1.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
2.
Black metal
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Black metal is an extreme subgenre and subculture of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw recording, unconventional song structures. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms, during the 1980s, several thrash and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal. This so-called first wave included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Mercyful Fate, Hellhammer, a second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon and Gorgoroth. The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre, norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this wave, such as Marduk, Nifelheim. Initially a synonym for Satanic metal, black metal is often met with hostility from mainstream culture, due to the actions, many artists express extreme anti-Christian and misanthropic views, advocating various forms of Satanism or ethnic paganism. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings, there is also a small neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain underground, inaccessible to the mainstream, although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has also been applied to bands with widely differing sounds. Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones, the guitar is usually played with fast, un-muted tremolo picking. Guitarists often use dissonance—along with specific scales, intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread, the tritone, or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal, the bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is not uncommon for the bass to be muted against the guitar, some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras. The drumming is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute and these fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost and Hellhammer. Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique and this professionalism has to go, insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz of Darkthrone. I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I dont want to play like a drum solo all the time, Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections, the Greek style—established by Rotting Christ, Necromantia and Varathron—has more traditional heavy metal and death metal traits than Norwegian black metal. Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling
3.
Mayhem (band)
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Mayhem is a Norwegian black metal band formed in 1984 in Oslo. They were one of the founders of the Norwegian black metal scene, Mayhem disbanded after Aarseths murder, shortly before the release of their debut album, De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, regarded as a classic of the black metal genre. Surviving former members Jan Axel Blomberg, Jørn Stubberud and Sven Erik Kristiansen reformed two years later with Rune Eriksen replacing Aarseth, attila Csihar and Morten Iversen have since replaced Kristiansen and Eriksen, respectively. Their post-Aarseth material is characterized by increased experimentation, the 2007 album, Ordo Ad Chao, received the Spellemann award for best metal album. Mayhem was founded in 1984 by guitarist Øystein Aarseth, bassist Jørn Stubberud and drummer Kjetil Manheim, the band members were mainly influenced by groups such as Venom, Motörhead, Black Sabbath, Slayer, Bathory and Celtic Frost. The lineup began playing songs by Black Sabbath, Venom, Motörhead. Norheim played vocals only for a concert, which place in April 1986 in Ski. He later formed hardcore punk band Within Range and Oi. /street punk band Cockroach Clan, whereas, with Kristiansen, Mayhem recorded its first EP, Deathcrush, in 1987, and released it through Euronymous newly formed label Posercorpse Music. The initial 1,000 copy release of Deathcrush quickly sold out and it was later reissued in 1993 by the newly renamed Deathlike Silence Productions as a joint venture with Euronymous Oslo specialist record shop Helvete. Manheim and Maniac left the band in 1988, after two brief replacements, Manheim and Maniacs positions were filled by Swedish vocalist Per Yngve Ohlin and local drummer Jan Axel Blomberg. With Dead, the concerts became notorious. For concerts, Dead went to lengths to achieve the image. From the beginning of his career, he was known to wear corpse paint, according to Necrobutcher, t wasnt anything to do with the way Kiss and Alice Cooper used makeup. Dead actually wanted to look like a corpse and he didnt do it to look cool. Hellhammer claimed that Dead was the first black musician to use corpse paint. To complete his corpse-like image, Dead would bury his stage clothes, while performing Dead would often cut himself with hunting knives and broken glass. Additionally, the band often had pig or sheep heads impaled on stakes, stian Johannsen, who briefly took position as vocalist after Deads suicide, made this statement about him, He didnt see himself as human, he saw himself as a creature from another world. He said he had visions that his blood has frozen in his veins
4.
Hellfest (French music festival)
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Hellfest, also called Hellfest Summer Open Air, is a French music festival specializing in heavy metal, held annually in June in Clisson in Loire-Atlantique. Its high attendance makes it one of the greatest French music festivals and it is also one of the biggest festivals of metal in Europe and the first in France. The festival was the successor of Fury Fest, which was held in 2002 and 2003 in Clisson and Nantes respectively, in June 2009, numerous groups concerned about the concert name asked the festival sponsors to disengage from Hellfest. Coca-Cola announced a few days later that they no longer support the festival. The same month, former minister and leader of the Parti chrétien-démocrate Christine Boutin wrote to Kronenbourg asking them to supporting the festival. The 30 March, questioned by deputy Patrick Roy, the minister Frédéric Mitterrand declared to the Assemblée Nationale that the detractors of the festival should calm down, during the 2011 edition an homage was paid to Patrick Roy who died two months before. On June 9,2010, the AFC sued the Hellfest, asking not to allow people under 18 years old to attend the festival. On June 14, the judge refused their demand, the first association was created in 2000 in Clisson as CLS CREW, in order to organize concerts of hardcore and punk in the region of Nantes. It allows to program groups like Arkangel or Poison the Well, the success of these concerts makes possible the launch the first festival in June 2002, named Fury Fest. It gathers 400 people to attend Agnostic Front, in Clisson, the festival continued the following years. It attracts 7,000 people to attend concerts of Sick of It All, the format changes to two days. Because no room was available in Clisson, Hall of Trocardière hosts this second edition, the organization of the festival also changes, the MAN. IN. FEST association was created to take charge of the organization. The 2003 has reached €30,000 profit, allowing Benjamin Barbaud, one of the founders, in 2004, the festival moved to Le Mans and stands in the halls of the 24 Hours circuit where it attracts 21,000 spectators to Slipknot and Soulfly. After a deficit in 2004, the 2005 inheriting liabilities, the team decided to give the rights of the festival to others promoters. This time 30,000 entries are recorded at Le Mans in three days, to concerts of Slayer, Motörhead and Anthrax on three stages. But financial problems worsen, with the disappearance of promoters with €600000 recipe, official website Pictures of Hellfest 2009
5.
Carcass (band)
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Carcass are a British extreme metal band from Liverpool, who formed in 1985. The band broke up in 1996, but reformed in 2007 without one of its members, drummer Ken Owen. Carcass are regarded as pioneers of the grindcore genre and their early work was also tagged as splatter death metal, hardgore, and goregrind, on account of their morbid lyrics and gruesome album covers. They also became one of the pioneers of death metal with their 1993 album Heartwork. The band’s lyrics often focus on rights issues. Jeff Walker and Bill Steer are both vegetarians, Steer used to be a vegan and Walker was a hunt saboteur. Carcass was first formed as a band by Bill Steer. Steer then joined the D-beat band Disattack with drummer Middie, Paul on bass, after releasing a four track demo entitled A Bomb Drops. in 1986, the bass player left the band and was replaced by Jeff Walker, formerly guitarist and vocalist of the Electro Hippies. Vocalist Andrew Pek changed his name to Sanjiv after a visit to India, at about the same time, Bill Steer joined Napalm Death and recorded the second side of what became Napalm Deaths first album, Scum. Walker also designed the art for Scum. Disattack then changed its name to Carcass as the group changed musical direction and this led to a change in drummer and saw Ken Owen join the band. In April 1987, they recorded the Flesh Ripping Sonic Torment demo, the only Carcass recording featuring vocalist Sanjiv, Walker, Steer and Owen shared vocal duties for the debut album, which was done in only four days. Despite the primitive production values of Carcasss debut Reek of Putrefaction, with which the band was very displeased, due to his interest, they were asked to participate in their first Peel Session in 1989, where they debuted new material for their second album. The Peel Session was released as an EP with the band members adopting pseudonyms, K. Grumegargler, J. Offalmangler, also that year, Steer and Walker appeared as members of Listers fictional band Smeg and the Heads in an episode of Red Dwarf. Symphonies of Sickness, the album, which contained a much improved production quality, featured more death metal structures. The second half of the tour in support of Symphonies of Sickness saw the addition of lead guitarist Michael Amott. Amott was to become a permanent member, playing on the second Peel Session, Necroticism – Descanting the Insalubrious showed even more intricate composition, further improved production and guitar solos. Despite the addition of Amott to the ranks, Steer still handled all rhythm guitar duties, with Amott only contributing leads and one riff
6.
Suffocation (band)
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Suffocation is an American death metal band that was formed in 1988 in Centereach, Long Island, New York, United States. The band comprises vocalist Frank Mullen, guitarists Terrance Hobbs and Charlie Errigo, drummer Eric Morotti and bassist Derek Boyer. The bands raw death metal style uses growled vocals with a guitar sound, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes, breakdowns. Suffocation was formed in 1988 on Long Island, New York, by vocalist Frank Mullen, bassist Josh Barohn, guitarists Guy Marchais and Todd German, the quintet was mainly influenced by fellow American death metal bands as well as the British band Napalm Death and Brazilian Sepultura. Smith commented on meeting Hobbs for the first time, Thats where I first noticed, Wow, the bands first EP, Human Waste, was released through Relapse Records in 1991. The full-length debut album, Effigy of the Forgotten, recorded by producer Scott Burns at Tampas Morrisound Studios, in July 1991 bassist Josh Baron was replaced by Chris Richards, as the album became substantially influential in extreme metal music. After the following album, Breeding the Spawn, was released in 1993, the 1995 release Pierced from Within, which received better production than the previous release, was followed by extensive tours in Europe, Canada, Mexico and the United States. In 1998, Suffocation released the EP Despise the Sun via Vulture Records, the EP was re-released later in 2000 and 2002 by Relapse Records. Mullen and Hobbs reformed in 2003 with Smith, Marchais and Derek Boyer of the bands Deeds of Flesh, in April 2004, Relapse Records released Souls to Deny. In 2007, the band was featured in The History Channels promotional video for The Dark Ages documentary, playing the song Bind, Torture, in 2008, the band signed to the German Nuclear Blast Records and released their album Blood Oath in 2009. The album charted on the US Billboard 200 at number 135, in 2009, Relapse released the live album entitled Close of a Chapter—Live in Québec City, that was previously self-released by the band in 2005. The release of a documentary film Legacy of Violence was set for 2010, in May 2010, Suffocation toured with Napalm Death in South America and Mexico. In February,2012, Smith left the again, to be replaced by Dave Culross. In 2012, the band was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame, since after the release of Pinnacle of Bedlam in 2013, Lead vocalist Frank Mullen announced that he will retire from full-time touring with the band due to his new job. He has since replaced by various live vocal stand ins, including Bill Robinson, John Gallagher. In January 2015 Suffocation began making posts revealing that they were in the process of recording demos for a new album with a release date of late 2015. In April 2016, the ensemble toured with Soulfly, Abnormality, Battlecross, suffocations technical death metal style is influenced by grindcore. With their debut album, Effigy of the Forgotten, Suffocation rose to prominence of death metal and created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s, blabbermouth. net described Suffocation as American death metals most consistent and punishing standard-bearers and their style as brutal death metal
7.
Skeletonwitch
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Skeletonwitch is an American extreme metal band from Athens, Ohio, formed in 2003. The band currently consists of drummer Dustin Boltjes, bassist Evan Linger, guitarists Nate Garnette and Scott Hedrick, and vocalist Adam Clemans. Skeletonwitch was formed in 2003 in Athens, Ohio when guitarist Hedrick heard the tracks from Nate Garnettes former band, Serkesoron. Skeletonwitch released their first album, At One with the Shadows, after forming the band, they sought a vocalist, whom they ultimately found in Nates older brother, Chance Garnette. These three have been the only constant members, having gone through three drummers, Tony Laureano, Derrick Mullet Chad Nau replacing Jimi Shestina, then Eric Harris with Evan Linger on bass guitar. After being signed to Prosthetic, Skeletonwitch released Beyond the Permafrost on October 2,2007, in 2008, Skeletonwitch was featured as one of four opening acts for Danzigs Blackest of the Black tour. On October 13,2009, Skeletonwitch released their studio album, Breathing the Fire. Skeletonwitchs song Soul Thrashing Black Sorcery was featured on the soundtrack of the video game Brütal Legend, the song Crushed Beyond Dust became featured on the Rock Band network on February 28,2010. Skeletonwitch was featured on all of the dates of Ozzfest 2010, Skeletonwitch was featured on an Adult Swim video for their song Bringers of Death in 2010. Bringers of Death also appears on the Adult Swim heavy metal compilation titled Metal Swim, in March 2011, Skeletonwitch parted ways with drummer Derrick Mullet Chad Nau and temporarily replaced him with Tony Laureano. Skeletonwitchs fourth studio album, Forever Abomination, was released on October 7,2011 and it is the first album to feature Dustin Boltjes on drums, replacing Derrick Nau. Skeletonwitch was banned from playing the House of Blues in Orlando after they were deemed unfit to be associated with Disney, the January 27th 2014 show was the only date on the Deceiver of the Gods tour with Amon Amarth and Enslaved that Skeletonwitch did not open. The Florida-based band Hollow Leg opened instead, the band released its fifth studio album Serpents Unleashed on October 29,2013. On October 22,2014, it was announced that vocalist Garnette would be leaving their current tour due to family issues, Garnettes last show with Skeletonwitch was October 15,2014, at the Webster Theater in Hartford, CT. On October 20,2014, Garnette appeared in Worcester District Court in Worcester, Garnette was charged with assault and battery on a family/household member, and the case was continued to December 10,2014. Garnette was released on $500 bail, on March 31,2015, Skeletonwitch announced via their official Facebook page that former Cannabis Corpse vocalist Andy Horn would be replacing Garnette for their upcoming European tour. As of the announcement, Chance Garnette was no longer listed as Skeletonwitchs vocalist on their Official Facebook page. In an interview published on April 3,2015, Garnette stated that he had fired from the band due to alcohol abuse
8.
Wacken Open Air
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Wacken Open Air is a summer open-air heavy metal music festival. It takes place annually in the village of Wacken in Schleswig-Holstein. With 80,000 festival visitors, and including personnel a total of roughly 86,000 attendees in 2011, it attracts various kinds of metal, the festival was first held in 1990 as a small event for local German bands. W, O, A is usually held at the beginning of August and it is currently considered the biggest heavy metal festival in the world. The festival ends traditionally on the first Sunday of August, remarkably, all 75,000 tickets were sold out within 43 hours for 2014,12 hours for 2015 and 23 hours for 2016, despite the fact that the lineup had not been announced. The non-optional basic ticket price for all four days including camping was €180 in 2016, in 2015,158 bands were playing on eight stages. The international festival has a rate of foreigners by over 30% of the crowd, with up to 10% non-Europeans. Many metal fans travel around half the globe just to stand on cow meadows before stages of Wacken in the middle of nowhere 80 km northwest from Hamburg and these and international crowds had made the W, O, A famous in global metal community. This comradely, this spirit, that really unite us together with that sound. This Wacken is one of the most important festivals in the world, and this not only for the bands, but for all these metalheads. All these metalheads see each other once a year at Wacken, and these keep us a home, a special vibe, strong and powerful. The entire village of Wacken gets free entrance, which makes W, O, A to a kind of public holiday due to the fact that the village joins in the fun. Everywhere private Biergartens are sized up, bands are playing on the street, besides, its great business as well. About an additional €20,000,000 are spent every year during festival by visitors in the Wacken area, aggression is normally just shown in the pits before stages by Headbanging, Wall of death or screaming as meant to be. Therefore, the festival is considered peaceful and safe, separated from crazy, self-expressing, scary appearances. The amazing village people are one reason why W, O, A sells out immediately without lineup, meanwhile, the village itself gets a sightseeing attraction for people who have no tickets or stick in metal and hard rock at all, just watching metalheads from the sideline. The W, O, A audience, from bands, artists or by other short addressed as Wacken, is a legend itself. Another reason why the festival sells out without billing, Wacken is not about the bands, isnt it
9.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
10.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
11.
Electric guitar
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The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
12.
Satyricon (band)
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Satyricon is a Norwegian black metal band, formed in 1991 in Oslo. Satyr and Frost have been the core members since 1993. The bands first three albums typify the Norwegian black metal style, since its fourth album in 1999, the band has strayed from this style and included elements of traditional heavy metal in their sound. Satyricon was the first Norwegian black metal band to join a multi-national record label, the band were formed in 1990 as Eczema by the bassist Wargod and drummer Exhurtum. In 1991, they decided to start playing black metal, so the name was changed to Satyricon, Lemarchand was kicked out after the second demo. Remaining members Satyr and Lemarchand hired the drummer Frost as a musician and recorded their second and last demo. Shortly after this, Lemarchand also left the band, but before leaving the band he recorded guitars for the first full-length album, Dark Medieval Times. In the meantime, Frost was being promoted as a permanent member and had recorded drums for the aforementioned album, rebel Extravaganza, Satyricons fourth album, was released in 1999. During this period Satyr drastically changed his look by shaving off his hair, in April and May 2000, Satyricon toured as a supporting band for Pantera. Phil Anselmo has spoken of his love for black metal numerous times and they used to be signed with Daron Malakians music label EatUrMusic. Satyricon participated in the Darkthrone tribute Darkthrone Holy Darkthrone, released by Moonfog Productions in 1998, in 2006, Satyricon released Now, Diabolical. In March 2008, the band headlined the Inferno Metal Festival in Oslo for the first time, the EP My Skin Is Cold was released before their seventh album, The Age of Nero, which was released on 3 November 2008. Satyricon released their self-titled eighth full-length album on 9 September 2013, the band released their first ever Full Length live CD/DVD set titled Live at the Opera which took place In September 2013, alongside the Norwegian National Opera, on May 4,2015. A fully remastered 20th anniversary edition of Nemesis Divina was released on May 20,2016, Frost has stated in recent interviews that once the new album is released, they will then complete work on their first ever covers album. On their next album, The Shadowthrone, this spirit was continued. Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann wrote that Satyricon reached their very early zenith with that album, reinventing ourselves based on a foundation of rock-oriented black metal is our philosophy
