1.
Lok Sabha
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The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indias bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population, a total of 131 seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership, term of the House The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001, the 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date. The Lok Sabha has its own channel, Lok Sabha TV. A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947, the Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India, although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, the Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form. The Lok Sabha was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 and he / She should not be less than 25 years of age. He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament, a seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances, When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns. When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, when the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament. A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law, a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha, each state is divided into territorial constituencies. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million, note, The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census of which relevant figure have been published. Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha, motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
2.
Indian general election, 1998
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General elections were held in India in 1998, after the government elected in 1996 collapsed and the 12th Lok Sabha was convened. New elections were called when Indian National Congress left the United Front government led by I. K, the outcome of the new elections was also indecisive, with no party or alliance able to create a strong majority. This led to a motion in the parliament, where the government lost by 272-273. It also marked the first time since independence that Indias long-time governing party, state Assembly elections in India,1998 Election Commission of India Indian presidential election,1997
3.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee is an Indian politician who was the 10th Prime Minister of India, first for 13 days in 1996 and then from 1998 to 2004. A leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, he is the first Prime Minister from outside the Indian National Congress party to serve a full five-year term, a parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha ten times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which he had also headed. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai, when Janata government collapsed, Vajpayee restarted the Jana Sangh as the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980. On 25 December 2014 the office of President of India announced the Bharat Ratna award, Indias highest civilian honour, in a special gesture, the President of India conferred Bharat Ratna to Atal Bihari Vajpayee in his residence on 27 March 2015. His birthday,25 December, was declared Good Governance Day, Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25 December 1924 in Gwalior. His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Morena and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee studied from the Government Higher secondary school, Gorkhi, Bara, Vajpayee attended Gwaliors Victoria College and graduated with distinction in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his post-graduation with an M. A. in Political Science from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College, Kanpur and his activism started with Arya Kumar Sabha of Gwalior, the youth wing of the Arya Samaj, of which he became the General Secretary in 1944. He also joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh as a swayamsevak in 1939, influenced by Babasaheb Apte, he attended the Officers Training Camp of the RSS during 1940-44 and became a full-time worker in 1947, technically a pracharak. He gave up studying law due to the partition riots and he was sent as a vistarak to Uttar Pradesh and quickly began working for the newspapers of Deendayal Upadhyaya, Rashtradharma, Panchjanya and the dailies Swadesh and Veer Arjun. Vajpayee never married and has remained a bachelor his entire life, in 1951, he was seconded by the RSS, along with Deendayal Upadhyaya, to work for the newly formed Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a Hindu right-wing political party associated with the RSS. He was appointed as a secretary of the party in charge of the Northern region. He soon became a follower and aide of party leader Syama Prasad Mookerjee, in 1954, Vajpayee was with Mookerjee when he went on a fast-unto-death in Kashmir to protest against perceived inferior treatment of non-Kashmiri Indian visitors to the state. Mookerjee died in prison during this strike, in 1957, Vajpayee lost to Raja Mahendra Pratap in Mathura for the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Indias Parliament, but was elected from Balrampur. There, his skills so impressed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become Indias Prime Minister. By virtue of his oratorical and organizational skills, he became the face of the Jana Sangh, after the death of Deendayal Upadhyaya, the mantle of the leadership of Jana Sangh fell on the shoulders of a young Vajpayee. He became the president of the Jana Sangh in 1968 and, along with Nanaji Deshmukh, Balraj Madhok and L. K. Advani
4.
K. R. Narayanan
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Kocheril Raman Narayanan was the tenth President of India. He served as ambassador to Japan, United Kingdom, Thailand, Turkey, Peoples Republic of China, elected as the ninth Vice President in 1992, Narayanan went on to become President in 1997. He was the first – and, so far, only – member of the Dalit community, Narayanan is regarded as an independent and assertive President who set several precedents and enlarged the scope of the highest constitutional office. His family was poor, but his father was respected for his medical acumen, Narayanan had his early schooling in Uzhavoor at the Government Lower Primary School, Kurichithanam and Our Lady of Lourdes Upper Primary School, Uzhavoor. He walked to school for about 15 kilometres daily through paddy fields and he often listened to school lessons while standing outside the classroom, having been barred from attending because tuition fees were outstanding. He matriculated from St. Marys High School, Kuravilangad and he completed his intermediate at C. M. S. College, Kottayam, aided by a scholarship from the Travancore Royal family. Narayanan obtained his B. A. and M. A. in English literature from the University of Travancore, with his family facing grave difficulties, he left for Delhi and worked for some time as a journalist with The Hindu and The Times of India. During this time he once interviewed Mahatma Gandhi in Bombay on his own volition, Narayanan then went to England and studied political science under Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, he also attended lectures by Karl Popper, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek. He obtained the degree of B. Sc. with a specialisation in political science, helped by a scholarship from J. R. D. Tata, during his years in London, he was active in the India League under V. K. Krishna Menon. He was also the London correspondent of the Social Welfare Weekly published by K. M. Munshi and he shared lodgings with K. N. Raj and Veerasamy Ringadoo, another close friend was Pierre Trudeau. When Narayanan returned to India in 1948, Laski gave him a letter of introduction to Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Years later, he narrated how he began his career in the service, When I finished with LSE, Laski, of his own. On reaching Delhi I sought an appointment with the PM, I suppose, because I was an Indian student returning home from London, I was given a time-slot. It was here in Parliament House that he met me and we talked for a few minutes about London and things like that and I could soon see that it was time for me to leave. So I said goodbye and as I left the room I handed over the letter from Laski, when I was half way round, I heard the sound of someone clapping from the direction I had just come. I turned to see Panditji beckoning me to come back and he had opened the letter as I left his room and read it. Why didnt you give this to me earlier, I thought it would be enough if I just handed it over while leaving
5.
Indian general election, 1999
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General Elections were held in India from 5 September to 3 October 1999, a few months after the Kargil War. Thus shortly after the no confidence motion, President K. R. Narayanan dissolved the Parliament, atal Bihari Vajpayee remained caretaker prime minister till the elections were held later that year. The incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party went into the election as the head of the National Democratic Alliance, several other parties in the election not part of the NDA also committed themselves to supporting a BJP led government on matters of confidence. The main opposition league was led by Sonia Gandhis Indian National Congress, the opposition coalition comprised far fewer parties, and its alliances were generally weaker than those of the NDA. There were also nearly one thousand candidates of unaffiliated parties, independent candidates and parties who were unwilling to part in coalitions that stood in the election. The campaign coalesced around a few key issues, Sonia Gandhi was a relative newcomer to the INC and her leadership had recently been challenged by Maharastrian INC leader Sharad Pawar, on the grounds of her Italian birth. This led to a crisis within the INC that persisted during the election and was capitalised upon by the BJP. The BJP campaigned strongly on the back of these achievements, as well as cultivating some sympathy for the predicament which had led to the governments downfall. Perhaps most decisive though in the BJPs campaign was the alliance it had cultivated. These final factors were to prove decisive in the outcome of 1999. The voting was conducted five days. Despite some fears of voter fatigue, electoral turnout was comparable with previous elections at 59. 99%, over 5 million election officials conducted the election over 800,000 polling stations, with vote counting commencing on 6 October. The Congress party lost 23 seats, and its two key regional allies performed worse than expected, however it did regain ground in some such as Uttar Pradesh. The leftist parties’ fortunes continued to decline, with the Communist Party of India dropping to just four seats and we will attend to this in the coming days. In the meantime, we accept unhesitatingly the verdict of the people, for the BJP, this marked the first occasion where a non-INC party had secured a stable government coalition. Previous non-INC governing coalitions had been formed in 1977,1989 and 1996, one Senior BJP figure commented in the aftermath It will certainly be a government of stability. I expect that Mr Vajpayee, with all his experience, will be able to handle our coalition partners. Source, Electoral Commission of India, Statistical Report on General Elections,1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha Election Commission of India
6.
13th Lok Sabha
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The 13th Lok Sabha is the thirteenth session of the Lok Sabha. It was convened after Indian general election,1999 held during September–October 1999 and continued until June 2004 and this majority group in the Lok Sabha during this period was the National Democratic Alliance, a rightist group led by the Bharatiya Janata Party. The NDA, under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee completed its term till the general elections of May 2004
7.
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
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The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. Their role is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in countries that use the government. The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections, serving for a term of five years, they are chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance. The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party and she is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house and they maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure, the Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of speaker is fixed by the President, further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament, the counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India, Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India. Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by a majority of all the members of the House per Articles 94 and 96. Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 &8 of Representation of the People Act,1951 and this would arise out of speakers wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution. The appointment has to be approved by the president, the first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker, the names, terms of office and Lok Sabhas were taken from, Former Speakers. The Office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker
8.
Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
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The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the vice-presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. S/He acts as the officer in case of leave or absence caused by death or illness of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. It is by convention that position of Deputy Speaker is offered to opposition party in India, M Thambidurai was unanimously elected as the Deputy Speaker of the 16th Lok Saba. The Deputy Speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha after the General elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha. S/He holds office till either s/he ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha or s/he himself resigns, s/He can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the Lok Sabha by a majority of its members. S/He is supposed to resign from his/her original party because as a Deputy Speaker, in case of the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker presides over the sessions of the Lok Sabha and conducts the business in the house. He decides whether a bill is a bill or a non-money bill. S/He maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for unruly behaviour by suspending him/her, s/He permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice. Website of Loksabha Current Speakers Details from Loksabha Website Parliament of India Website
9.
Bharatiya Janata Party
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The Bharatiya Janata Party is one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress. As of 2016, it is the countrys largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament and state assemblies. The BJP is a party, with close ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The BJPs origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee, after the State of Emergency in 1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party, it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP. Although initially unsuccessful, winning two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a term in office. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Since that election, Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister and as of March 2017, the official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism, first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party expresses a commitment to Hindutva, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions, the BJP advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. Its key issues have included the abrogation of the status to Jammu and Kashmir, the building of a Ram temple in Ayodhya. However, the 1998–2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues and it instead focused on a largely neoliberal economic policy prioritising globalisation and economic growth over social welfare. The BJPs origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh and it was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952 and it maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967. The Jana Sanghs first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the integration of Jammu. Mookerjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir and he died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail
10.
Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. Congress was founded in 1885 during the British Raj, its founders include Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, there have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru, and the most recent Manmohan Singh. The partys social liberal platform is considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics. From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance, a coalition of regional parties. As of March 2017, the party is in power in five states, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, in Bihar, it is a part of the ruling coalition. The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, in the 2014 general election, the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house. The party primarily endorses social liberalism—seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice, the Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, including Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. It has been suggested that the idea was conceived in a meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 the first notice convening the first Indian National Union to meet in Poona the following December was issued. Its objective was to obtain a share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Poona, Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress, the first session was held from 28–31 December 1885, representing each province of India, the Partys delegates comprised 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims, the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds. It also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammed Ali Jinnah—later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. The Congress was transformed into a movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905. Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915, in 1923 following the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, the Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, at the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj was declared as the partys goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Diwas, Independence Day. The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, the British government allowed provincial elections in India in the winter of 1936–37 under the Government of India Act 1935
11.
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
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The Communist Party of India is a communist party in India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964, the CPI was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964. The strength of CPI is concentrated in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, as of 2016, CPI is leading the state governments in Tripura and Kerala. It also leads the West Bengal Left Front, as of 2014, CPI claimed to have 10,48,678 members. The highest body of the party is the Politburo, CPI emerged from a division within the Communist Party of India. The undivided CPI had experienced a period of upsurge during the following the Second World War. The CPI led armed rebellions in Telangana, Tripura, and Kerala, however, it soon abandoned the strategy of armed revolution in favour of working within the parliamentary framework. In 1950 B. T. Ranadive, the CPI general secretary, under the government of the Indian National Congress party of Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India developed close relations and a strategic partnership with the Soviet Union. The Soviet government consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian state, moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to impose Presidents Rule in Kerala, simultaneously, the relations between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China soured. In the early 1960s the Communist Party of China began criticising the CPSU of turning revisionist, Sino-Indian relations also deteriorated, as border disputes between the two countries erupted into the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The basis of difference in opinion between the two factions in CPI was ideological – about the assessment of Indian scenario and the development of a party programme. This difference in opinion was also a reflection of a difference at international level on ideology between the Soviet and Chinese parties. The alleged right wing inside the party followed the Soviet path, whereas the faction of CPI which later became CPI referred to this as a revisionist approach of class collaboration. It was this ideological difference which later intensified, coupled with the Soviet-Chinese split at the international level, hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese, were imprisoned. Thousands of Communists were detained without trial and those targeted by the state accused the pro-Soviet leadership of the CPI of conspiring with the Congress government to ensure their own hegemony over the control of the party. In 1962 Ajoy Ghosh, the secretary of the CPI. After his death, S. A. Dange was installed as the party chairman and this was an attempt to achieve a compromise
12.
Samajwadi Party
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Samajwadi Party is an Indian political party in India headquartered in New Delhi and a recognised state party in Uttar Pradesh, a northern state in India. It describes itself as a democratic socialist party, the Samajwadi Party was one of several parties that emerged when the Janata Dal fragmented into several regional parties. The Samajwadi Party is primarily based in Uttar Pradesh State and it has contested Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections around the country, though its successes have been mainly in Uttar Pradesh. In the assembly election in Madhya Pradesh in 2003, the Samajwadi Party gained 7 seats, when its candidate won the by-election of Lanji in 2007, its total tally reached 8. In the 2012 legislative assembly elections of Uttar Pradesh, SP registered a victory with a clear majority in the House. This was expected to be the term of Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister of state. It became official on 15 March and it was also the first time that SP was head of the UP government for a full term of 5 years. It contested the 2009 general election in alliance with the Rashtriya Janata Dal, in the last general election Samajwadi Party was defeated by the BJP in Uttar Pradesh. It is currently thirteenth largest party in parliament, in general elections in 2014, it won only 5 seats, Indian National Congress with 44 seats and the Bharatiya Janata Party getting a clear mandate of 282 seats. In West Bengal, West Bengal Socialist Party of Kiranmoy Nanda had merged with SP, SP has two MLAs in Bihar and one MLA each in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal. In April 2014, the Save Family Foundation encouraged voters to support Samajwadi Party or vote none of the above because Samajwadi Party stated that it opposes the alleged misuse of gender bias laws. By 17 September, the curfew was lifted from all affected areas. Several people associated with Bharatiya Janta Party including Sangeet Som were accused, the riot has been described as the worst violence in Uttar Pradesh in recent history, the armys deployment was its first in the state for 20 years. The Supreme court blamed the government of not handling the situation well. In reaction to this, Akhilesh Yadav warned of action against those found guilty. He also blamed a political conspiracy behind these riots, since Akhilesh Yadav became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the Yadav family has been divided into two feuding groups. One of the groups is led by him with the support of his fathers cousin, the rival group is led by Mulayam Singh Yadav and supported by his brother, Shivpal Singh Yadav, and a friend, Amar Singh. Battle in the fired up when Akhilesh Yadav released a parallel list of 235 candidates for 2017 Uttar Pradesh election
13.
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is an Indian political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. It is currently in power in Tamil Nadu and is the third largest party in the Indian Parliament and it is a Dravidian party and was founded by M. G. Ramachandran on 17 October 1972 as a breakaway faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. From 1989 to 2016, AIADMK was led by Late J. Jayalalithaa, the party has won majorities in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly seven times, making it the most successful political outfit in the states history. The party headquarters is located in Royapettah, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, following the death of Jayalalithaa on December 5,2016, V. K. Sasikala was chosen unanimously as the Party General Secretary of AIADMK on December 29,2016. Ms. Sasikala attempted to be sworn in as CM without facing election, Mr O. Paneerselvam and his supporting MLAs and MPs started claiming party leadership. On 23 March 2017, the commission of India gave separate party symbols to the two factions, consisting of Mr O. Paneerselvam and V. K. Mr O. Paneerselvams faction is AIADMK, while V. K, later, MGR prefixed the All India tag to the partys name. Since its inception, the relationship between the AIADMK and DMK has been marked by mutual contempt, MGR used his fan network for building the party cadre, and estimates claim his party recruited more than a million members from the first two months of creation. The party tasted victory for the first time by winning the Dindigul parliamentary by-election in 1973, as of 2 April 1973, AIADMK emerged as the third largest political party represented by 11 MLAs in the Assembly. By 31 January 1976, AIADMK emerged as the second largest political party represented by 16 MLAs in the Assembly, AIADMK grew close to the Congress by supporting the Emergency which occurred between 1975 and 1977. The DMK-led government was dismissed by a Central promulgation of corruption charges in 1976, the AIADMK swept to power in 1977, trouncing DMK in the assembly elections. MGR was sworn in as the 7th Chief Minister of the state on 30 June 1977, MGR remained in power till his death in December 1987, winning three consecutive assembly elections held in 1977,1980 and 1984. Relations between the Congress and the AIADMK slowly became strained, in the mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980, the Congress aligned with the DMK and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 parliamentary seats in the state, the AIADMK won just two seats. After returning to power, the new minister, Indira Gandhi, dismissed a number of state governments belonging to the opposition parties. Elections to the assembly were held in late May 1980 with the opposition DMK continuing the electoral alliance with the Congress. In 1984, even with MGRs failing health and subsequent hospitalisation abroad, MGR continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure, which ended with his demise on 24 December 1987. The assembly elections in 1989 saw the DMK regaining power after 12 years in the opposition with Karunanidhi returning as the Chief Minister for the third time. AIADMK, due to its split, suffered heavily in the elections, with the Janaki and Jayalalithaa factions winning only 2 and 27 seats, following AIADMKs rout in the elections, the factions led by Jayalalithaa and Janaki merged under the formers leadership
14.
Rashtriya Janata Dal
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The Rashtriya Janata Dal is an Indian political party, based in the northern state of Bihar. The party was founded in 1997 by Lalu Prasad Yadav, the mass base of the party has traditionally been Yadavs and Muslims, two large and relatively politically active segments of Bihars population. In 2008, RJD received the status of recognized national level party following its performance in north-eastern states, RJD was derecognised as a national party on 30 July 2010. It was formed as breakaway of Janata Dal, Lalu Prasad was elected as the first president of RJD. In the March 1998 national elections, RJD won 17 Lok Sabha seats from Bihar, in the October 1999 elections, RJD fought the election in alliance with Indian National Congress but lost 10 Lok Sabha seats including the seat of Lalu Prasad Yadav. In the 2000 state elections, however, it performed well, continuing its upswing in electoral fortunes, the party won 21 Lok Sabha seats in the 2004 elections that it fought in alliance with Indian National Congress. It was a part of Indian National Congress led United Progressive Alliance from 2004 to May 2009, in February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election RJD won only 75 seats and lost the power. In the state elections held later that year - as a result of no party being able to form a government, in Indian general election,2009, the RJD broke its alliance from UPA when seat sharing talks failed. RJD formed its alliance with Ram Vilas Paswans Lok Janshakti Party, RJD performed poorly and won just four seats, all of them in Bihar. However, in 2010 Assembly election, the RJD did not continue their alliance with Samajwadi Party, in Indian general election,2014 RJD came back to UPA and contested election in alliance with Indian National Congress and Nationalist Congress Party in Bihar. Out of 40 seats in Bihar, RJD will contest on 27 seats, INC on 12, the eldest daughter of Lalu Prasad Yadav, Misa Bharti and his wife Rabri Devi contested from Patliputra and Saran respectively but both lost in election. RJD won only four out of total forty Loksabha seats in Bihar and this would give the alliance 14 Lok Sabha seats and 30 Rajya Sabha seats. In November 2015, RJD won the elections as party became the single largest party with 80 followed by Janata Dal with 71 seats, BJP with 53 seats and Congress with 27 seats. In terms of share, BJP came first with 24. 4%, followed by RJD with 18. 4% and JD with 16. 8%. Janata Dal s Nitish Kumar became the Chief Minister and Lalus son Tejashwi Yadav became the Deputy Chief Ministers of Bihar
15.
Telugu Desam Party
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Telugu Desam Party, abbreviated as TDP, is a regional political party active in the Southern States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The party was founded by N. T. Rama Rao on 29 March 1982, since 1995, the party is headed by Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the incumbent Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The partys headquarters is located at NTR Bhavan in Hyderabad, N. T. Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983 within nine months of the partys formation, thus forming the first non-Congress government in Andhra Pradesh. TDP also achieved the distinction of being the first regional party to become the main opposition party in Lok Sabha from 1984 to 1989. It was founded as an alternative to the Congress hegemony, by emphasizing on the Telugu regional pride, since the 1990s, it has followed an economically liberal policy that has been seen as pro-business and pro-development at the cost of the rural areas. The TDP uses yellow as the colour for the flag with a hut, wheel. A bicycle is used as the party symbol. The total number of Lok Sabha seats in Andhra Pradesh was 42, balayogi as the 12th Speaker of the Lok Sabha. N. T. Rama Rao First term, Nara Chandrababu Naidu First term. 31% of votes, thus achieving the distinction of becoming the first regional party to become a national opposition party. List of political parties in India National Democratic Alliance Official website
16.
Biju Janata Dal
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It was founded on 26 December 1997. Naveen Patnaik took over his father Biju Pattnaiks Lok Sabha seat in 1996 as a member of the Janata Dal, in 1997, Patnaik split from Janata Dal over its failure to ally with the BJP, and formed the BJD in December 1997. The BJD has participated in several ruling coalitions with the Bharatiya Janata Party both at the Centre and in Odisha, the BJD, however, was one of the main professedly secular parties of the National Democratic Alliance. Much of the popularity and electoral success of the party is credited to Patnaiks image as an incorruptible, BJD won nine seats in the 1998 general election and Naveen was named the Minister for Mines. In the 1999 general elections, BJD won 10 seats, the party won a majority of seats in the state legislative assembly in the 2000 and 2004 elections in alliance with BJP. The party won 11 Lok Sabha seats in the 2004 elections, however the BJD parted ways with the BJP for both the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections 2009 citing differences in seat sharing. In the Indian General Elections in 2009, BJD won 14 seats, Biju Janata Dal won a huge victory in the 2014 general election securing 20 of the 21 Lok Sabha seats and 117 of 147 Odisha Legislative Assembly seats. Naveen Patnaik stepped down as Minister of Mines and left the Lok Sabha after the BJD-BJP victory in the Legislative Assembly Elections in 2000, Naveen Patnaik won second, third and fourth terms as Chief Minister of Odisha in 2004,2009 and 2014 state elections respectively. From 2000, when the BJD party under the leadership of Naveen Patnaik doing better good for the people of Odisha and people of Odisha support the party and its leadership decisions. BJD had an alliance with BJP in Odisha and it supported the NDA in the centre since 1998 till 2009 when Naveen Patnaik decided to break the alliance. The decision gave BJD better result and independence, the BJD party has strong presence throughout Odisha
17.
Communist Party of India
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The Communist Party of India is a communist party in India. In the Indian Communist movement, there are different views on exactly when the Communist Party of India was founded, but the date maintained as the foundation day by the CPI is 26 December 1925. However, the Communist Party of India, which separated from the CPI, has a different version that it was founded in 1920, the Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was formed on 25 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur. The founding members of the party were M. N, Roy, Evelyn Trent Roy, Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Rafiq Ahmed of Bhopal and M. P. B. T. Aacharya, and Sultan Ahmed Khan Tarin of North-West Frontier Province, the CPI says that there were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world and the Tashkent group was only one of. Contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal, small communist groups were formed in Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United Provinces and Punjab and Sindh. However, only Usmani became a CPI party member, during the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult, between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement, First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial, however, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. Roy, S. A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain, sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness, Roy was in Germany and R. C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested, Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment and this case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience. Dange was released from prison in 1927, on 25 December 1925 a communist conference was organised in Kanpur. Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference, the conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a National communism and against subordination under Comintern, being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left both the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name Communist Party of India, groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan dissolved into the unified CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was substituted by the organisation now operating inside India
18.
Shiromani Akali Dal
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The Shiromani Akali Dal, Punjabi, ਸ਼੍ਰੋਮਣੀ ਅਕਾਲੀ ਦਲ translation, Supreme Akali Party) is a Sikhism-centric political party in India. There are a number of parties with the name Shiromani Akali Dal. The party recognised as Shiromani Akali Dal by the Election Commission of India is the one led by Sukhbir Singh Badal and it controls Sikh religious bodies Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee and is the largest and most influential Sikh political party worldwide. The basic philosophy of Akali Dal is to give voice to Sikh issues and it believes that religion. Akali Dal was formed on 14 Dec 1920 as a force of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee. The Akali Dal considers itself the representative of Sikhs. Sardar Sarmukh Singh Chubbal was the first president of a unified proper Akali Dal, the party launched the Punjabi Suba movement, demanding a state with majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided East Punjab under the leadership of Sant Fateh Singh. In 1966, the present Punjab was formed, Akali Dal came to power in the new Punjab, but early governments didnt live long due to internal conflicts and power struggles within the party. Later, party strengthened and party governments completed full term, the current Punjab government is formed by Akali Dal in partnership with its regional and national ally Bharatiya Janata Party. It has 59 members in Punjab Legislative Assembly and combined with 12 of BJP, Akali Dal has absolute majority since 2015. Party patron and ex-president Parkash Singh Badal is the Chief Minister of Punjab, the party has 4 members in the Lok Sabha. Partys main political opponent is Indian National Congress, in the recent Delhi Assembly elections it did not retain the one seat it held in 2013 elections. Following is the list of presidents of the party as given on party website
19.
All India Trinamool Congress
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The All India Trinamool Congress is an Indian national political party based in West Bengal, Tripura, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. Founded on 1 January 1998 as a faction of the Indian National Congress. The Election Commission allotted to the party an exclusive symbol of Jora Ghas Phul, on 2 September 2016 election commission recognized AITC as a national political party. In December 2006, the people of Nandigram were given notice by Haldia Development Authority that major portion of Nandigram would be seized and 70,000 people be evicted from their homes, People started movement against this land acquisition and Trinamool Congress led the movement. Bhumi Uchchhed Pratirodh Committee was formed against land grabbing and eviction, on 14 March 2007 the police opened firing and killed 14 villagers. Many sources claimed which was supported by CBI in its report, a large number of intellectuals protested on the streets and this incident gave birth to a new movement. SUCI leader Nanda Patra led the movement, in the 2009 Lok Sabha election, Trinamool Congress won 19 seats in West Bengal. In the 2010 Kolkata municipal election, the party won 97 out of 141 seats and it also won a majority of other municipalities. Tripura Pradesh Trinamool Congress is working hard towards reaching its goal of ousting the left front government in Tripura. In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, the Trinamool Congress-led alliance that included the INC, Trinamool Congress alone won 184 seats, enabling it to govern without an alliance. Subsequently, it won a by-election in Basirhat and two Congress MLAs switched to TMC, giving it a total of 187 seats. Now the party is trying to get a National Party Status, expanding its base in Tripura, Assam, Manipur, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Sikkim, Haryana, the party is now main opposition party in Manipur. In Kerala, the party contested five seats in 2014 general elections. In the 1998 Lok Sabha polls, TMC won 8 seats, in the next Lok Sabha election that was held in 1999, Trinamool Congress won 8 seats with BJP, thus increasing its tally by one. In 2000, TMC won the Kolkata Municipal Corporation Elections, in the 2001 Vidhan Sabha elections, TMC won 60 seats with Congress. In the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, TMC won 1 seat with BJP, in the 2006 Vidhan Sabha elections, TMC won 30 seats with BJP. In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, TMC won a majority of 184 seats, Mamata Banerjee became the Chief Minister. In the following 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, TMC retains its majority, Ma Mati Manush was primarily a slogan, coined by All India Trinamool Congress chief and current chief minister Mamata Banerjee
20.
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a state political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry in India. It is a Dravidian party founded by C. N. Annadurai in 1949 as a faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam headed by Periyar. Since 1969, DMK has been headed by Karunanidhi, who has served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu several times. DMK holds the distinction of being the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation formed in 1916, by P. Thyagaraya Chetty, natesa Mudaliar and a few others. The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, E. V. Ramasami, a popular Tamil reformist leader of the time, had joined Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered the Brahminic leadership of the party. Periyars experience at the Vaikom Satyagraha made him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and anti-Brahministic and he quit Congress and in 1935, he joined the Justice Party. In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C, rajagopalachari came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajajis introduction of Hindi as a subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar. In August 1944, Periyar created the Dravidar Kazhagham out of the Justice Party, over the years, many disputes arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N, until then E. V. K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered his political heir. The name of the party was announced by Kudanthai Perunthagai, in 1953, actor M. G. Ramachandran joined the DMK, popularised the party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from India by showing it in his movies. MGR was a member of the DMK, and he was seen as an icon of the DMK and spread its message through films like Adimaippenn and Namnadu. In 1967, DMK came to power in Madras province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics and this began the Dravidian era in Madras province which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1969, party secretary and founder, CN Annadurai died. After his death, there came the power tussle between M Karunanidhi and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, to pacify V. R. Nedunchezhiyan a new post called party president was created for M Karunanidhi and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan was the post of general secretary. MGR was appointed as the Treasurer of the Party, during the Indian President election, there was divided opinion between the leaders of Indian National Congress. She had also advised all party elected members to vote according to their conscience, Dr. V. V. Giri was elected as the President of India with the support of Mrs. Indira Gandhi
21.
Janata Dal
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Singh lost a parliamentary vote of confidence on November 7,1990. In the Indian general election,1991 the Janata Dal lost power, Janata Dal-led United Front formed the government after the Indian general election,1996 with the outside support of the Indian National Congress. But after this the Janata Dal gradually disintegated into various regional parties Biju Janata Dal, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal. It first came to power in 1989, after allegations of corruption, known as the Bofors scandal, caused Rajiv Gandhis Congress to lose the elections. The National Front coalition that was formed consisted of the Janata Dal and a few parties in the government, and had outside support from the Left Front. V. P. Singh was the Prime Minister, Singh, to form the Samajwadi Janata Party, with a total of just sixty Lok Sabha members. Even though his rump party accounted for only one-ninth of the members of the Lok Sabha, Chandra Shekhar succeeded in forming a new minority Government, however, Chandra Shekhars government fell less than four months later, after the Congress withdrew its support. The Congress withdrew their support in less than a year, hoping to gain power with the support of various United Front constituent groups and his government too fell in a few months, and in February 1998, the Janata Dal-led coalition lost power to the Bharatiya Janata Party
22.
Shiv Sena
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Shiv Sena, also known by the name Sena, is an Indian far-right regional political party. Its ideology is based on ideology and Hindu nationalism, founded on 19 June 1966 by political cartoonist Bal Thackeray. The party originally emerged from a movement in Mumbai demanding preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants to the city and it is currently headed by Thackerays son, Uddhav Thackeray. Members of Shiv Sena are referred to as Shivsainiks, although the partys primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda. The party started taking part in Mumbai Municipal elections since its inception and it has been a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance since 1998, including the Vajpayee Government during 1998–2004 and the present Narendra Modi Government. The party has a hold over the Bollywood film industry. It has been referred to as an extremist, chauvinist, as well as a fascist party, Shiv Sena founder, Bal Thackeray, has taken comparisons with fascism as compliments as well as openly stated that he didnt believe in democracy. Shiv Sena and its supporters have been known to resort to violence with impunity, Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot and violence in the 1992-1993 Bombay riots. 80% of Shiv Sena MPs in the 15th Lok Sabha face criminal charges, after the Independence of India in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the Bombay Presidency, a popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states - Gujarat and Maharashtra, moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra. Mumbai, in ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry, on the other hand, there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white-collar jobs. In 1960 Bal Thackeray, a Mumbai-based cartoonist, began publishing the cartoon weekly Marmik. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments, on 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation. The Shiv Sena especially attracted a number of unemployed Marathi youth. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants
23.
Bahujan Samaj Party
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The Bahujan Samaj Party was the third largest national political party in India. The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and it was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984, who named his protégée Mayawati as his successor in 2001. The BSP was the third most voted-for party in the 2014 general election, the BSP has its main base in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It has an elephant as its election symbol, the Pali word Bahujan is popularly found in the literature of Buddhist texts. Gautama Buddha used this word to guide his disciples to work for the Bahujan Hitay Bahujan Sukhay, the BSP used this slogan extensively to campaign in her political rallies. The Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on the anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar by Kanshi Ram, who named former schoolteacher Mayawati as his successor in 2001, the stories are narrated in such a manner that the Dalits imagine the story of the making of this nation in which they played a significant role. The partys power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the Lok Sabha, in 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party President Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister. Since this event, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals, Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called after a period of Presidents Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not hungry for power and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, in 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term. The results of the May 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a majority party. Most importantly, the majority achieved in part was due to the partys ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party. The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012 as against 206 in 2007 assembly elections, BSP government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term. On 11 July 2012, the party in a major revamp, the 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of India in terms of vote percentage, having 4. 2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats. On 9 August 2009, Mayawati declared that she had chosen a successor from the Dalit community who is 18–20 years her junior and she has penned down his name in a sealed packet left in the safe custody of two of her close confidantes. The name of the successor will be disclosed on her death, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election,2017 Dalit Buddhist movement Dalit Nationalism Official website
24.
Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
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Revolutionary Socialist Party is a political party in India. The party was founded on 19 March 1940 and has its roots in the Bengali liberation movement Anushilan Samiti, the party got around 0. 4% of the votes and three seats in the Lok Sabha elections in 1999 and 2004. It is part of the government in Tripura. A major section of the Anushilan movement had attracted to Marxism during the 1930s. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, the majority of the Anushilan Marxists did however, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, feel hesitant over joining the Communist Party. The Anushilanites distrusted the political lines formulated by the Communist International and they criticised the line adopted at the 6th Comintern congress of 1928 as ultra-left sectarian. Moreover, when Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, moreover, the Anushilan Marxists opposed the notion of Socialism in One Country. However, although sharing some critiques against the leadership of Joseph Stalin and the Comintern, buddhadeva Bhattacharya writes in Origins of the RSP that the rejection of Stalinism did not automatically mean for them acceptance of Trotskyism. S. S. R. Anushilan Marxists adhered to the Marxist–Leninist theory of Permanent or Continuous Revolution, by the close of 1936 the Anushilan Marxists at the Deoli Detention Jail in Rajputana drafted a document formulating their political line. This document was distributed amongst the Anushilan Marxists at other jails throughout the country. At this point the Anushilan Marxists, recently released from long jail sentences, either they would continue as a separate political entity or they would join an existing political platform. They felt that they lacked the resources to build a political party. Joining the CPI was out of the question, due to differences in political analysis. Neither could they reconcile their differences with the Royists, in the end, the Congress Socialist Party, appeared to be the sole platform acceptable for the Anushilan Marxists. During the summer of 1938 a meeting place between Jayaprakash Narayan, Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, Tridib Chaudhuri and Keshav Prasad Sharma. The Anushilan Marxists then discussed the issue with Acharya Narendra Deva, the Anushilan Marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party. The great majority of the Anushilan Samiti had joined the CSP, the non-Marxists, although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the HSRA joined the CSP and this group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji
25.
Pattali Makkal Katchi
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Pattali Makkal Katchi is a political party in Tamil Nadu, India founded by Dr. S. Ramadoss in 1989 for the upliftment of Vanniyar Community, which in Tamil language called as பாட்டாளி - Pattali. PMK was founded by Dr S Ramadoss an activist on 16 July 1989, following the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, the PMK joined United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress. However, the DMK did not press for the removal from the UPA Government at the Centre. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that, it would join the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam led front and left the United Progressive Alliance. The leaders of Pattali Makkal Katchi, who are also the national executives of the party are listed below, S. Ramadoss, mani, President of PMK Anbumani Ramadoss, Former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha. He is the son of S. Ramadoss and former Union Minister of Health and his important contributions include his leadership in the பசுமை தாயகம் -Pasumai Thayagam movement, which has found wide acceptance among the people of the land. He is the partys Chief Minister Candidate for the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election,2016, shanmugam, Former Minister of State for Food Processing Industries. He has remained a member of the Lok Sabha from the Vellore constituency in Tamil Nadu in the 1998-99 elections, as a Member of Parliament of the 14th Lok Sabha, Moorthy represented the Chengalpattu constituency of Tamil Nadu. Mohamed Amukurajuddin, Leader of minority wing of PMK Rangasamy Velu and he was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha, representing the Arakkonam constituency of Tamil Nadu. He remained in the Railway Ministry from 2004 to 2009, one of the most phenomenal contributions of the PMK is in its Union Minister’s efforts to improve the rural healthcare facilities of people across the country, especially women and children. It was to end that Anbumani Ramadoss as a Health Minister established the famous National Rural Health Mission in 2005. This government initiation brought massive development to the poor, in terms of better medical facilities. Ramadoss has been an advocate of the anti-tobacco campaigns. As a Health Minister, he implemented measures to control sale of tobacco. His strong advocacy banned the drinking and smoking of alcohol and tobacco, or their respective advertisements in, founded Pasumai Thaayagam, which primarily works for the preservation of the environment and ecologically sustainable development
26.
Republican Party of India
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The Republican Party of India is a political party in India. It has its roots in the Scheduled Castes Federation led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Training School for Entrance to Politics was established by Dr. Ambedkar in 1956 which was to serve as an entry point to the Republican Party of India. The first batch of the school consisted of 15 students and its first batch turned out to be last batch as the school was closed after Dr. Ambedkars demise in 1956. During the recent years RPI suffered severe internal strife, several distinct parties claim the name of RPI. There are more than 50 factions of RPI, in 2009, all factions of RPI except Prakash Ambedkars Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha reunited to form a united Republican Party of India. Later, Republican Party of India split again from the united party, splinter groups of RPI include, Republican Party of India of Unity, No Group No Members only Jay Bhim Republican Party of India of Ramdas Athvale Republican Party of India of R. S. Kamble Republican Party of India of B. C, kamble Republican Party of India of B. D. Khobragade Republican Party of India Indian Republican Party of Namdeo Dhasal Republican Party of India. Renowned Institution Builder Ashok Bharti has initiated revival of Republican Party of India in several parts of the country, state Units have been constituted in several states, including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Chandigarh. Details of all Office bearers would soon be available on its official website, RPI. ORG. In Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Independent Labour Party Scheduled Castes Federation
27.
Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
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The Jammu & Kashmir National Conference is a state political party in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It supported the accession of the state to India in 1947. Prior to that, in 1941, a group led by Ghulam Abbas broke off from the National Conference, the revived Muslim Conference supported the accession of the princely state to Pakistan and led the movement for Azad Kashmir. Since 1947, the National Conference was in power in Jammu and Kashmir in one form or another till 2002, and again between 2009–2015. It implemented land reforms in the state, ensured the states autonomy under the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, Sheikh Abdullahs son Farooq Abdullah and grandson Omar Abdullah have led the party after Sheikh Abdullahs death. In October 1932, Sheikh Abdullah founded the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, in collaboration with Mir Waiz Yousuf Shah, on 11 June 1939 it was renamed as the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference. The National Conference was affiliated to the All India States Peoples Conference, Sheikh Abdullah was elected its president in 1947. In 1946, the National Conference launched an agitation against the state government. It was directed against the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh, the slogan of the agitation was Quit Kashmir. In the elections held in September 1951, National Conference won all 75 seats of the Constituent assembly of Jammu, Sheikh Abdullah remained the Prime Minister until his dismissal in August 1953 on the grounds of conspiracy against the state of India. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became the Prime minister of the state and Sheikh Abdullah was arrested on 9 August 1953, in 1965 the National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress and became the Jammu and Kashmir branch of the Indian National Congress. Sheikh Abdullah was again arrested in 1965 until 1968 for conspiracy against the state, in 1977, National Conference led by him won the state assembly elections, and Sheikh Abdullah became the chief minister. His son Farooq Abdullah succeeded him as the Chief Minister on his death on 8 September 1982, in June 1983 elections, the JKNC led by Farooq Abdullah again won a comfortable majority. In July 1984 Farooqs brother-in-law Ghulam Mohammad Shah split the party, acting on the behest of the central government, the Governor dismissed Farooq as a Chief Minister and installed Ghulam Mohammad Shah in his place. His government was dismissed in March 1986 and Presidents rule was imposed, Abdullah was dismissed again in 1990 by the Union Government and Presidents rule was imposed in the state. In 1991 the state elections were cancelled due to a revolt by the people, in Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections in 1996, the JKNC led by Abdullah was awarded the election yet again winning 57 seats out of a total 87. This election like its predecessors has been deemed to be rigged and his son, Omar Abdullah then took up the reins of power in the state. But in 2002 state assembly elections, the JKNC won only 28 seats, with the Jammu, in the December 2008 state assembly elections, no single party was able to get the majority
28.
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam English, Renaissance Dravida Progressive Federation, abbreviated as MDMK) is a political party active in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. It was established by Vaiko in 1994, Vaiko was a member of Rajyasabha and a party activist of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Vaiko grew in the party from his student days and actively participated in the party agitations and he was elected thrice to the Rajya Sabha and attracted the attention of many in parliament. In 1994, he was forced out of the parent body as he was seen as a threat to DMK chief Karunanidhis son, kerala government was keen in demolishing mullai periyar dam, this dam is the prime source for irrigation for more than 8 districts including Theni. They later withdrew their claim and joined DMK when it was found that they had forged letters of support of party executives, due to issues in seat sharing, MDMK quit the ADMK Alliance and boycotted the 2011 Assembly elections of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The MDMK protested the Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksas visit to Sanchi, Vaiko and his party members traveled to Sanchi. People who traveled through roadways were stopped by the police near Gadchiroli, some party members tried to reach the spot by rail and air but they were detained by police before reaching Sanchi. Earlier in the month, Dr. Swamy of the BJP made a pitch against Vaiko accusing him of acting against national interests for his regional political benefits. The colour of the top and bottom panel is red and middle panel is black, the party has a weekly journal called Sangoli which carries news and write ups for party workers
29.
All India Forward Bloc
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The All India Forward Bloc is a left-wing nationalist political party in India. It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939, the party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India. It has its stronghold in West Bengal. The partys current Secretary-General is Debabrata Biswas, veteran Indian politicians Sarat Chandra Bose and Chitta Basu had been the stalwarts of the party in independent India. The formation of the Forward Bloc was announced to the public at a rally in Calcutta, Bose said that who all were joining, they had to never turn their back to the British and must fill the pledge form by cutting their finger and signing it with their blood. First of all, seventeen young girls came up and signed the pledge form, initially the aim of the Forward Bloc was to rally all the leftwing sections within the Congress and develop an alternative leadership inside the Congress. Bose became the president of the Forward Bloc and S. S. Cavesheer its vice-president, a Forward Bloc Conference was held in Bombay in the end of June. At that conference the constitution and programme of the Forward Bloc were approved, in July 1939 Subhas Chandra Bose announced the Committee of the Forward Bloc. Other prominent members were Annapurniah from Andhra Pradesh, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamnath from Bombay, muthuramalingam Thevar from Tamil Nadu and Sheel Bhadra Yajee from Bihar. Satya Ranjan Bakshi, was appointed as the secretary of the Bengal Provincial Forward Bloc, in August the same year Bose began publishing a newspaper titled Forward Bloc. He travelled around the country, rallying support for his new political project, the following year, on 20–22 June 1940, the Forward Bloc held its first All India Conference in Nagpur. The conference declared the Forward Bloc to be a socialist political party, the conference passed a resolution titled All Power to the Indian People, urging militant action for struggle against British colonial rule. Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as the president of the party, soon thereafter, on 2 July, Bose was arrested and detained in Presidency Jail, Calcutta. In January 1941 he escaped from house arrest, and clandestinely went into exile and he travelled to the Soviet Union via Afghanistan, seeking Soviet support for the Indian independence struggle. Stalin declined Boses request, and he travelled to Germany. In Berlin he set up the Free India Centre, and rallied the Indian Legion, in August 1942 the British authorities banned the Forward Bloc. Its offices around the country were ransacked, in 1943 Bose was transported to Asia, where he took over the leadership of the Indian National Army. During the final phase of the war the INA fought alongside the Japanese against the British army, inside India, local activists of the Forward Bloc continued the anti-British activities without central co-ordination
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Indian Union Muslim League
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The Indian Union Muslim League is a political party in India. It is recognized by the Election Commission of India as a State Party in Kerala, IUML has a MLA in Tamilnadu also. And it has an organisational structure in Tamilnadu. The Indian Union Muslim League was formed in Madras on 10 March 1948 and it had presence in the Parliament right from 1952 to present day. In Kerala, it has led the cabinet once under the late C. H. Mohammed Koya, in alliance with Indian National Congress and other parties, Muslim League has been an active member of the United Democratic Front. During the beginning of seventies, IUML had Ministers in West Bengal leading a contingent of seven MLAs in the state assembly, late A. K. A. Hassanussaman was the league representative during the ministry of Ajoy Mukherjee. As a constituent of United Progressive Alliance, IUML assisted UPA to muster the support of the minorities, E. Ahamed, who became the president of IUML following the demise of G. M. Banatwala, was the Minister of State for External Affairs during 2004-2009. From April 2009 to January 2011, he was Minister of State for Railways and he assumed charge again as Minister of State of External Affairs on January 24,2011. Ahamed also held the charge of the Ministry of Human Resource Development from July 2011 to October 2012. The party participated in the ouster of the first Communist Party of India government in Kerala in 1959, in 1960, the party took part in the formation of a coalition government in the state, consisting of the Indian National Congress, Praja Socialist Party and IUML. In the elections in Kerala in 1967, the party entered a united front coalition led by the Communist Party of India, the other members of the front were Communist Party of India, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Karshaka Thozhilali Party, Kerala Socialist Party and Samyukta Socialist Party. Muslim League had two ministers in the government of that front. After the 1970 elections, Achutha Menon became elected Chief Minister for the second time, members of the governing coalition were Indian National Congress, IUML, RSP and PSP. The Menon government lasted until the downfall of the Indira Gandhi regime in 1977, in the chaos that followed, the IUML leader C. H. Mohammed Koya held the post of Chief Minister from 12 October 1979 to 1 December 1979. While the two fronts, United Democratic Front and Left Democratic Front took shape ahead of the 1980 elections. A break-away faction, the All India Muslim League joined LDF, the two groups reunited in 1985 under the name IUML and as member of UDF. In 1987 IUML left UDF for a period only to reunite later, Muslim League is among the few Muslim organizations that maintains consistent presence in the Indian Parliament. The youth wing of IUML is called Muslim Youth League and their students wing is called Muslim Students Federation, the party has a womens political wing too – it is called Muslim Womens League
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All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
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AIMIM has held the Lok Sabha seat for the Hyderabad constituency since 1984. In the 2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly elections, the AIMIM won seven seats, the party president and member of parliament Asaduddin Owaisi received the Sansad Ratna Award for 2014. The party has long seen as a political representation of Muslims in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The party has roots back to the days of the princely State of Hyderabad, then it was only Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen and the first meeting was held in the house of Nawab Mahmood Nawaz Khan on November 12,1927. The MIM advocated the set up of a Muslim dominion rather than integration with India, in 1938, Bahadur Yar Jung was elected president of the MIM which had a cultural and religious manifesto. It soon acquired political complexion and, alongside the Muslim League, were collaborators of British-occupied India forces, after the death of Bahadur Yar Jang in 1944, Qasim Rizvi was elected as the leader. The Razakars, led by Kasim Razvi, were a violent, anti-Hindu Islamist paramilitary organization of self-styled volunteers formed, ostensibly, the Razakars operated as storm troopers for the MIM. After the Indian annexation of Hyderabad State, the MIM was banned in 1948, Qasim Rizvi was jailed from 1948 to 1957, and was released on the condition that he would go to Pakistan where he was granted an asylum. Before leaving, Qasim Rizvi handed over the responsibility of whatever remained of the Ittehadul Muslimeen, to Abdul Wahid Owaisi, Abdul Wahed Owaisi restructured the Party and Organised it into All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen. After Abdul Wahed Owaisi, his son Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi took control of AIMIM in 1975 and was referred to as Salar E Millat. The AIMIM as a political party purports to protect and advance the rights of Muslims, Dalits, BCs, minorities and it bears true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India. It purports to believe in the nation’s secular democracy and that it strives to protect, in 1960, AIMIM won the Mallepally ward of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. In 1962, Salahuddin won from Patharghatti assembly seat as an Independent candidate, in 1972, he won from Yakutpura and later in 1978, again from Charminar. In 1984 AIMIM emerged victorious in the Hyderabad Lok Sabha Seat, since then, Salahuddins elder son Asaduddin Owaisi represents the seat of Hyderabad. Mohammad Majid Hussain of the AIMIM was unanimously elected as the Mayor of Greater Hyderabad on January 2,2012, AIMIM was once reduced to one Assembly seat in Andhra Pradesh in 1994. On 12 November 2012, Asaduddin Owaisi announced the withdrawal of support to the UPA government citing communal policies of the current congress led government, All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen was then supporting Congress, both at Centre and at state level in Andhra Pradesh. Party president Asaduddin Owaisi won the Sansad Ratna award for his performance in lok Sabha. AIMIM made its entry into Maharashtra state by winning 13 seats in Nanded-Waghala city municipal council polls held on October 2012, AIMIM made its entry into Karnataka state by winning 6 seats in Karnataka local body elections held in March 2013
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Janata Party
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In the general election held after the end of the state of emergency in 1977, the Janata party defeated Congress to form the first non-Congress government in the history of the Republic of India. Raj Narain, a socialist leader, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971, on 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her 1971 election victory over Narain in the Rae Bareli constituency. She was barred from contesting any election for the six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to protests against the Congress government. The rationale was that of preserving national security, however, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Jivatram Kripalani, Biju Patnaik and Morarji Desai were imprisoned, Narain defeated Gandhi at Rae Bareli in those elections. The new Janata-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened investigations into Emergency-era abuses. By mid-1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai was forced to resign, popular disenchantment with the political in-fighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new Congress party, which won the general election called in 1980. Although the original Janata Party fragmented and dissolved, modern political parties continue to invoke its legacy, in August 2013, the party was merged with the Bharatiya Janata Party. Having led the Indian independence movement, the Indian National Congress became the most popular party in independent India. However, the Indian National Congress bifurcated in 1967 over the issue of the leadership of Indira Gandhi, supporters of Indira Gandhi claimed to be the real Congress party, adopting the name Indian National Congress – where R stood for Requisition. Congress politicians who opposed Indira identified themselves as the Indian National Congress – where O stood for Organisation or Old, however, Indiras subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity. The frequent invoking of Presidents rule to state governments led by opposition political parties was seen as authoritarian. Political leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Kripalani and Congress chief Morarji Desai condemned Indiras government as dictatorial, Narayan and Desai founded the Janata Morcha, the predecessor of what would become the Janata party. The Janata Morcha won the elections for the Vidhan Sabha of the state of Gujarat on 11 June 1975, on 12 June 1975 in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, the Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years. Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government, on 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in Delhi, calling for a Satyagraha – a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to force the government to resign. On 25 June 1975, the President of India, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, accepted prime minister Indira Gandhis recommendation to declare a state of national emergency, Indira argued that the political and civil disorder constituted a threat to national security. A state of emergency enabled the government to issue executive decrees without requiring the consent of Parliament
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Kerala Congress (M)
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Kerala Congress is a recognized state level Indian political party in Kerala. It was formed in 1979, after splitting from the Kerala Congress and its leader and chairman is K. M. Mani. Its working chairman is P. J. Joseph and its Deputy chairman is C. F. Thomas. As of 2016, the party has 6 MLAs in the Kerala Legislative Assembly, an alliance member of the United Democratic Front and United Progressive Alliance. On April 30,2010 another Kerala Congress faction led by P. J. Joseph, now it has split again and some of the general secretaries of Kerala Congress have resigned and gone with LDF. K C Joseph, Antony Raju, P C Joseph and others have resigned from Kerala Congress, for the Kerala Assembly election, the united groups would be contesting under the banner and symbol of Kerala Congress as directed by the Election Commission. The name Kerala Congress and symbol bicycle which have been claimed by the group have been temporarily frozen. 201120011996 Kerala Congress was formed in 1979 after a split with the parent Kerala Congress party, just before the general election held on 2011 Kerala Congress fraction of P. J. Joseph merged with KC. Earlier Kerala Congress which was split earlier from P. J. Joseph group and led by Eapen Varghese merged with KC
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Manipur State Congress Party
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Manipur State Congress Party is a former political party in the Indian state of Manipur. The party was founded in 1997 by Wahengbam Nipamacha, cultivator Cutting Crop is the election symbol of the party. Nipamacha then became the minister of a coalition government led by the party. In the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, then-MSCP candidate Th, chaoba Singh got elected and became union minister during Atal Behari Vajpayee’s tenure as Prime Minister. The Manipur State Congress Party merged back with the Congress with its five party MLAs on 4 April 2014, the last party president was Y. It was de-recognised by Election Commission of India in June 2015, in 2002 Legislative Assembly elections in Manipur, Party had contested on 42 out of 60 seats and had won seven seats, and five of them joined the Congress. In 2007 Assembly elections, party had contested on 6 seats but failed to win any seats
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Peasants and Workers Party of India
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The Peasants and Workers Party of India, translation, Bharat ki Kisaan Mazdoor Party, abbr. PWPI), is a Marxist political party in Maharashtra, India, the party was founded in 1947, having its roots from the pre-Independence period and has around 1,00,000 members. The influence of the party is largely limited to three districts, member of legislative council of Maharashtra, Mr. Jayant Prabhakar Patil, is general secretary of the party. The party has 3 MLAs and 2 MLCs, the trade union of the party is called All India Workers Trade Union, All India Insurance Workers Union and its Trade Union Federation is Progressive Workers and Peasants of India. Comrade Janardan Singh is General Secretary of these unions and trade union federation. http
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