1.
United States Army
–
The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
2.
Fort Lewis
–
Fort Lewis is a United States military facility located 9.1 miles south-southwest of Tacoma, Washington, under the jurisdiction of the United States Army Joint Base Garrison, Joint Base Lewis–McChord. It was merged with the United States Air Forces McChord Air Force Base on February 1,2010 into a Joint Base as a result of Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations of 2005. Joint Base Lewis-McChord is a training and mobilization center for all services and is the only Army power-projection base west of the Rocky Mountains and its geographic location provides rapid access to the deep water ports of Tacoma, Olympia and Seattle for deploying equipment. Units can be deployed from McChord Field, and individuals and small groups can use nearby Sea-Tac Airport. The strategic location of the base provides Air Force units with the ability to conduct combat, the Joint Base Garrison operates the installation on behalf of the warfighting units, families and extended military community who depend on JBLM for support. 627th Air Base Group Provides command and control and administrative oversight to the Airmen who perform installation support duties on behalf of the garrison, JBLM Soldiers receive medical care through on-base Madigan Healthcare System facilities such as Madigan Army Medical Center, the Okubo Clinic, and the Nisqually Clinic. JBLM Airmen receive medical care at the McChord Clinic as well as Madigan Army Medical Center, JBLM has more than 25,000 soldiers and civilian workers. The post supports over 120,000 military retirees and more than 29,000 family members living both on and off post, Fort Lewis proper contains 86,000 acres, the Yakima Training Center covers 324,000 acres. JBLM Main & North have abundant high-quality, close-in training areas, additional training space is available at the Yakima Training Center in eastern Washington, including maneuver areas and additional live fire ranges. In 2009, the former Fort Lewis Regional Correction Facility was remodeled and renamed the Northwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility, the facility houses minimum and medium security prisoners from all branches of the U. S. Also adjacent to the post is Camp Murray, Fort Lewis, named after Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition, is one of the largest and most modern military reservations in the United States. Consisting of 87,000 acres of land cut from the glacier-flattened Nisqually Plain. A portion of the land was taken from the Nisqually tribes reservation. In 1927, Pierce County passed another bond measure to establish an airfield just north of Fort Lewis. The airfield, called Tacoma Field, opened in 1930 and was renamed McChord Field in 1940, McChord Field separated from Fort Lewis when the U. S. Air Force was created in 1947 and was subsequently renamed McChord Air Force Base. The two bases operated independently of one another for more than 60 years before merging in 2010. Fort Lewis began as Camp Lewis in 1917 when the citizens of Pierce County voted by an eight to one margin to bond themselves for $2 million to buy 68,721 acres of land and they donated the land to the federal government for military use. The only stipulation was that the tract be used as a permanent army post, Captain David L. Stone and his staff arrived at the camp site 26 May 1917, and a few days later the initial construction began
3.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
4.
1st Infantry Regiment (United States)
–
This article deals with the history of the current 1st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army. The 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry is assigned as support to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and to furnish the enlisted garrison for the academy and the Stewart Army Subpost. 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry is an infantry component serving with the 2nd Stryker Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, on 3 March 1791, Congress added to the Army The Second Regiment of Infantry of which todays First Infantry draws its heritage. In September of that year, elements of it and the original 1st Infantry Regiment, with sizable militia complements, St. Clair served as a major general in the Revolutionary Army and was now appointed General in Chief, superseding the first commander of the regiment, Josiah Hamar. Fighting against the Miamis, St. Clairs soldiers were untrained, ill equipped, underfed, and sickly. This resulted in a defeat, at the Battle of the Wabash. In 1792, Congress created the Legion of the United States, which was a combined force of infantry, cavalry. In the War of 1812 the 2nd Infantry Regiment as well as the 7th and 44th Infantry Regiments, the 2nd Infantry was consolidated May–October 1815 with the 3rd and 7th Infantry, and 44th Infantry to form the 1st Infantry Regiment. In the ensuing years the regiment was primarily concerned with Indian conflicts and the 1st was involved in the Black Hawk War of 1832 and the Second Seminole War from 1839 to 1842. From Monterrey the regiment was transferred to General Winfield Scotts command, following the Mexican–American War, the regiment campaigned in the Texas area against the Comanches until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. After escaping from rebel forces in Texas the regiment returned to the Mid-west, the regiment fought in one of the first battles of the Civil War at Wilsons Creek, Missouri, in August 1861. The 1st Infantry then campaigned with General Grant against Vicksburg in 1863, the end of the war found the regiment occupying New Orleans, Louisiana. After the Civil War the regiment was sent West to fight the Indians once again, the 1st Infantry was consolidated in April 1869 with the 43d Infantry Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps and consolidated unit designated as the 1st Infantry Regiment. 1st Infantry Regiment campaigned against the Sioux in the 1870s and 1890s and against the Apache, led by Geronimo, from 1882 to 1886. One member of the regiment was awarded the Medal of Honor for service during this period, 1st Lt. Marion P. Maus,11 January 1886, Sierra Madre Mountains, after the end of the Indian wars the regiment was occupied with quelling labor disputes in California. War was declared with Spain in 1898 following the sinking of the USS Maine, the First was quickly sent to Florida where it embarked on ships and was sent to Cuba. While in Cuba the regiment took part in the storming of the San Juan Heights, in 1900, following occupation duty in Cuba, the regiment was preparing for shipment to China to participate in the Boxer Rebellion. Instead, the regiment was detoured to deal with the rebellion on the Philippine Islands which had also captured by the United States in the Spanish–American War
5.
44th Infantry Regiment (United States)
–
The 44th Infantry Regiment was part of USAFFEs Philippine Division during World War II. The 44th Infantry Regiment was formed in 1921 and became a Philippine Scout unit, in 1922, the unit was deactivated. The Philippine Division, now redesignated the 12th Infantry Division, was reactivated in 1946, along with its component units, the 44th Infantry Regiment was reformed for occupation duty on Okinawa and inactivated in 1947. Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States Coats of arms of U. S
6.
Cornelius Vanderbilt III
–
Brigadier General Cornelius Neily Vanderbilt III was an American military officer, inventor, engineer, and yachtsman. He was a member of the Vanderbilt family and he was born in New York City on September 5,1873 to Cornelius Vanderbilt II and Alice Claypoole Gwynne. He was educated by tutors at St. Pauls School in Concord. Against his fathers wishes, in August 1896 he married Grace Graham Wilson, upon his fathers death in 1899 Neily received $500,000 in cash and the income from a $1 million trust fund. The bulk of his fathers $70 million estate went to Neilys brother, Alfred, however, as a result of his parents attitude towards his marriage, it would be 27 years after his fathers death before he finally reconciled with his aging mother. Neily and Grace remained married for the rest of their lives and had two children, Cornelius IV, who would marry seven times, and a daughter, Grace. In 1906 he was admitted as a member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati by right of his descent from Surgeon Henry Collins Flagg of the Continental Army. He was a member of the syndicate that built the yacht Reliance for the successful defense of the Americas Cup in 1903. He was commodore of the New York Yacht Club from 1906 to 1909, in 1910, he piloted his 65-foot sloop Aurora to victory in the New York Yacht Clubs race for the King Edward VII Cup in Newport, RI. The Northstar was damaged in action and was used after the war as a merchant ship trading with China, on April 29,1930, Vanderbilts yacht, the Winchester, was set ablaze following an explosion. No one was injured as the crew were all eating in the galley, up front, in 1901, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 12th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard and remained a member of the National Guard for 33 years. He was promoted to first lieutenant in December 1902 and served as an aide de camp to the Governor of New York from September 1903 to December 1904. He was promoted to captain in June 1907 and served as an aide to the commander from October 1908 until being promoted to lieutenant colonel. Along with most of the National Guard, Vanderbilt was mobilized on 30 June 1916, when the United States declared war on Germany and entered World War I in April 1917. Vanderbilt was promoted to colonel on 20 July 1917 and placed in command of the 22nd Engineer Regiment of the New York National Guard. The 27th Division departed New York for a camp in Spartanburg, South Carolina in September 1917 and was shipped overseas to France in May. The government of France invested him as a Commander of the Legion of Honor and he was also entitled to the Mexican Border Service Medal and World War I Victory Medal. After the war, Vanderbilt remained active in the New York National Guard and he commanded the 77th Division of the Army Reserve when it went to Camp Dix, New Jersey for two weeks of field training in July 1931
7.
91st Division (United States)
–
The 91st Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army that fought in World War I and World War II. From 1946 until 2008, it was part of the United States Army Reserve and it was briefly inactivated from 2008 until 2010 when it was elevated back to a division size element as the 91st Training Division. Constituted on 5 August 1917 at Camp Lewis, Washington, near Tacoma, in September 1918, the divisions first operation was in the St. Mihiel Offensive in France. Twelve days before the end of World War I, the division, as part of the VII Corps of the French Sixth Army, the division was awarded separate campaign streamers for its active role in the Lorraine, Meuse-Argonne and Ypres-Lys campaigns. In 1919, the 91st was inactivated at the Presidio of San Francisco, after being reconstituted in 1921 as part of the Organized Reserves, the division then served as an administrative control center for the next 21 years. After initial training at Camp White, the participation in the Oregon Maneuver combat exercise in the fall of 1943. Then, the division, now under Major General William G. Livesay, there, on the Italian Front, the 361st Regimental Combat Team was detached to participate in the battles for Rome and the Arno River. It became the first formation of the U. S, fifth Army to reach the river. In September 1944, the crossed the Sieve River, outflanked the famous Gothic Line. For its part in combat, the division was awarded the North Apennines, Po Valley, the division returned to the United States where it was inactivated at Camp Rucker, Alabama, in December 1945. Two members were awarded the Medal of Honor during the war, Roy W. Harmon, awards, MH-2, DSC-2, DSM-1, SS-528, LM-33, SM-43, BSM-4,152. S. In 1959, the division was reorganized and redesignated as the 91st Division, in 1993, the division was again reorganized and redesignated as the 91st Division and again in 1999 as the 91st Division. Its previous headquarters were at Parks Reserve Forces Training Area, Dublin, in its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, the Department of Defense recommended relocating the 91st Division to Fort Hunter Liggett. The four brigades of the 91st Division were redesignated as brigades, 1st Brigade is now 5th Brigade. 2nd Brigade is now 5th Armored Brigade, 3rd Brigade is now the 402nd Field Artillery Brigade. 4th Brigade is now 191st Infantry Brigade, the 91st Division moved its headquarters to Fort Hunter Liggett on 1 May 2009. The 91st Division was reorganized and re-designated as the 91st Training Brigade on 1 October 2009, the 91st Training Brigade was re-designated as the 91st Training Division on 1 October 2010. William Borders, Army Catholic Chaplain, was awarded the Bronze Star for Valor and he later became the Archbishop of Baltimore
8.
Ernest Lister
–
Ernest Lister was the eighth Governor of the state of Washington. Born in Halifax, England, Lister immigrated with his family in 1884, to be near his uncle who was mayor of Tacoma, Lister began working as an iron-molder in his brothers foundry in Tacoma. He operated a foundry and woodworking shop as well as working in real estate and he owned Lister Construction Company from 1903 to 1912, and President of Lister Manufacturing Company. He married Mary Alma Thornton on February 28,1893, and he was elected to the Tacoma City Council in 1894 as a Populist. After a successful management of Governor John Rankin Rogers campaign in 1896, Lister became the only elected Democrat in Washingtons executive branch of government when he was elected in 1912. He was sworn into the office on January 11,1913, re-elected in 1916, as governor, he supported agricultural aid, irrigation and reclamation projects, and state industrial accident insurance. He vetoed legislation that would have denied civil rights to members of the Industrial Workers of the World, and his efforts helped bring the eight-hour work day to the Pacific Northwest. He became ill during his term and relinquished his office to the Lieutenant Governor. Lister died one day before his birthday, on June 14,1919, from heart and kidney disease, in Seattle. He is interred at Tacoma Cemetery, Tacoma, Washington, list of Governors of Washington Meany, Edmond S. Governors of Washington, territorial and state
9.
Horace R. Cayton Sr.
–
Horace Roscoe Cayton, Sr. was an American journalist and political activist. The son of a slave and a plantation owners daughter, Cayton went to Seattle, Washington, in the early 1890s, launching his own newspaper. The paper was the longest-lived of seven African-American published newspapers appearing Seattle between 1891 and 1901, terminating only in 1913, a second publishing venture was launched by Cayton in 1916, with the launch of the eponymous Caytons Weekly. Unlike its predecessor, this four-page tabloid was focused upon national and local news of interest to a black readership, falling into financial difficulties in 1921, Caytons Weekly briefly altered its production cycle to become Caytons Monthly before folding completely. Horace was born in 1859 on a plantation in Mississippi, after Emancipation, he and his family moved to a farm near Port Gibson, Mississippi. He graduated from Alcorn College and was attending that institution in 1872, Horace found employment at the Seattle Standard, the city’s first newspaper for African Americans, working at that paper until Its failure in 1893. The following year, Cayton launched a newspaper of his own, the paper sought to appeal to both white and black readers, achieving some limited success in this regard, although the readership of the paper was modest, never exceeding about 2,000. By 1896, Cayton married Susie Revels, a woman he had met in college. Ms. Revels was the daughter of Senator Hiram Rhodes Revels, after the couples marriage, Susie Revels Cayton would become associate editor of the Seattle Republican. The resulting controversy was a factor in escalating scandal that led Meredith to resign and to attempt to gun down another of his accusers, Considine ultimately shot Meredith in self-defense. The Republican Party attracted many people and Horace was able to win an important position in the party. In Seattle, between 1900 and 1910, the number of blacks had risen by almost 2,000 people causing white prejudice to grow, politically Horace lost power and after 1910 he never sat on the Republican State Central Committee or attended a Republican convention again. Horace became a victim of Seattle’s changing racial and political pattern, in 1917, the Seattle Republican went under after Horace published an article about a Southern lynching. He continued his career in publishing and issued Cayton’s Weekly from 1916 until 1921 and he lost his home on Capitol Hill and moved to an apartment house. Horace and his wife entered into activities of the black community. They participated in social and civic events. He continued his affiliation with the Republican Party through membership in the King County Colored Republican Club, Horace died in 1940 and was followed by Susie in 1943. Lisa S. Weitzman says on Answers, ultimately, Cayton and Drake concluded their book with a call for the government to work more aggressively to help African Americans achieve equality
