1.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
2.
Russian ruble
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The Russian ruble is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks, the ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union. Today apart from Russia, Belarus and Transnistria uses currencies with the same name, the ruble was the worlds first decimal currency, it was decimalised in 1704 when the ruble became legally equal to 100 kopeks. In 1992 the Soviet ruble was replaced with the Russian ruble at the rate 1 SUR =1 RUR. In 1998 following the crisis, the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new code RUB. Today, although RUB being the code of the Russian ruble. The ruble is the oldest national currency after the Pound sterling in the world, the ruble has been used on the Russian territories since the 13th century. The modern Russian ruble actually appeared in December 1991 in parallel with the Soviet ruble, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name of Bank of Russia in 1993. The Russian ruble with the ISO4217 code is RUR and number 810 replaced the Soviet ruble at the rate 1 SUR =1 RUR. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1,5,10,20,50 and 100 rubles, the coins depict the double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend Банк России. It is exactly the same eagle, that the artist Ivan Bilibin painted after the February Revolution as a coat of arms for the Russian Republic. The 1 and 5 ruble coins were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20 ruble coins in cupro-nickel, in 1993, aluminium-bronze 50 ruble coins and cupro-nickel-zinc 100 ruble coins were issued, and the material of 10 and 20 ruble coins s was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50 ruble coins was changed to brass-plated steel, as high inflation persisted, the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used. During this period the commemorative one ruble coin was regularly issued and it was practically identical in size and weight to a 5 Swiss franc coin. For this reason, there have been instances of ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland. In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1,3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes for 10,25,50 and 100 rubles. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1,3 and 5 ruble notes and also introduced 200,500 and 1,000 ruble notes, although the 25 ruble note was no longer issued
3.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
4.
Anti-Sovietism
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Anti-Sovietism and Anti-Soviet refer to persons and activities actually or allegedly aimed against the Soviet Union or government power within the Soviet Union. Three different flavors of the usage of the term may be distinguished, anti-Sovietism in international politics, such as the United States opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Anti-Soviet opponents of Bolsheviks shortly after the Russian Revolution and during the Russian Civil War, as applied to Soviet citizens involved in anti-government activities. During the Russian Civil War that followed the October Revolution of 1917, between the wars, some resistance movement, particularly in the 1920s, was cultivated by Polish intelligence in the form of the Promethean project. After Nazi Germanys attack on the USSR, anti-Soviet forces were created and led primarily by Nazi Germany, in the time of the Russian Civil War, whole categories of people, such as clergy, kulaks, former Imperial Russian police, etc. were automatically considered anti-Soviet. More categories are listed in the article Enemy of the people, for many people the major evidence of their guilt was their social status rather than actual deeds. Ask him instead to which class he belongs, what is his background, his education and these are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. Later in the Soviet Union, being anti-Soviet was a criminal offense, the epithet antisoviet was synonymous with counter-revolutionary. The noun antisovietism was rarely used and the noun antisovietist was used in a derogatory sense, Anti-Soviet agitation and activities were political crimes handled by the Article 58 and later Article 70 of the RSFSR penal code, and similar articles in other Soviet republics. In February 1930, there was an insurgency in the Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic village of Sozak. After the end of the Second World War there were Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies
5.
1980 Summer Olympics
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The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe and they were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris and this prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles, the choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics, eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980, Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka competed for the first time under its new name, Benin had competed previously as Dahomey and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under that name. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20,1980,65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming, iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the Olympic Boycott Games, in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, competitors from three countries – New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes. The impact of the boycott was mixed, some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of medals, the Moscow Olympics was Irelands most successful games since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain, third World athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics, There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics
6.
East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
7.
Komsomol
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The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known as Komsomol, was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union. It is sometimes described as the division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, although it was officially independent and referred to as the helper. The Komsomol in its earliest form was established in urban centers in 1918, during the early years, it was a Russian organization, known as the Russian Young Communist League, or RKSM. During 1922, with the unification of the USSR, it was reformed into an all-union agency and it was the final stage of three youth organizations with members up to age 28, graduated at 14 from the Young Pioneers, and at nine from the Little Octobrists. Before the February Revolution of 1917 the Bolsheviks did not display any interest in establishing or maintaining a youth division, after the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 ended, the Soviet government under Lenin introduced a semi-capitalist economic policy to stabilize Russia’s floundering economy. This reform, the New Economic Policy, introduced a new policy of moderation and discipline. Lenin himself stressed the importance of education of young Soviet citizens in building a new society. The first Komsomol Congress met in 1918 under the patronage of the Bolshevik Party, Party intervention in 1922-1923 proved marginally successful in recruiting members by presenting the ideal Komsomolets as a foil to the bourgeois NEPman. However, the party was not very successful overall in recruiting Russian youth during the NEP period and this came about because of conflict and disillusionment among Soviet youth who romanticised the spontaneity and destruction characteristic of War Communism and the Civil War period. They saw it as their duty, and the duty of the Communist Party itself, however, the NEP had the opposite effect, after it started, many aspects of bourgeois social behavior began to reemerge. The contrast between the Good Communist extolled by the Party and the bourgeois capitalism fostered by NEP confused many young people, as a result, there was a major slump in interest and membership in the Party-oriented Komsomol. In March 1926, Komsomol membership reached a NEP-period peak of 1,750,000 members, only when Stalin came to power and abandoned the NEP in the first Five Year Plan did membership increase drastically. The youngest people eligible for Komsomol membership were fourteen years old, the upper age-limit for ordinary personnel was twenty-eight, but Komsomol functionaries could be older. Younger children joined the allied Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, while membership was nominally voluntary, those who failed to join had no access to officially sponsored holidays and found it very difficult to pursue higher education. The Komsomol also served as a pool of labor and political activism. Active members received privileges and preferences in promotion, for example, Yuri Andropov, CPSU General Secretary in succession to Leonid Brezhnev, achieved political importance through work with the Komsomol organization of Karelia in 1940-1944. At its largest, during the 1970s, the Komsomol had tens of millions of members, the government, unions and the Komsomol jointly introduced Centers for Scientific and Technical Creativity for Youth. At the same time, many Komsomol managers joined and directed the Russian Regional, folklore quickly coined a motto, The Komsomol is a school of Capitalism, hinting at Vladimir Lenins Trade unions are a school of Communism
8.
Cosmos Hotel
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The Cosmos Hotel Moscow is located in north-central Moscow in a green zone on one of the citys major streets, Mira Avenue,20 minutes drive from the city centre. It is located next to the VDNKh exhibition center, close to Ostankino Telecom Tower, the Olympic Stadium, the hotel complex was built to serve the XXII Summer Olympic Games held in Moscow in 1980. The building and the nearby monument Conquerors of Space were developed jointly by a team of Soviet and French architects, V. Andreev and T. Zaikin, steiskal of Mosproekt 1, and O. Kakub, P. Jouglet, S. Epstein of France. Construction of buildings was a joint venture with French property company Sefri, the hotel, with 1,777 rooms, is the largest in Russia. The hotel included 1,718 standard rooms,53 double room suites and 6 four-room suites, the official opening ceremony took place on 18 July 1979 and was attended by prominent politicians, businessmen, and stars of the Soviet system. Special guest singer Joe Dassin performed at the opening
9.
Luzhniki Stadium
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Luzhniki Stadium, is a sports stadium in Moscow, Russia. Its total seating capacity is 81,000 seats, all covered and this stadium has the same interior with Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Indonesia. The stadium is a part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, and is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city, the name Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bend of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating roughly as The Meadows. In the past its field was used for football games played by PFC CSKA Moscow, Torpedo Moscow and Spartak Moscow. Today it is used as one of the home grounds of the Russian national football team. It is one of the few major European stadia to use an artificial pitch, the pitch is necessary because regular grass pitches cannot withstand the harsh Russian winters and must be replaced at high cost. However, a natural grass pitch was installed for the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. The stadium is used from time to time for various other sporting events. The stadium is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city, the name Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bend of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating roughly as The Meadows. It was necessary to find a large plot of land. The proximity of the river, green mass of clean, fresh air - this circumstance alone mattered to select the area of the city of sports. In addition, Luzhniki is located close to the city center. On December 23,1954, the Government of the USSR adopted a resolution on the construction of a stadium in the Luzhniki area in Moscow. The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki brought the Soviet team 71 medals and top place in the team standings. It was a success, but increased athletic development of the Soviet Union. The proposed complex was to all modern international standards and at the same time serve as a training base for the Olympic team and arena for large domestic. The stadium was built in 1955–56 as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium and it was necessary to demolish a whole area of dilapidated buildings. Because the soil was heavily waterlogged, almost the entire area of the future of the complex had to be raised half a meter,10,000 piles were hammered into the ground and dredgers reclaimed about 3 million cubic meters of soil
10.
Mikhail Gorbachev
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Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman. He was the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 and he was the countrys head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family and he graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party, in 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, following the brief interregna of Andropov and Chernenko, before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in Western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level. Gorbachevs policies of glasnost and perestroika and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War. He was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 and this was Gorbachevs third attempt to establish a political party, having started the Social Democratic Party of Russia in 2001 and the Union of Social Democrats in 2007. Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, into a mixed Russian-Ukrainian family of migrants from Voronezh, as a child, Gorbachev experienced the Soviet famine of 1932–1933. He recalled in a memoir that In that terrible year nearly half the population of my village, Privolnoye, starved to death. Both of his grandfathers were arrested on charges in the 1930s. His father was a combine harvester operator and World War II veteran and his mother, Maria Panteleyevna Gorbacheva, was a kolkhoz worker. He was brought up mainly by his Ukrainian maternal grandparents, in his teens, he operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law, in 1967 he qualified as an agricultural economist via a correspondence masters degree at the Stavropol Institute of Agriculture. While at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and soon very active within the party. Gorbachev met his wife, Raisa Titarenko, daughter of a Ukrainian railway engineer. They married in September 1953 and moved to Stavropol upon graduation and she gave birth to their only child, daughter Irina Mikhailovna Virganskaya, in 1957. Raisa Gorbacheva died of leukemia in 1999, Gorbachev has two granddaughters and one great granddaughter. Gorbachev attended the important twenty-second Party Congress in October 1961, where Nikita Khrushchev announced a plan to surpass the U. S. in per capita production within twenty years, Gorbachev rose in the Communist League hierarchy and worked his way up through territorial leagues of the party
11.
Zemlyane
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Zemlyane is a Soviet, and later Russian rock band which enjoyed great popularity in the early 1980s. The band was formed in Leningrad, Soviet Union in 1978, a key artist in VIA wave of Soviet music, it was one of the first officially state-recognized bands to feature elements of rock music in USSR. Zemlyane used to mix hard rock music with synthpop, and Zemlyanes frontman Sergey Skachkov plays keytar, most of their lyrics deal with risk, courage, and masculinity. They sang about cosmonauts, stunts, pilots, and sailors, in 2010, their 1980s hit Trava u doma was awarded with the official status of the first anthem of Russian cosmonautics. Russian cosmonauts have traditionally taken this song with them getting assigned for orbital deployments, in 2015 Zemlyane supported actions of Vladimir Putin in Ukraine and gave a concert in Sevastopol, reunited with Russia. Zemlyane was formed in 1968 by students of Leningrad Radiopolytechnical College, in 1978 Zemlyane stopped performing on stage for several months for reasons of reorganization and rest. Their former administrator Andrey Bolshev and drummer of rock band April, Vladimir Kiselev and they put together totally different musicians passing them off as real Zemlyane. Protests from original Zemlyane rock band were abruptly ignored, so in 1979 two groups of musicians were on stage bearing the same name Zemlyane, Zemlyane led by Myasnikov and Zemlyane promoted by Kiselev and Bolshev. In 1980 original Zemlyane lineup was Sergey Skachkov, Igor Romanov, Boris Aksenov and Vladimir Kiselev, Kiselev was also Zemlyanes sound producer and manager. In the early 1980s the band released several hits such as Trava u doma, Kaskadery, Vzletnaya polosa, Trava u doma featured in soundtrack of popular cartoon series Nu, pogodi. In 1987, Zemlyane performed at Olimpiyski Sport Complex accompanied by Uriah Heep, the band went on hiatus by the beginning of the next decade, but was revived by Sergey Skachkov in 1994 with relatively new lineup. Another former Zemlyane member, Igor Romanov, now plays in Alisa, a copyright dispute between Skachkov and Kiselev arose when Kiselev created a band of young musicians, unrelated to old Zemlyane, which used Zemlyanes name and performed its old hits
12.
Mashina Vremeni
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Mashina Vremeni is a Russian rock band founded in 1969. Mashina Vremeni was a pioneer of Soviet rock music, and remains one of the oldest still active rock bands in Russia, the bands music incorporates elements of classic rock, blues, and Russian folk music. Andrei Makarevichs musical career can be traced to a band called The Kids that was made up of two male guitarists and two female vocalists. The group sang mostly English-language folk songs and performed primarily at talent shows put on in Moscow schools, the bands repertoire consisted of eleven songs in English, now lost. However, Kavagoe also returns after six months. The band performs with the following line-up, Andrei Makarevich, Alexander Kutikov, Sergey Kavagoe, Evgeny Margulis joins on guitar 1976 - Mashina Vremeni is invited to a festival Songs of youth in Tallinn -76 and performs there with a great success. Many people join and leave some time during this year. 1978 - First studio record of Mashina Vremeni, Alexander Kutikov, though playing in Visokosnoe Leto, was also working in sound-recording studio in order to help the band gain access to good equipment. The record is now known as Eto bylo tak davno, Sergey Kavagoe and Evgeny Margulis leaves the band and join Voskresenie. At this time, Andrei Makarevich writes one of the bands most enduring and popular songs, Poka gorit svecha, after some time of frustration, Alexander Kutikov saves the situation by leaving the Visokosnoe Leto band and bringing Valeriy Efremov as drummer and Pyotr Podgorodetsky on the keyboards. 1980 - The beginning of the era of Mashina Vremeni. The band wins the festival Spring Rhythms 80 main award and continues its concert tour, however, they are only allowed this because of musical freedom indulgences given in light of 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. 1981 - The song Povorot stays on the top of charts for 18 months, the band composes the soundtrack to the popular movie Dusha, starring Sofia Rotaru watched by more than 57 million cinema-goers in the Soviet Union. 1982 - Repressions begin in earnest with a denouncing article Blue Bird ragout which describes the output as depressive. A nationwide wave of protest against the denunciation sends thousands of fan letters to newspaper editors, Pyotr Podgorodetsky leaves, Alexandr Zaitsev replaces him. 1986 - Best songs 1979-1985 compilation is recorded, album V dobriy chas is recorded. 1987 - Reki i Mosty album recorded and it is considered Mashina Vremenis first official album. The band performs at Live Aid 2 festival in Japan,1988 - First international tours - USA, Canada, Greece, Spain and Bulgaria
13.
Tsvety
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Tsvety is a Soviet and Russian rock band that, according to the Itogi magazine, started all Russian alternative culture. It was one of the first bands to rock music to the Soviet show business. The Flowers were established in 1969 by guitar player and songwriter Stas Namin, in 1973 The Flowers released flexis with producing company Melodiya, overall seven million copies were sold. It was only in 1977 that the band was resurrected under the new name The Stas Namin Group, in 1978 it went on tour still being banned by all central mass media outlets. In 1980, during the years of the Olympic Thaw, the managed to release a solo album with Melodiya – Hymn to the Sun – and participate in a TV show. In 1990 the band ceased its activities and, as a matter of fact, did not exist for the next almost ten years. By the end of 80-s the Soviet monopolist record label Melodiya sold over sixty million copies of The Flowers records, Namin wrote most of The Flowers songs. Many of them were banned, but those which were released became national hits and his song Happiness was a hit No.1 for three years in 80-s, and even now it remains one of the most beloved songs for Russia and former Soviet Union. Over fifty famous musicians started their careers with The Flowers, established and produced by Stas Namin in 1987, the Gorky Park rock-band was also formed of The Flowers members. After the re-union in 1999 The Flowers celebrated their 30th Anniversary with a big concert in Moscow and they participated in the productions of Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar, and other projects at The Stas Namin Music and Drama Theater. In 2009 the band celebrated its 40th Anniversary with a show with special guest-stars. The Flowers recorded two albums The Best of Flowers at the Abbey Road studios, in 2013 they released two albums with the brand new songs – Homo Sapience and Flower Power. In autumn 2014 the Flowers are planning the 45th Anniversary tour that includes 45 cities in Russia and that will be a farewell tour of the legendary rock-band. In 2009—2010 the band recorded double albums Back to the USSR, in 2012 the band delivered a great show at Crocus City Hall where, in addition to well-known hits and prohibited songs of the 1980s presented a modern, completely new repertoire. The show was released on two albums – Homo Sapiens and Flower Power, in 2009 The Flowers recorded a double album Back to the USSR that was dedicated to its 40th anniversary and included the best twenty four songs created from 1969 to 1983. Most of them were well-known hits but also some were recorded for the first time, the album was produced in London at the legendary Abbey Road Studio. On 6 March 2010 The Flowers celebrated their 40th anniversary in Moscow at Crocus City Hall, the Flowers anniversary show featured various ex-members of the band including Yury Fokin, Konstantin Nikolskiy, Vladimir Chugreyev, Alexander Slizunov, Vladimir Semyonov, Vladislav Petrovskiy, etc. The show summarized the entire creative forty-year history of the band and, in some way, thirty years after releasing the first art album titled Hymn to the Sun the band recorded their new album Open Wide Your Window at the Abbey Road Studio in London
14.
Dean Reed
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Dean Cyril Reed was an American actor, singer and songwriter, director, and social activist who lived a great part of his adult life in South America and then in East Germany. Dean Reed was born in Denver, Colorado, and moved with his many times, living in various cities in California and Utah. He graduated from Wheat Ridge High School in 1956, where he was an athlete on the track team. No contract was offered by Imperial, but Reed subsequently signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in 1958. Capitol groomed him to be a teen idol and he produced some modestly popular singles, including Annabelle, The Search, No Wonder, A Pair of Scissors, I Kissed a Queen and he also made guest appearances on family television programs such as Bachelor Father. His fame, and record there were noteworthy. Dean Reed resided in Argentina for approximately four years, during that period, he offered several live concerts. During these performances, Dean Reed was accompanied by the group Los Dominantes, Los Dominantes was a rock-band from Lanus, formed by Juan Luis Bhe Ricky, Carlos Reale Charly, Dardo Rivero, Juan Chiarello, Jacinto Atencio. In Chile, he developed a political philosophy, and began to speak out against oppression. He protested against nuclear weapons and US foreign policy, and performed shows free in poor neighborhoods, back in Buenos Aires, his politics eventually ran afoul of Argentine government policies after the 1966 Argentine Revolution and he was deported. In 1971 Reed wrote an letter to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, criticizing him for having slandered the USSR. In 1973, Reed chose to settle permanently in East Germany, where he continued to write, direct, over the years he played in 20 films, produced 13 records, and gave concerts in 32 countries. The majority of his songs during this period were uncertified covers of hits of Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, The Beatles. While committed to the politics of his adopted communist home, he did not join the ruling Socialist Unity Party. Despite his opposition to many US government and economic policies, he professed his love of America until the end of his life and he never renounced his US citizenship and continued to file tax returns for the Internal Revenue Service. S. Following the interview, Reed received hate mail from the U. S. accusing him of being a traitor, six weeks after his appearance on 60 Minutes, Reed was found dead in Zeuthener Lake near his home in East Berlin. Though it was ruled an accidental drowning, his friends in Germany suspected his death was a suicide. Reeds suicide note was found on the back of a screenplay in his car
15.
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
16.
Everything but the Girl
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Everything but the Girl were an English musical duo, formed in Hull in 1982, consisting of lead singer and occasional guitarist Tracey Thorn and guitarist, keyboardist, producer and singer Ben Watt. Everything But The Girl have received eight gold, and two platinum album BPI Certifications in the UK, and one gold album RIAA Certification in the US and they had four top ten singles and twelve top forty singles in the UK. Their biggest hit song Missing charted high in several countries and reached two on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1995. They are currently inactive, although vocalist Tracey Thorn hinted that they may perform again someday and they have not performed publicly since 2000. Watt and Thorn are also a couple, they are very private about their relationship, for some time, it was not a publicised fact that they were a couple, or that they had married subsequently. When Thorn and Watt met, they were attending the University of Hull and both had contracted with the independent record company Cherry Red Records, as solo artists. Thorn was also a member of the trio Marine Girls, the pair each had solo album releases through Cherry Red, Thorns 1982 LP was A Distant Shore, an eight-track mini-album. Watts 1983 debut LP - the follow-up to his 1982 5-track EP Summer Into Winter featuring Robert Wyatt - was entitled North Marine Drive and they formed a duo and adopted the name Everything but the Girl from the slogan used by the Hull shop Turners Furniture on Beverley Road. EBTGs debut single, a version of Cole Porters Night. After steady sales and exposure from an album entitled Pillows & Prayers. Their debut album, Eden, was released in the UK in 1984 and it reached number 14 on the UK Albums Chart, spending twenty-weeks on the chart. It featured the single, Each and Every One which reached number 28 on the UK Top 40. It was the instructions of music critics I wasn’t waiting around for, but I wrote it too subtly, and so it was heard as a lovelorn lament, a lonely girl waiting for a letter from a boy. Although Eden was released in the UK, a different recording, Everything, the US release contains six tracks from Eden, two UK singles and four alternate tracks. The 1985 album Love Not Money was their studio album release. The US edition included two songs that were not on the original UK release, a cover version of The Pretenders song Kid. The next year they released Baby, the Stars Shine Bright and they revealed the albums inspiration by their choices of B-sides for its single releases, songs from Bacharach and Jimmy Webb on the 12 versions. The first single from the album was Come on Home, followed by Dont Leave Me Behind, blending acoustic instrumentation with sequenced drums and synthesisers, it reached number 13 on the UK Albums Chart, spending fifteen weeks on the chart
17.
People's Artist of Ukraine
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Peoples Artist of Ukraine is an honorary and the highest title awarding to outstanding performing artists whose merits are exceptional in the sphere of the development of the performing arts. Established in 1922 during Soviet times, it was technically called Peoples Artist of the Ukrainian SSR, with the establishment of independent Ukraine, this tradition was kept and the title was renamed as Peoples Artist of Ukraine. Its recipients include many of the most highly acclaimed composers, dancers, singers, musicians, film and theatre directors, actors, circus performers, during Soviet times, a person was usually named Peoples Artist only after reaching the age of 40. Exceptions were made for ballet artists, in 2005 the vocalist of the Ukrainian band Vopli Vidplyasova Oleh Skrypka refused to accept the title. There also is another title, the Distinguished Artist of Ukraine. Typically, the Peoples Artist award is given at least 10 years after one has earned the Distinguished Artist of Ukraine award
18.
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
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The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was the de jure government comprising the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union from 1946 until 1991. In 1946 the Council of Peoples Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers, the council issued declarations and instructions based on and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory jurisdictional power over the territories of all republics within the Union. In 1991 the Council of Ministers was dissolved, and replaced by the newly established Cabinet of Ministers, there were seven chairmen of the Council of Ministers, in effect Premier of the Soviet Union. The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was the collective decision-making body of government, the Council of Peoples Commissars, the Soviet Government, was transformed into the Council of Ministers in March 1946 in all level of governance. At the same time The Peoples Commissariats were transformed into Ministries, malenkov lost the power struggle, and in 1955 he was demoted from his office as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was succeeded in his post by Nikolai Bulganin, who in turn was removed and replaced by Khrushchev because of his support for the Anti-Party Group, which had tried to oust Khrushchev in 1957. Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was in charge of administration while Brezhnev. Kosygin resigned in 1980, to be succeeded by his First Deputy Chairman Nikolai Tikhonov, after five-years service, under the rules laid down by Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko Tikhonov was compelled to retire by Mikhail Gorbachev on 27 September 1985. Tikhonov was succeeded by Nikolai Ryzhkov, Ryzhkov was a half-hearted reformer, and was skeptical towards the de-nationalisation and the monetary reform of 1989, however, he did support the creation of a regulated market economy. In 1991 Ryzhkov was succeeded as Premier by Valentin Pavlov, the Council of Ministers was dissolved and replaced with the newly established Cabinet of Ministers. The Council of Ministers was the head of the executive branch. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers could also recommend people who he found suitable for membership of the Council of Ministers to the Supreme Soviet, the Council of Ministers laid down its functions on each first-convocation of a newly elected Supreme Soviet. Creation of necessary organisations within the Council of Ministers in the fields of economics, socio-cultural development, the Council of Ministers could also issue decrees and resolutions and later on verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to follow the decrees and resolutions issued by the All-Union Council of Ministers, the All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate to it. The Council coordinated and directed the work of the republics and union ministries, state committees. In 1946, the All-Union Council of Peoples Commissars became the Council of Ministers, whilst Peoples Commissars and Peoples Commissariats became Ministers, Ministers were important figures in day-to-day decision-making, with 73 percent of them elected full-members of the Central Committee at the 25th Party Congress. A large number of key ministries had been eliminated and replaced by a network of regional and local sovnarkhoz under the supervision of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy. Khrushchevs economic reform proved disastrous as it severed regional economic relations and was abandoned by the Soviet Government following Khrushchevs ousting in 1964, the year later twenty-eight industrial ministries, eleven All-union and seventeen Union ministries were reestablished
19.
Sochi
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Sochi is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia. The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers, according to the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,334, up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census, making it Russias largest resort city. Being part of the Caucasian Riviera, it is one of the few places in Russia with a subtropical climate, with warm to hot summers. It will also be one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Greater Sochi is elongated along the Black Sea coast for 145 kilometers. Sochi is in the north of Western Asia, falling on the side of the Greater Caucasus. Sochi is approximately 1,603 kilometers from Moscow, from the southwest, it is bordered by the Black Sea. The vast majority of the population of Sochi lives in a strip along the coast and is organized in independent microdistricts. The biggest of these microdistricts, from the northwest to the southeast, are Lazarevskoye, Loo, Dagomys, central Sochi, Khosta, Matsesta, the whole city is located on the slopes of the Western Caucasus which descend to the Black Sea and are cut by the rivers. The biggest rivers in Sochi are the Mzymta, which is in fact the longest Black Sea tributary in Russia, other rivers include the Ashe, the Psezuapse, the Sochi, the Khosta, and the Matsesta. The Psou River makes the border with Abkhazia, the northeastern part of the city belongs to the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve which is a World Heritage Site spanning vast areas in Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. Almost the whole area of the Greater Sochi, with the exception of the coast, Sochi has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters in the period from December to March and warm summers in the period from May to October. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area belonged to the kingdom of Lazica. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading Göktürks, Khazars, Mongols, the northern wall of an 11th-century Byzantine basilica still stands in the Loo Microdistrict. Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the Circassians caused a conflict between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom that occurred in 1836 over the mission of the Vixen. The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron Feodor Tornau investigated the route from Gelendzhik to Gagra. At the outbreak of the Crimean War, the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky in order to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on Cape Adler soon after. The last battle of the Caucasian War took place at the Godlikh river on March 18,1864 O. S. where the Ubykhs were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On March 25,1864, the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort, the end of Caucasian War was proclaimed at Kbaade tract on June 2,1864, by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II read aloud by Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia
20.
Council of Europe
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The Council of Europe is an international organisation focused on protecting human rights, democracy, rule of law in Europe and promoting European culture. Founded in 1949, it has 47 member states, covers approximately 820 million people, No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. Unlike the EU, the Council of Europe cannot make binding laws, the best known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights. The Commissioner for Human Rights is an independent institution within the Council of Europe, mandated to promote awareness of, the Secretary General heads the secretariat of the organisation. Other major CoE bodies include the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, the headquarters of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg, France. English and French are its two official languages, the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress also use German, Italian, Russian, and Turkish for some of their work. In a speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946, Sir Winston Churchill called for a kind of United States of Europe and he had spoken of a Council of Europe as early as 1943 in a radio broadcast. There were two schools of thought competing, some favoured a classical international organisation with representatives of governments, both approaches were finally combined through the creation of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly under the Statute of the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London and those conventions and decisions are developed by the member states working together at the Council of Europe. Both organizations function as concentric circles around the foundations for European co-operation and harmony. The European Union could be seen as the circle with a much higher level of integration through the transfer of powers from the national to the EU level. The Council of Europe and the European Union, different roles, Council of Europe conventions/treaties are also open for signature to non-member states, thus facilitating equal co-operation with countries outside Europe. The Convention created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court. It is to court that Europeans can bring cases if they believe that a member country has violated their fundamental rights. The various activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website, Promotion of the right to education under Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and several conventions on the recognition of university studies and diplomas. Promotion of fair sport through the Anti-Doping Convention Promotion of European youth exchanges and co-operation through European Youth Centres in Strasbourg and Budapest, Promotion of the quality of medicines throughout Europe by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Pharmacopoeia. The institutions of the Council of Europe are, The Secretary General, mr Thorbjørn Jagland, the former Prime Minister of Norway was elected Secretary General of the Council of Europe in September 2009. In June 2014, he was re-elected, and his term in office commenced on 1 October 2014
21.
The National Archives (United Kingdom)
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The National Archives is a non-ministerial government department. Its parent department is the Department for Culture, Media and Sport of the United Kingdom and it is the official archive of the UK government and for England and Wales, and guardian of some of the nations most iconic documents, dating back more than 1,000 years. There are separate national archives for Scotland and Northern Ireland, TNA was formerly four separate organisations, the Public Record Office, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the Office of Public Sector Information and Her Majestys Stationery Office. It is institutional policy to include the article, with an initial capital letter, in its name. The National Archives is based in Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south-west London, the building was opened in 1977 as an additional home for the public records, which were held in a building on Chancery Lane. The site was originally a World War I hospital, which was used by several government departments. It is near to Kew Gardens Underground station, until its closure in March 2008, the Family Records Centre in Islington was run jointly by The National Archives and the General Register Office. The National Archives has an office in Norwich, which is primarily for former OPSI staff. There is also a record storage facility in the worked-out parts of Winsford Rock Salt Mine, Winsford. For earlier history, see Public Record Office, the name remained The National Archives. This work helps inform todays decisions and ensure that they become tomorrows permanent record, the National Archives has long had a role of oversight and leadership for the entire archives sector and archives profession in the UK, including local government and non-governmental archives. Under the Public Records Act 1958 it is responsible for overseeing the appropriate custody of certain non-governmental public records in England, under the 2003 Historical Manuscripts Commission Warrant it has responsibility for investigating and reporting on non-governmental records and archives of all kinds throughout the United Kingdom. The National Archives now sees part of its role as being to enhance the archival health of the nation. The collections held by the National Archives can be searched using their online catalogue, entrance to The National Archives is free. Anybody aged 16 or over can access the documents at the Kew site. The reading room has terminals from which documents can be ordered up from secure storage areas by their reference number, Documents can also be ordered in advance. Once a document has been ordered, The National Archives aims to get it to the reader within 45 minutes, special arrangements are in place for readers wishing to retrieve large groups of files. A readers ticket is not needed to access records on microform or online, frequently accessed documents such as the Abdication Papers have been put on microfilm, as have records for two million First World War soldiers
22.
United States Department of State
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The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street, NW, the Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U. S. diplomacy efforts. The Department is also the depositary for more than 200 multilateral treaties, the Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson, beginning 1 February 2017, the Secretary of State is the second Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the Vice President of the United States. This legislation remains the law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and these responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint, keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15, most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century. On September 29,1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, from 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets, in 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801 and it moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866 and it then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875, since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as Foggy Bottom. Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State, condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005. Hillary Rodham Clinton became the female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009. In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building, the Executive Branch and the U. S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U. S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U. S, the Department advances U. S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the Presidents foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U. S. citizens, the total Department of State budget, together with Other International Programs, costs about 45 cents a day for each resident of the United States. Keeping the public informed about U. S. foreign policy and relations with other countries, providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States
23.
Moscow Times
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The Moscow Times is an English-language weekly newspaper published in Moscow, with a circulation of 55,000 copies. It is distributed free of charge at places frequented by English-speaking tourists and expatriates such as hotels, cafés, embassies, the newspaper is popular among foreign citizens residing in Moscow and English-speaking Russians. In November 2015 the newspaper changed its design and type from daily to weekly, the newspaper regularly publishes articles by prominent Russian journalists such as Yulia Latynina and Ivan Nechepurenko. It has served as a ground for foreign correspondents, including Ellen Barry. Derk Sauer, a Dutch publisher who came to Moscow in 1989, made plans to turn his small, Sauer brought in Meg Bortin as its first editor in May 1992, and the team used a Radisson Slavyanskaya Hotel as its headquarters. The first edition of The Moscow Times was published in March 1992 and it was the first Western daily to be published in Russia, and quickly became a primary source of news and opinion quoted in both Russia and the West. It played an important role by giving space to Russian commentators, for example, in the fall of 1993, it was able to play a role in defeating the censors, when anti-Yeltsin forces occupied the Russian Parliament and censorship was revived. Russian newspapers came out with large blank spaces on their front pages where articles critical of the authorities had been suppressed, the writers of those articles came to see us. Published the next day in English in The Moscow Times, their articles were quickly picked up and beamed back in Russian by the BBC and other foreign radios, from the mid 1990s until 2000, it was based in the old headquarters of Pravda. In 1997, the website moscowtimes. ru was registered, in 2003–04, the newspaper added Jobs & Careers and Real Estate appendices, and in 2005 the Moscow Guide appendix, featuring high culture. The annual Moscow Dining Guide was also launched in 2005 and that year, Independent Media was acquired by the Finnish publishing group Sanoma. In 2006, the paper began its alliance with the International Herald Tribune, the first color issue was published in 2010. In 2009, it published Russia for Beginners, A Foreigners Guide to Russia, the paper celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2012 with a gala dinner at the Hotel Baltschug Kempinski in Moscow. In 2014, sister publication The St. Petersburg Times ceased publication, in 2015, Sanoma sold MoscowTimes LLC to Demyan Kudryavtsev, a former director of Kommersant. Shortly after his appointment, Abdullaev argued in The Guardian that the biased journalism. robs the west of its moral authority. In October 2014 The Moscow Times made the decision to suspend online comments after an increase in offensive comments, in January 2014, malicious ads on the newspapers website redirected visitors to an exploit kit landing page. In December 2014, The Moscow Times was forced offline for two days by a denial of service attack. It was forced offline a second time in February 2015 for unknown reasons, online, it has PDF issues that go back to 2001, and its archive contains nearly 130,000 articles dating back to 1994
24.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
25.
1st World Festival of Youth and Students
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The First World Festival of Youth and Students was held in 1947, in Prague, the capital of the then Czechoslovakia. This caused a wave of repression that included the closing of all the schools, the arrest of more than 1850 students. The WFYS was officially inaugurated before a crowd of 17,000 at Strahov Stadium on the afternoon of July 25,1947 and this was the longest Festival in its history, lasting almost four weeks. Among the sporting events was an athletics competition, the motto of the festival was Youth Unite, Forward for Lasting Peace. Chronology of World Festivals of Youth and Students
26.
2nd World Festival of Youth and Students
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The Second World Festival of Youth and Students was held in 1949, in Budapest, a city still recuperating from World War II. The 2nd WFYS was one of three major events held in Hungary in 1949, along with the World University Summer Games. For two weeks, the took part in cultural, sport, and political activities. It was the first time that a delegation from what would become East Germany took part and it featured a sports programme, including an athletics competition. The motto of the festival was, Youth Unite, forward for Lasting Peace, Democracy, National Independence and a better future for the people. Chronology of World Festivals of Youth and Students
27.
3rd World Festival of Youth and Students
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The Third World Festival of Youth and Students was held in 1951, in East Berlin, East Germany, and organised by World Federation of Democratic Youth. The festival was meant to showcase the young German Democratic Republic, the motto of the festival was, For Peace and Friendship – Against Nuclear Weapons. People from west were obstructed from travelling to the festival by West German police, some of them where shot at, when trying to cross the border. The festivals sports programme featured an athletics competition, chronology of World Festivals of Youth and Students
28.
4th World Festival of Youth and Students
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The Fourth World Festival of Youth and Students was held in 1953, in Bucharest, the capital of Romania. Other stated goals of the festival were to protest against the Korean War and to support the anti-colonial movements in the French colonies of Algeria, with this background, the festival and its preparation became anti-war demonstrations. It was held 2–14 August 1953, at the newly built 23 August Stadium, more than 30,000 young people from 111 countries participated in the Festival. The motto of the festival was No and our generation will not serve death and destruction. The festivals sports programme featured an athletics competition, chronology of World Festivals of Youth and Students 1953. În Miez de Noapte Consiliul de Miniştri Pregăteşte Festivalul Mondial al Tineretului, by Ioan Lacusta
29.
13th World Festival of Youth and Students
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The 13th World Festival of Youth and Students was held from 1–8 July 1989 for 8 days, in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, and was organized by the World Federation of Democratic Youth. During the 1960s, the United States accused socialist countries, which mainly held these events, the event in 1989 took four years of preparation by the North Korean government, which effectively spent a quarter of the country’s yearly budget on it. North Korea built elaborate stadiums, shipped in Mercedes-Benzes to tote around foreigners, ultimately declared as the largest ever World Festival of Youth and Students, about 22,000 people from 177 countries took part in the festival, including 100 people from the United States. For eight days starting on July 1,1989, the participated in political discussions, sports competitions. Many accounts described the festival as a reaction to Seoul’s hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics, North Korea went through years of planning and building in preparation for its rare moment of worldwide prominence, building massive stadiums and shipping in luxury goods. For this event, North Korea constructed monumental architectural projects such as Rungnado May Day Stadium, the worlds largest stadium, the stadium was commissioned into service on May 1,1989, in time for the festival. Construction also began in 1987 on the Ryugyong Hotel, for completion and use in the festival, the North Korean government also worked with a South Korean student organization, the National Council of Student Representatives, which was organized on August 19,1987. The organization concentrated its efforts on getting South Korean participation in order to express its anti-US, the scheme was attributed to Pyongyangs attempt to outdo the Souths hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics. On 1 July 1989, about 22,000 young people from 177 countries gathered in the May Day Stadium to inaugurate the festival, for eight days, the participants took part in social, cultural, sports, and political activities. The slogan of the festival was For Anti-Imperialist Solidarity, Peace, danish activists caused a stir during the opening ceremony of the festival when they unfurled a banner criticizing North Korea’s human rights abuses. Two of the three activists were taken into custody but soon released, the political events of the festival primarily focused on anti-imperialist discussions as well as subjects such as peace and disarmament, nonalignment, human rights, and rights for youth and others. There were also frequent bilateral meetings arranged for two countries at a time to talk over issues of economic and political concern, Pyongyang rejected Seoul’s offer to contribute resources to festival events, particularly electronic equipment for the opening ceremony at May Day Stadium. The North Korean government greatly publicized South Korean student Lim Su-kyung’s presence at the festival, the South Korean government, then dominated by hardline anti-communists, banned the trip but Lim Su-kyung’s student association ignored the ban. Dubbed the “Flower of Reunification”, Lim was hailed by the North Korean government as a hero who sacrificed herself at the altar of Korean reunification, however, Lim’s public appearance also ironically revealed the positive elements of being a South Korean youth. After the festival, Lim Su-kyung crossed the back into South Korea. The North Korean government then broadcast an interview with Lim Su-kyung’s family in Seoul to its general population, instead of portraying the harshness of the South Korean regime, the North Korean government showed the family in a nice home. To the puzzlement of the North Korea viewers, the family of the criminal was not imprisoned and even allowed to stay in their home. Lim Su-kyung essentially revealed South Korea as an affluent nation, some historians have concluded that North Korea failed to represent the superiority and popularity of its ideology through Lim Su-kyung
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World Federation of Democratic Youth
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The World Federation of Democratic Youth is an international youth organization, recognized by the United Nations as an international youth non-governmental organization. WFDY describes itself as an anti-imperialist, left-wing organization, the WFDY Headquarters are in Budapest, Hungary. The main event of WFDY is the World Festival of Youth, the last festival was successfully held in Quito, Ecuador, in December 2013. It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic, on November 10,1945, the World Youth Conference, organized in London, founded the World Federation of Democratic Youth. This historic conference was convened at the initiative of the World Youth Council which was formed during World War II to encourage the fight against fascism by the youth of the allied nations and it adopted a pledge for peace. Shortly after, with the onset of the Cold War and Winston Churchills Iron Curtain speech, many of the founding organizations quit, leaving mostly youth from socialist nations, national liberation movements, and communist youth. The WFYDs first General Secretary, Alexander Shelepin, was a leader of the Young Communist International which had been dissolved in 1943. Shelepin had been a fighter during World War II. Both the WFDY and IUS vocally criticized the Marshall Plan, supported the Czechoslovak coup détat of 1948, the main event of the WFDY became the World Festival of Youth and Students, a massive political and cultural celebration for peace and friendship between the youth of the world. Most, but not all, of the festivals were held in socialist nations in Europe. Famous people who participated in festivals included Angela Davis, Yuri Gagarin, Yasser Arafat, Fidel Castro, Ruth First, when the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc collapsed, the WFDY entered a crisis. With the power left by the collapse of the most important member organization. Some wanted a more structure, whereas others were more inclined to an openly leftist federation. The WFDY, however, survived this crisis, and is today an international youth organization that holds regular activities
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