1.
11th National People's Congress
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The 11th National Peoples Congress met for a 5-year term, from 2008 to 2013. It held five annual two week sessions during in this period, there were 2,987 deputies elected to the 11th Congress in 2008, with 2972 in office at the end of the term. The first session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 18,2008 and it re-elected Hu Jintao as President and Wen Jiabao as Premier. The State Council, Chinas cabinet, went through major restructuring, the second session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 13,2009. This congress tackled issues such as the global financial crisis, attempted to introduce a new social welfare system, as well as checks. The third session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14,2010, the fourth session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14,2011. The fifth and final session of the 11th Congress sat from March 5 to March 14,2012, all state leaders were elected from one name ballots. List of members of the 11th National Peoples Congress Official website of the NPC
2.
National People's Congress
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The National Peoples Congress is the national legislature of the Peoples Republic of China. With 2,987 members in 2013, it is the largest parliamentary body in the world, the NPC is elected for a term of five years. It holds annual sessions every spring, usually lasting from 10 to 14 days, the fourth session of the 12th NPC was held from March 5 to March 16,2016. In theory, the NPC is the highest organ of power in China. However, in practice it usually acts as a stamp for decisions already made by the states executive organs. One of its members, Hu Xiaoyan, told the BBC in 2009 that she has no power to help her constituents and she was quoted as saying, As a parliamentary representative, I dont have any real power. In 2014, the party pledged to unswervingly adhere to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party. Since the 1990s, the NPC has become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party, the government, and groups of society, there are mainly four functions and powers of the NPC,1. To amend the Constitution and oversee its enforcement Only the NPC has the power to amend the Constitution, Amendments to the Constitution must be proposed by the NPC Standing Committee or 1/5 or more of the NPC deputies. In order for the Amendments to become effective, they must be passed by 2/3 majority vote of all deputies, to enact and amend basic law governing criminal offences, civil affairs, state organs and other matters 3. To elect and appoint members to the state organs The NPC elects the Chairman, Vice Chairmen, Secretary-General. It also elects the President of the Peoples Republic of China, NPC also appoints the Premier of the State Council and many other crucial officials to the central state organs. The NPC also has the power to remove the officials from the office. The drafting process of NPC legislation is governed by the Organic Law of the NPC and it begins with a small group, often of outside experts, who begin a draft. Over time, this draft is considered by larger and larger groups, by the time the full NPC or NPCSC meets to consider the legislation, the major substantive elements of the draft legislation have largely been agreed to. However, minor wording changes to the draft are often made at this stage, the process ends with a formal vote by the Standing Committee of the NPC or by the NPC in a plenary session. The NPC mainly exists to give sanction to decisions already made at the highest levels of the government. However, it is not completely without influence and it functions as a forum in which legislative proposals are drafted and debated with input from different parts of the government and outside technical experts
3.
Xi Jinping
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Xi Jinping is the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the Peoples Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. As General Secretary, Xi holds a seat on the Politburo Standing Committee. The son of Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi Jinping rose through the ranks politically in Chinas coastal provinces, Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, and governor, then party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to Shanghai as party secretary for a period in 2007. Xi joined the Politburo Standing Committee and central secretariat in October 2007, Xi was vice-president from 2008 to 2013 and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2010 to 2012. Since assuming power, Xi has attempted to legitimize the authority of the Communist Party by introducing far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and he initiated an unprecedented and far-reaching campaign against corruption, leading to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired officials. Xi has also imposed further restrictions over civil society and ideological discourse, Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953. After the founding of the Communist state in 1949, Xis father held a series of posts, including propaganda chief, vice-premier, Xis father is from Fuping County, Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan. He is the son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife Qi Xin. When Xi was age 10, his father was purged from the Party and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, Xis secondary education was cut short by the Cultural Revolution, Xi was age 15 when his father was jailed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Yanchuan County, Shaanxi and he later became the Party branch secretary of the production team, leaving that post in 1975. When asked about this experience later by Chinese state television, Xi recalled, and when the ideals of the Cultural Revolution could not be realised, it proved an illusion. From 1979 to 1982, Xi served as secretary for his fathers former subordinate Geng Biao and this gained Xi some military background. In 1985, as part of a Chinese delegation to study American agriculture, he visited the town of Muscatine and this trip, and his stay with an American family, has been considered influential in his views on the United States. Xi joined the Communist Youth League in 1971 and the Communist Party of China in 1974, in 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy Party Secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to Secretary, becoming the top official of the county, Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career, Hebei, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990, in 1997, Xi was named an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
4.
Communist Party of China
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The Communist Party of China is the founding and ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, the CPC is currently the worlds second largest political party with a membership of 88.76 million as of 2016. It also controls the worlds largest armed force, the Peoples Liberation Army, the highest body of the CPC is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. The partys leader holds the offices of General Secretary, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, through these posts the party leader is the countrys paramount leader. The current party leader is Xi Jinping, elected at the 18th National Congress, the CPC is still committed to communist thought and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties each year. The official explanation for Chinas economic reforms is that the country is in the stage of socialism. The planned economy established under Mao Zedong was replaced by the socialist market economy, the CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals. Other influences stemming from the Bolshevik revolution and Marxist theory inspired the Communist Party of China, Li Dazhao was the first leading Chinese intellectual who publicly supported Leninism and world revolution. In contrast to Chen Duxiu, Li did not renounce participation in the affairs of the Republic of China, both of them regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere. The CPC was modeled on Vladimir Lenins theory of a vanguard party, Study circles were, according to Cai Hesen, the rudiments. Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, the founding National Congress of the CPC was held on 23–31 July 1921. With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, the CPC organization, while it was originally planned to be held in Shanghai French Concession, police officers interrupted the meeting on 3 July. Because of that, the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, only 12 delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend. Chen sent a representative to attend the congress. The resolutions of the called for the establishment of a communist party. The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT, a party organized on Leninist lines, when KMT leader Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists. Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiangs arrival, he turned on them, Chiangs army then marched on Wuhan, but was prevented from taking the city by CPC General Ye Ting and his troops
5.
United Front (PRC)
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The United Front in the Peoples Republic of China is a popular front of the legally permitted parties in the country, led by the Communist Party of China. Besides the CPC, it includes eight minor parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and it is managed by the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Its current department head is Sun Chunlan, the United Front is represented together with other mass organizations such as trade unions, womens and youth organizations, minorities etc. in the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference. The United Front holds no real power independent of the CPC and its leaders are mostly selected by the Communist Party of China, or are themselves CPC members. The member parties which exist are almost completely subservient to the CPC, thus, China is a de facto one-party state. However, the United Front parties have representation in the National Peoples Congress. Seymour, Chinas Satellite Parties, Routledge, ISBN 978-0873324120 Official website of the United Front Work Department, Central Committee of CPC
6.
Wu Bangguo
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Wu Bangguo is a retired high-ranking politician in the Peoples Republic of China. He was the Chairman and Party secretary of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress from 2003 to 2013 and he ranked second in official rankings of state and party leaders of China. A native of Anhui, Wu is an engineer by profession. Wu was born in Feidong County, Anhui and he entered Tsinghua University in 1960, majoring in electron tube engineering at the Department of Radio Electronics, where he graduated in 1967. He subsequently was employed as a worker and technician at Shanghais No.3 Electronic Tube Factory and he would eventually go on to lead the factory as its party secretary. In 1978 he was assigned to become the deputy manager of Shanghai Electronic Elements Company, between 1981 and 1983 he worked as the deputy secretary of Shanghai Meters, Instruments and Telecommunications Bureau. Wus work in electronics companies earned him a tenure in the upper echelons of power. Between 1985 and 1991, Wu was elevated to Deputy secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee, and subsequently as CPC party chief of Shanghai, the citys first-in-charge. As Shanghais political and economic stature grew due to reforms, Wu gained a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, Chinas ruling council. He continued as Vice-Premier under Zhu Rongji, and served in the role until the 2003 National Peoples Congress. At the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, Wu entered the highest power elite in the country, at the 11th National Peoples Congress, he was re-elected as Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee on 15 March 2008. In his capacity as NPCSC chair, Wu delivers an annual address each year at the National Peoples Congress sessions in March and these speeches have always noted that China will not adopt multiparty democracy, separation of powers, or a federal system. He also stated that the Central Government supported Hong Kongs development of democracy, although the remarks were left open to interpretation, they generated significant controversy in Hong Kong, with pro-democracy politicians calling it a challenge on the autonomy of the territory. On 16 July 2012, Wu attended the ceremony of Shenzhou 9. Shanghai clique Wu Bangguo biography at China Vitae
7.
Zhang Dejiang
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Zhang Dejiang is a Chinese politician and a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of China. He currently serves as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress, Zhang has extensive regional governance experience unmatched by his Standing Committee contemporaries. He has successively served as the Party Secretary of the provinces of Jilin, the SARS outbreak began in Guangdong and occurred during Zhangs term as the provincial party chief there. In March 2012, Zhang replaced Bo Xilai as the party secretary of Chongqing, Zhang also held a seat on the 25-member Politburo of the Communist Party of China since 2002. After serving two terms on the body, Zhang was promoted to the Politburo Standing Committee at the 18th Party Congress in 2012, Zhang, a native of Taian County, Liaoning, attended Yanbian University in Yanji, Jilin, where he studied the Korean language. Zhang enrolled in Kim Il-sung University in North Korea in August 1978 and his connections to North Korea and his handling of illegal immigration from that country as a local official in Jilin are believed to be key factors in his rise to power. Zhang rose to prominence during the era of general secretary Jiang Zemin, first in Jilins Yanbian Prefecture, Zhang accompanied Jiang on a visit to North Korea in March 1990 and was promoted to deputy party secretary for Jilin soon after. Jiang described Yanbian under Zhang as a model later that year. In 1995, he was party secretary of Jilin, beginning a long road of serving as the first-in-charge of various provincial-level jurisdictions. In 1998, Zhang became party secretary of Zhejiang, Zhang was popular among business leaders in Zhejiang due to his relatively laissez-faire attitude towards private enterprise. Zhang was known for allowing private business to operate freely, within the bounds of the law, in 2001, Zhang wrote an article attacking the idea of allowing business owners to join the Communist Party, claiming that doing so would ruin the party. In November 2002, Zhang was transferred to Guangdong to become its Party Secretary and he also earned a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. During his tenure in Guangdong Zhang focused on such as the privatisation of the economy, education. Zhangs appointment came immediately after the beginning of the SARS crisis, Zhang initially responded to the outbreak by restricting the flow of information to the public about SARS. Zhang made it a top priority to stimulate the provinces economy, during his five-year tenure, Zhang worked to integrate the economies of the Pearl River Delta. Critics called Pan-Pearl Delta economic integration an empty concept and alleged that Zhang was pushing the policy as a platform for future promotion. A senior journalist compared Zhangs ambitions to that of Bo Xilai, Bo Xilai manipulates the media to promote himself, critics accuse Zhang of suppressing freedom of the press and the right to protest. In addition to being criticised for poor handling of the SARS outbreak, the shooting incident is believed to have led to as many as 20 deaths
8.
2013 National People's Congress
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The 2013 National Peoples Congress held its annual meeting on March 2013 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China. The session opened 5 March and concluded on 16 March,2013 This was the Plenary Session in which major state positions were elected, chinas GDP increased from 26.6 trillion yuan to 51.9 trillion yuan, and now ranks second in the world. Government revenue went up from 5.1 trillion yuan to 11.7 trillion yuan, a total of 58.7 million urban jobs were created. The per capita income of urban residents rose by an annual average of 8. 8%. Grain output increased for the ninth year in 2012. Progress was made in key areas of reform, and the economy reached a new stage of development. Chinas first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, was commissioned, successfully hosted the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and the XIII Paralympic Games in Beijing and the World Expo in Shanghai. Chinas productive forces and overall strength, its living standards and social security. Successfully completed the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and got off to a start in implementing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan
9.
2014 National People's Congress
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The 2014 National Peoples Congress held its annual meeting on March 2014 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China. The session opened on 5 March and concluded on 13 March, below are the key points of the countrys achievements in the past year, from Premier Li Keqiangs work report, The economy was stable and improved. The gross domestic product reached 56.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 7. 7% over the previous year, the rise in the consumer price index was kept at 2. 6%. The registered urban unemployment rate was kept at 4. 1% and 13.1 million urban jobs were created, total imports and exports exceeded US$4 trillion, reaching a new high. Personal income continued to rise, and economic performance continued to improve, the per capita disposable income of urban residents rose by 7% in real terms, and the per capita net income of rural residents rose by 9. 3% in real terms. The number of people living in poverty was reduced by 16.5 million. The profits of industrial enterprises with annual revenue of 20 million yuan or more from their business operations rose by 12. 2%. Progress was achieved in adjusting the economic structure, grain output exceeded 600 million metric tons, increasing for the tenth consecutive year. The value-added of the sector accounted for 46. 1% of GDP. The proportion of the regional product of the central and western regions to Chinas GDP continued to rise. Chinas total electricity consumption increased by 7. 5%, and the volume of freight transport rose by 9. 9%, main real physical indexes matched economic growth. Progress was made in education, science and technology, culture, the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft was sent into orbit. The Change-3 lunar lander successfully landed on the moon
10.
Li Yuanchao
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Li Yuanchao is the Vice President of the Peoples Republic of China. He is also a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and he was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China and head of its Organization Department between 2007 and 2012. From 2002 to 2007, Li served as the Communist Party of China Secretary of Jiangsu and he is considered a figure of Chinas fifth generation of leadership. He is married to Gao Jianjin and has a son named Li Haijin and he was named Yuanchao after the campaign to aid North Korea, he would change the characters of this name later in life while maintaining the pronunciation. Li attended Nanyang Model High School in Shanghai, where he graduated in 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, he worked in Dafeng County, Jiangsu, performing manual labour. In 1972, Li was recommended to enter East China Normal University to study mathematics and he then worked as a teacher at the Nanchang Secondary School in Shanghai, then an instructor at the industry vocational college of Luwan District in Shanghai. After the resumption of the National College Entrance Examination Li was admitted to pursue a degree from Fudan University in mathematics. He joined the Communist Party of China in June 1978, in 1982, after graduating, he stayed at Fudan to teach as a lecturer and held a leadership position in the Communist Youth League organization of the university. In 1983, Li was elevated on recommendation from then Shanghai party chief Chen Pixian to head the Shanghai Communist Youth League organization at age 33, shortly thereafter he became a member of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Youth League, in charge of propaganda and ideology. He served in the post until 1990, in 1993, he was named deputy head of the State Council Information Office. In 1996, he became Vice Minister of Culture and he pursued mid-career training at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 2002. Li was elevated to Deputy Party Secretary of Jiangsu province and concurrently party chief of the provincial capital Nanjing in 2001, in October 2001, a mere month after he took office, Li garnered attention by firing several municipal officials accused of sexually harassing female hotel employees. Li served as the Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary for Jiangsu between 2002 and 2007, during his tenure in Jiangsu, Li assessed local officials in terms of performance measured by social and environmental factors, as opposed to purely economic ones. After the 18th Party Congress, Li Yuanchao was no longer the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China since 19 November 2012, Li was said to favour political reform. He, however, continued to serve on 25-member Politburo, to which he was first selected in 2007, in March 2013, Li was elected to be the Vice President. Since taking on the office, which is ceremonial in nature. Li was the most senior Chinese official to attend the memorial of South African leader Nelson Mandela
11.
Liu Yunshan
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Liu Yunshan is one of the top leaders of the Communist Party of China, and a current member of the Politburo Standing Committee, the de facto top decision-making body of China. He is generally seen as the top official in charge of ideology, propaganda work, Liu built his career in Inner Mongolia, working initially as a teacher, then a Xinhua reporter, before entering the Communist Youth League and Inner Mongolia party propaganda department. He had a stint working as the Party Secretary of the city of Chifeng. Between 2002 and 2012, Liu served as the head of the Central Propaganda Department, Liu was born to an ordinary family of farmers in Tumed Right Banner in Inner Mongolia, he traces his ancestry to Xinzhou, Shanxi province. He spent over twenty years of his career in Inner Mongolia and he joined the Communist Party in 1971. He initially worked as a teacher, then was sent down to do labour in the countryside as part of the Cultural Revolution. He attended college part-time at the Jining Teachers College in Ulanqab League and he then worked in the local propaganda department of Tumed Right Banner. He became a Xinhua reporter in 1975, writing stories about nomadic herders in Inner Mongolia and he was eventually promoted to a supervisory role. He then worked for the provincial Communist Youth League organization, in 1985, the 38-year old Liu earned an alternate seat on the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Between 1989 and 1992, Liu attended the Central Party School to take courses in public administration, between 1993 and 2002, he worked in Beijing as the deputy head of the Central Propaganda Department as a deputy to Ding Guangen. In 2002, at the 16th Party Congress, Liu became the head of the Central Propaganda Department, Liu also became a Secretary of the Secretariat. He was also a member of the 17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China, after the 18th Party Congress in November 2012, Liu was elected to both the 18th Politburo and its Standing Committee. e. Liu, considered a censorship hard-liner, was seen as a conservative member of the Standing Committee who religiously upheld party orthodoxy. Previously, the top position of the Secretariat and the leading post for propaganda were held by separate people, several theories had been proposed for Lius elevation to the Standing Committee. His two-term tenure was often cited as a primary factor, China analyst Cheng Li said that Liu was elevated due to the patronage of former leader Jiang Zemin. Others suggest that Liu was a force in that he had both Communist Youth League experience and loyally upheld party orthodoxy as a conservative. That Liu Yunshan effectively succeeded in the held by two individuals prior to the Congress was arguably an indication of the breadth of his power. In 2013, Liu was named one of three deputy leaders of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, some commentators saw the remarks as implicitly critical of star television host Bi Fujian, who made some comments critical of Mao which surfaced on an online video
12.
Wang Yang (politician)
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Wang Yang is a high-ranking Chinese politician. He is one of the four Vice Premiers of China in Premier Li Keqiangs Government, until January 2013, he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong, the southern Chinese provinces top office. He served as the party secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, first as the holder of an important regional post, and now as a vice premier, Wang also holds a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, the countrys ruling council. He is widely considered to be one of the most strongly liberal members of the Chinese elite, advocating for economic, Wang was born in Suzhou, Anhui, to an ordinary urban working-class family. His father was a manual labourer, between 1972 and 1976, he worked as a food processing factory hand before being promoted to supervisor. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1975 and he subsequently joined the local Party School as an instructor, before going on to study political economics at the dawn of Deng Xiaopings economic reforms at the Central Party School in 1979. He returned to his hometown as a party policy instructor before joining the local Communist Youth League organization – where he would ascend to the organization by 1984. He then moved on to work as the Deputy Director and Director of the Anhui Provincial Sports Bureau until 1988 and his first tenure with civil administration was in Tongling, Anhui, beginning in 1988. He would rise to become the provincial Governors assistant the following year, Wang served as the Party Committee Secretary in Chongqing, a western interior municipality, from 2005 to 2007. Wangs track record in Chongqing earned him attention, for his work of bringing a geographically remote. In Chongqing, Wang won praise for handling a sensitive urban demolition case and he was also the pioneer of media reforms in the municipality. In 2007 Wang was succeeded as Chongqing party secretary by Bo Xilai, after taking Wangs place, Bo orchestrated a sweeping campaign against alleged local gangsters. As part of a reshuffle of regional leaders, Wang Yang was slated to become Party Committee Secretary of Guangdong after the 17th Party Congress. He took on the post formally in November 2007, as the post was considered one of the most important regional leadership offices in China, he also earned a seat on the Communist Partys Politburo, the countrys second-highest ruling council. In Guangdong, Wang increasingly branded himself as a bold reformer and he was instrumental in pushing Guangdong province, already dubbed Chinas breeding ground of reform, towards even greater economic and political freedoms. Additionally, Wang sought to diversify the economy away from manufacturing. Wangs unique leadership style set him apart from normally colourless and risk-averse provincial administrators who parrot the party line and he was often compared to Bo Xilai by political observers, as both Wang and Bo were seen as rising stars of Chinese politics vying for top office. Both held important regional offices that could be used as testing grounds for policies that could eventually be implemented nationally, amid the global financial crisis of 2008, Guangdong faced a mass wave of bankruptcies of small to medium-sized enterprises
13.
Li Keqiang
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Li Keqiang is the current Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. An economist by training, Li is Chinas head of government as well as one of the figures behind Chinese economic policy. He is also the member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China. Li is a part of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership. Li was named the Worlds 12th Most Powerful Person by the Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People in 2015 and 2016, Li rose through the ranks through his involvement in the Communist Youth League. From 1998 to 2004, Li served as the Governor of Henan, from 2004 to 2007 he served as the Party Secretary of Liaoning, the top political office in the province. Given his Youth League experience, Li has generally been considered an ally of former leader Hu Jintao. Li assumed the post of Premier in 2013, and has facilitated the Chinese governments shifting of priorities from export-led growth to a focus on internal consumption. Li has also been a force behind the implementation of the comprehensively deepening reforms announced in the fall of 2013. Li was born on 1 July 1955 in Hefei, the capital and his father was a local official in Anhui. He was awarded the honour of Outstanding Individual in the Study of Mao Zedong Thought during this time and he earned a PhD in economics in 1995, and the prominent economist Li Yining was his doctoral advisor. His doctoral dissertation was awarded the Sun Yefang Prize, Chinas highest prize in economics, in 1980, Li became the Communist Youth League secretary at Peking University. Li became the organizations First Secretary in 1993 and served until 1998 and he is a representative member of the first generation to have risen from the CYL leadership. Li became the youngest Chinese provincial governor in June 1998 when he was appointed governor of Henan at the age of 43, according to provincial officials working with him at the time, Li refused to participate in any banquets or large fancy events not related to government activities. During his time as governor, a sense of his bad luck grew due to the occurrence of three major fires in the province. Li is known to be outspoken and led development in Henan. Li did not spend time pursuing superficial projects and he trekked through all regions of the province trying to search for a comprehensive solution to its growing problems. Henan jumped in national GDP rankings from 28th in the early 1990s to 18th in 2004, however, his government was relatively ineffective at curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic that was affecting the rural areas of the province
14.
Wang Shengjun
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Wang Shengjun was the President of the Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China from March 2008 to March 2013. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1972, wang was appointed as the Secretary General of the Central Political and Legislative Committee in 1998. He was the member of the 16th and 17th CPC Central Committee, wang has no formal legal training
15.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
16.
12th National People's Congress
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The 12th National Peoples Congress was elected from October 2012 to February 2013 and will be in session from 2013 to 2018. It is scheduled to hold five plenary sessions in this period, the first plenary session was held on March 2013. All top national posts were up for election and were filled, the second plenary session was held on March 2014
17.
United Front (China)
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The United Front in the Peoples Republic of China is a popular front of the legally permitted parties in the country, led by the Communist Party of China. Besides the CPC, it includes eight minor parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and it is managed by the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Its current department head is Sun Chunlan, the United Front is represented together with other mass organizations such as trade unions, womens and youth organizations, minorities etc. in the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference. The United Front holds no real power independent of the CPC and its leaders are mostly selected by the Communist Party of China, or are themselves CPC members. The member parties which exist are almost completely subservient to the CPC, thus, China is a de facto one-party state. However, the United Front parties have representation in the National Peoples Congress. Seymour, Chinas Satellite Parties, Routledge, ISBN 978-0873324120 Official website of the United Front Work Department, Central Committee of CPC
18.
1st National People's Congress
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The 1st National Peoples Congress was in session from 1954 to 1959. It held four plenary sessions in this period, there were 1226 deputies to the Congress. The first plenary session was held in September 1954, the Congress passed the 1954 Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China
19.
10th National People's Congress
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The 10th National Peoples Congress was in session from 2003 to 2008. It held five sessions in this period. There are 2,984 deputies to this Congress, the Congress held its 1st annual meeting from March 5—18,2003 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The Congress held its 2nd annual meeting from March 5—14,2004 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, the Congress held its 3rd annual meeting from March 5—14,2005 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The Congress held its 4th annual meeting from March 5—15,2006 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, the Congress held its 5th annual meeting from March 5 to March 15,2007 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing
20.
Plenary session
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A plenary session is a session of a conference which all members of all parties are to attend. Such a session may include a range of content, from keynotes to panel discussions. The term has been used in the profession to describe when information is summarized. The Congress of Vienna is an example of a congress that did not meet in plenary sessions
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