, Cat People tells the story of a young Serbian woman, Irena, who believes herself to be a descendant of a race of people who turn into cats when sexually aroused. At the Central Park Zoo in New York City, Serbian-born fashion designer Irena Dubrovna makes sketches of a black panther and she catches the attention of marine engineer Oliver Reed, who strikes up a conversation. Irena invites him to her apartment for tea, as they walk away, one of Irenas discarded sketches is revealed to be that of a panther impaled by a sword. At her apartment, Oliver is intrigued by a statue of a warrior on horseback impaling a large cat with his sword. Irena informs Oliver that the figure is King John of Serbia, according to legend, long ago the Christian residents of her home village gradually turned to witchcraft and devil worship after being enslaved by the Mameluks. When King John drove the Mameluks out and saw what the villagers had become, however, the wisest and the most wicked escaped into the mountains. Oliver buys her a kitten, but upon meeting her it hisses, cats just dont like me, Irena explains and she suggests they go to the pet shop to exchange it. When they enter the shop the animals go wild in her presence, the shopkeeper says that animals can sense things about people. It gradually becomes clear that Irena believes she is descended from the cat people of her village, despite Irenas odd beliefs, Oliver persuades her to marry him. However, during the dinner after their wedding at a Serbian restaurant, fearing something evil within her and dreading what could happen, Irena avoids sleeping with her husband. He persuades her to see a psychiatrist, Dr. Louis Judd, Irena tells Judd of her childhood, revealing that the other children had called her mother a cat person, and her father had died mysteriously. Judd tries to convince her that her fears are of a mundane nature, when Irena returns from her consultation with Judd, she discovers that Oliver has confided their marital problems to his attractive assistant, Alice Moore, and she feels betrayed. At work, Alice confesses to Oliver that she loves him, after Irena chances to see Oliver and Alice seated together at a restaurant, she follows Alice as she walks home alone through one of the Central Park transverses. Alice becomes uneasy sensing an unseen someone or something behind her, just as she hears a menacing sound, a bus pulls up and she boards it. Soon after, a groundkeeper discovers several freshly killed sheep, the pawprints leading away turn into imprints of a womans shoes. Later, when Alice decides to take a dip in the basement swimming pool of her apartment building and she jumps into the pool to keep the creature at bay
25.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
26.
Stock footage
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Stock footage, and similarly, archive footage, library pictures, and file footage is film or video footage that can be used again in other films. Stock footage is beneficial to filmmakers as it saves shooting new material, a single piece of stock footage is called a stock shot or a library shot. Stock footage may have appeared in previous productions but may also be outtakes or footage shot for previous productions, examples of stock footage which might be utilized are moving images of cities and landmarks, wildlife in their natural environments, and historical footage. Suppliers of stock footage may be either Rights Managed or royalty-free, many websites offer direct downloads of clips in various formats. Stock footage companies began to emerge in the mid-1980s, offering clips mastered on Betacam SP, VHS, stock footage can be used to integrate news footage or notable figures into a film. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and John Lennon, news programs use film footage from their libraries when more recent images are not available. Such usage is often labeled on-screen with an indication that the footage being shown is file footage, television and movies series also often recycle footage taken from previous installments. That kept production costs down as models, mattes, and explosions were expensive to create, some series, particularly those made for children, such as Power Rangers or Teletubbies, reuse footage that is shown in many episodes. Meant for an audience, the approach increases viewers familiarity between shows. This introduces problems such as the requirement to, for example, wear the same clothing, when cleverly filmed it is possible to avoid many of these problems. Many broadcast shows use stock-footage clips as establishing shots of a particular city, stock footage is often used in commercials when there is not enough money or time for production. More often than not these commercials are political or issue-oriented in nature, sometimes it can be used to composite moving images which create the illusion of having on-camera performers appear to be on location. B-roll is also another term for stock footage and is used in reference to film making. Stock footage that appears on television screens or monitors shown in movies or television shows is referred to as playback, the playback footage of a hurricane featured in Disneys Smart House came from the vaults of the same San Diego firm. One of the most common uses of stock footage is in documentaries, several films that would otherwise be completely lost have surviving footage due to the film being used a stock footage. For example, The Cat Creeps has some preserved in the movie Boo. If not for the use of footage, these films would be lost entirely. Stock Footage are also used in live reality TV Shows such as Im a Celebrity, most of the stock footage used in that show is footage that is related to jungle creatures and insects
27.
Solar prominence
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A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Suns surface, often in a loop shape. Prominences are anchored to the Suns surface in the photosphere, the prominence plasma is typically a hundred times more lit and denser than the coronal plasma. A prominence forms over timescales of about a day and may persist in the corona for several weeks or months, some prominences break apart and may then give rise to coronal mass ejections. Scientists are currently researching how and why prominences are formed, the red-glowing looped material is plasma, a hot gas composed of electrically charged hydrogen and helium. The prominence plasma flows along a tangled and twisted structure of magnetic fields generated by the sun’s internal dynamo, an erupting prominence occurs when such a structure becomes unstable and bursts outward, releasing the plasma. A typical prominence extends over thousands of kilometers, the largest on record was estimated at over 800,000 kilometres long – roughly the radius of the Sun. The first detailed description of a solar prominence was in 14th-century Laurentian Codex and they were described as flame-like tongues of live embers. When a prominence is viewed from a different perspective so that it is against the sun instead of against space and this formation is instead called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence, some prominences are so powerful that they throw out matter from the Sun into space at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers, prominences may last for a few days or even for a few months. Coronal mass ejection Solar flare Corona Galsgaard, K. Longbottom, formation of solar prominences by flux convergence. The mass of a solar quiescent prominence
28.
Destination Moon (film)
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Destination Moon is a 1950 American Technicolor science fiction film, independently made by George Pal, directed by Irving Pichel, that stars John Archer, Warner Anderson, Tom Powers, and Dick Wesson. The film was distributed in the United States and the UK by Eagle-Lion Classics, industrialists are shown cooperating to support the private venture. In the final scene, as the approaches the Earth. When their latest rocket test fails and government funding collapses, rocket scientist Dr. Charles Cargraves, with the necessary millions raised privately from a group of patriotic U. S. In the process they lose one of the crew overboard. He is cleverly retrieved by using the nozzle of an oxygen cylinder as an improvised rocket motor. After achieving orbit around the Moon, the crew begins the complex landing procedure, the story takes a serious turn when they calculate the mass needed to lighten their spaceship in the Moons one-sixth gravity in order to get home safely with their remaining fuel. With time running out for their launch window, the crew engineers their way home. They first jettison the ships radio equipment, losing contact with Earth. An oxygen tank is used as a tethered, suspended weight to pull the space suit outside through the open airlock and their critical take-off weight finally achieved, and with all her crew safely aboard, Luna blasts off from the Moon for home. Certain story elements from his 1947 juvenile novel Rocket Ship Galileo were adapted for use in the final screenplay. Heinlein also published a novella, Destination Moon, based on the screenplay. The films storyline also resembles portions of Heinleins novel The Man Who Sold the Moon, which he wrote in 1949 but did not publish until 1951, Irving Pichel was selected to direct the film, his 30th since 1932. Pichel began his Hollywood career as an actor during the 1920s and early 1930s, in films as Draculas Daughter. Pichel had been blacklisted after he was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 and he would go on to direct only five more films after Destination Moon before his death in 1954. Cartoon character Woody Woodpeckers creator Walter Lantz and producer George Pal had been friends ever since Pal left Europe. As a result, out of friendship and good luck, Pal always tried to include Woody in all his film productions, George Pal incorporates Woody in Destination Moon as a vital part of its unfolding storyline. In a cartoon shown within the film, Woody explains the principles behind space travel
29.
Flash Gordon
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Flash Gordon is the hero of a space opera adventure comic strip created by and originally drawn by Alex Raymond. First published January 7,1934, the strip was inspired by, the Flash Gordon comic strip has been translated into a wide variety of media, including motion pictures, television and animated series. The latest version, a Flash Gordon television series, appeared on the Syfy channel in the United States in 2007–2008. At first King Features tried to purchase the rights to the John Carter of Mars stories by Edgar Rice Burroughs, however, King Features then turned to Alex Raymond, one of their staff artists, to create the story. Raymonds first samples were dismissed for not containing enough action sequences, Raymond reworked the story and sent it back to the syndicate, who accepted it. Raymond was partnered with ghostwriter Don Moore, an experienced editor, Raymonds first Flash Gordon story appeared in January 1934, alongside Jungle Jim. The Flash Gordon strip was well received by readers, becoming one of the most popular American comic strips of the 1930s. Like Buck Rogers, the success of Flash Gordon resulted in numerous licensed products being sold, including books, colouring books. The comic strip follows the adventures of Flash Gordon, a polo player and Yale University graduate. The story begins with Earth threatened by a collision with the planet Mongo, Dr. Zarkov invents a rocket ship to fly into space in an attempt to stop the disaster. Half mad, he kidnaps Flash and Dale and they travel to the planet, landing on the planet, and halting the collision, they come into conflict with Ming the Merciless, Mongos evil ruler. They are joined in early adventures by Prince Thun of the Lion Men. Eventually, Ming is overthrown, and Mongo is ruled by a council of leaders led by Barin, Flash and friends return to Earth and have some adventures before returning to Mongo and crashing in the kingdom of Tropica, then reuniting with Barin and others. Flash and his friends travel to worlds and return to Mongo. In the 1950s, Flash became an astronaut who travelled to other planets besides Mongo, the long story of the Skorpii War takes Flash to other star systems, using starships that are faster than light. After Raymonds tenure, later created new enemies for Flash to combat. Austin Briggs created Kang the Cruel, Mings callous son, Prince Polon, who had the power to shrink or enlarge living creatures, the unscrupulous Queen Rubia, and Pyron the Comet Master were among the antagonists introduced during Mac Raboys run. The Skorpi, a race of alien shape shifters who desired to conquer the galaxy, were recurring villains in both the Mac Raboy and Dan Barry stories, the Skorpi space-fighter ace Baron Dak-Tula became a periodic nemesis of Flash in the late 1970s stories
30.
Space opera
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Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare, melodramatic adventure, interplanetary battles, as well as chivalric romance, and often risk-taking. Set mainly or entirely in space, it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities, futuristic weapons, and other sophisticated technology. The term has no relation to music, but is instead a play on the soap opera and horse opera. Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature, film, comics, notable space opera novels include the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, the Lensman series by E. E. Smith and the Enders Game series by Orson Scott Card. An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon created by Alex Raymond, in the late 1970s, the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre. Space opera is defined as an adventure science-fiction story, the term space opera was coined in 1941 by fan writer and author Wilson Tucker as a pejorative term in an article in issue 36 of science fiction fanzine Le Zombie. At the time, serial dramas in the United States had become popularly known as soap operas because many were sponsored by soap manufacturers. Tucker defined space opera as the science fiction equivalent, a hacky, grinding, stinking, outworn, even earlier, the term horse opera had come into use as a term for Western films. Still, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the stories were printed in science-fiction magazines, beginning in the 1960s, and widely accepted by the 1970s, the space opera was redefined, following Brian Aldiss definition in Space Opera as the good old stuff. Yet soon after his redefinition, it began to be challenged, for example, by the practice and marketing of Judy-Lynn del Rey and in the reviews of her husband. In particular, they disputed the claims that space operas were obsolete, by the early 1980s, space operas were again redefined, and the label was attached to major popular culture works such as Star Wars. The term space opera began to be recognized only in the early 1990s as a genre of science fiction. It often deals with war, piracy, military virtues, and very large-scale action, early works related to but preceding the subgenre contained many elements of what would become space opera. They are today referred to as proto-space opera, defontenay and Lumen by Camille Flammarion. Not widely popular, proto-space operas were nevertheless occasionally written during the late Victorian and Edwardian science fiction era, examples may be found in the works of Percy Greg, Garrett P. Serviss, George Griffith and Robert Cromie. One critic cites Robert William Coles The Struggle for Empire, A Story of the Year 2236 as the first space opera, the novel does depict an interstellar conflict between solar men of Earth and a fierce humanoid race headquartered on Sirius. Despite this seemingly early beginning, it was not until the late 1920s that the opera proper began to appear regularly in pulp magazines such as Amazing Stories. In film, the genre began with the 1918 Danish film
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Comedy Central
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Comedy Central is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel carries comedy programming, in the form of original and syndicated series and stand-up comedy specials, as well as feature films. The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks, as of February 2015, approximately 93,992,000 American households receive Comedy Central. On November 15,1989, Time Warner, owners of HBO, on April 1,1990, Viacom launched a rival channel called Ha. that featured reruns of situation comedies and some original sketch comedy. The Comedy Channels programs were broadcast from the HBO Downtown Studios at 120 East 23rd Street in Manhattan, the format prior to the merger with Ha. In the early days, certain hours of the day when clips were shown without host segments were dubbed Short Attention Span Theater, in 1990, hosts under this title, Jon Stewart and Patty Rosborough, were introduced. Comedian Marc Maron also hosted the series, Viacom bought out Time Warners half in April 2003 for $1.23 billion. LLC, the subsidiary that owned Ha. and Viacoms original half of the network, with the exception of the cult favorite Mystery Science Theater 3000, the channel had a relatively small viewership. A notable early success was Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, which after showing promise on Comedy Central was quickly snapped up by ABC. Additionally, The Daily Show had got its start with original host Craig Kilborn, dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was also a notable original program from this era, as well as the game show Win Ben Steins Money. Successful non-original programming included Canadian comedy group The Kids in the Hall and British shows such as the U. K. edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway. some later seasons of AbFab, as it was informally known, were partially financed by Comedy Central. Comedy Central also had the rights to broadcast reruns of Seattles Almost Live. The channel made a breakthrough when South Park premiered in 1997, being the first major basic cable show to carry the TV-MA rating for mature audiences, the show was too controversial to be picked up by a mainstream network. As word of mouth spread, the number of people who requested that Comedy Central be added to their cable providers increased, on November 13,2000, Comedy Central introduced a modernized version of its globe logo, by straightening the buildings and removing the transmitter. The management of the said that the transmitter of the 1991 logo was said to communicate the 1950s broadcast era. In 2002, Comedy Central Records was formed as a means of releasing albums by comedians that have appeared on the network, since 2003, Comedy Central has created a tradition of roasting comedians in the style of the New York Friars Club roasts. During these roasts, friends of the roastee, along other comedians, take turns making fun of the roastee, the other roasters. The success of South Park, despite its mature content, encouraged the network to continue to push the limits on adult language, every Saturday and Sunday morning at 1 a. m
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Time Walker
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Time Walker is a 1982 science fiction-horror B-movie directed by Tom Kennedy. Under the title Being from Another Planet, it was featured in Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode 405, inside, McCadden finds a mummy in a sarcophagus. The body is brought back to California and McCadden has it examined by Dr. Ken Melrose, while reviewing the X-rays, Sharpe notices there are five crystals around the mummys head. Sharpe steals the crystals and makes new X-rays to cover up his theft and he sells four of the crystals to students who are unaware of their origin. The second set of X-rays overdose the body with radiation and this causes the fungus to re-activate and the alien to awaken from suspended animation. At the press conference the day, one of the students touches the fungus on the sarcophagus. The sarcophagus is opened in front of the press to reveal that the mummy is gone. Melrose and his colleague Dr. Hayworth attempt to identify the fungus, at first, everyone assumes that the mummys disappearance is because of a fraternity prank. However, University President Wendell Rossmore wants to pin the theft on McCadden, so that he can give the Egyptian departments directorship to his flunkie, meanwhile, the mummy tracks down the students who have the stolen crystals. The crystals are crucial components of a transportation device that will allow the alien to return to its home planet. The alien violently reclaims its crystals, and, when he attacks a female student. As more students turn up dead or injured, Plummer believes that he is on the trail of a serial killer, while Plummer conducts his investigation, McCadden translates the hieroglyphic text from the sarcophagus. He hopes it will reveal the identity of the mummy, the text reveals that Tutankhamun found the alien in a coma-like state. Thinking that the alien was a god, Tutankhamun and his attendants touched it and were killed by its infectious fungus. The king and the alien were then buried together in the kings tomb, McCadden, having figured out that the mummy is an alien, makes the connection between the alien and the crystals. He then traces the stolen crystals back to Sharpe, who admits to the theft, in the end McCadden, Rossmore, Serrano, two students, a security guard and the alien all end up in a boiler room where the alien has set up its transportation device. The alien activates the device by placing the last recovered crystal on it, his mummy wrappings disintegrate, the security guard urged by Serrano shoots at the alien, but McCadden leaps in front of the alien to protect it. As McCadden lies injured the alien takes McCaddens hand, and the two disappear, a single crystal is left where the alien stood
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Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell
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Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell, also known as Deathstalker III, The Warriors from Hell, is a 1988 sword and sorcery fantasy film. It is the film in the Deathstalker tetralogy. The film, which place in a fantasy setting, opens at a festival featuring Deathstalker. Deathstalker once saved Nicias and the two go from village to village obtaining money by Nicias foretelling the future and showing his magic, during the festival, a hooded woman arrives to see Nicias. Nicias does not possess the stone, but knows it is south in Southland which is ruled by the evil sorcerer Troxartes. Troxartes has the stone and wants the first so he can harness its power. The festival is attacked by Troxartes’s black-clad right-hand man Makut and his horse soldiers looking for the stone, amid the slaughter and chaos, Nicias teleports away while the princess is saved from capture by Deathstalker and the two escape. She is nonetheless killed by a few of the soldiers and passes the stone. He travels to the hot and wooded Southland where he meets the sister of Carissa. Makut is searching for Deathstalker now and finds him again so Deathstalker hides in Elizena’s tent but is alerted by her after she sees he held her with a twig instead of a knife. He escapes into a valley where he is given shelter by two wild women, Marinda and her mother. Marinda has sex with Deathstalker and then lead him to their horses so he can escape since Makut has entered the valley, the mother, outraged at Marinda’s absence, leads Makut to the horses, but Deathstalker has escaped. Learning that he is up against Deathstalker, Troxartes uses his power to all the dead foes he defeated to catch the “legend. ”Elizena’s guards were killed by Makut after he thought they were aiding Deathstalker. She accidentally meets Deathstalker who is camping in the woods, in the morning she leaves and is found by Troxartes who takes her back to his castle as his bride. Deathstalker trails them and infiltrates the castle by night, but is found by Troxartes himself who asks for the stone until Deathstalker is knocked unconscious and the stone retrieved. Troxartes figures out there is actually a third stone needed to harness the power so he puts his mistress to torture Deathstalker for the knowledge, but he escapes and ties her up. Heading for the stones, Nicias unknowingly teleports right near Troxartes in the castle who jovially captures him and intends to put him in his army if his magic cannot find the third stone. In the woods at night, Deathstalker finds Marinda and runs into a few of the undead warriors near a camp fire recognizing Gragas who was killed in a fight between Deathstalker earlier
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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The Overlook Press
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The Overlook Press is an American independent publishing house based in New York, New York, that considers itself a home for distinguished books that had been overlooked by larger houses. It was formed in 1971 by Peter Mayer, who had worked at Avon and Penguin Books. A general-interest publisher, Overlook has over one thousand titles in print, including fiction, history, biography, drama, Overlooks publishing program consists of nearly 100 new books per year, evenly divided between hardcovers and trade paperbacks. Imprints include Tusk Books, whose format was designed by Milton Glaser, in 2002, Overlook acquired Ardis Publishing, a publisher of Russian literature in English. Overlook also took ownership of the British publishing company Gerald Duckworth, in 2007, Overlooks publisher Peter Mayer was the recipient of the New York Center for Independent Publishings Poor Richard Award for outstanding contributions to independent book publishing. Writers whose works were published by Overlook include, List of English-language book publishing companies Official website
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
