1.
12th New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1,2,3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually. In March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor, the State election was held from April 29 to May 1,1788. Senators Ezra LHommedieu and Peter Van Ness were re-elected, and Paul Micheau, Isaac Roosevelt, at the same time, delegates to a Convention to deliberate upon the adoption of the U. S. The Convention met from June 17 to July 26,1788, at Poughkeepsie, Constitution by a vote of 30 to 27. The State Legislature met on December 11,1788, at the Old City Hall in Albany, and adjourned on March 3,1789. On January 27,1789, the Legislature divided the State of New York into six districts. Both parties hoped to win the next State election, to be held in April 1789, the Southern District consisted of Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk and Westchester counties. The Middle District consisted of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster counties, the Eastern District consisted of Washington, Cumberland and Gloucester counties. The Western District consisted of Albany, Columbia and Montgomery counties, note, There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet established, or sufficiently organized. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, James Clinton changed from the Assembly to the Senate. The vote of the members of this Legislature who had been delegates to the US Constitution ratifying convention is marked either For ratification or Against ratification. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet established, or sufficiently organized. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature, the vote of the members of this Legislature who had been delegates to the US Constitution ratifying convention is marked either For ratification or Against ratification
2.
14th New York State Legislature
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Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1,2,3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually. In March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. Besides, Anthony Hoffman died early in 1790, leaving a total of four vacancies in the State Senate, in August 1790, the 1st United States Congress adjourned at Federal Hall and reconvened in December at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. In January 1791, the State Legislature returned to the vacated Federal Hall for the three sessions before the State capital was permanently established at Albany in 1794. At this time the politicians were divided into two opposing parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. However, at early time party lines were not yet as distinctly drawn as they became in the 19th century. Philip Schuyler had been elected to the U. S. Senate in 1789, the State election was held from April 27 to 29,1790. Peter Lefferts, Leonard Gansevoort and Assemblymen Samuel Jones and Thomas Tillotson were elected to fill vacancies in the Senate. The Legislature was to meet for the session on January 4,1791, at Federal Hall in New York City. The Legislature elected NY Attorney General Aaron Burr a U. S, senator from New York, to succeed Philip Schuyler. Schuyler was the Federalist candidate to succeed himself, Burr was the Democratic-Republican challenger, although both Houses had a nominal Federalist majority, Burr won in the Senate by a vote of 12 to 4, and in the Assembly with a majority of 5 votes. On February 7,1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate, the Southern District consisted of Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk and Westchester counties. The Middle District consisted of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster counties, the Eastern District consisted of Washington and Clinton counties. The Western District consisted of Albany, Columbia and Montgomery counties, note, There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet established, or sufficiently organized. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, Samuel Jones, Philip Van Cortlandt and Thomas Tillotson changed from the Assembly to the Senate. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet established, or sufficiently organized
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
New York State Senate
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The New York State Senate is considered the upper house in the New York State Legislature. It has 63 members each elected to two-year terms, there are no limits on the number of terms one may serve. The New York Constitution provides for a number of members in the Senate. The current format for apportionment has followed the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, Democrats won 32 of 62 seats in New Yorks upper chamber in the 2008 General Election on November 4, capturing the majority for the first time in more than four decades. Previously, the Republicans had held the chamber for all but one year from 1939 to 2008, however, a power struggle emerged before the new term began. Four Democratic senators—Rubén Díaz, Sr. Carl Kruger, Pedro Espada, Jr. the self-named Gang of Four refused to back Malcolm Smith as the chambers majority leader and sought concessions. Monserrate soon reached an agreement with Smith that reportedly included the chairmanship of the Consumer Affairs Committee, though there were 32 Democrats and 30 Republicans in the Senate, on June 8,2009, then-Senators Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr. The move came after Republican whip Tom Libous introduced a resolution to vacate the chair and replace Smith as temporary president. In an effort to stop the vote, Democratic whip Jeff Klein unilaterally moved to recess, however, they were unable to stop the session. All 30 Republicans plus two Democrats, Monserrate and Espada, voted in favor of the resolution, in accordance with a prearranged deal, Espada was elected temporary president and acting lieutenant governor while Skelos was elected majority leader. Monserrate had backed out of the Gang at the time, being the first of the four to back Smith, the apparent Republican seizure of power was tenuous in any event. Smith claimed the vote was illegal because of Kleins motion to adjourn, however, Smith, Klein, and most of the Democrats walked out before an actual vote to adjourn could be taken. Smith still asserted he was majority leader and would challenge the vote in court and he locked the doors of the state senate chambers in an effort to prevent any further legislative action. The scheduled session was eventually postponed, both Monserrate and Espada faced accusations of unethical or criminal conduct. Monserrate was indicted for assault in March and would have automatically lost his seat if convicted. New York, like most states, has a provision in its constitution which bars convicted felons from holding office. Espada was the target of an investigation into whether he funded his campaign with money siphoned from a nonprofit health care agency he controls. The Bronx County District Attorneys office was investigating charges that Espada actually resided in Mamaroneck
6.
Lieutenant Governor of New York
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The Lieutenant Governor of New York is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the Government of New York State. It is the second highest-ranking official in state government, the lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. The office is held by Kathy Hochul. Most lieutenant governors take on duties as assigned to them by the governor. For example, Mary Donohue took on duties in the areas of business, school violence. Donohues predecessor, Betsy McCaughey Ross, worked on Medicare and education policy, Democrat Stan Lundine, who served under Gov. Mario Cuomo, was active on technology and housing issues during his two terms in office. While governor and lieutenant governor are elected by a joint vote in the general election. In 1982, Mario Cuomo won the Democratic nomination for governor, DelBello was elected with Cuomo, but resigned in 1985 complaining that Cuomo did not give him anything to do. McCaughey Ross had been elected on a ticket with Pataki in 1994 and he dropped her from his 1998 re-election ticket and she became a Democrat and ran for governor on the Liberal ticket. Prior to Paterson succeeding Eliot Spitzer on March 17,2008, Mario Cuomo was the last lieutenant governor to be elected governor. In the 1994 statewide election, Lt. Gov. Stan Lundine sought reelection on the Democratic ticket with Gov. Mario Cuomo, Lieutenant Governor Lundine was unopposed for renomination on the Democratic ticket. In the Republican primary, academic Betsy McCaughey was the only candidate, ms. McCaughey was selected as a running mate by State Sen. George Pataki. Pataki reportedly also considered sofa bed heiress Bernadette Castro and Assembly Minority Leader Clarence Rappalya as possible running mates as well, the Pataki/McCaughey ticket defeated the Cuomo/Lundine ticket in the general election. In 1997, following an out for most of their term. Pataki embarked on a long process to select a new running mate for lieutenant governor. After reportedly considering State Parks Commissioner Bernadette Castro, State Sen. Mary Lou Rath and Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples, Judge Donohue was unopposed for the Republican nomination. Several candidates entered the race for the Democratic lieutenant governor nomination, State Sen. Anthony Nanula of Buffalo reportedly considered the race and then decided against running. Councilwoman Kavanaugh withdrew from the race at the Democratic State Convention, Mr. King received enough support to qualify for the September primary ballot and continued his race
7.
Pierre Van Cortlandt
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Pierre Van Cortlandt was the first Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York. He was first elected to the New York Assembly in March 1768, subsequently, he was a member of the Second Provincial Congress, 1775-1776, and Chairman of its Committee of Safety,1776. On July 9,1776, he was among thirty-eight delegates to ratify the Declaration of Independence at White Plains, as a Colonel, and later General, be commanded the Third Westchester Militia Regiment and later was advanced to be a General. Gen. George Washington ever referred to Pierre Van Cortlandt as his most trusted friend and ally. With NY Gov. George Clinton away from the state in active service, Lt. Gov. Van Cortlandt had full charge of the revolutionary government of the state. On November 25,1783 this earnest patriot accompanied General Washington on his triumphant ride into New York City and he was made an original honorary member of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati on July 6,1784. In 1787 he was elected President of the State Convention meeting in Poughkeepsie to ratify the Constitution of the United States and he was born in New York City, the son of Philip Van Cortlandt, and Catherine de Peyster. Pierres uncle Johannes de Peyster, Jr. was Mayor of New York City and his great uncle Jacobus Van Cortlandt was Mayor of New York City, 1719-1720. In 1697, King William III granted by Royal Charter, Van Cortlandt Manor to his grandfather, the Van Cortlandt Manor House was built sometime before 1732 but was not any owners principal residence until Pierre moved there in 1749. In 1748, Pierre inherited from his father the Van Cortlandt Manor House and he diversified and organized the Croton lands to develop income-producing tenant farms. Pierre maintained the Van Cortlandt Manor House and lands as a farmer/planter, upon the survey of the Manor of Cortlandt, Annsville and lands adjoining constituted a portion of Front Lot No. 10, the river portion lot that was bequeathed to Gertrude Beekman, Pierres aunt and daughter and it was on 340 acres of Gertrudes land where Pierre built the Upper Manor House and farm. Two miles to the north was Front Lot No,10, on which another Van Cortlandt mansion, Oldstone, was built, and later near the bay the Fort Independence Hotel. Fort Independence was located on the bluff on the western end of Roa Hook. Where a spacious mansion was built about 1769. “The situation of the Van Cortlandt estate is very fine, covering, as it does, some of the most graceful undulations of a hilly district, diversified with the richest scenery. The old brick mansion erected A. D.1773, occupies a very sequestered and romantic spot on the side of the post road, immediately above the vale of Annsville. ”In 1749, Pierre turned the familys simple hunting lodge into an elegant residence known as Van Cortlandt Manor House. The house remained in the Van Cortlandt family until 1945 and was purchased in 1953 by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to assure its preservation, the restored manor house was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1961
8.
New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith
9.
Speaker of the New York State Assembly
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The Speaker of the New York State Assembly is the highest official in the New York State Assembly, customarily elected from the ranks of the majority party. As in most countries with a British heritage, the speaker presides over the house of the legislature. The position exists in every U. S. state and in the United States House of Representatives, New Yorks Assembly Speaker is very powerful. Effectively, the Speaker of the New York Assembly has the power to much of the business in the Assembly and, in fact. Through this and heavy gerrymandering that has him a near-permanent supermajority. Originally, the legislative term lasted one year, from July 1 until June 30 of the next year. The members were elected at the election in April, but the actual session began ordinarily only in January of the next calendar year. Only if the called for a special session is the Assembly convened earlier. For example, in presidential election years the Assembly convened already in November to elect the presidential electors, the speaker was always elected at the first meeting of the Assembly for the remainder of the term, expiring on June 30. The State Constitution of 1821 moved the election to November, and the beginning of the term to January 1, and from 1823 on, the assembly convened usually on the first Tuesday in January and elected the speaker, who stayed in office until December 31. The elections are held in even-numbered years
10.
Gulian Verplanck (speaker)
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Gulian Verplanck was an American banker and politician. He was the youngest of the six children of Gulian Verplanck and he attended and graduated from Kings College in 1768. He was an uncle of Daniel C, Verplanck and great-uncle of Gulian Crommelin Verplanck, both members of the U. S. House of Representatives. After graduating from Kings College in 1768, he went to Holland to acquire experience in mercantile and banking procedures by working at his uncles firm, Daniel Crommelin. He was a Federalist member from New York County of the New York State Assembly and he became President of the Bank of New York and in 1792 helped found the Tontine Association, a precursor of the New York Stock Exchange. In 1784 he married Cornelia Johnston and they lived in New York with their seven children in the vicinity of Riverside Drive and 123rd Street. Short bio History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by John Stilwell Jenkins
11.
George Clinton (vice president)
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George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
12.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
13.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
Poughkeepsie, New York
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Poughkeepsie /pəˈkɪpsi/, officially the City of Poughkeepsie, is a city in the state of New York, United States, which is the county seat of Dutchess County. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 32,736, Poughkeepsie is in the Hudson Valley midway between New York City and Albany, and is part of the New York metropolitan area. Poughkeepsie is known as The Queen City of the Hudson and it was settled in the 17th century by the Dutch and became New Yorks second capital shortly after the American Revolution. It was chartered as a city in 1854. S, the city of Poughkeepsie lies in New Yorks 18th congressional district. The site of Poughkeepsie was purchased from the Indians in 1686 by Robert Sanders, an Englishman, and Myndert Harmense Van Den Bogaerdt, the first settlers were the families of Barent Baltus Van Kleeck and Hendrick Jans van Oosterom. The settlement grew quickly, and the Reformed Church of Poughkeepsie was established by 1720, the community was set off from the town of Poughkeepsie when it became an incorporated village on 27 March 1799. The city of Poughkeepsie was chartered on 28 March 1854, spared from battle during the American Revolution, Poughkeepsie became the second capital of New York. With its ratification, New York entered the new union as the eleventh of the thirteen colonies to join together as the United States of America. In 1799, a new seal was created for Poughkeepsie, due to the areas natural beauty and proximity to New York City, families such as the Astors, Rogers, and Vanderbilts built palatial weekend homes nearby. The city is home to the oldest continuously operating entertainment venue in the state, the city is on the western edge of Dutchess County, bordered by the Hudson River on the west and by the town of Poughkeepsie on the north, east and south. There are two crossings of the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, the Mid-Hudson Bridge for motor vehicles and pedestrians, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.7 square miles. 5.1 square miles of it is land, and 0.23 square miles of it is water and it is about 75 miles north of New York City and is in southeastern New York State. It receives approximately 44.12 inches of precipitation per year, much of which is delivered in the late spring, due to its inland location, Poughkeepsie can be very cold during the winter, with temperatures dropping below zero a few times per year. Poughkeepsie can also be hit by powerful noreasters, but usually significantly less snow or rain from these storms compared to locations to the south. As of the census of 2010, there were 32,736 people, the population density was 5,806.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 13,153 housing units at a density of 2,556.6 per square mile. 35. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.15. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,12. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64
16.
United States Constitution
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The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
17.
Anti-Federalism
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Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U. S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority, led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. During the American Revolution and its aftermath, the term federal was applied to any person who supported the colonial union. After the war, the group felt the national government under the Articles was too weak appropriated the name Federalist for themselves. As the Federalists moved to amend the Articles, eventually leading to the Constitutional Convention, the term implied, correctly or not, both opposition to Congress and unpatriotic motives. The Anti-Federalists rejected the term, arguing that they were the true Federalists, in both their correspondence and their local groups they tried to capture the term. For example, an unknown anti-federalist signed his correspondence as A Federal Farmer. However the Federalists carried the day and the name Anti-Federalist forever stuck, some of the opposition believed that the central government under the Articles of Confederation was sufficient. Still others believed that while the government under the Articles was too weak. During the period of debate over the ratification of the Constitution, initially, many of the articles in opposition were written under pseudonyms, such as Brutus, Centinel, and Federal Farmer. Eventually, famous figures such as Patrick Henry came out publicly against the Constitution. They argued that the national government proposed by the Federalists was a threat to the rights of individuals. They objected to the court system created by the proposed constitution. Individualism was the strongest element of opposition, the necessity, or at least the desirability, the Anti-Federalists played upon these feelings in the ratification convention in Massachusetts. By this point, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease, finally, after long debate, a compromise was reached. Massachusetts would ratify the Constitution with recommended provisions in the instrument that the Constitution be amended with a bill of rights. Four of the five states to ratify, including New Hampshire, Virginia. As a result, once the Constitution became operative in 1789, ten of these amendments were immediately ratified and became known as the Bill of Rights, with one of the other two becoming the 27th Amendment—almost 200 years later
18.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
19.
Philip Schuyler
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Philip John Schuyler was a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. He is usually known as Philip Schuyler, while his son is known as Philip J. Schuyler. Philip John Schuyler was born on November 201733 in Albany, New York, to Cornelia Van Cortlandt and Johannes Schuyler, prior to his fathers death on the eve of his eighth birthday, Schuyler attended the public school at Albany. Afterward, he was educated by tutors at the Van Cortlandt family estate at New Rochelle, in 1748 he began to study with Reverend Peter Strouppe at the New Rochelle French Protestant Church, where he learned French and mathematics. While he was at New Rochelle he also joined numerous trade expeditions where he met Iroquois leaders and he joined the British forces in 1755 during the French and Indian War, raised a company, and was commissioned as its Captain by his cousin, Lt. Later in that war, he served as a quartermaster, purchasing supplies, John Cochran, a brother-in-law who was the Director General of the Military Hospitals of the Continental Army. From 1761 to 1762, Schuyler made a trip to England to settle accounts from his work as quartermaster and he began construction on his home in Albany, later called Schuyler Mansion, during this time. He also began construction of his estate, at Saratoga. In 1768, Schuyler began his career as a member of the New York Assembly. During that time, his views came to be opposed to the colonial government, particularly in matters of trade. He was also made a Colonel in the militia for his support of Governor Henry Moore, Schuyler was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, and served until he was appointed a Major General of the Continental Army in June. General Schuyler took command of the Northern Department, and planned the Invasion of Canada and his poor health required him to place Richard Montgomery in command of the invasion. In the summer of that year General John Burgoyne marched his British army south from Quebec over the valleys of Lakes Champlain, on the way he invested the small Colonial garrison occupying Fort Ticonderoga at the nexus of the two lakes. When General St. Clair abandoned Fort Ticonderoga in July, the Congress replaced Schuyler with General Horatio Gates, the British offensive was eventually stopped by Continental Army then under the command of Gates and Benedict Arnold in the Battle of Saratoga. That victory, the first wholesale defeat of a large British force, marked a point in the revolution. When Schuyler demanded a court martial to answer Gates charges, he was vindicated but resigned from the Army on April 19,1779 and he then served in two more sessions of the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780. Schuyler was an member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. After the war, he expanded his Saratoga estate to tens of thousands of acres, adding slaves, tenant farmers, a store, mills for flour, flax and his flax mill for the making of linen was the first one in America
20.
Rufus King
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Rufus King was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat. He was a delegate for Massachusetts to the Continental Congress and he also attended the Constitutional Convention and was one of the signers of the United States Constitution on September 17,1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented New York in the United States Senate, served as Minister to Britain and he was born on March 24,1755, at Scarborough, which was then a part of Massachusetts but is now in the state of Maine. Nobody was punished, and the year the mob burned down his barn. A Mob, that broke into his House, and rifled his Papers, the Terror, and Distress, the Distraction and Horror of this Family cannot be described by Words or painted upon Canvass. It is enough to move a Statue, to melt an Heart of Stone and it was not surprising that Richard King became a loyalist. All of his sons, however, became patriots in the American War of Independence, King attended Dummer Academy at the age of twelve, located in South Byfield, MA. Later on he attended Harvard College, where he graduated in 1777 and he began to read law under Theophilus Parsons, but his studies were interrupted in 1778 when King volunteered for militia duty in the American Revolutionary War. Appointed a major, he served as an aide to General Sullivan in the Battle of Rhode Island, after the campaign, King returned to his apprenticeship under Parsons. He was admitted to the bar in 1780 and began a practice in Newburyport. King was first elected to the Massachusetts state assembly in 1783, Massachusetts sent him to the Confederation Congress from 1784 to 1787. He was one of the youngest at the conference, in 1787, King was sent to the constitutional convention held at Philadelphia. King held a significant position at the convention, despite his youthful stature, “he numbered among the most capable orators”. Along with James Madison, “he became a figure in the nationalist causus”. King’s “views underwent a transformation during the debates” originally changing a mindset supporting Articles of Confederation. King’s major involvements included serving on the Committee on Postponed Matters, although he came to the convention unconvinced that major changes should be made in the Articles of Confederation, his views underwent a startling transformation during the debates. King is one of the more prominent delegates namely because of playing “a major role in the crafting of the fundamental governing character. The constitution was signed on September 17, only needing to be ratified by each of the subsequent states
21.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
22.
1st United States Congress
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With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. April 1,1789, House of Representatives first achieved a quorum and elected its officers April 6,1789, Senate first achieved a quorum and elected its officers. Held March 4,1789, through September 29,1789, at Federal Hall in New York City June 1,1789, An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths, ch. 1,1 Stat.23 July 4,1789, Hamilton Tariff,2,1 Stat.24 July 27,1789, United States Department of State, was established, originally named the Department of Foreign Affairs, ch. Regulation of the Collection of Duties on Tonnage and Merchandise, ch.5,1 Stat.29, august 7,1789, Department of War was established, ch. September 2,1789, United States Department of the Treasury was established,12,1 Stat.65 September 24,1789, Judiciary Act of 1789, ch. 2,1 Stat.101 March 26,1790, Naturalization Act of 1790,3,1 Stat.103 April 10,1790, Patent Act of 1790, ch. 7,1 Stat.109 April 30,1790, Crimes Act of 1790,9,1 Stat.112 May 31,1790, Copyright Act of 1790, ch. 15,1 Stat.124 July 6,1790, Residence Act,130, established Washington, D. C. as the seat of government of the United States. July 22,1790, Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, ch,137, regulated commerce with the Indian tribes. Held December 6,1790, through March 3,1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia February 25,1791, First Bank of the United States,10,1 Stat.191 March 3,1791, Whiskey Act, ch. 199, which triggered the Whiskey Rebellion September 25,1789, Constitution establishing specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on government power, and submitted them to the state legislatures for ratification. 97, Article one has not been ratified and is pending before the states. Article two was later ratified on May 7,1992 as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Articles three through twelve, known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified on December 15,1791. November 21,1789, North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution, may 26,1790, Territory South of the River Ohio organized from land ceded by North Carolina. May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th state to ratify the United States Constitution, there were no political parties in this Congress
23.
Federal Hall
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It was also where the United States Bill of Rights was introduced in the First Congress. The building was demolished in 1812, Federal Hall National Memorial was built in 1842 as the United States Custom House, on the site of the old Federal Hall on Wall Street, and later served as a sub-Treasury building. It is now operated by the National Park Service as a memorial commemorating the historic events that occurred there. The original structure on the site was built as New Yorks second City Hall in 1699 -1703, on Wall Street, in 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there. His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was defined in the Bill of Rights. In October 1765, delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. After the American Revolution, the City Hall served as the place for the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. In 1788, the building was remodeled and enlarged under the direction of Pierre Charles LEnfant and this was the first example of Federal Style architecture in the United States. It was renamed Federal Hall when it became the first Capitol of the United States under the Constitution in 1789 and he was inaugurated on the balcony of the building on April 30,1789. Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall, part of the original railing and balcony floor where Washington was inaugurated are on display in the memorial. The current structure, one of the best surviving examples of architecture in New York, was built as the first purpose-built U. S. Custom House for the Port of New York, designed by John Frazee, it was constructed of Tuckahoe marble and took more than a decade to complete. In 1862, Customs moved to 55 Wall Street and the served as one of six United States Sub-Treasury locations. Millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults until the Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Sub-Treasury system in 1920. In 1882, John Quincy Adams Wards bronze George Washington statue was erected on its front steps, in 1920, a bomb was detonated across the street from Federal Hall at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as the Wall Street bombing. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured, and 23 Wall Street was visibly damaged, a famous photograph of the event shows the destruction and effects of the bombing, but also shows the statue of Washington standing stoically in the face of chaos. The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26,1939, as with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966. Federal Hall was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on December 21,1965, held just four blocks from the World Trade Center site, the meeting was the first by Congress in New York since 1790
24.
John Hathorn
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Not to be confused with John Hathorne, ancestor of Nathaniel Hawthorne. John Hathorn was an American politician from New York and he completed preparatory studies and became a surveyor and a school teacher. He moved to Warwick, New York, then a part of the precinct of Goshen and he was a captain in the local colonial militia, and became a colonel of the Fourth Orange County Regiment February 7,1776, and served throughout the Revolutionary War. He served on the appointed to determine an effective location for the Great Chain across the Hudson which prevented the British from advancing up the river. He was one of the commanders of the Battle of Minisink, after the war, on September 26,1786, Hathorn became a brigadier general of the Orange County militia, and on October 8,1793, a major general of state militia. Hathorn was a member from Orange County of the New York State Assembly in 1778,1780, from 1782 to 1785, in 1795 and 1805, and served as Speaker in 1784. He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1786 to 1790 and from 1799 to 1803 and he was elected to the Confederation Congress in December 1788 but did not attend because it soon become defunct. In March 1789, he was elected to the First United States Congress and he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fourth United States Congress, and served from March 4,1795 to March 3,1797. Hathorn engaged in mercantile pursuits until the time of his death and he was buried in Warwick Cemetery. His stone house still stands on Hathorn Rd. with his and his wifes initials worked in red brick on the gable of the house. In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS John Hathorn was named in his honor, John Hathorns Revolutionary Legacy Information Page United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
25.
John Laurance
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John Laurance was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He emigrated to the United States in 1767 and settled in New York City where he read law, at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he was a warm adherent of the revolutionaries. He received a commission in the First New York regiment of the Continental Army in 1775. He was Judge Advocate General from 1777 to 1782 and he was a member of the board that convicted Maj. John André of spying and sentenced André to be executed by hanging. He was a member from Westchester County of the New York State Assembly in 1782–83 and he was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1787. He was an ardent supporter of the proposed by the Federalists. In March 1789, Laurance was elected as a Federalist to the 1st United States Congress, and re-elected in April 1790 to the 2nd United States Congress, serving from 1789 to March 4,1793. Laurance was nominated by George Washington to the bench on May 5,1794. He was confirmed by the U. S. Senate on May 6 and he resigned from the bench on November 8,1796, after his election as U. S. He took his seat on November 9,1796, but resigned from the Senate in August 1800, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough Members of the 4th U. S. Congress Members of the 6th U. S. Congress Rines, George Edwin, ed. Lawrance, John
26.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
27.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
28.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
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Staten Island
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Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking
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Suffolk County, New York
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Suffolk County /ˈsʌfək/ is a suburban county on Long Island and the easternmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,493,350, estimated to have increased to 1,501,587 in 2015. Its county seat is Riverhead, though most county offices are located in Hauppauge, the county was named after the county of Suffolk in England, from where its earliest European settlers came. Suffolk County incorporates the easternmost extreme of the New York City metropolitan area, the largest of Long Islands four counties and the second-largest of 62 counties in New York State, Suffolk measures 86 miles in length and 26 miles in width at its widest. Major scientific research facilities in Suffolk County include Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, Suffolk County was an original county of the Province of New York, one of twelve created in 1683. From 1664 until 1683 it had been the East Riding of Yorkshire, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,373 square miles, of which 912 square miles is land and 1,461 square miles is water. It is the second-largest county in New York by total area, Suffolk County occupies the central and eastern part of Long Island, in the extreme east of New York State. The eastern end of the county splits into two peninsulas, known as the North Fork and the South Fork, the county is surrounded by water on three sides, including the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, with 980 miles of coastline. The eastern end contains large bays, the highest elevation in the county, and on Long Island as a whole, is Jaynes Hill in West Hills, at 401 feet above sea level. The population density in 2010 was 1,637 people per square mile, however, by 2012, with an estimated total population increasing moderately to 1,499,273 there were 569,359 housing units. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 2% of the population and those who identified as white alone, not being of Hispanic or Latino origin, represented 69. 3% of the population. In 2006, the racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 83. 6% White, african Americans were 7. 4% of the population. Asians stood at 3. 4% of the population,5. 4% were of other or mixed race. Latinos were 13. 0% of the population, the most common ethnicities in Suffolk County in 2007 were Italian, Irish, and German. 18. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.36. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,23. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, in 2008, Forbes magazine released its American Community Survey and named Suffolk County number 4 in its list of the top 25 richest counties in America
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Westchester County, New York
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Westchester County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. It is the second-most populous county on the mainland of New York, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 949,113, estimated to have increased by 2. 9% to 976,396 by 2015. Situated in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles, consisting of 6 cities,19 towns, established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, the annual per capita income for Westchester was $47,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $77,006 was the fifth highest in New York, by 2014, the countys median household income had risen to $83,422. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around, the first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in the 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s, Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present day Bronx County, and abutted then-Dutchess County to the north, by 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid, in 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impacts on the growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842, now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, the railroads often determined the growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the county population was 99,000. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, during the latter half of the 19th century, Westchesters transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. In 1874, the portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form their own county, during the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today
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Dutchess County, New York
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Dutchess County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 297,488, the county seat and largest city is Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683 and later organized in 1713, Dutchess County is part of the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley, prior to Anglo-Dutch settlement, what is today Dutchess County was a leading center for the native Wappinger peoples. They had their council-fire at what is now present-day Fishkill Hook, on November 1,1683, the Province of New York established its first twelve counties, with Dutchess County being one of them. Its boundaries at that time included the present Putnam County, the county was named for Mary of Modena, Duchess of York, second wife of James, Duke of York. Dutchess is a form of the word duchess. The Province of New York and the Connecticut Colony negotiated an agreement on November 28,1683, establishing their border as 20 miles east of the Hudson River, north to Massachusetts. The 61,660 acres east of the Byram River making up the Connecticut Panhandle were granted to Connecticut, the eastern half of the stub of land in northeast Dutchess County containing Rudd Pond and Taconic State Park is the northernmost extension of The Oblong. Until 1713, Dutchess was administered by Ulster County, on October 23,1713 Queen Anne gave permission for Dutchess County to elect its own officers from among their own population including a Supervisor, Tax Collector, Tax Assessor and Treasurer. In 2013, Dutchess County celebrated its 300th anniversary of democracy based upon a resolution sponsored by County Legislator Michael Kelsey from Salt Point. In 1812, Putnam County was detached from Dutchess, in the twelve years 1685–1697 lawful patents had been granted securing for their purchasers every foot of Hudson River shoreline in the original county. Three additional patents, to 1706, laid claim to the interior lands. From 1683 to 1715 most of the settlers in Dutchess County were Dutch, many of these moved in from Albany and Ulster Counties. They settled along the Fishkill River and in the areas that are now Poughkeepsie, from 1715 to 1730 most of the new settlers in Dutchess county were Germans. From 1730 until 1775 New Englanders were the new settlers in Dutchess County. Franklin D. Roosevelt lived in his home in Hyde Park. His familys home is now the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, prior to the 1960s, Dutchess County was primarily agricultural
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Orange County, New York
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Orange County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 372,813 and this county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. Orange County is included in the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley. The County Executive is Steve Neuhaus, as of the 2010 census the centre of population of New York state was located in Orange County, approximately three miles west of the hamlet of Westbrookville. Orange County was officially established on November 1,1683, when the Province of New York was divided into twelve counties. Each of these was named to honor a member of the British royal family, and Orange County took its name from the Prince of Orange, as originally defined, Orange County included only the southern part of its present-day territory, plus all of present-day Rockland County further south. The northern part of the county, beyond Moodna Creek, was then a part of neighbouring Ulster County. Due to its small population, the original Orange County was not fully independent and was administered by New York County. The first European settlers in the area of the county arrived in 1685. They were a party of around twenty-five families from Scotland, led by David Toshach, the Laird of Monzievaird, and his brother-in-law Major Patrick McGregor and they settled in the Hudson Highlands at the place where the Moodna Creek enters the Hudson River, now known as New Windsor. In 1709, a group of German Palatine refugees settled at Newburgh and they were Protestants from a part of Germany along the Rhine that had suffered during the religious wars. Queen Annes government arranged for passage from England of nearly 3,000 Palatines in ten ships, many were settled along the Hudson River in work camps on property belonging to Robert Livingston. A group of Dutch and English settlers arrived at Goshen in 1712, additional immigrants came from Ireland, they were of Scots and English descent who had been settled as planters there. In 1798, after the American Revolutionary War, the boundaries of Orange County changed and its southern corner was used to create the new Rockland County, and in exchange, an area to the north of the Moodna Creek was added, which had previously been in Ulster County. This caused a reorganization of the administration, as the original county seat had been fixed at Orangetown in 1703. The county court was established in 1801 and it was not until 1970 that Goshen was named as the sole county seat. Due to a dispute between New York and New Jersey, the boundaries of many of the southern towns of the county were not definitively established until the 19th century. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 839 square miles
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Ulster County, New York
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Ulster County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 182,493, the county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. Ulster County comprises the Kingston, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley The area of present-day Ulster County was called Esopus by Dutch settlers, it was then part of the New Netherland Colony. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, purchased land at Esopus, in 1683, the Duke of York created twelve counties in his province. Ulster County was one of them and its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County, and portions of the present Delaware, Orange, and Greene Counties. In 1777, the capital of New York State was established at Kingston, in 1797, portions of Otsego and Ulster Counties were split off to create Delaware County. In 1798, the southernmost towns in Ulster County were moved into Orange County, in 1800, portions of Albany and Ulster Counties were split off to create Greene County. In 1809, Sullivan County was split off from Ulster County, during the American Civil War volunteers were recruited from the more affluent families of the County to form the 139th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,161 square miles. Ulster County is in the southeast part of New York State, south of Albany, much of the county is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. The highest point is Slide Mountain, at approximately 4,180 feet above sea level, the lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River. The population density was 158 people per square mile, there were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 per square mile. 7. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 2% were of Italian,16. 8% Irish,15. 5% German,6. 8% English, and 4. 7% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 90. 3% spoke English,4. 5% Spanish,1. 2% Italian, of all households,27. 90% were made up of individuals and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 23. 50% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,29. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.10 males
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Washington County, New York
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Washington County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,216, the county seat is Fort Edward. The county was named for President George Washington, Washington County is part of the Glens Falls, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Albany-Schenectady, NY Combined Statistical Area. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Washington County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. The other two were called Tryon County and Charlotte County, in 1784, Charlotte County was renamed Washington County in honor of George Washington, the American Revolutionary War general and later President of the United States of America. In 1788, Clinton County was split off from Washington County and this was a much larger area than the present Clinton County, including several other counties or county parts of the present New York State. In 1791, the Town of Cambridge was transferred from Albany County to Washington County, in 1813, Warren County was split off from Washington County. In 1994, with the completion of the new municipal center, in 2006, Cambridge Town Supervisor Jo Ann Trinkle made history by becoming the first Chairwoman of the Board of Supervisors. The Lemuel Haynes House is further designated to be a National Historic Landmark, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 846 square miles, of which 831 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Washington County is a narrow county located in the northeastern section of the State. It is known for its rich valley farm land and is part of the Great Appalachian Valley which is a narrow valley strip often between tall mountain ranges. The county transitions from the Taconic Mountains to the Adirondack Mountains, much of the county is part of the slate valley of the Upper Taconic Mountains. The eastern boundary of Washington County is the New York–Vermont border and this is also the border with New England proper. The northern end of the county is part of the Adirondack Mountains, western boundaries include primarily the Hudson River and Lake George. These waters mingle in the Saint Lawrence with waters of all the Great Lakes as they flow northeast into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, meanwhile, the remainder of waters drain south via the Hudson River, and ultimately flow south into the Atlantic Ocean below New York City. See the approximation of the watershed divide mapped in context of mountains, nearly half of its borders are by long bodies of water
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Clinton County, New York
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Clinton County is a county in the state of New York, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 82,128 and its county seat is the city of Plattsburgh. The county is named after George Clinton, the first Governor of New York who went on to become Vice President, the county lies to the south of the border with the Canadian province of Quebec. Clinton County comprises the Plattsburgh, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Clinton County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Charlotte County, contained the eastern portion. In 1784, the name Charlotte County was changed to Washington County to honor George Washington, in 1788, Clinton County was split off from Washington County. This was a larger area than the present Clinton County. In 1799, Essex County was split off from Clinton County, in 1802, parts of Clinton, Herkimer, and Montgomery counties were taken to form the new St. Lawrence County. In 1808, Franklin County was split off from Clinton County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,118 square miles, of which 1,038 square miles is land and 80 square miles is water. Clinton County is in the part of the State of New York, west of Vermont. The eastern boundary of Clinton County is Lake Champlain, which serves as the New York-Vermont border, because of this, the encompassing region is referred to as the Adirondack Coast. The Ausable River forms a part of the south county line. The southwest part of the county is in the Adirondack Park, however, it was won by Democratic candidates in recent national and statewide election. Presidential election, Barack Obama carried the county by a 22. 9% margin over John McCain, in 2006, both Eliot Spitzer and Hillary Clinton carried it winning 63% and 64% of vote. In 2010, Andrew Cuomo, and Senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand carried the county with over 60 percent of the vote, however, local races are most often won by Republican candidates. For example, the region had never sent a Democrat to Congress until 2009, the Clinton County Legislature is the lawmaking body of the county
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Albany County, New York
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Albany County is a county in the state of New York, in the United States. Its northern border is formed by the Mohawk River, at its confluence with the Hudson River, as of the 2010 census, the population was 304,204. The county seat is Albany, the state capital, as originally established by the English government in the colonial era, Albany County had an indefinite amount of land, but has had an area of 530 square miles since March 3,1888. The county is named for the Duke of York and of Albany, Albany County constitutes the central core of the Capital District of New York State, which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. After England took control of New Netherland from the Dutch, Albany County was created on November 1,1683 by New York Governor Thomas Dongan, Livingston Manor was annexed to Albany County from Dutchess County in 1717. Albanys boundaries were defined more closely as various state statutes would add land to the county, Albany was established as a city in 1686 by Governor Dongan through the Dongan Charter after the English took over the colony. Schenectady to the west was given a patent with some rights in 1684. The Manor of Rensselaerswyck was created as a district within the county in 1772, the west district included all of what is now Albany County with the exception of what lands were in the city of Albany at that time. Though the Manor of Rensselaerswyck was the district in what is today Albany County. Pittstown in 1761, and Duanesburgh in 1764, were created as townships, but when districts were created in 1772, those townships were incorporated into new districts, Pittstown in Schaghticoke and Duanesburgh into the United Districts of Duanesburgh and Schoharie. Schenectady was made from a borough to a district in 1772 as well, other districts established in 1772 were Hoosick, Coxsackie, Cambridge, Saratoga, Halfmoon, Kinderhook, Kings, Claverack, Great Imboght, and the Manor of Livingston. In a census of 1697, there were 1,452 individuals living in Albany County, by the end of the war in 1698, the population had dropped to 1,482, but rebounded quickly and was at 2,273 by 1703. By 1723, it had increased to 6,501 and in 1731 to 8,573, in 1737, the inhabitants of Albany County would outnumber those of New York County by 17 people. In 1774, Albany County, with 42,706 people, was the largest county in colonial New York, according to the first Federal Census in 1790, Albany County reached 75,921 inhabitants and was still the largest county in the state. On March 7,1788, the state of New York divided the state into towns eliminating districts as administrative units by passing New York Laws of 1788. Albany County was one of the twelve counties created by the Province of New York on November 1,1683. At that time it included all of New York state north of Dutchess and Ulster counties, all of what is now Bennington County in Vermont, on May 27,1717, Albany County was adjusted to gain an indefinite amount of land from Dutchess County and other non-county lands. Lawrence watershed westward to the St. Lawrence River, implicitly setting the limit of Albany County
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Columbia County, New York
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Columbia County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,096, the name comes from the Latin feminine form of the name of Christopher Columbus, which was at the time of the formation of the county a popular proposal for the name of the United States of America. Columbia County comprises the Hudson, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Albany-Schenectady. It is located on the east side of the Hudson River, at the time of European encounter, the area was occupied by the indigenous Mohican Indians. To the west of the river were the Mohawk and other four tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, the first known European exploration of Columbia County was in 1609, when Henry Hudson, an English explorer sailing for the Dutch, ventured up the Hudson River. An accident to his craft forced him to stop at what is now known as Columbia County, in 1612, the Dutch established trading posts and minor settlements, constructing New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. Fort Orange became a center of the fur trade with the Mohawk people, traders began to stop at midway points along the Hudson River, on their travels between New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. Small settlements arose along the river to supply the traders ships, in 1649, Dutch colonists purchased land near Claverack and in 1667, more land was purchased. As more Dutch arrived, the region slowly developed, in 1664, the English took over New Netherland and renamed it the Province of New York, they also renamed Fort Orange as Albany. He gained much larger grants from the government, for a total of 160,240 acres. He was made lord of the manor by the Crown, with all its perquisites, in 1710, he sold 6,000 acres of his property to Queen Anne of England for use as work camps and resettlement of Palatine German refugees. The Crown had supported their passage to New York, and they were to pay off the costs as indentured labor, some 1200 Palatine Germans were brought to Livingston Manor. New Yorks Governor Hunter had also helped with arrangements, the workers were to manufacture naval stores from the pine trees in the Catskill Mountains. They were promised land for resettlement after completing their terms of indenture and they were refugees from years of religious fighting along the border with France, as well as crop failures from a severe winter. Work camps were established on both sides of the Hudson River, the Germans quickly established Protestant churches at the heart of their community, which recorded their weddings, births and deaths, among the first vital records kept in the colony. In 1799, the boundary of Columbia County was moved southward to include that portion of Livingston Manor located in Dutchess County. In the nineteenth century, the Vermont Central Railway was constructed to the area and it provided transportation north towards Rutland and Burlington, Vermont, and south towards the major junction town of Chatham, New York, for travel to points west, south and east. Voters in Columbia County since the century have mostly elected Republicans to office
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Montgomery County, New York
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Montgomery County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 50,219, the county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec. It was created in 1772 as Tryon County and in 1784 was renamed Montgomery County, Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River, in 1784, following end of the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County. This change was to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and it replaced the name formerly honoring the last provincial governor of New York. In 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery, in 1791, Herkimer, Otsego, and Tioga counties were split off from Montgomery. In 1802, portions of Clinton, Herkimer, and Montgomery counties were combined to form St. Lawrence County, in 1816, Hamilton County was split off from Montgomery. In 1838, Fulton County was split off from Montgomery, in 2012, Montgomery County voters approved a charter, making it the 21st county in New York to do so. In 2013, Matthew L. Ossenfort was elected the first County Executive in the countys history, Ossenfort took office in 2014, the same year the charter went into effect. Under the terms of the charter, the Board of Supervisors was replaced by a nine-member County Legislature, thomas L. Quackenbush was elected the first Chairman of the new Legislature. 1789-1797 - None 1797-1803 - NY9 1803-1809 - NY13 1809-1813 - NY9 1813-1823 - NY14 1823-1833 - NY16 1833-1843 - NY15 1843-1853 - NY17 1853-1873 - NY18 1873-1875 - NY19 1875-1893 - NY20 1893-1913 -. 1913-1945 - NY30 1945-1953 - NY31 1953-1963 - NY32 1963-1971 - NY35 1971-1973 - NY28 & NY29 1973-1983 - NY28 & NY31 1983-1993 - NY23 &, Montgomery County is located in the central part of the state, west of the city of Schenectady and northwest of Albany. Overall, the canal connected Great Lakes shipping with the Hudson River, several towns and villages developed along the canal, as it carried much trade and passenger traffic during its peak years. After the railroad was built through the state, along the river plain, it superseded the canal. At the time of the construction, Montgomery County was the only place where there was a break in the Appalachian Mountains. Called The Noses because of construction, it became known as the gateway to the West. In the mid-twentieth century, the NYS Thruway was constructed parallel to the former east-west routes of the canal, today the Erie Canal and its lock system is used primarily for recreational boat use among locals and tourists. Montgomery County is located in the heart of the states Mohawk Valley region, foothills of the Catskill Mountains dot the southern part of the county, while foothills of the Adirondack Mountains dot the north
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Lewis Morris
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Lewis Morris was an American landowner and developer from Morrisania, New York. Declaration of Independence as a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York, Lewis Morris was born on April 8,1726 at his familys Morrisania estate, in what was then the Province of New York. He was the third Lewis Morris in the Morris family and he was the son of Lewis Morris and Katrintje Catherine Staats. After his mother died, his father married Sarah Gouverneur and he graduated from Yale College in 1746, and upon his fathers death in 1762, he inherited the bulk of the estate. Morris father had seven children, including his siblings, Staats Long Morris and Richard Morris and his uncle was Robert Hunter Morris, the Governor of Pennsylvania. His cousin by marriage was William Paterson, the Governor of New Jersey and father-in-law of Stephen Van Rensselaer, Governor of New York, who was the brother of Philip Schuyler Van Rensselaer, Mayor of Albany, New York. Anthony Walton White, a Continental General, was his cousin through Morris aunt and his great-grandfather, Richard Morris, had immigrated to New York through Barbados after being part of Oliver Cromwells army in the English Civil War of 1648. He purchased the first tract of land in the Bronx that became the basis for the Morrisania manor, when Richard and his young wife died, they left behind an infant son, the also Lewis Morris. Richards brother, Colonel Lewis Morris, also of Barbados, came to Morrisania to help manage the estate belonging to his late-brother. After Col. Morris and his wifes death, who were childless, Lewis Morris, inherited the estate, expanded it and he married a woman named Isabella and went on to serve as the 8th Colonial Governor of New Jersey. As a prominent land owner in colonial New York, Lewis was appointed as a judge of the Admiralty Court for the province in 1760, in 1769, he was elected to the Colonial Assembly. In 1774, as the Revolution drew near, he resigned from the Admiralty Court, when active revolution began, he was a member of the New York Provincial Congress, the revolutionary government, from 1775 until 1777. That body, in turn, sent Morris to the Continental Congress for those same years, while in Congress, he was an active supporter of independence, and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. When warned by his half-brother, Gouverneur Morris, of the consequences that would follow his signing of the document, Morris stated. He served in the 1st New York State Legislature, which began on September 9,1777, until the end of the 4th Legislature and his eldest three sons served during the Revolutionary war, and had distinguished military careers. Beginning on July 1,1783, he returned to the New York State Senate, in 1788, when the New York convention met to ratify the U. S. Constitution, he was one of the delegates. Morris was a Federalist presidential elector in 1796, and cast his votes for John Adams, in 1784, Morris was elected an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. On May 1 of the year, he was appointed to the first Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and served until his death
