1.
Takashi Miike
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Takashi Miike is a highly prolific and controversial Japanese filmmaker. He has directed over ninety theatrical, video, and television productions since his debut in 1991, Miike is credited with directing fifteen productions in the years 2001 and 2002 alone. His films range from violent and bizarre to dramatic and family-friendly, Miike was born to Korean parents in Yao, Osaka, Japan, an area inhabited by the poor working class immigrants from the Korean Peninsula. His family originally emigrated to Kumamoto Prefecture, during World War II, his grandfather was stationed in China and Korea, and his father was born in Seoul in todays South Korea. His father worked as a welder and his mother as seamstress, Miikes first films were television productions, but he also began directing several direct-to-video V-Cinema releases. Miike still directs V-Cinema productions intermittently due to the freedom afforded by the less stringent censorship of the medium. Miikes theatrical debut was the film The Third Gangster, however it was Shinjuku Triad Society that was the first of his theatrical releases to gain public attention. The film showcased his style and his recurring themes. Shinjuku Triad Society is also the first film in what is labeled his Black Society Trilogy and he has since gained a strong cult following in the West that is growing with the increase in DVD releases of his works. His film Hara-Kiri, Death of a Samurai premiered In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and his 2013 film Straw Shield was nominated for the Palme dOr at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Miike has garnered international notoriety for depicting shocking scenes of extreme violence, many of his films contain graphic and lurid bloodshed, often portrayed in an over-the-top, cartoonish manner. Much of his work depicts the activities of criminals or concern themselves with gaijin and he is known for his dark sense of humor and for pushing the boundaries of censorship as far as they will go. Despite his notorious reputation, Miike has also directed movies in a range of genres, other less controversial works include Ley Lines and Agitator, which are character-driven crime dramas. While Miike often creates films that are accessible and target arthouse audiences and fans of extreme cinema, such as Izo. Extremes, he has created several mainstream and commercial titles such as the horror film One Missed Call, Miike says that Starship Troopers is his favorite movie. He admires film directors Akira Kurosawa, Hideo Gosha, David Lynch, David Cronenberg, One of his most controversial films was the ultra-violent Ichi the Killer, adapted from a manga of the same name and starring Tadanobu Asano as a sadomasochistic yakuza enforcer. However, the British Board of Film Classification refused to allow the release of the film uncut in Britain, in Hong Kong,15 minutes of footage were cut. In the United States it has been shown uncut, an uncut DVD was also released in the Benelux
2.
Takayuki Yamada
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Takayuki Yamada is a Japanese actor and singer. Yamada played a role in the 2005 film, Densha Otoko. He has also appeared in the such as Vengeance Can Wait,13 Assassins, Milocrorze. Yamada received the Star Asia Rising Star Award at the New York Asian Film Festival in 2011, the Cat Returns Dragon Head Jenifa Densha Otoko The Letter Crows Zero That Time I Said Hi to My Boyfriend Maiko Haaaan
3.
Tsuyoshi Ihara
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Tsuyoshi Ihara is a Japanese actor and author. Ihara is a Japanese person of Korean descent, born on November 6,1963 in Kitakyūshū, and he is a graduate of Imamiya Senior High School, Naniwa-ku, Osaka. Ihara joined the Japan Action Enterprise, a troupe founded by Sonny Chiba. Soon after, he began to act in feature films and television dramas. In 2006, Ihara appeared as the Baron Takeichi Nishi in Clint Eastwoods critically acclaimed Academy Award-winning film Letters from Iwo Jima, Ihara authored a book, Kokorozashite Sōrō, which was published in Japan by Amoeba Books. Last Christmas Kochira Hon Ikegami Sho 4 Magari Kado no Kanojo Shiawase ni Naritai, koi no Jikan Grave of the Fireflies Umeko Kuroi Taiyō Nyotei Team Batista no Eiko Hana Moyu Kotaro Makaritoru Bakayarō. Watashi Okkote Masu Hong Kong Paradise Daida Kyōshi Akiba, Shinken Desu
4.
Toho
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Toho Co. Ltd. is a Japanese film, theater production, and distribution company. It has its headquarters in Yūrakuchō, Chiyoda, Tokyo, and is one of the companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group. Other famous directors, including Yasujirō Ozu, Kenji Mizoguchi, Masaki Kobayashi, Tohos most famous creation is Godzilla, who features in 29 of the companys films. Godzilla, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, and Rodan are described as Tohos Big Five because of the numerous appearances in all three eras of the franchise, as well as spin-offs. Toho has also involved in the production of numerous anime titles. Its subdivisions are Toho-Towa Distribution, Toho Pictures Incorporated, Toho International Company Limited, Company Limited, and Toho Music Corporation & Toho Costume Company Limited. The company is the largest shareholder of Fuji Media Holdings Inc, Toho was created by the founder of Hankyu Railway, Ichizo Kobayashi, in 1932 as the Tokyo-Takarazuka Theater Company. It was known as the Toho Theatre from the late 1960s until the 1970s, Toho also had a theater in San Francisco and opened a theater in New York City in 1963. The Shintoho Company, which existed until 1964, was named New Toho because it broke off from the original company, the company has contributed to the production of some American films, including Sam Raimis 1998 film, A Simple Plan. Detective Conan, Captured in Her Eyes Pocket Monsters, Lord of the Unknown Tower – Entei Godzilla vs. Takao vs. Godzilla, Mothra, Mechagodzilla, doraemon, Nobitas Space Heroes Assassination Classroom Crayon Shin-chan, My Moving Story. Godman Warrior Of Love, Rainbowman Meteor Man Zone Ike, jenny Belle and Sebastian Igano Kabamaru Touch Kimagure Orange Road Godzilla Midori Days Psycho-Pass Yowamushi Pedal Akame ga Kill. Blood Blockade Battlefront My Hero Academia Three Leaves, Three Colors Little Witch Academia In more recent years and for a period, one of their first video game was the 1990 NES game titled Circus Caper. Later, they followed with a series of games based on Godzilla and it also published games such as Super Aleste. They even worked with Bandai on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, released in Japan in 1988, Tohos headquarters, the Toho Hibiya Building, are in Yūrakuchō, Chiyoda, Tokyo. The company moved into its current headquarters in April 2005, tohoScope Tomisaburo Wakayama Mushroom Clouds and Mushroom Men - The Fantastic Cinema of Ishiro Honda, Peter H. Brothers. Toho Studios Story, A History and Complete Filmography Stuart Galbraith IV Official website Official Tohos YouTube channel, Toho Pictures official website TOHO-TOWA Company, Limited official website TOWA PICTURES Company, Ltd. official website Toho at Anime News Networks encyclopedia
5.
Japanese language
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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
6.
Hepburn romanization
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The system was originally proposed by the Romanization Club in 1885. The revised edition by Romaji-Hirome-kai in 1908 is called standard style romanization, Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of Japanese script. In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission was appointed to compare the two, the ordinance was temporarily overturned by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan, but was reissued in 1954. In 1972, a version of Hepburn was codified as ANSI standard Z39. 11-1972. It was proposed in 1989 as a draft for ISO3602, the ANSI Z39. 11-1972 standard was consequently deprecated on October 6,1994. As of 1978, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, in addition The Japan Times, the Japan Travel Bureau, and many other private organizations used Hepburn instead of Kunrei-shiki. The National Diet Library used Kunrei-shiki, although Hepburn is not a government standard, some government agencies mandate it. In many other areas where it de jure status, Hepburn remains the de facto standard. Signs and notices in city offices and police stations, at shrines, temples, English-language newspapers and media use the simplified form of Hepburn. Cities and prefectures use it in information for English-speaking residents and visitors, official tourism information put out by the government uses it, as do guidebooks, local and foreign, on Japan. Many students of Japanese as a foreign language learn Hepburn, there are many variants of Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are, Traditional Hepburn, as defined in various editions of Hepburns dictionary and this variant is characterized by the rendering of syllabic n as m before the consonants b, m and p, e. g. Shimbashi for 新橋. Modified Hepburn, also known as Revised Hepburn, in which the rendering of syllabic n as m before certain consonants is no longer used, in Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses, Railway Standard, which follows the Hyōjun-shiki Rōmaji. All JR railways and other major railways use this type for station names, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Standard, which follows the modified Hepburn style. This is used for road signs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard, a permissive standard which explicitly allows the use of non-Hepburn romaji in personal names, notably for passports. In particular, rendering the syllabic n as m before b, m, p, details of these variants can be found below. The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburns dictionary are primarily of historical interest, supporters argue that Hepburn is not intended as a linguistic tool. The long vowels are indicated by macrons
7.
Samurai cinema
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Chanbara is a sub-category of jidaigeki, which equates to period drama. Jidaigeki may refer to a set in a historical period. While earlier samurai period pieces were more dramatic rather than action-based, samurai movies post World War II have become more action-based, with darker, post war samurai epics tended to portray psychologically or physically scarred warriors. Akira Kurosawa stylized and exaggerated death and violence in samurai epics and his samurai, and many others portrayed in film, were solitary figures, more often concerned with concealing their martial abilities, rather than showing them off. Historically, the genre is usually set during the Tokugawa era, daisuke Itō and Masahiro Makino were central to the development of samurai films in the silent and prewar eras. Akira Kurosawa is the best known to audiences, and similarly has directed the samurai films best known in the West. He directed Seven Samurai, Rashomon, Throne of Blood, Yojimbo and he had a long association with Toshirō Mifune arguably Japans most famous actor. Mifune himself had a company that produced samurai epics, often with him starring. Two of Kurosawas samurai movies were based on the works of William Shakespeare, Throne of Blood, a number of his films were remade in Italy and the United States as westerns, or as action films set in other contexts. His film Seven Samurai is one of the most important touchstones of the genre and it also illustrates some of the conventions of samurai film in that the main characters are ronin, masterless unemployed samurai, free to act as their conscience dictates. Importantly, these men tend to deal with their problems with their swords and are skilled at doing so. It also shows the helplessness of the peasantry and the distinction between the two classes, Masaki Kobayashi directed the films Harakiri and Samurai Rebellion, both cynical films based on flawed loyalty to the clan. Kihachi Okamoto films focus on violence in a particular fashion, in particular in his films Samurai Assassin, Kill. and Sword of Doom. The latter is particularly violent, the main character engaging in combat for a lengthy 7 minutes of film at the end of the movie and his characters are often estranged from their environments, and their violence is a flawed reaction to this. Hideo Gosha, and many of his films helped create the archetype of the samurai outlaw, Goshas films are as important as Kurosawas in terms of their influence, visual style and content, yet are not as well known in the West. Goshas films often portrayed the struggle between traditional and modernist thought and were decidedly anti-feudal and he largely stopped making chambara, switching to the Yakuza genre, in the 1970s. Some of his most noted movies are Goyokin, Hitokiri, Three Outlaw Samurai, kenji Misumi was active making samurai films from the 1950s to the mid 1970s. He directed roughly 30 films in the genre, including some the Lone Wolf and Cub films, an excellent example of the kind of immediacy and action evident in the best genre is seen Goshas first film, the Three Outlaw Samurai, based on a television series
8.
Edo period
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The Edo period or Tokugawa period is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the countrys 300 regional daimyō. The period was characterized by growth, strict social order, isolationist foreign policies. The shogunate was established in Edo on March 24,1603. The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3,1868, instrumental in the rise of the new bakufu was Tokugawa Ieyasu, the main beneficiary of the achievements of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Already powerful, Ieyasu profited by his transfer to the rich Kantō area, after Hideyoshis death, Ieyasu moved quickly to seize control from the Toyotomi family. Ieyasus victory over the western daimyōs at the Battle of Sekigahara gave him control of all Japan. He rapidly abolished numerous enemy daimyō houses, reduced others, such as that of the Toyotomi, Ieyasu still failed to achieve complete control of the western daimyōs, but his assumption of the title of shogun helped consolidate the alliance system. After further strengthening his base, Ieyasu installed his son Hidetada as shogun. The Toyotomi were still a significant threat, and Ieyasu devoted the next decade to their eradication, in 1615, the Tokugawa army destroyed the Toyotomi stronghold at Osaka. The Tokugawa period brought 250 years of stability to Japan, the political system evolved into what historians call bakuhan, a combination of the terms bakufu and han to describe the government and society of the period. In the bakuhan, the shogun had national authority and the daimyōs had regional authority and this represented a new unity in the feudal structure, which featured an increasingly large bureaucracy to administer the mixture of centralized and decentralized authorities. The feudal hierarchy was completed by the classes of daimyō. Closest to the Tokugawa house were the shinpan, or related houses and they were twenty-three daimyōs on the borders of Tokugawa lands, all directly related to Ieyasu. The shinpan held mostly honorary titles and advisory posts in the bakufu, the second class of the hierarchy were the fudai, or house daimyōs, rewarded with lands close to the Tokugawa holdings for their faithful service. By the 18th century,145 fudai controlled such smaller han, members of the fudai class staffed most of the major bakufu offices. Ninety-seven han formed the group, the tozama, former opponents or new allies. The tozama were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago, because the tozama were least trusted of the daimyō, they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated, although they were excluded from central government positions. The Tokugawa not only consolidated their control over a reunified Japan, they also had unprecedented power over the emperor, the court, all daimyōs and the religious orders
9.
Akashi Domain
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The Akashi Domain was a feudal domain of Japan. It occupied Akashi District and surroundings in Harima Province, fudai and Shimpan daimyo were assigned, and frequently reassigned, to Akashi. The domain had its headquarters at Akashi Castle. Akashi was established in 1617 when Ikeda Mitsumasa was transferred from the Himeji to the Tottori Domain, Himeji was split, and one piece became the Akashi Domain
10.
Crows Zero
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Crows Zero, also known as Crows, Episode 0, is a 2007 Japanese action film based on the manga Crows by Hiroshi Takahashi. The film was directed by Takashi Miike with a screenplay by Shogo Muto, and stars Shun Oguri, Kyōsuke Yabe, Meisa Kuroki, the plot serves as a prequel to the manga, and focuses on the power struggle between gangs of students at Suzuran All-Boys High School. The film was released in Japan on October 27,2007 and it has spawned two sequels, Crows Zero 2 and Crows Explode, as well as a manga adaptation released November 13,2008. Newly transferred high school senior Genji Takiya arrives at Suzuran All-Boys High School, during the freshman orientation assembly, yakuza arrive at the school seeking vengeance on third-year Serizawa Tamao for assaulting some members of their gang. The thugs mistake Genji for their target and a brawl ensues on the school field, meanwhile, Serizawa is visiting his best friend Tatsukawa Korea, who has just been discharged from a hospital. Upon returning to the school, Serizawa witnesses Genji defeat the last of the yakuza and that night, Genji goes a nightclub he frequents and meets R&B singer Aizawa Ruka. He then goes to see his father, yakuza boss Takiya Hideo, to whom he proclaims his ambition to conquer Suzuran, a feat which Hideo himself had attempted in his youth, Genji makes Hideo promise to acknowledge him as his successor should he succeed. The next day, Genji challenges Serizawa to a fight, but is halted by Tokio and he tells Genji that if he really wants to make an impression he should begin by defeating Rindaman, a legendary fighter at the school. After Rindaman refuses his challenge, Genji encounters Katagiri Ken, one of the yakuza whod come to the school the previous day and he attacks Genji in retaliation for getting his gang arrested, but is taken down with a single punch. Humbled, Ken goes with Genji to the club where they discuss the plans for Suzuran. Following advice from Ken, Genji begins building his army, called Genji Perfect Seiha, anticipating the brewing conflict, Serizawa also begins recruiting factions for his own cause. Genji succeeds in rallying several strong members, including Tamura Chūta, Makise Takashi, Serizawa is alarmed by Genjis rapid rise to power, but chooses not to take action. One of Serizawas lieutenants, Tokaji Yūji, is not so ambivalent and begins covertly attacking members of the GPS, severely beating Chūta, the provocations cause tensions between the two armies to rise drastically, but Genji is prevented from acting by Makise. One night, Tokio and Serizawa visit the nightclub and encounter Genji, as Tokio runs interference between the opposing leaders, he suffers a seizure and is rushed to a hospital, where he learns that he has a cerebral aneurysm which requires surgery. Despite initial hesitation about the procedures 30% success rate, Tokio agrees to the operation, Tokaji approaches Bandō Hideto, leader of The Front of Armament biker gang, with a plan to kidnap Ruka and further aggravate Genji. Elsewhere, yakuza boss Yazaki Jōji orders Ken to kill Genji, the task proves to be too much for Ken, who has grown fond of Genji and begins lamenting his decision to become a yakuza in the first place. He decides to inform Takiya Hideo of the plot to kill his son, Genji gets a call from Ruka, who tells him that she is being held hostage by men with skulls on their jackets, and that her captors mentioned the name Bandō. Surmising that her captors are The Armament, Genji gathers the GPS, a fight ensues, but Genji soon realizes that the men they are fighting are missing their trademark skull patches
11.
Crows Zero 2
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Crows Zero 2 is a 2009 Japanese action film directed by Takashi Miike with a screenplay by Shogo Muto. It is the film based on the manga Crows by Hiroshi Takahashi. The film stars much of the cast from the first film, including Shun Oguri, Kyōsuke Yabe, Meisa Kuroki and it was released in Japan on April 11,2009. 8 months after triumphing over Serizawa Tamao, Takiya Genji still struggles to attain supremacy at Suzuran All-Boys High School, following a decisive defeat at the hands of the legendary Rindaman, and on the verge of graduating without fulfilling his goal, Genji grows quietly desperate. He begins challenging Rindaman regularly, but consistently fails to beat him and his situation escalates when he unwittingly breaks a non-aggression pact between Suzuran and a rival school, Housen Academy, by coming to the aid of Kawanishi Noboru during a heated confrontation. Suzuran had subsequently sworn not to interfere with Housens retribution upon Noborus release from prison, genjis protection of Kawanishi provokes Housens current leader, Narumi Taiga, to declare war against Suzuran. Genji and his allies go on the defensive, engaging in violent conflicts with Housens Army of Killers. It was also screened internationally in Singapore, Russia, and Hong Kong throughout 2009, reviews of the film were generally positive. Niels Matthijs of Twitch Film gave it a review, saying. Maybe not as many shots, but the dense and graffiti-laden backgrounds make for a tasty looking film alright. The fighting scenes are still a blast to behold too, with strong, intense and action-driven camera work and some tight editing to keep the adrenaline flowing. Likewise, Mark Schilling of The Japan Times gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying, Miike directs with an energy, velocity and cheeky bravado that are pure punk. He also understands why his Suzuran toughs fight as easily as they breathe - it’s not just a release for their raging hormones, the film was followed by a sequel, Crows Explode, in 2014. It was also adapted into a manga entitled Crows Zero II, Suzuran x Housen by Crows author Hiroshi Takahashi, Crows Zero 2 at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Principal photography
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Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Tsuruoka, Yamagata
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Tsuruoka is a city in Yamagata Prefecture, in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. As of October 2015, the city had an population of 129,639. The total area was 1,311.53 square kilometres, Tsuruoka is located on the coast of Yamagata Prefecture bordering the Sea of Japan and has some locally popular beaches such as Yunohama and Sanze. All three of the Three Mountains of Dewa are at least partially within the city limits, Yamagata Prefecture Sakata Shōnai Nishikawa Mikawa Niigata Prefecture Murakami Tsuruoka has a humid continental climate with very warm summers and cool winters. Precipitation is plentiful throughout the year, although the months from February to June have somewhat less rainfall, the area of present-day Tsuruoka was part of ancient Dewa Province, and was under the control of the Shonai Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate in the Edo period. It was a port for the kitamaebune coastal trade. After the start of the Meiji period, the area organized as Tsuruoka Town under Nishitagawa District and it was elevated to city status on October 1,1924 becoming Japans 100th city. In 1955, the city expanded by annexing the town of Kamo, the town of Oyama was annexed by Tsuruoka in 1963. On October 1,2005, the towns of Fujishima, Haguro and Kushibiki, and the village of Asahi, Tsuruoka has a mixed economy based on light manufacturing, commercial services, agriculture and commercial fishing. Haguro Zenpo Temple - Where, in 1990, a fish with a human-like face was seen in a pond on the temple grounds
14.
Tokugawa shogunate
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The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu and the Edo bakufu, was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1600 and 1868. The head of government was the shogun, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan, the Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period. This time is called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern. Following the Sengoku period, the government had been largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi–Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu, society in the Tokugawa period, unlike the shogunates before it, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyō were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyō and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyō might be trained as samurai, otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value, as a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu. The bakuhan taisei was the political system in the Edo period of Japan. Baku is an abbreviation of bakufu, meaning military government—that is, the han were the domains headed by daimyō. Vassals held inherited lands and provided service and homage to their lords. The bakuhan taisei split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and provincial domains throughout Japan, provinces had a degree of sovereignty and were allowed an independent administration of the han in exchange for loyalty to the shogun, who was responsible for foreign relations and national security. The shogun and lords were all daimyō, feudal lords with their own bureaucracies, policies, the shogun also administered the most powerful han, the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa. Each level of government administered its own system of taxation, the emperor, nominally a religious leader, held no real power, this was invested in the shogun. The shogunate had the power to discard, annex, and transform domains, the sankin kōtai system of alternative residence required each daimyō to reside in alternate years between the han and the court in Edo
15.
Doi Toshitsura
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Doi Toshitsura was a Japanese daimyo of the Edo period, who ruled the Koga Domain. He served as a rōjū in the Tokugawa shogunate, treasures Among Men, The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan
16.
Seppuku
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Seppuku, sometimes metathesized as harakiri which is a native Japanese kun reading, is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. It was originally reserved for samurai, if the cut, done with a movement, is done deep enough, it sections, cuts, the descending Aorta, inducing a massive blood loss inside the abdomen, with very fast death. A Japanese form of suicide, the term seppuku derives from the two Sino-Japanese roots setsu 切 and puku 腹. It is also known as harakiri, a more widely familiar outside Japan, and which is written with the same kanji as seppuku. In Japanese, the more formal seppuku, a Chinese onyomi reading, is used in writing, while harakiri. Ross notes, It is commonly pointed out that hara-kiri is a vulgarism, hara-kiri is a Japanese reading or Kun-yomi of the characters, as it became customary to prefer Chinese readings in official announcements, only the term seppuku was ever used in writing. So hara-kiri is a term, but only to commoners and seppuku a written term. The practice of committing seppuku at the death of ones master, known as oibara or tsuifuku, the word jigai means suicide in Japanese. The usual modern word for suicide is jisatsu, in some popular western texts, such as martial arts magazines, the term is associated with suicide of samurai wives. The term was introduced into English by Lafcadio Hearn in his Japan, An Attempt at Interpretation, joshua S. Mostow notes that Hearn misunderstood the term jigai to be the female equivalent of seppuku. The first recorded act of seppuku was performed by Minamoto no Yorimasa during the Battle of Uji in the year 1180. Seppuku eventually became a key part of bushido, the code of the warriors, it was used by warriors to avoid falling into enemy hands. Samurai could also be ordered by their daimyo to carry out seppuku, later, disgraced warriors were sometimes allowed to carry out seppuku rather than be executed in the normal manner. This way the head could, both metaphorically and literally, rest in its owners hands and those who did not belong to the samurai caste were never ordered or expected to carry out seppuku. Samurai generally could carry out the act only with permission, sometimes a daimyo was called upon to perform seppuku as the basis of a peace agreement. This would weaken the defeated clan so that resistance would effectively cease, toyotomi Hideyoshi used an enemys suicide in this way on several occasions, the most dramatic of which effectively ended a dynasty of daimyo. Until this practice became more standardized during the 17th century, the ritual of seppuku was less formalized. In the 12th and 13th centuries, such as with the seppuku of Minamoto no Yorimasa, seppukus defining characteristic was plunging either the Tachi, Wakizashi or Tanto into the gut and slicing the abdomen horizontally
17.
Edo
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Edo, also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. It was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868, during this period, it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and home to an urban culture centered on the notion of a floating world. From the establishment of the Tokugawa bakufu headquarters at Edo, the became the de facto capital and center of political power. Edo grew from what had been a small, little-known fishing village in 1457 into the largest metropolis in the world with a population of 1,000,000 by 1721. Edo was repeatedly devastated by fires, with the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 being the most disastrous, an estimated 100,000 people died in the fire. During the Edo period, there were about 100 fires mostly begun by accident, between 1600 and 1945, Edo/Tokyo was leveled every 25–50 years or so by fire, earthquakes, or war. In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed Tokyo, the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan, Keiō4, On the 17th day of the 7th month, Edo was renamed Tokyo. Keiō4, On the 27th day of the 8th month, Keiō4, On the eighth day of the ninth month, the nengō was formally changed from Keiō to Meiji and a general amnesty was granted. Meiji 2, On the 23rd day of the 10th month, ishimaru Sadatsuga was the magistrate of Edo in 1661. During the Edo period, the Shogunate appointed administrators with jurisdiction over the police, and beginning with the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune), the machi bugyō heard criminal and civil suits, and performed other administrative functions. The city was out as a castle town around Edo Castle. Kyotos character was defined by the Imperial Court, the nobles, its Buddhist temples and its history, Osaka was the countrys commercial center. Areas further from the center were the domain of the chōnin, the area known as Shitamachi, northeast of the castle, was a center of urban culture. The ancient Buddhist temple of Sensō-ji still stands in Asakusa, marking the center of an area of traditional Shitamachi culture, some shops in the streets near the temple have existed continuously in the same location since the Edo period. The Sumida River, then called the Great River, ran along the edge of the city. The shogunates official rice-storage warehouses, other buildings and some of the citys best-known restaurants were located here. The Japan Bridge marked the center of the commercial center. Fishermen, craftsmen and other producers and retailers operated here, shippers managed ships known as tarubune to and from Osaka and other cities, bringing goods into the city or transferring them from sea routes to river barges or land routes such as the Tōkaidō
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Sengoku period
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The Sengoku period is a period in Japanese history marked by social upheaval, political intrigue and near-constant military conflict. Japanese historians named it after the otherwise unrelated Warring States period in China and it came to an end when all political power was unified under the Tokugawa shogunate. In the years preceding this era the Shogunate gradually lost influence, many of these Lords began to fight uncontrollably with each other for control over land and influence over the shogunate. As trade with China grew, the developed, and the use of money became widespread as markets. This, combined with developments in agriculture and small-scale trading, led to the desire for local autonomy throughout all levels of the social hierarchy. As early as the beginning of the 15th century, the caused by earthquakes and famines often served to trigger armed uprisings by farmers weary of debt. The Ōnin War, a conflict rooted in economic distress and brought on by a dispute over succession, is generally regarded as the onset of the Sengoku period. The eastern army of the Hosokawa family and its allies clashed with the army of the Yamana. Fighting in and around Kyoto lasted for nearly 11 years, leaving the city almost completely destroyed, the conflict in Kyoto then spread to outlying provinces. The period culminated with a series of three warlords, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who gradually unified Japan, after Tokugawa Ieyasus final victory at the siege of Osaka in 1615, Japan settled down into several centuries of peace under the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Ōnin War in 1467 is usually considered the point of Sengoku period. There are several events which could be considered the end of it, The Siege of Odawara, the Battle of Sekigahara, the upheaval resulted in the further weakening of central authority, and throughout Japan regional lords, called daimyōs, rose to fill the vacuum. There were many, however, whose positions eroded and were usurped by more capable underlings. One of the earliest instances of this was Hōjō Sōun, who rose from humble origins. Building on the accomplishments of Sōun, the Late Hōjō clan remained a power in the Kantō region until its subjugation by Toyotomi Hideyoshi late in the Sengoku period. Well-organized religious groups also gained power at this time by uniting farmers in resistance. The monks of the Buddhist True Pure Land sect formed numerous Ikkō-ikki and this in turn provided Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who had risen through the ranks from ashigaru to become one of Odas most trusted generals, with the opportunity to establish himself as Odas successor. Toyotomi eventually consolidated his control over the remaining daimyōs and, although he was ineligible for the title of Seii Taishogun because of his common birth, during his short reign as Kampaku, Toyotomi attempted two invasions of Korea
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Epilogue
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An epilogue or epilog is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work. It is presented from the perspective of within the story, when the author steps in and speaks indirectly to the reader, that is more properly considered an afterword. The opposite is a piece of writing at the beginning of a work of literature or drama, usually used to open the story. Some genres, for television programs and video games, call the epilog an outro patterned on the use of intro for introduction. An epilogue is the chapter at the end of a story that often serves to reveal the fates of the characters. Some epilogues may feature scenes only tangentially related to the subject of the story and they can be used to hint at a sequel or wrap up all the loose ends. They can occur at a significant period of time after the plot has ended. In some cases, the epilogue is used to allow the character a chance to speak freely. An epilogue can continue in the narrative style and perspective as the preceding story. It can also be used as a sequel, in films, the final scenes may feature a montage of images or clips with a short explanation of what happens to the characters. There are many films which do not only include a few glimpses of the characters future, most epilogues in films are shown in a dramatic fashion, usually in silence, to commemorate an important happening, for example, the fate of a character in the film. The epilogue of La La Land shows a happy ending, an alternative to the actual ending, in many documentaries and biopics, the epilogue is text-based, explaining what happened to the subjects after the events covered in the film. In video gaming, epilogues can occur at the end of the story, an epilogue in a game functions similarly to an epilogue in film and literature, providing closure to the end of a story. However, the way in which an epilogue is interacted with in a game can then determine how a story ends. For example, there are four possible endings to Spec Ops, The Line, for example, the 2015 video game Until Dawn features those who survived recounting their experiences to the Police after being rescued. This system can also be expanded on, fortspinnung Conclusion The dictionary definition of epilogue at Wiktionary
20.
Meiji Restoration
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The Meiji Restoration, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event of change that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were Emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities, Meiji government also made education compulsory for both boys and girls at minimal fees. The goals of the government were expressed by the new emperor in the Charter Oath. The Restoration led to changes in Japans political and social structure. In Japan however, unlike China, foreign ideas were not associated with opium addiction. Figures like Shimazu Nariakira concluded that if we take the initiative, we can dominate, if we do not, we will be dominated, leading Japan to throw open its doors to foreign technology. Observing Japans response to the powers, Li Hongzhang considered Japan Chinas principal security threat as early as 1863. The word Meiji means enlightened rule and the goal was to modern advances with traditional eastern values. The main leaders of this were Itō Hirobumi, Matsukata Masayoshi, Kido Takayoshi, Itagaki Taisuke, Yamagata Aritomo, Mori Arinori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Yamaguchi Naoyoshi. The foundation of the Meiji restoration was the 1866 Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance between Saigō Takamori and Kido Takayoshi, leaders of the reformist elements in the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain. These two leaders supported the Emperor Kōmei and were brought together by Sakamoto Ryōma for the purpose of challenging the ruling Tokugawa shogunate, after Emperor Kōmeis death on January 30,1867, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne on February 3. This period also saw Japan change from being a society to having a market economy. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to its end on November 9,1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu. Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the Boshin War started with the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in which Chōshū and this forced the Emperor to strip Yoshinobu of all power, setting the stage for official restoration. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country, consequently the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Taikun, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs and it is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement. All Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under control, thus placing them under the prerogative of the new Meiji government. With Fuhanken sanchisei, the areas were split into three types, urban prefectures, rural prefectures and the already existing domains
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Japanese name
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Japanese names in modern times usually consist of a family name, followed by a given name. More than one name is not generally used. Japanese names are written in kanji, which are characters usually Chinese in origin. The kanji for a name may have a variety of possible Japanese pronunciations, Names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic renderings, and so lack the visual meaning of names expressed in the logographic kanji. Japanese family names are extremely varied, according to estimates, there are over 100,000 different surnames in use today in Japan, the three most common family names in Japan are Satō, Suzuki, and Takahashi. Many Japanese family names derive from features of the landscape, for example, Ishikawa means stone river, Yamamoto means the base of the mountain. While family names follow relatively consistent rules, given names are more diverse in pronunciation. Unusual pronunciations have especially become common, with this trend having increased significantly since the 1990s, male names often end in -rō or -ta, or contain ichi, kazu, ji, or dai while female names often end in -ko or -mi. Other popular endings for female names include -ka and -na, the majority of Japanese people have one surname and one given name with no other names, except for the Japanese imperial family, whose members bear no surname. The family name – myōji, uji or sei – precedes the given name, the given name may be referred to as the lower name because, in vertically written Japanese, the given name appears under the family name. People with mixed Japanese and foreign parentage may have middle names, historically, myōji, uji and sei had different meanings. Sei was originally the patrilineal surname which is why up till now it has granted only by the emperor as a title of male rank. The lower form of the name sei being tei which is a name in Japanese men. Although there was an ancestor in ancient Japan from whom the name Sei originally came. There were relatively few sei, and most of the noble clans trace their lineage either directly to these sei or to the courtiers of these sei. Uji was another name used to designate patrilineal descent, but later merged with myōji around the same time, myōji was, simply, what a family chooses to call itself, as opposed to the sei granted by the emperor. While it was passed on patrilineally in male ancestors including in male ancestors called haku, multiple Japanese characters have the same pronunciations, so several Japanese names have multiple meanings. A particular kanji itself can have multiple meanings and pronunciations, in some names, Japanese characters phonetically spell a name and have no intended meaning behind them
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Bushido
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Bushido is a Japanese term for the samurai way of life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry in Europe. The way itself originates from the moral values, most commonly stressing some combination of frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, some aspects of warrior values became formalized into Japanese feudal law, the word was first used in Japan during the 17th century in Kōyō Gunkan. It came into usage in Japan and the West after the 1899 publication of Nitobe Inazōs Bushido. In order to become a samurai this code has to be mastered, Nitobe was not the first to document Japanese chivalry in this way. In Feudal and Modern Japan, historian Arthur May Knapp wrote, The samurai of thirty years ago had behind him a years of training in the law of honor, obedience, duty. It was not needed to create or establish them, as a child he had but to be instructed, as indeed he was from his earliest years, in the etiquette of self-immolation. The Kojiki is Japans oldest extant book, written in 721, it contains passages about Yamato Takeru, the son of the Emperor Keikō. It provides an indication of early Japanese military values and literary self-image, including references to the use and this early concept is further found in the Shoku Nihongi, an early history of Japan written in 797. The chapter covering the year 721 is notable for a use of the term bushi. The Chinese term bushi had entered the Japanese vocabulary with the introduction of Chinese literature, supplementing the indigenous terms tsuwamono. It is also the usage for public placement exams, an early reference to saburau—a verb meaning to wait upon or to accompany a person of high rank—appears in Kokin Wakashū, the first imperial anthology of poems published in the early 10th century. By the end of the 12th century, saburai had become synonymous with bushi. Although many of the literary works of Japan contain the image of the warrior. Warrior ideals and conduct may be illustrated, but the term did not appear in text until the Tokugawa period. From the literature of the 13th to 16th centuries, there exists an abundance of references to military ideals, clearly depicted throughout the Heike Monogatari is the ideal of the cultivated warrior. The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the warriors of later generations. Nevertheless, during the modern era, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society
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Jeremy Thomas
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Jeremy Jack Thomas, CBE is a British film producer, founder and chairman of Recorded Picture Company. He produced Bernardo Bertoluccis The Last Emperor, which won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Picture, in 2006 he received a European Film Award for Outstanding European Achievement in World Cinema. His father was director Ralph Thomas, while his uncle Gerald Thomas directed all of the films in the Carry on franchise, Cinema has always been a part of Thomas life. He was born in London, England into a family with his father, Ralph Philip Thomas. His childhood ambition was to work in cinema, after editing Philippe Moras Brother, Can You Spare a Dime. He produced his first film Mad Dog Morgan in 1974 in Australia and he then returned to England to produce Jerzy Skolimowskis The Shout, which won the Grand Prix de Jury at the Cannes Film Festival. Thomas films are all individual and his independence of spirit has paid off both artistically and commercially. Lawrence, and The Hit directed by Stephen Frears, in 1986, Thomas produced Bernardo Bertoluccis epic, The Last Emperor, an independently financed project that was three years in the making. A commercial and critical triumph, the film swept the board at the 1987 Academy Awards, burroughs Naked Lunch, J. G. Ballards Crash and Christopher Hamptons A Dangerous Method. In 1997 Thomas directed All the Little Animals, starring John Hurt and Christian Bale and his film, Jon Amiels Creation, about the life of Charles Darwin, with Paul Bettany and Jennifer Connelly in the leads, was the Opening Gala of the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival. In 2010, Thomas premiered Jerzy Skolimowskis Essential Killing and Takashi Miikes 13 Assassins at the Venice Film Festival, Essential Killing went on to win the Jury Prize and two others, a triple win unprecedented in the Festivals history. He also executive-produced Wim Wenders 3D dance film Pina, which premiered at the 2011 Berlinale, at Cannes 2011, Thomas premiered Takashi Miikes new film, Hara-Kiri, Death of a Samurai, the first 3D film to show in Competition. Grant, Demian Bichir and Emilia Clarke, recent releases include an adaptation of J. G. Thomas has said of his ethos, In 1998, Thomas founded his international sales arm, HanWay Films, HanWay has since expanded to sell third party projects as well as handling the libraries of many of the worlds best-known filmmakers. He has been President of the Jury at Tokyo Film Festival, San Sebastian Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival and he was made a Life Fellow of the British Film Institute in 2000. Thomas was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 New Year Honours, Mad Dog Morgan The Shout The Great Rock n Roll Swindle Bad Timing Eureka Merry Christmas, Mr
24.
The Bird People in China
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The Bird People in China is a 1998 Japanese movie directed by Takashi Miike from a screenplay by his frequent collaborator Masa Nakamura. The film is more mellow in tone compared to some of the directors more famous works. Near the end, the yakuza decides to kill all foreigners in order to keep the village away from civilization, the movies message is a mixed one, showing the good and the bad both of technology and tradition. The film shares the same message and feel found in most of Miikes works. The film was screened at a number of festivals before being released in theatrical distribution and it won the Audience Award at the 1998 Hawaii International Film Festival. The Bird People in China at the Internet Movie Database
25.
Andromedia
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Andromedia is a 1998 Japanese film directed by Takashi Miike. Featuring the Japanese musical groups Speed and Da Pump, hiroko Shimabukuro plays the character of Mai Hitomi, who gives her boyfriend Yuu his first kiss and is promptly hit by a truck. She is then recreated as an AI by her father, a scientist, the film depicts the continuing love between Yuu and the digital copy of Mai, who can only interact across the computer terminal. Tom Mes, author of Agitator, The Cinema of Takashi Miike described Andromedia as the most unabashedly commercial film Miike had made at this point in his career, the film was released on DVD and VHS in Japan by Toys Factory and in the United States by Pathfinder Pictures. Resurrection of the Little Match Girl アンドロメデイア ａｎｄｒｏｍｅｄｉａ, archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Andromedia at the Internet Movie Database
26.
Yakuza Demon
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Kikoku is a Japanese yakuza film directed by Takashi Miike. The film reunites Miike with Riki Takeuchi, who stars as the main character, Seiji grew up as an orphan who was raised by Boss Muto. The Muto family is composed only of Boss Muto, Seiji, Boss Muto gets arrested and sentenced to serve 2 years in prison. They nearly succeed as the boss is in critical condition, the act has compromised the future of the Date family. The Tendo family respond quickly with a wave of brutal murders, Yoshi is killed by an assassin squad under the order of the Tendo family, while visiting his girlfriend. After hearing of his bosses expulsion Seiji returns to the Date headquarters, a member of the Date clan explains boss Muto was expelled because he went to prison as when he was supposed to commit an assassination, so they think Boss Muto himself in to police. Seiji readily explains it was him who told on the boss, Seiji carries out the assassination of the number two boss and is shot shortly after. Seiji then goes to the bar of Boss Mutos wife, who takes him to a doctor, soon after, Boss Date is assassinated. The Taiwanese arms dealer shows up at Boss Mutos wifes house with weapons, before he leaves he tells her that Seiji must love her because of his actions. Boss Muto is murdered in prison, Seiji then retaliates by killing boss Mutos killer on the way to his trial. Seiji and boss Mutos wife plan to escape to the Philippines, as their boat begins to arrive, Boss Mutos wife throws Seijis gun into the water with hopes of a peaceful future. As they turn to get their luggage, they notice a policeman, the two become aware they are cornered at the end of the dock and their boat turns around when it sees trouble. The assassin squad closes in on them and open fire as Seiji blocks all the shots from hitting Mutos wife, as Seiji lies dead, the leader of the assassin squad tells him that hes way too cool and walks off without harming boss Mutos wife
27.
Sukiyaki Western Django
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Sukiyaki Western Django is a 2007 English language Japanese Western film directed by Takashi Miike. The title of the film refers to the Japanese dish sukiyaki and it also takes inspiration from the Man with No Name stock character variously used in the spaghetti western genre but most notably in the Dollars trilogy by Sergio Leone. The Genji and Heike gangs face off in a town named Yuta in Nevata, the film contains numerous references both to the historical Genpei War and to the Wars of the Roses, as well as the films Yojimbo and Django. This was the version shown in Japanese cinemas and received mixed reviews from critics, for the North American premiere at the New York Asian Film Festival on 1 July 2008, Miike had the film edited down to 98 minutes. This was the version released outside Japan, a lone gunman travels to the town of Yuta, which is run by the warring clans of the white-colored Genji and red-colored Heike. After ignoring requests from both clans to join them, he is given shelter by a woman named Ruriko, who care of her mute grandson Heihachi. Ruriko tells the gunman that many years ago, the town prospered in gold mining until both clans fought over the gold and drove away the population, seeking protection for her son, Shizuka became a prostitute for the Genji. Since then, Heihachi has been tending to a trio of red and white roses, later that day, the gunman wins a challenge from the Genji henchman Yoichi to have Shizuka for the night. Before he proceeds with her, he is told by Genji leader Yoshitsune that he is reminiscent of the legendary female gunslinger Bloody Benten, later, Shizuka warns the gunman that Yoshitsune sent some men to retrieve a new weapon for Yoichi to use on him. He tells Shizuka to take her son and leave town tomorrow, the next morning, following a tip-off from Shizuka, the sheriff informs Kiyomori of the Genjis plans. The Heikes ambush the wagon, with Kiyomori acquiring a Gatling gun stored inside a coffin, meanwhile, as the Genjis race toward the wagon raid, Ruriko, Shizuka and Heihachi are fleeing from town when Shizuka runs back to save the roses. She is mortally shot through the heart by Yoichi, the gunman attempts to intervene, but is forced to drop his guns before being tortured by the Genji thug. Rurikos servant Toshio suddenly appears and throws a gun at her before she shoots and kills Yoichi and his henchmen, in retaliation for the wagon raid, the Genjis destroy the Heikes fortress. Ruriko plans to settle the score with the Genjis once and for all by luring them with a chest loaded with gold nuggets in the middle of town, the Genjis are killed by the gunman and Ruriko while the surviving Heikes make their way back to town. The gunman challenges Yoshitsune in a showdown, with the Genji leader deflecting all the gunmans bullets with his katana. But when Yoshitsune tries to deliver a cut, the gunman catches the blade on his trigger guard. After burying their loved ones, the gunman takes a fistful of gold from the treasure chest, as he rides off through the snow, Heihachi looks at the roses and slowly utters, Love. The ending text reveals that a few later, Heihachi travels to Italy
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Screenplay
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A screenplay or script is a written work by screenwriters for a film, video game, or television program. These screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, in them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated. A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay, the format is structured in a way that one page usually equates to one minute of screen time. In a shooting script, each scene is numbered, and technical direction may be given, in a spec or a draft in various stages of development, the scenes are not numbered, and technical direction is at a minimum. The standard font for a screenplay is 12 point,10 pitch Courier Typeface, the major components are action and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense, the dialogue are the lines the characters speak. Unique to the screenplay is the use of slug lines, a slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of every scene, and is usually made up of three parts. Part one states whether the scene is set inside outside, or both, Part two states location of the scene. Part three, separated from Part two by a hyphen, refers to the time of the scene, each slug line begins a new scene. In a shooting script, the lines are numbered consecutively. These scene numbers serve as mile-post markers in a script and this allows any part of the script to be referred to by scene number. In the United States letter size paper and Courier 12 point are mandatory, the tab settings of the scene elements, which constitute the screenplays layout. The dialogue must be centered and the names must be capitalized, a script usually begins with FADE IN, followed by the first scene description. It might get more specific, e. g. FADE IN ON AN ECU of Ricky as he explains the divorce to Bob, a script will usually end with FADE TO BLACK, though there are variables, like CUT TO BLACK for abrupt endings. The style consists of a grammar that is specific to screenplays and this grammar also consists of two aspects, A prose that is manifestation-oriented, i. e. focuses largely on what is audible and what is visible on screen. This prose may only supply interpretations and explanation if clarity would otherwise be adversely affected, American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size. They are then together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would make it harder to quickly read the script
29.
Audition (1999 film)
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Audition is a 1999 Japanese horror film, based on the novel of the same name, directed by Takashi Miike. It is about a recent widower, Shigharu Aoyama, whose son suggests that he find a new wife, Aoyama agrees, and with a friend, stages a phoney audition to meet a potential new partner in life. After interviewing several women, Aoyama becomes interested in Asami, who responds well to him, although as they begin to date, her dark past begins to affect their relationship. Audition was originally started by the Japanese company Omega Project, who wanted to make a film after the great financial success of their previous production Ring. To create the film, the company purchased the rights to Ryu Murakamis book Audition, the cast and crew consisted primarily of people Miike had worked with on previous projects, with the exception of Shiina, who had worked as a model prior to beginning a career in film. The film was shot in three weeks in Tokyo. Following a theatrical release in Japan, the continued to play at festivals and had theatrical releases in the United States and United Kingdom. Audition was received positively by Western film critics on its release, with many noting the final sequence in the film. The film has been listed on several Best Horror Film lists and has had an influence on horror films and directors including Eli Roth. Shigeharu Aoyama, a widower of seven years, is urged by his 17-year-old son, Shigehiko. Aoyamas friend Yasuhisa Yoshikawa, a producer, devises a mock casting audition at which young women audition for the part of Aoyamas new wife. Aoyama agrees to the plan and is enchanted by Asami Yamazaki. Yoshikawa develops misgivings about Asami after he is unable to reach any of the references on her résumé, such as a producer she claimed to work for. However, Aoyama is so enthralled by her that he pursues her anyway and she lives in an empty apartment, containing a sack and a phone. For four days after the audition, she sits perfectly still next to the waiting for it to ring. When it finally does, she answers pretending that she never expected Aoyama to call, after several dates, she agrees to accompany him to a seaside hotel, where a smitten Aoyama intends to propose marriage. At the hotel, Asami reveals that she was abused as a child, before making love, Asami demands that Aoyama pledge his love to her and no one else. In the morning, Asami is nowhere to be found, Aoyama tries to track her down using her résumé, but as Yoshikawa warned, all of the contacts are dead ends
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Yamagata Prefecture
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Yamagata Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region on Honshu island. The aboriginal Ezo people once inhabited the area now known as Yamagata, Yamagata and Akita Prefecture were known as Dewa Province until the Meiji Restoration. During the Heian Period, the Fujiwara family ruled the area, Yamagata City flourished during the Edo Period due to its status as a castle town and post station, famous for beni. In 1689, the haiku poet, Matsuo Bashō visited Yamagata during his five-month trip to the northern regions of Japan. Yamagata Prefecture is located in the southwest corner of Tōhoku, facing the Sea of Japan and it borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture on the south, Miyagi Prefecture on the east, and Akita Prefecture on the north. All of these boundaries are marked by mountains, with most of the population residing in a central plain. Both spring and autumn are short, the often cold, the latter often warm. Yamagata Prefecture, along with parts of Miyagi and Iwate are the transition areas from humid subtropical climate to humid continental within the Japan mainland. Winter temperatures rarely fall below -10 °C in populated areas, they rise above 30 °C in July. Precipitation falls all year round and the remnants of one or perhaps two typhoons usually pass through between August and October, the winters see heavy snowfall especially at higher elevations, though the Japan Sea coast is milder and has more rain. Snowfall for Shinjō is typical of populated areas, snowfall for Yamagata City typical of the valleys. The central mountains around Gassan may see as much as 3000 cm of snow in a season with depths up to 8 metres at higher elevations, Yamagata Prefecture is the largest producer of cherries and pears in Japan. A large quantity of other kinds of such as grapes, apples, peaches. As of October 2012, Yamagata Prefecture had a population of 1,152,000, the prefecture also has one of the oldest populations in Japan. As of 2004,12. 8% of the population was aged between 65 and 74, and 12. 1% was over 75, over 40% of households in Yamagata contain one or more relatives aged 65 or over. Yamagata Prefecture has a number of festivals and events. Yamagata City is the home of the bi-annual Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival in October, in February, a snow lantern festival is held in Yonezawa at the Uesugi Shrine. Hundreds of candle-lit lanterns light pathways dug into the snow around the shrine, Yonezawa is also the site of the Uesugi Festival in mid-spring
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