1.
The Bronx
–
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
145th Street (Manhattan)
–
145th Street is a major crosstown street in the Harlem neighborhood, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is one of the 15 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioners Plan of 1811 that established the street grid in Manhattan. It forms the border of the Sugar Hill neighborhood within Harlem. 145th Street starts on the West Side at the Henry Hudson Parkway, crossing Riverside Drive, Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, Convent Avenue, the street passes Edgecombe Avenue and Bradhurst Avenue, where 145 Street forms the southern border of Jackie Robinson Park. The Bx19 traverses 145th Street from end-to-end, starting with a loop in Riverbank State Park and heading back to the Bronx over the 145th Street Bridge to the New York Botanical Garden
4.
Harlem River
–
The Harlem River is an 8-mile tidal strait flowing between the Hudson River and the East River and separating the island of Manhattan from the Bronx on the New York mainland. The northern stretch, also called the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, has significantly altered for navigation purposes. Originally it curved round the north of Marble Hill, but in 1895 the Harlem River Ship Canal was dug between Manhattan and Marble Hill, and in 1914 the original course was filled in. The Harlem River forms a part of the Hudson estuary system, approximately 18,000 years ago the Laurentide ice sheet receded northward across the continent leaving behind a large escarpment creating the modern day Hudson River. The Harlem River is therefore affected by the actions of the ocean, the ebb and flow of the tides causes the Harlem River’s currents to fluctuate dramatically throughout the day. The effects of the tides have influenced the spread of silts, pollutants, Sherman Creek is a small inlet off the Harlem River at 10th Avenue and Dyckman Street in Inwood. Named for a family settled there in 1807, it was once the site of a number of racing shell clubs boathouses along scullers row. The last, belonging to Fordham University, was lost to suspected arson in 1978, as a name for the several blocks around it, Sherman Creek is something of a historical relic, although many regard it as a part of Washington Heights. The Manhattan Institute held a forum, Saving Sherman Creek, in January 2006 at the Harvard Club of New York, the Daily News has written about the project. There has been an initiative among politicians over the last few years to re-zone this area for residential and commercial use, currently, Con Ed and the City of New York own some of the property in this area. The channel was difficult to navigate, resulting in the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal in 1895 and this turned the watercourse west approximately where 222nd Street would be in the Bronx, which had the effect of isolating Marble Hill. Almost two decades later, the original creekbed was filled in, physically attaching Marble Hill to the Bronx, another channel was dug in 1937 to the west of the 1895 realignment straightening the Spuyten Duyvil towards the Hudson. It pared off a protruding tip of the Bronx, which was absorbed into Manhattans Inwood Hill Park, home today to its Nature Center. It was in this era that the first crossing on the Harlem was built, at the Old Albany Road in 1693, beginning a history of bridge construction. This came to be called King’s Bridge, where a toll was assessed for access to the island, the shallow waters of the creek along this stretch were thus spanned. The issue of navigability became a topic of early in the river’s history. In 1813, the Macomb family built a dam to power a mill, however it created a millpond and impeded the river’s flow and open navigation. While this condition was tolerated for years, a vessel manned by principal landholders and politicians, including Gouverneur and Lewis Morris
5.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
6.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
7.
New York City Department of Transportation
–
The New York City Department of Transportation is the agency of the government of New York City responsible for the management of much of New York Citys transportation infrastructure. Polly Trottenberg is the current Commissioner of the Department of Transportation, the Department of Transportations responsibilities include day-to-day maintenance of the citys streets, highways, bridges and sidewalks. The Department of Transportation is also responsible for installing and maintaining the citys street signs, traffic signals, DOT supervises street resurfacing, pothole repair, parking meter installation and maintenance, and the management of a municipal parking facilities. DOT also operates the Staten Island Ferry, DOT is also responsible for oversight of transportation-related issues, such as authorizing jitney van services and permits for street construction. DOT also advocates for safety issues, including promotion of pedestrian. Its regulations are compiled in title 34 of the New York City Rules, the agencys portfolio includes most of the East River and Harlem River bridges, as well as smaller bridges throughout the city. Other agencies that operate road bridges in New York include the MTA, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the New York State DOT
8.
Macombs Dam Bridge
–
The Macombs Dam Bridge spans the Harlem River in New York City, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx near Yankee Stadium. It is the third-oldest bridge in New York City and, along with the 155th Street Viaduct, was designated a New York City Landmark in January 1992, the bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. The bridge is located 3.2 miles from the mouth of the Harlem River and it consists of a swing bridge over the Harlem River decorated with four finials and with stone end piers with shelter houses, and a camelback span over the railroad tracks on the Bronx side. The main swing span is 408 feet long and provides two shipping channels with 150 feet of horizontal clearance, when closed the bridge provides 25 feet of vertical clearance. The bridges total length is 2,540 feet, the current bridge is the most recent of several bridges in the area, the first of which – along with the since-demolished lock-and-dam system – opened in 1814. The wooden Central Bridge followed in 1861, to be replaced by the current bridge, which was called the Central Bridge. However the name never stuck, and the old name Macombs Dam Bridge remained in popular use, construction began in 1890 and was completed in 1895 at a total cost of $1.3 million. The bridge, which was designed by consulting engineer Alfred Pancoast Boller, the New York City Department of Transportation began a $145 million renovation of this bridge in 1999. It has four lanes for traffic, and a sidewalk on each side for pedistrians. At the western end of the bridge is a steel viaduct leading to the intersection of 155th Street and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Boulevard. At the eastern end, an approach road leads to Jerome Avenue. Immediately to the north of the bridge was another swing bridge along which the now-demolished 9th Avenue El reached the Bronx and that bridge was demolished sometime after this section of the 9th Avenue El ceased operation in 1958. For 2011, the NYCDOT, which operates and maintains the bridge, the Macombs Dam Bridge carries the Bx6 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit. The routes average weekday ridership is 21,973, list of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York Notes Official website Historic American Engineering Record No
9.
Madison Avenue Bridge
–
The Madison Avenue Bridge is a four lane swing bridge that crosses the Harlem River in New York City, connecting Madison Avenue in Manhattan with East 138th Street in the Bronx. It was designed by Alfred P. Boller and built in 1910 to replace, the bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. For 2011, the NYCDOT reported a daily traffic volume in both directions of 41,423, having reached a peak of 49,487 in 2002. The bridge is part of the course for the annual New York City Marathon, the average weekday ridership of the Bx33 bus route is 3,216. The average weekday ridership on the BxM3 bus route is 718, the average weekday ridership on the BxM4 bus route is 414. Prior to June 27,2010, the BxM4 was known as the BxM4A, notes Madison Avenue Bridge - historic overview NYC DoT Madison Avenue Bridge
10.
Swing bridge
–
Small swing bridges as found over canals may be pivoted only at one end, opening as would a gate, but require substantial underground structure to support the pivot. In its closed position, a bridge carrying a road or railway over a river or canal, for example. When a water vessel needs to pass the bridge, road traffic is stopped, as this type requires no counterweights, the complete weight is significantly reduced as compared to other moveable bridges. Where sufficient channel is available to have individual traffic directions on each side, the central support is often mounted upon a berm along the axis of the watercourse, intended to protect the bridge from watercraft collisions when it is opened. This artificial island forms an excellent construction area for building the movable span as the construction will not impede channel traffic, for a symmetrical bridge, the central pier forms a hazard to navigation. Asymmetrical bridges may place the pivot near one side of the channel, where a wide channel is not available, a large portion of the bridge may be over an area that would be easily spanned by other means. A wide channel will be reduced by the pivot and foundation. If struck from the water near the edge of the span, buna River Bridge, in Shkodra, Albania. Puente de la Mujer, an asymmetrical cable-stayed span, the Sale Swing Bridge, Sale, Victoria, Australia. Dunalley Bridge, Dunalley, Tasmania Still in use, Belize City Swing Bridge, Belize City, Belize. Oldest such bridge in Central America and one of the few manually operated swing bridge in world still in operation, the longest swing bridge span is 340 metres, by the El Ferdan Railway Bridge across the Suez Canal. Le pont tournant rue Dieu, across the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris, is a location in the 1938 film Hôtel du Nord. Kalpaka Tilts, Liepāja, connecting the city with the former Russian/Soviet port Karosta, the Abtsewoudsebrug in Delft, close to the Technische Universiteit Delft, is a bridge of this type. 52°0′5. 71″N 4°21′50. 10″E Theres another one on the channel between Ghent and Terneuzen at Sas Van Gent, many inner cities have swing bridges, since these require less street space than other types of bridges. Kopu Bridge, Waihou River, near Thames, New Zealand A swing bridge at the Gatun Locks provides the only road passage over the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal and this is a small bridge that swings out from each side. Another larger swing bridge at the Miraflores Locks is on the Pacific side but is used, having been supplanted by the Bridge of the Americas. Crosskeys Bridge - carries the A17 road over the River Nene in Lincolnshire Folkestone Harbour railway station - railway bridge on the branch line, goole railway swing bridge Glasson Dock swing bridge Hawarden Railway Bridge - rail. Many are manually operated, carrying only farm tracks, but a significant number carry road traffic and are mechanised for boater operation, manchester Ship Canal at Latchford, Stockton Heath and Lower Walton in Warrington, and also slightly further west at Moore
11.
Annual average daily traffic
–
Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally, it is the volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is, newer advances from traffic data providers are now providing AADT by side of the road, by day of week and by time of day. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance, in the United States the amount of federal funding a state will receive is related to the total traffic measured across its Highway network. Each year on June 15, every state in the United States submits a Highway Performance Monitoring System HPMS report, the HPMS report contains various information regarding the road segments in the state based on a sample of the road segments. In the report, the AADT is converted to Vehicle Miles Traveled, VMT is the AADT multiplied by the length of the road segment. To determine the amount of traffic a state has, the AADT cannot be summed for all road segments since an AADT is a rate, the VMT is summed and is used as an indicator of the amount of traffic a state has. For federal-funding, formulas are applied to include the VMT and other highway statistics, to measure AADT on individual road segments, traffic data is collected either by an automated traffic counter or hiring an observer to record traffic. There are two different techniques of measuring the AADTs for road segments, one technique is called continuous count data collection method. This is where sensors are embedded into a road and traffic data is measured all 365 days. The AADT would be the sum of the traffic for the entire year divided by 365 days. There is a problem calculating the AADT with this method. The continuous count equipment is not operating for the full 365 days due to being shut down for maintenance or repair, because of this, seasonal or day-of-week biases might skew the calculated AADT. In 1992, AASHTO released the AASHTO Guidelines for Traffic Data Programs, for every month and day-of-week, a Monthly Average Day of Week is calculated. Each day-of-weeks MADW is then calculated across months to calculate an Annual Average Day of Week, finally, the AADWs are averaged to calculate an AADT. The United States Federal Highway Administration has adopted this method as the method in the. While providing the most accurate AADT, installing and maintaining continuous count stations method is costly, most agencies are only able to monitor a very small percentage of the roadway using this method. Most AADTs are generated using data collection methods sometimes known as the coverage count data collection method
12.
Lenox Avenue
–
Lenox Avenue – also named Malcolm X Boulevard, both names are officially recognized – is the primary north–south route through Harlem in the upper portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. This two-way street runs from Farmers Gate at Central Park North to 147th Street and its traffic is figuratively described as Harlems heartbeat by Langston Hughes in his poem Juke Box Love Song. The IRT Lenox Avenue Line runs under the length of the street. From 119th Street to 123rd Street, Lenox Avenue is part of the Mount Morris Park Historic District, originally a part of Sixth Avenue, it was renamed in late 1887 for philanthropist James Lenox. In 1987, it was co-named Malcolm X Boulevard, in honor of the civil rights leader. The avenue was the heart of Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1930s, the street brought together African Americans, Latinos, British West Indians, and Spaniards who developed relationships over common interests such as jazz and food. In 1932, Harlem was so firmly established as the capital of jazz. Jazz flourished and grew like it could have in no other time and you might have had 15 great clubs on one block, all going at once, said the trombonist and bandleader Wycliffe Gordon. Imagine going into a joint to check out Willie The Lion Smith, Lenox Avenue is thought by some to be one of the most important streets in the world for African American culture. The Savoy Ballroom was located between 140th and 141st Streets on Lenox Avenue, other historical venues of Lenox Avenue are Sylvias Restaurant, located between 126th and 127th, and the Lenox Lounge, located between 124th and 125th. The corner of Lenox Avenue and 125th Street is mentioned in the song When the Revolution Comes by The Last Poets on their self-titled album, small Talk at 125th and Lenox is an album by Gil Scott-Heron. Lenox Avenue Breakdown is an album by alto saxophonist Arthur Blythe. Columbia Records released the album in 1979, in The Fire Next Time, James Baldwin refers to Lenox Avenue simply as The Avenue. Lenox Avenue, Midnight, a poem by Langston Hughes, is set on Lenox Avenue. The avenue is mentioned in his Juke Box Love Song and Consider Me, the avenue is featured in the first verse of the original Irving Berlin lyrics of Puttin on the Ritz. The song refers to the fad of poor but flashily dressed black Harlemites parading up and down Lenox Avenue. In the title track of his debut record Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous, Big L raps about 139th Street, there is a web series on YouTube called Lenox Avenue starring Al Thompson, who also created and produced the series. The street signs are heavily featured in the titles of the 2016 Netflix series Luke Cage
13.
New York State Route 22
–
New York State Route 22 is a north–south state highway in eastern New York, in the United States. It runs parallel to the eastern edge from the outskirts of New York City to the hamlet of Mooers in Clinton County. At 337 miles, it is the states longest north–south route, many of the states major east–west roads intersect with Route 22 just before crossing the state line into the neighboring New England states. Almost all of Route 22 is a rural road that only passes through small villages. The exceptions are its southern end in the heavily populated Bronx and lower Westchester County, an 86-mile section from Fort Ann to Keeseville is part of the All-American Road known as the Lakes to Locks Passage. Route 22 in its form was established in 1930 as one of the principal routes from New York City to Canada. Route 22 starts as an arterial road, passing through the most populous communities along its route within its first 15 miles. The majority of NY 22s 337-mile routing is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation, however, the southernmost of these is in the Bronx, where the entirety of NY22 within the borough is maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. In Westchester County, NY22 is mostly locally maintained within the city of Mount Vernon and is county-maintained within the city of White Plains, in Clinton County, the route is locally maintained within the city of Plattsburgh. Route 22 starts as Provost Avenue at an intersection with U. S. Route 1 in the Eastchester section of the Bronx and it soon crosses the Westchester county line into Mount Vernon and becomes South Third Avenue, beginning a 30-mile section in that county. Shortly after the county line, Route 22 makes a turn to the right at the South Columbus Avenue intersection. It parallels the nearby Hutchinson River Parkway as it heads into the New York City suburbs of Bronxville, at Wilson Woods Lake, it crosses a pair of railroad tracks and becomes North Columbus Avenue, then has its first interchange with a limited-access road at the Cross County Parkway. Two country clubs on either side herald NY 22s entry into the suburb of Eastchester and it makes a turn to the northeast, passing the Vernon Hills Shopping Center to the right. After leaving Eastchester, NY22 continues north into the village of Scarsdale, the route parallels the Bronx River Parkway as it enters Westchesters county seat, White Plains. NY22 also intersects NY125 and NY119 in downtown White Plains, then bends to the northwest along North Broadway, White Plains Rural Cemetery is visible to the west as NY22 continues northward out of the city. For the first time, NY22 runs parallel to New Yorks eastern border, a short distance later, NY433, one of the states shortest highways, heads south from NY22 into Greenwich. In downtown Bedford, the first settlement since White Plains, the overlaps with NY172 for a few blocks. Two miles north of junction, NY22 becomes parallel to I-684 into the Town of Somers
14.
New York State Route 100
–
New York State Route 100 is a major north–south state highway in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. NY100 was designated as part of the 1930 renumbering of highways in New York. Prior to becoming a road, various sections of NY100 were part of several important early roads in the county. NY100 begins in the city of Yonkers as Central Park Avenue at exit 4 of the New York State Thruway and this portion of Central Park Avenue is maintained by Westchester County as County Route 47II, an unsigned route. Central Park Avenue continues south into the Bronx and serves as a road for I-87 in this area. NY100 diverges from I-87 just north of exit 5 and heads northeast, Central Park Avenue continues out of the city of Yonkers in the area between the Grassy Sprain Reservoir and the Bronx River into the town of Greenburgh. NY100 runs through the hamlet of Hartsdale, about two miles north of the city line, and where the loop route NY 100A begins, Central Park Avenue then enters the city limits of White Plains, where the road ends at NY119. Within White Plains, the road is county-maintained with unsigned designations of CR99, NY100 north follows NY119 west for a 0. 5-mile overlap through the town center of Greenburgh. Access to I-287 and the Bronx River Parkway can be made in the vicinity of the 100/119 overlap, NY100 then splits off to the north using Hillside Avenue and Grasslands Road as it goes around the perimeter of Westchester Community College. At a four-way intersection between Grasslands Road, Knollwood Road, and Bradhurst Avenue, NY100 meets with the end of NY 100A. NY100 makes a turn to follow Bradhurst Avenue north from the junction while Grasslands Road continues west as NY 100C. Bradhurst Avenue leads into the hamlet of Hawthorne within the town of Mount Pleasant, NY100 subsequently shifts onto Saw Mill River Road using a brief section of NY141. From this junction, Saw Mill River Road is a partially controlled-access highway as it continues alongside the Taconic State Parkway. It has a junction with NY117 about 1.1 miles north of the 9A/100 merge. 9A and 100 then enter the eastern edge of the village of Briarcliff Manor, many of the railroads old stations can still be found along the highway. NY100 passes through New Castle and meets NY133 in the hamlet of Millwood, from here, NY100 then follows the path of the Croton Turnpike. The road continues into the town of Yorktown, passing by the hamlet of Kitchawan, NY100 then crosses the Croton Reservoir on Pines Bridge. After crossing the reservoir, NY118 splits off to the west on Saw Mill River Road, the Croton Turnpike continues into the town of Somers, passing by some of the last remaining rural areas in Westchester County, including Muscoot Farm, a county owned early-1900s interpretive farm
15.
Coeymans, New York
–
Coeymans is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. The population was 7,418 at the 2010 census, the town is named after an early settler, who was the patent-holder for the area. The town is in the southeast part of the county, south of Albany, the Powell & Minnock Brick Yard, just north of the Hamlet on Rt. 144, was used as the site for a new swing span for the 145th Street Bridge in 2006. The site was chosen because of a lack of space closer to the city, barent Pieteres Koijemans first arrived in 1639 from Holland. He became an apprentice at a mill owned by the Van Rensselaers and he purchased the land and obtained a patent in 1673. Coeymans was formed part of the town of Watervliet in 1791. In 1815, part of the town was used to make the new town of Westerlo. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 53.1 square miles. The south town line is the border of Greene County, interstate 87 and U. S. Route 9W pass through the town. According to the 2000 U. S. Census, there were 8,151 people,3,121 households, the population density was 162.5 people per square mile. There were 3,404 housing units at a density of 67.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 61% White,2. 13% Black or African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 42% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 79% from other races, and 1. 80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 24% of the population,24. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was out with 27. 5% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,30. 4% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $46,742, and the median income for a family was $57,808
16.
Albany County, New York
–
Albany County is a county in the state of New York, in the United States. Its northern border is formed by the Mohawk River, at its confluence with the Hudson River, as of the 2010 census, the population was 304,204. The county seat is Albany, the state capital, as originally established by the English government in the colonial era, Albany County had an indefinite amount of land, but has had an area of 530 square miles since March 3,1888. The county is named for the Duke of York and of Albany, Albany County constitutes the central core of the Capital District of New York State, which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. After England took control of New Netherland from the Dutch, Albany County was created on November 1,1683 by New York Governor Thomas Dongan, Livingston Manor was annexed to Albany County from Dutchess County in 1717. Albanys boundaries were defined more closely as various state statutes would add land to the county, Albany was established as a city in 1686 by Governor Dongan through the Dongan Charter after the English took over the colony. Schenectady to the west was given a patent with some rights in 1684. The Manor of Rensselaerswyck was created as a district within the county in 1772, the west district included all of what is now Albany County with the exception of what lands were in the city of Albany at that time. Though the Manor of Rensselaerswyck was the district in what is today Albany County. Pittstown in 1761, and Duanesburgh in 1764, were created as townships, but when districts were created in 1772, those townships were incorporated into new districts, Pittstown in Schaghticoke and Duanesburgh into the United Districts of Duanesburgh and Schoharie. Schenectady was made from a borough to a district in 1772 as well, other districts established in 1772 were Hoosick, Coxsackie, Cambridge, Saratoga, Halfmoon, Kinderhook, Kings, Claverack, Great Imboght, and the Manor of Livingston. In a census of 1697, there were 1,452 individuals living in Albany County, by the end of the war in 1698, the population had dropped to 1,482, but rebounded quickly and was at 2,273 by 1703. By 1723, it had increased to 6,501 and in 1731 to 8,573, in 1737, the inhabitants of Albany County would outnumber those of New York County by 17 people. In 1774, Albany County, with 42,706 people, was the largest county in colonial New York, according to the first Federal Census in 1790, Albany County reached 75,921 inhabitants and was still the largest county in the state. On March 7,1788, the state of New York divided the state into towns eliminating districts as administrative units by passing New York Laws of 1788. Albany County was one of the twelve counties created by the Province of New York on November 1,1683. At that time it included all of New York state north of Dutchess and Ulster counties, all of what is now Bennington County in Vermont, on May 27,1717, Albany County was adjusted to gain an indefinite amount of land from Dutchess County and other non-county lands. Lawrence watershed westward to the St. Lawrence River, implicitly setting the limit of Albany County
17.
Bx19 (New York City bus)
–
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
18.
New York City Transit Authority
–
The New York City Transit Authority is a public authority in the U. S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America, the NYCTA operates the following systems, New York City Subway, a rapid transit system in Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens. Staten Island Railway, a transit line in Staten Island New York City Bus. As part of establishing a common identity, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1994 assigned popular names to each of its subsidiaries and affiliates. The New York City Transit Authority is now known popularly as MTA New York City Transit, newer contracts and RFPs, however, have also used the popular name. The Authority is also referred to as NYCT, or simply the TA. The Executive Director of the MTA is, ex officio, Executive Director of the Transit Authority, the Transit Authority has its own management structure which is responsible for its day-to-day operations, with executive personnel reporting to the agency president. Veronique “Ronnie” Hakim is the current President of New York City Transit, the subway system today is composed of what once were three separate systems in competition with one another. Two of them were built and operated by companies, August Belmonts Interborough Rapid Transit Company. The third, the public Independent Subway System was owned and operated by the City of New York. The IRT and BMT systems were acquired by the city on June 1,1940 for $317,000,000, the buses on Staten Island had been operated by a private company operating under a franchise that expired in 1946. When it became known that the company would not renew its franchise and this group ran into financial difficulties and the city took over the company on February 23,1947. The city then controlled all of the bus routes on Staten Island, on March 30,1947, the City took over the bus lines of the North Shore Bus Company, which comprised half of the privately owned lines in Queens, after that company went into financial troubles. On September 24,1948, the City acquired five bus lines in Manhattan for similar reasons, factories began to work around the clock, and therefore business boomed. Transit repairs were kept at a minimum as basic materials were in supply for civilian use. Operating revenues were raised and maintenance costs were reduced, but as a result, the future problems of deferred maintenance and falling ridership. In 1946, costs rose and profits turned to losses, and to obtain needed funds, the fare was raised in 1948 to ten cents on the subways and elevated and this increase only produced a revenue surplus for a single year. In 1951 a uniform ten-cent fare was established on both the transit and surface lines
19.
The Jeffersons
–
The Jeffersons is an American sitcom that was broadcast on CBS from January 18,1975, through July 2,1985, lasting 11 seasons and a total of 253 episodes. The show focuses on George and Louise Jefferson, a successful African-American couple who have moved from Queens to Manhattan following the success of Georges dry-cleaning business chain. The show was launched as the second spin-off of All in the Family, on which the Jeffersons had been the neighbors of Archie, the show was the creation of Norman Lear. The Jeffersons eventually evolved into more of a traditional sitcom but did reference such issues as alcoholism, racism, suicide, gun control, the epithets nigger and honky were used occasionally, especially during the earlier seasons. The Jeffersons had one spin-off, titled Checking In, the series was centered on the Jeffersons housekeeper, Florence. Checking In only lasted four episodes, after which Florence returned to The Jeffersons, the Jeffersons also shared continuity with the show E/R, which featured Lynne Moody, who made a guest appearance in one episode of The Jeffersons. Sherman Hemsley guest-starred as George in two episodes of the series, which lasted for one season, the Jeffersons ended in controversy after CBS abruptly canceled the series without allowing for a proper series finale. The cast was not informed until after the July 2,1985, episode Red Robins, the cast reunited in a stage play based on the sitcom. In the 1996 series finale of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, in an episode of Tyler Perrys House of Payne in 2011, Sherman Hemsley and Marla Gibbs reprised their roles of George Jefferson and Florence Johnston. In 1985, Hemsley and Sanford made a special joint guest appearance in the Canale 5 comedy show Grand Hotel, starring Italian actors Paolo Villaggio, Franco & Ciccio comic duo and Carmen Russo. They were guests in the hotel, and appeared just twice during the show. Their voices were dubbed by Italian actors Enzo Garinei and Isa di Marzio, Louise Jefferson, played by Isabel Sanford, first appeared in the All in the Family episode Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood, which was broadcast on March 2,1971. The episode, the eighth of the series, centers on Louise, her son Lionel, Lionel, played by Mike Evans, first appeared in Meet the Bunkers, the premiere episode of All in the Family. Norman Lear created the character of George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley, Lear created the character of Henry Jefferson, Georges younger brother, and replaced George with Henry in the seriess scripts until Purlie finished its run. Mel Stewart was cast as Henry, George was introduced in the episode Henrys Farewell, and Hemsley and Stewart share their only scene together in its final minutes. The episode marked the appearance of Henry. George, Louise, and Lionel continued to appear on All in the Family until 1975, when the spin-off The Jeffersons, also created by Lear, premiered. The characters of Lionels biracial fiancée, Jenny, and her family, the Jeffersons premiered the following week, on January 18,1975
20.
Michael Bloomberg
–
Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
21.
IRT White Plains Road Line
–
The White Plains Road Line is a rapid transit line of the IRT division of the New York City Subway serving the central Bronx. It is mostly elevated and served both subway and elevated trains until 1952, eventually, however, the two parts came to be known as the White Plains Road Line. It is currently being used by the 2 as the local at all times, crossovers just south of the station take trains to the correct tracks and a center express track comes out of those crossovers. Between Wakefield–241st Street and Nereid Avenue, a connection comes in from the 239th Street Yard, just north of Gun Hill Road, the now demolished IRT Third Avenue Line split from the local tracks. The line went to a level of Gun Hill Road. The IRT Dyre Avenue Line merges to the tracks just north of East 180th Street. The 5 late-night Dyre Avenue Shuttle uses the track to end its run. On the west side of junction is the East 180th Street Yard while the Unionport Yard is to the east. The now-gone three-track Bronx Park Spur merged from the west after East 180th Street with one track into each of the mainline tracks, just after this on the east side was a connection to the West Farms Yard, also gone. The express track north of Third Avenue–149th Street, and from there to the end the line has two tracks. Formerly in that there was a connection just to the north to the local tracks of the IRT Third Avenue Line. Just past those former connections, the White Plains Road Line goes underground, just after 149th Street–Grand Concourse, the tracks split off and the two currently used by the 5 train turn south to merge with the local tracks of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The other tracks, currently used by the 2 train, pass under the Harlem River via the 149th Street Tunnel and end at the at-grade 142nd Street Junction, connecting to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. McDonald and funded by August Belmont, for the construction of the subway, Contract 1 called for the construction of a line from City Hall north to Kingsbridge and a branch under Lenox Avenue and to Bronx Park. The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26,1904 between East 180th Street and Jackson Avenue, once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10,1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line. Elevated service via this connection was resumed on October 1,1907 when Second Avenue locals were extended to Freeman Street during rush hours. The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19,1913, were contracts for the construction, rehabilitation, the contracts were dual in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies, all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of lines in the Bronx
22.
2 (New York City Subway service)
–
The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
23.
Alexander Hamilton Bridge
–
The bridge opened to traffic on January 15,1963, the same day that the Cross-Bronx Expressway was completed. The total length of bridge, including approaches, is 2,375 feet, the parallel main spans of the steel arch bridge stretch 555 feet long over the Harlem River and provide 103 feet of vertical clearance at the center and 366 feet of horizontal clearance. With the Interstate designation, 90% of the $21 million in costs were covered by the federal government. The bridge recently underwent a renovation which began in 2009. The construction estimate was $400 million, as of July 15,2012, one of the eastbound lanes of the bridge had been closed to accommodate construction vehicles. While the traffic jams created from the construction had not been as bad as local officials had anticipated, the renovation of the bridge was the premise of The Weather Channel show Iron Men
24.
Bayonne Bridge
–
The Bayonne Bridge is an arch bridge spanning the Kill Van Kull connecting Bayonne, New Jersey with Staten Island, New York City. It carries NY440 and NJ440, the Bayonne Bridge is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world, and was the longest in the world at the time of its completion. Starting in 2013, there has been a project to raise the roadbed from its old height of 155 feet to a new height of 215 feet above mean high waters. This provides increased clearance for shipping to accommodate neo-Panamax ships, a new roadway, completed in November 2016, spans the length of the bridge, and opened to traffic on February 20,2017. The new navigational clearance is expected to be achieved in late 2017, the original roadway carries two lanes of motor traffic in each direction, as well as a walkway that is temporarily closed for reconstruction. The roadway deck could accommodate an expansion for two traffic lanes or two light-rail lanes. The new roadways will each carry two lanes of motor traffic, in addition to a walkway. During construction, all traffic uses the new northbound roadway with one lane in each direction, in 1921, the Port of New York Authority was created to oversee transportation in the Port of New York and New Jersey. At the time, bridges in New York City were being built at a brisk pace, not long after, in 1928, the Port Authority opened its first two bridges between New Jersey and Staten Island, the Goethals Bridge and the Outerbridge Crossing. There was plans for a bridge to Staten Island near Bayonne, New Jersey. All three bridges were built to complement the traffic from a fourth bridge or a tunnel from Staten Island to Brooklyn. This required a longer span than if the bridge had been built perpendicular to the Kill Van Kull. In particular, the Port Richmond viaduct was 2,010 feet long, the total length of the bridge is 5,780 feet with a mid-span clearance above the water of 150 feet in order to make room for the United States Navys tallest ships at the time. The arch resembles a parabola, but is made up of 40 linear segments, the design of the steel arch is influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge designed by Ammanns mentor, Gustav Lindenthal. It was the first bridge to employ the use of steel for the main arch ribs. Construction on the began in 1928. At the time, it was supposed to be open in early 1932 and was supposed to cost $16 million, the bridge had to be built without blocking shipping traffic on the Kill Van Kull. Afterward, prefabricated pieces of the support structure were hung from cables connected to the arch
25.
Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)
–
The bridge is named because it carries Broadway, which is designated as US9 here. The bridge also carries the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line above the road, before the Harlem River was rerouted, the bridge in the area was named Kings Bridge, crossing the river on the border between Marble Hill and the Bronx. The Boston Post Road and Albany Post Road crossed this bridge, a later bridge, opened on January 1,1895, spanned the canal. A total of three bridges spanned the canal at this location, the 1895 bridge, a steam-powered swinging bridge, accommodated only highway and pedestrian traffic. It was replaced in 1905 by a bridge that could accommodate for the extension of the IRT subway line into the Bronx. The 1905 Broadway Bridge was also a bridge, but a second deck was added to allow for subway traffic on the upper deck. The 1905 iteration of the Broadway Bridge, that was being replaced by a new structure, was reused to create the University Heights Bridge. In June 1906, the old bridge was floated down the river, after all the approaches and other construction were completed, the new University Heights Bridge opened to traffic on January 8,1908. The present Broadway Bridge has a navigable channel 304 feet wide providing 136 feet of clearance when the bridge is in the open position. In the down position, the bridge provides 24 feet of vertical clearance, in 2010, the New York City Department of Transportation, which operates and maintains the bridge, reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 37,292. The peak ADT over the Broadway Bridge was 42,555 vehicles in 1990, the Broadway Bridge carries the 1 train, as noted above. As such, when the bridge is open,1 trains terminate at 215th Street, shuttle buses provide service to Van Cortlandt Park-242nd Street. Immediately to the north of the bridge along this line is the Marble Hill–225th Street station, the bridge also carries the Bx7 and Bx20 local bus routes operated by MTA New York City Transit, and the BxM1 express bus route operated by the MTA Bus Company
26.
Brooklyn Bridge
–
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River and it has a main span of 1,595.5 feet and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed. Since its opening, it has become an icon of New York City and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, although the Brooklyn Bridge is technically a suspension bridge, it uses a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge design. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, the limestone was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County, New York. The granite blocks were quarried and shaped on Vinalhaven Island, Maine, under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company, the bridge was built with numerous passageways and compartments in its anchorages. New York City rented out the large vaults under the bridges Manhattan anchorage in order to fund the bridge, opened in 1876, the vaults were used to store wine, as they were always at 60 °F. This was called the Blue Grotto because of a shrine to the Virgin Mary next to an opening at the entrance, construction of the bridge began in 1869. Roebling Suspension Bridge between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, while conducting surveys for the bridge project, Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling. Compressed air was pumped into the caissons, and workers entered the space to dig the sediment, the whole weight of the bridge still sits upon a 15-foot thickness of southern yellow pine wood under the sediment. Many workers became sick with the bends in this work and this condition was unknown at the time, and was first called caisson disease by the project physician Andrew Smith. Washington Roebling also suffered an injury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after ground was broken for the Brooklyn tower foundation on January 3,1870. Roeblings debilitating condition left him unable to supervise the construction firsthand. As Chief Engineer, Roebling supervised the project from his apartment with a view of the work, designing and redesigning caissons. He was aided by his wife Emily Warren Roebling who provided the critical link between her husband and the engineers on site. Under her husbands guidance, Emily studied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and she spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling, helping to supervise the bridges construction. When iron probes underneath the caisson for the Manhattan tower found the bedrock to be deeper than expected. He later deemed the aggregate overlying the bedrock 30 feet below it to be enough to support the tower base. The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and Brooklyn Bridge, Burns drew heavily on McCulloughs book for the film and used him as narrator
27.
City Island Bridge
–
The City Island Bridge is a bridge in the New York City borough of the Bronx, connecting City Island with Rodmans Neck on the mainland. The name refers to two bridges, the bridge was open from 1901 to 2015, and a new bridge will open in 2017. Since the American Revolutionary War, there have been plans to link City Island with the mainland via means of a bridge, before the original bridge named City Island Bridge was opened, there was another, unnamed bridge connecting City Island with the rest of the Bronx. This first bridge, which was definitely under planning in the 1860s, was listed in an 1872 map and it was a tolled drawbridge that was built partly out of wood from the USS North Carolina. This bridge was located north of the 1899 bridge and connected to City Island at Bridge Street, the second City Island Bridge, which was actually the first with that particular name, began construction in 1898 and was completed in 1901. The $200,000 bridge was of stone and steel construction and it consisted of five fixed spans and a central swing section. As originally built, the bridges City Island end connected to City Island Avenue rather than at Bridge Street, the bridge was the sole entry and exit for vehicles on City Island. As such, it served both as a landmark and a gateway to City Island, the swing section was deactivated and turned into a fixed span in 1963. In 1978–1979, a renovation would have detonated explosives on the corroding piers. The bridge, which had been inspected in July 1999, had been deemed capable of carrying up to 50 long tons, the city leaders gave four options for the bridges future, one entailed renovating the existing span, while the other three were for new spans. The original schedule was for the project to begin in 2007 with completion in 2010, the project was then postponed until June 2012. Due to the postponement, during 2010 repairs were made to the existing bridge deck, piers. Due to a lack of funding the project was delayed once more until the city announced it would accept bids in late 2012, as of 2005 the estimated cost of the project was $50 million. As of 2009 the estimate increased to $120 million due to redesigns, the final bid came in at $102.7 million. Some residents, however, opposed the design of the cable-stayed bridge, opponents of the bridge design filed a lawsuit against the city on November 6,2013. A Bronx Supreme Court judge granted an injunction on that date. In December 2013 the court lifted the injunction, but ruled that the city must conduct public hearings, the citys prior consultations with the island community, which began during the early design stages, had been informal. The courts ruling requires the city to follow its Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, on May 5,2014, the original bridge plans were scrapped, and the de Blasio administration chose to go with a slightly cheaper and much shorter causeway-style bridge
28.
Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge
–
The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge in New York City is a toll bridge that carries Cross Bay Boulevard from Broad Channel in Jamaica Bay to the Rockaway Peninsula, and is located in Queens. The bridge was a part of a program to develop Jamaica Bay as an area instead of an industrial port. The 1939 bridge was a bascule bridge. Reconstructed and opened to traffic on May 28,1970, the new bridge is a high level fixed bridge carrying six traffic lanes and this let boats pass under without delays to lift the drawbridge. The bridge is owned by New York Cityand operated by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, registered Rockaway and Broad Channel residents with E-ZPass receive toll rebates on this bridge. Until 2010, Rockaways and Broad Channel residents could cross the bridge for free. Residents of Broad Channel and the Rockaways who have an E-ZPass pay $1.19 per crossing if they cross up to twice per day, the new toll for area residents was part of a series of Metropolitan Transportation Authority budget cuts. Starting on March 19,2017, drivers will pay $4.25 per car or $3.50 per motorcycle for cash / tolls by mail, E‑ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E‑ZPass pay $2.16 per car or $1.80 per motorcycle. Open-road cashless tolling will begin on April 30,2017, the tollbooths will be gradually dismantled, and drivers will no longer be able to pay cash at the bridge. Instead, there will be mounted onto new overhead gantries near where the booths are currently located. Drivers without E-ZPass will have a picture of their license plate taken, for E-ZPass users, sensors will detect their transponders wirelessly. Cashless tolls can improve traveling time at the crossings just in time for summer traveling season, residents with leftover bridge tokens will be eligible to redeem their tokens for a refund
29.
Grand Street Bridge
–
The Grand Street Bridge is a swing bridge between the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The bridge crosses Newtown Creek, and opened in December 1902, construction on the bridge began in August 1900. The new bridge was planned to open in October 1901, a later report on the delay found that the contractor hired to build the bridge was incompetent, and the bridge was completed by the City. The current bridge is the third on the site, the first two, both made of wood, were built in 1875 and 1890. Grand Street Bridge history at bridgesnyc. com
30.
George Washington Bridge
–
As of 2015, it carried over 106 million vehicles per year, making it the worlds busiest motor vehicle bridge. The speed limit on the bridge is 45 mph, though congestion frequently slows traffic on weekdays and weekends. The bridges upper level also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, Interstate 95 and U. S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge. US46, which lies entirely within New Jersey, terminates halfway across the bridge at the border with New York. At its eastern terminus in New York City, the bridge connects with the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, unsuccessful, Washington evacuated Manhattan by crossing between the two forts. Construction on the began in October 1927 as a project of the Port of New York Authority. The bridges chief engineer was Othmar Ammann, with Cass Gilbert as architect, geologists made 300-foot test bores on the New Jersey side to determine if the geological strata would support the bridge. When construction started, the estimated cost of the bridge was $75,000,000 and it was expected to carry 8 million vehicles and 1.5 million pedestrians in its first year of operation. Prior to and while construction, the bridge was unofficially known as the Hudson River Bridge. However, the Port Authority named the bridge after George Washington that year, the bridge was dedicated on October 24,1931, and opened to traffic the following day. It held this title until the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937, in 1946, two more lanes were created on the current upper level, widening it from the original six lanes. A second, lower deck, which had anticipated in Ammanns original plans, was approved by Lt. Col. Joseph R. McCammon, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The original design for the towers of the called for them to be encased in concrete and granite. However, because of cost considerations during the Great Depression and favorable aesthetic critiques of the steel towers. The exposed steel towers, with their distinctive criss-crossed bracing, have one of the bridges most identifiable characteristics. Le Corbusier said of the steel structure, The George Washington Bridge over the Hudson is the most beautiful bridge in the world. Made of cables and steel beams, it gleams in the sky like a reversed arch and it is the only seat of grace in the disordered city. It is painted a color and, between water and sky, you see nothing but the bent cord supported by two steel towers
31.
Goethals Bridge
–
The Goethals Bridge /ˈɡɒθəlz/ connects Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Staten Island, New York, in the United States. It crosses a strait known as Arthur Kill, operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the span was one of the first structures built by the PANYNJ. On the New Jersey side it is located south of Newark Liberty International Airport.2 million and it and the Outerbridge Crossing opened on June 29,1928. The Goethals Bridge replaced three ferries and is the neighbor of the Arthur Kill Rail Bridge. Its unusual mid-span height was a requirement of the New Jersey ports, the bridge was named for Major General George Washington Goethals, who supervised construction of the Panama Canal and was the first consulting engineer of the PANYNJ. Connecting onto the New Jersey Turnpike, it serves as one of the routes for traffic between New Jersey and Brooklyn via the Staten Island Expressway and the Verrazano–Narrows Bridge. Until the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was completed in 1964 the Goethals Bridge never turned a profit, the same happened to the Outerbridge Crossing. The total traffic in 2002 was 15.68 million vehicles, the Goethals Bridge holds two 10-foot-wide lanes in each direction, which do not meet the 12-foot requirement of modern highway design standards. The bridge also has no shoulders for emergency access, or pedestrian walkways or bike paths, a completely new bridge that will address these deficiencies is now under construction. An initial study in 1997 concluded that the solution would be a parallel span. However, a recent study suggested that the existing span had only 10 years of life left, even with the recent deck rehabilitation. The choosing of the replacement option was followed by the submittal of several design alternatives. The bridge is slated to be replaced by late 2018, the new bridge will restore pedestrian and bicycle access. In addition, there will be an area between the eastbound and westbound roadways capable of accommodating a possible mass transit link. Public open houses were held in Staten Island and Elizabeth, formal public hearings on the DEIS were held in July 2009. All alternatives proposed that the bridge be single level, cable-stayed, double spans, each deck would have three 12 ft lanes with a 12 ft outer shoulder and 5 ft inner shoulder and the northern deck would feature a 10 ft pedestrian walkway. In addition, permanent access roads would be built under the bridge on land for maintenance, security, lastly, space would be left to accommodate potential mass-transit services. The suggestion for a rail connection was dismissed as uneconomic
32.
Greenpoint Avenue Bridge
–
The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge is a drawbridge that carries Greenpoint Avenue across Newtown Creek between the neighborhoods of Greenpoint, Brooklyn and Blissville, Queens in New York City. Also known as the J. J. Byrne Memorial Bridge, the bridge is named after James J. Byrne, previously, Byrne was the Brooklyn Commissioner of Public Works. The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge is the bridge to cross Newtown Creek in this location. In the 1850s, Neziah Bliss built the first drawbridge, which was called the Blissville Bridge and it was followed by three other bridges before being replaced by a new bridge in March 1900. A new bridge opened in 1929 and after suffering mechanical problems it was replaced by the current structure in 1987. Designed by Hardesty & Hanover, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge was the recipient of an American Institute of Steel Construction Award in 1991, in 2011, the NYCDOT proposed an extension of the existing Greenpoint Avenue bike lane on the Brooklyn side across the bridge into Queens. The project was completed in 2015
33.
Henry Hudson Bridge
–
The Henry Hudson Bridge is a steel arch toll bridge in New York City across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. It connects Spuyten Duyvil in the Bronx with Inwood in Manhattan to the south, on the Manhattan side, the parkway goes into Inwood Hill Park. Commercial vehicles are not permitted on this bridge, since commercial vehicles are not accepted on the parkway in general, the bridge was designed by David B. Steinman, drawing upon his 1911 Ph. D. thesis in engineering at Columbia University. Named to commemorate the voyage of Henry Hudson on the Half Moon, the bridge has two roadway levels carrying an aggregate of seven traffic lanes and a pedestrian walkway and spans Spuyten Duyvil Creek just east of where the tidal strait meets the Hudson River. The bridge is part of the Henry Hudson Parkway designated as New York State Route 9A, to its west, at five feet above water level, is the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, which is used by Amtrak trains heading to Albany, New York and other points north. The Spuyten Duyvil Metro-North station is located under the Henry Hudson Bridge on the Bronx side, starting on March 19,2017, drivers are required to pay $6.00 per car or $3.50 per motorcycle for tolls by mail. E‑ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E‑ZPass pay $2.64 per car or $1.80 per motorcycle, all other E-ZPass users with transponders issued outside of the NY Customer Service Center will be required to pay the same price as toll by mail. Meanwhile, Robert Moses preferred the route along the Hudson River because he was able to receive the land to build the Henry Hudson Parkway at no cost, the construction of the bridge helped open the Riverdale neighborhood to development. The original single-deck structure was built for the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority by the American Bridge Company at a cost of $4,949,000, the upper level of the bridge was designed to be added at a later date and opened to traffic on May 7,1938. The second deck was added an additional cost of approximately $2,000,000, the bridge is owned by the City of New York and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, an affiliate agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. In January 2010, the MTA announced that it planned to implement a program on the Henry Hudson Bridge to phase out toll booths. In January 20,2011, this pilot project got underway. Drivers without E-ZPass are sent a bill in the mail, the new tolling system was implemented on November 10,2012. New York Times, For Crossing Built Long Ago, No End to the Repairs December 12,2011 Media related to Henry Hudson Bridge at Wikimedia Commons NYC Roads entry Henry Hudson Bridge at Structurae
34.
High Bridge (New York City)
–
A steel arch bridge with a height of 140 ft over the Harlem River, it connects the New York City boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan. Although the bridge was completed in 1848 as a stone arch bridge. The bridge was closed to all traffic from the 1970s until its restoration, the bridge was reopened to pedestrians and bicycles on June 9,2015. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Parks, originally designed as a stone arch bridge, the High Bridge had the appearance of a Roman aqueduct. The bridge has a height of 140 ft above the river 620-foot -wide Harlem River, the design of the bridge was originally awarded to Major David Bates Douglass, who was fired from the project. The design then fell to the engineering team, led by John B. James Renwick, Jr. who later went on to design the landmark Saint Patricks Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, the Croton Aqueduct had to cross the Harlem River at some point, and the method was a major design decision. A tunnel under the river was considered, but tunneling technology was in its infancy at the time, and this left a bridge, with the Water Commission, engineers and the public split between a low bridge and a high bridge. A low bridge would have simpler, faster, and cheaper to construct. When concerns were raised to the New York Legislature that a low bridge would obstruct passage along the Harlem River to the Hudson River, in 1864, a walkway was built across the High Bridge. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, the current maintainer. The bridge was not used for vehicles, though, in 1928, to improve navigation in the Harlem River, the five masonry arches that spanned the river were demolished and replaced with a single steel arch of about 450 feet. Of the masonry arches of the original 1848 bridge, only one survives on the Manhattan side, use of the structure for water supply purposes ceased on December 15,1949. By 1954, The New York Times reported that the commissioner of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity said that the bridge entailed serious problems of maintenance, robert Moses agreed to take responsibility for the bridge, which was transferred to the Parks Department in 1955. There were incidents, in 1957 and 1958, of throwing sticks, stones. The High Bridge was part of the first reliable and plentiful water supply system in New York City, as the City was devastated by cholera in 1832 and the Great Fire in 1835, the inadequacy of the water system of wells-and-cisterns became apparent. In the final analysis, only the Croton River in northern Westchester County was found to carry water sufficient in quantity and quality to serve the City, the delivery system was begun in 1837, and was completed in 1848. The Old Croton Aqueduct was the first of its kind constructed in the United States
35.
Kosciuszko Bridge (New York City)
–
Both bridges are a part of Interstate 278, which is also locally known as the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway or BQE. They are the bridges over Newtown Creek that is not a drawbridge. All traffic currently uses the bridge, a truss bridge that opened in 1939. This truss bridge carries six lanes of traffic, in 2014, a contract was awarded and work begun to build one of two replacement bridges with more capacity. The new bridges will have the name as the original bridge. The first of the new bridges is a bridge that will replace the existing bridge. This bridge, which is being built south of the old bridge, will open in 2017. The Kosciuszko Bridge, originally referred to as the Meeker Avenue Bridge and it was built at a cost of $6 million to $13 million. The new bridge replaced an older Meeker Avenue Bridge, the Meeker Avenue Bridge had been in use since 1894 and connected Meeker Avenue in Brooklyn to Review Avenue and Laurel Hill Boulevard in Queens. The original Meeker Avenue Bridge had been replaced several times, the new Meeker Avenue Bridges 1939 design and form was vastly different than the first Meeker Avenue Bridge. The earlier was a drawbridge and carried a two-lane roadway 20-ft wide. The new bridge carried two three-lane concrete roadways each 32-ft wide and separated by a 4-foot center mall, additionally, this new bridge structure contains 16,315 tons of steel, along 88,120 cubic yards of concrete masonry. One of the builders of the new $1,500,000 Meeker Avenue Bridge was John Kelly, of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, in 1938, he completed his task of building a cofferdam, a box-like structure made of 250 steel sheets. One of the tools he worked with was a cutting torch, which burned oxygen, hydrogen. The citys government officially renamed the bridge after Tadeusz Kościuszko, a Polish volunteer who was a General in the American Revolutionary War, on July 10,1940. On September 22,1940, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia led a ceremony in which he renamed the new Meeker Avenue Bridge over Newtown Creek after Kościuszko. The naming occurred in the presence of 15,000 people, mainly Polish-American residents and city and state government representatives, there were parades at both ends of the bridge, and La Guardia also unveiled plaques that commemorated the new name. He also stated, I am confident that Poland will live again, any land that breeds such lovers of freedom can never be kept enslaved
36.
Manhattan Bridge
–
The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,470 ft long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft long, the bridges total length is 6,855 ft. This is one of four bridges spanning the East River. The bridge opened to traffic on December 31,1909 and it was designed by Leon Moisseiff, and is noted for its innovative design. The Manhattan Bridge was also the first suspension bridge to utilize a Warren truss in its design, the Manhattan Bridge was the last of the three suspension bridges built across the lower East River, following the Brooklyn and Williamsburg bridges. It has four lanes on the upper level, split between two roadways. The lower level has three lanes, four tracks, a walkway and a bikeway. The upper level, originally used for streetcars, has two lanes in each direction, and the level is one-way and has three lanes in peak direction. The bridge once carried New York State Route 27 and later was planned to carry Interstate 478, the original pedestrian walkway on the south side of the bridge was reopened after forty years in June 2001. The northern bridge bike path is noted for poor signage that leads to cyclist. To celebrate the centennial anniversary, a series of events and exhibits were organized by the New York City Bridge Centennial Commission in October 2009. These included a parade across the Manhattan Bridge on the morning of October 4. In 2009, the bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Construction began that year, and plans were finalized in 1912, the arch and colonnade were completed in 1915. The decoration includes pylons which were sculpted by Carl Augustus Heber, the arch and colonnade were designated a New York City landmark on November 25,1975. After many years of neglect and several attempts by traffic engineers to remove the structure, four subway tracks are located on the lower deck of the bridge. The two tracks on the side are used by the Q train at all times and the N train at all times except late nights. The tracks on the side are used by the D train at all times
37.
Mill Basin, Brooklyn
–
The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18. The area was called Equandito by the local Lenape Native Americans, the Crooke-Schenck House, which stood at East 63rd Street, was dismantled in 1952 and later reassembled as a museum exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum. The area retained its rural character until Robert L. Crooke built a plant in 1890. Until the early century, the chief resources were the abundant crabs, oysters. In 1906, the Flatbush Improvement Company brought marshland and engaged the firm of Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific to dredge creeks and fill in meadows. A project begun in 1913 and completed in 1923 to extend Flatbush Avenue to the Rockaway Inlet provided an additional 2,700 feet of dock facilities and a strip of land for a road across the marshes. In 1915, a channel was dredged to the channel of Jamaica Bay. By 1919, Mill Island was the site of at least six manufacturing, during the late 1920s and 1930s, the docks were rented to a number of small industrial firms. The neighborhood remained an industrial area for thirty years. Brick bungalows were built in the late 1940s and early 1950s, many of which were replaced by large, custom-built. As late as the 1960s, the area was still a swamp, from the 1950s through the 1980s, the area was mainly Italian, but the predominant communities today are Russians and Israelis. The community has evolved to some of New York Citys most opulent houses. Most of the stock is new, and many waterfront houses include docks, water views. Prices of houses often range in the millions, in Georgetown, in northern Mill Basin, there are two-family brick townhouses with overhanging balconies and awnings. In Mill Island, the part of Mill Basin, houses are more expensive than in the rest of the neighborhood, by contrast. Some lead factories, built in the 20th century by Dutch businessmen, still remain standing, commercial activities, mainly family-owned shops and restaurants, are located mainly along Strickland Avenue and Avenue U. Chain stores are located in the nearby Kings Plaza shopping mall, the Mill Basin Bridge is a double leaf trunnion bascule bridge supporting the Belt Parkway over Mill Basin. Each leaf carries six lanes of traffic—three in each direction, there is a sidewalk on each side of the leaf, the eastern or downstream one being part of the Shore Parkway Greenway
38.
Outerbridge Crossing
–
The Outerbridge Crossing is a cantilever bridge which spans the Arthur Kill. The Outerbridge, as it is known, connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey, with Staten Island. It carries NY440 and NJ440, the two roads connecting at the border near the bridges center. The Outerbridge Crossing is one of three bridges connecting New Jersey with Staten Island, and like the others, is maintained and operated by the Port Authority of New York. The others are the Bayonne Bridge, which connects Staten Island with Bayonne, and the Goethals Bridge, the bridge was named for Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the then–Port of New York Authority and a resident of Staten Island. It opened simultaneously with the Goethals Bridge on June 29,1928, neither bridge saw high traffic counts until the opening of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Traffic counts on both bridges were also depressed due to the effects of the Great Depression and World War II, in recent years, the bridge has undergone numerous repair jobs as a result of the high volume of traffic that crosses the bridge each day. On October 11,2013, the Port Authority announced the completion of the bridges repaving project, on March 2,2017, Port Authority Executive Director Patrick Foye announced the funding of a $230 million study into a potential replacement bridge. The Outerbridge Crossing carried 32,438,000 vehicles in 2006, tolls are collected in the eastbound direction only. Motorists using the high-speed E-ZPass lanes cannot use Exit 1 to Page Avenue, which is located immediately after the toll plaza. As of December 6,2015, the cash toll going from New Jersey to New York is $15 for cars and motorcycles, there is no toll for passenger vehicles going from New York to New Jersey. E-ZPass users are charged $12.50 for cars or $11.50 for motorcycles during peak hours, and $10.50 for cars or $9.50 for motorcycles during off-peak hours. com Historic American Engineering Record No
39.
Park Avenue Viaduct
–
The viaduct was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, technically as a boundary increase to the Grand Central Terminals prior listing, but carrying a separate reference number. The viaduct provides a pedestrian-, bicycle-, and bus-free express route for taxicabs, the area around where the viaduct crosses 42nd Street, Pershing Square is named after General John J. Pershing. Consequently, the portion of the viaduct between 42nd and 40th Streets is also known as the Pershing Square Viaduct, but two ramps, northbound and southbound, connect the two streets. The viaduct was first proposed in 1916, and construction began in 1918 Work progressed rapidly despite the difficulty in securing labor and material. A spur ran east along the rear of the terminal, providing parking space, at the same time, plans started to formulate for the ramps at the bottom of the viaduct, which would be called Pershing Square in honor of Gen. Shortly after completion, it was evident that additional measures were needed to prevent a tie up at the north end of the newly completed pass. The plan was approved by the Board of Estimate in January 1928, in 1939, the city built a steel and glass-brick structure under the viaduct at the center of Pershing Square from 42nd Street to 41st Street, which it utilized to provide tourist information. The building, at 90 East 42nd Street, was converted into a restaurant. The viaduct appears in movies and television show episodes, Will Smith, as a policeman. In the 2007 film I Am Legend, Will Smiths character is captured by a vampires snare there, the viaduct is also shown during a battle in the 2012 film The Avengers. Michael Keaton flies through the viaduct in 2014s Birdman, Park Avenue Tunnel Pershing Square, Manhattan Notes Media related to Park Avenue Viaduct at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Pershing Square at Wikimedia Commons
40.
Pelham Bridge
–
Pelham Bridge is a bascule bridge located in the New York City borough of the Bronx. It carries Shore Road and a walkway along the downstream side, the bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. Crossing the mouth of the river, it is variously called Pelham Bay Bridge, Pelham Bridge opens frequently, in 2008, it opened a total of 1,446 times. The watercraft traffic under that bridge is greater than for any other drawbridge in the city, the first bridge at the site, a stone bridge built in 1815, was destroyed in a storm on April 12,1816. Another bridge wouldnt be built at the site for eighteen years, the current bridge replaced an older one that required constant, expensive maintenance. The new bridge was opened to traffic on October 15,1908 before it was fully completed, in order to save costs on maintaining the old bridge. During construction, the main for City Island and Pelham Bay Park had to be interrupted, so water was imported from New Rochelle. The bridge was completed on February 17,1909, at a total cost of $605,274.06. The bridge was reconstructed in 1985, a celebration of the bridges centennial took place on October 28,2008. New York City Department of Transportation, Pelham Bridge
41.
Pulaski Bridge
–
The Pulaski Bridge in New York City connects Long Island City in Queens to Greenpoint in Brooklyn over Newtown Creek. It was named after Polish military commander and American Revolutionary War fighter Kazimierz Pułaski because of the large Polish-American population in Greenpoint and it connects 11th Street in Queens to McGuinness Boulevard in Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge opened to traffic on September 10,1954 and it served as a replacement for the nearby Vernon Avenue Bridge, which had linked Vernon Avenue in Long Island City with Manhattan Avenue in Greenpoint. Designed by Frederick Zurmuhlen, the Pulaski Bridge is a bascule bridge and it carries six lanes of traffic and a pedestrian sidewalk over the water, Long Island Rail Road tracks, and the entrance to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. The bridge was reconstructed between 1991 and 1994, from 1979 until 1990, a message reading Wheels Over Indian Trails was painted on the Pulaski Bridge over the approach to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. The artwork was created by John Fekner as a tribute to the thirteen Native American tribes who inhabited Long Island. Located just over 13 miles from the start of the New York City Marathon at the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, since the Pulaski is a drawbridge with an open section in the middle, it presents several challenges not faced by other bridges. First, physical dividers must be lightweight yet securely installed so they dont come loose when the drawbridge is opened, secondly, the joints where the two leaves come together must be somehow protected to make them more bicycle wheel-friendly. Bike lane construction is slated for spring or early summer of 2014. NYC DoT page Pulaski Bridge at Structurae
42.
Queensboro Bridge
–
It connects the neighborhood of Long Island City in the borough of Queens with Manhattan, passing over Roosevelt Island. The bridge is flanked on its side by the freestanding Roosevelt Island Tramway. The bridge was, for a time, simply called the Queensboro Bridge, but in March 2011. No tolls are charged for vehicles to use the bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is the first entry point into Manhattan in the course of the New York City Marathon, the Queensboro Bridge is a two-level double cantilever bridge. It has two spans, one over the channel on each side of Roosevelt Island. The bridge does not have suspended spans, so the arm from each side reaches to the midpoint of the span. The upper level of the bridge has four lanes of traffic and provides a view of the bridges cantilever truss structure. The lower level has five lanes, the inner four for automobile traffic. The North Outer Roadway was converted into a permanent pedestrian walk, originally, this open air promenade was known as Bridgemarket and was part of Hornbostels attempt to make the bridge more hospitable in the city. Serious proposals for a bridge linking Manhattan to Long Island City were first made as early as 1838 and its efforts never came to fruition and the company went bankrupt in the 1890s. Buck and Henry Hornbostel, designers of the Williamsburg Bridge, the bridge opened for public use on March 30,1909, having cost about $18 million and 50 lives. There was a ten-cent toll to drive over the bridge, the bridges ceremonial grand opening was held on June 12,1909. At the time, it was the fourth longest bridge in the world, the grand opening included a fireworks display. The bridge was known as the Blackwells Island Bridge, from an earlier name for Roosevelt Island. In 1930, an elevator was built on the bridge to transport cars and passengers to what was then called Welfare Island, now Roosevelt Island. A trolley connected passengers from Queens and Manhattan to a stop in the middle of the bridge, the trolley operated from the bridges opening until April 7,1957. The railway was removed in the late 1930s and early 1940s as well as the 2nd Avenue Elevated Line, there was also at one time what was known as the upside-down building on the north side of the bridge, because its main entrance was on the bridge
43.
Triborough Bridge
–
The Triborough Bridge, known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge since 2008, and sometimes referred to as the RFK Triborough Bridge, is a complex of three separate bridges in New York City. The bridges connect the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands and these are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randalls and Wards Islands and 14 miles of support roads. Also part of the complex is a grade-separated T-interchange on Randalls Island, the bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II, and has been called the biggest traffic machine ever built. The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986, the bridge is owned and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Plans for connecting Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx were first announced by Edward A. Byrne, chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures, in 1916. Construction began on October 25,1929 – Black Friday –, by the spring of 1932, the project was moribund. The project was resurrected by Robert Moses, who pushed the legislature to create the Triborough Bridge Authority to fund, build. Moses solved this problem in typical fashion by proposing new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge, which would connect it to the existing ones he had already built. The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens, an extension to the East River Drive in Manhattan, and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx. While reformers embraced Moses plans, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, Ickes, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, over which Moses almost lost his job. The other major source of funding was from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority itself and these bonds were secured by future toll revenue. The scale of the Triborough Bridge project, including its approaches, was such that hundreds of apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it. The structure used concrete from factories from Maine to the Mississippi, to make the formwork for pouring the concrete, a forests worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down. Robert Caro, the biographer of Moses, said about it, Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, lehman, Public Works Administrator Ickes, Postmaster General James A. Farley and Moses, who acted as master of ceremonies. Due to the conflicts between himself and Moses, the attendance of Roosevelt was not certain until the last minute. The ceremonies were broadcast via a radio connection. Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA, which also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public. In the first year of the operation it generated $2.72 million in tolls – the equivalent of $46.4 million in 2015 – produced by 9.65 million vehicles
44.
Roosevelt Island Bridge
–
The Roosevelt Island Bridge is a vertical lift bridge that connects Roosevelt Island in Manhattan to Astoria in Queens, crossing the East Channel of the East River. It is the route to the island for vehicular and foot traffic. Construction of the bridge began on March 17,1952, at a cost of $6.5 million and it opened on May 18,1955, as the Welfare Island Bridge. The name was changed to the Roosevelt Island Bridge in 1973, when the bridge is open it provides ships with 100 feet of vertical clearance. It is 40 feet wide, and its length, including approaches, is 2,877 feet. The main span is 418 feet, before the bridge was constructed, the only way vehicles could access Roosevelt Island was via an elevator on the Queensboro Bridge. The elevator was demolished in 1970. The Roosevelt Island Bridge provides direct access to the Motorgate Parking Garage, the garage was completed in 1974 and later expanded in 1990. In 2001, the New York City Department of Transportation considered converting the Roosevelt Island Bridge into a bridge to reduce the cost of its maintenance. The bridge is opened, because most vessels passing by Roosevelt Island use the West Channel of the East River. Most of the bridge openings occur in September during the General Assembly at the United Nations when the West Channel is closed for security reasons, Roosevelt Island Tramway Media related to Roosevelt Island Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Roosevelt Island Bridge Roosevelt Island Bridge at Structurae
