1.
Maple leaf
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The maple leaf is the characteristic leaf of the maple tree, and is the most widely recognized national symbol of Canada. At the beginning of the century, the settlements located in New France had attained a population of about 18,000. By this time, the leaf had been adopted as an emblem by the French Canadians along the Saint Lawrence River. Speaking in its favour, Jacques Viger, the first mayor of Montreal, the symbol of the Canadian people. The maple leaf slowly caught on as a symbol, in 1868. Historically, the maple leaf had represented Ontario, while the green maple leaf had represented Quebec. In 1867, Alexander Muir composed the patriotic The Maple Leaf Forever, from 1876 until 1901, the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins, and remained on the penny after 1901. During the First World War, badges of the Canadian Expeditionary Force were often based on a leaf design. The use of the leaf as a regimental symbol extended back to the 1800s. Earlier official uses of a leaf design often used more than 30 points. The one chosen is a maple leaf representing the ten species of maple tree native to Canada—at least one of these species grows natively in every province. The maple leaf is used on the Canadian flag, logos of various Canadian-based companies. Examples include Air Canada, McDonalds Canada, General Motors Canada, the Toronto Maple Leafs NHL franchise, the Toronto FC soccer club and it is also used by the Federal Government as a personification and identifier on its websites, as part of the governments wordmark. Since 1979, the Royal Canadian Mint has produced gold, silver, platinum, and palladium bullion coins, the Trans Canada Highway uses a green maple leaf. The Italian city of Campobasso was known as Canada City or in a minor way Maple Leaf City, since during the Second World War, Canadian troops invaded the city, moreover, the city has a huge variety of maples which can be found even in the streets. The U. S. city of Carthage, Missouri is nicknamed Americas Maple Leaf City and it is one of the featured symbols on the emblem of the Pakistani province of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, along with several other regional institutions due to the trees prevalence in the area. The city of Chehalis, Washington was known as The Maple-Leaf City, the city of Hornell, New York is known as The Maple City. The mascot of Goshen College in Goshen, Indiana, is the Maple Leaf, in Estonia and Lithuania, inexperienced drivers are obliged to have a green maple leaf sign visible on the vehicle, serving a similar function that a P-plate does in some other countries
2.
Canadian Confederation
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Canadian Confederation was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1,1867. Upon confederation, the old province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec, along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current configuration of ten provinces and three territories. Canada is a federation and not an association of sovereign states. It is nevertheless considered to be among the worlds more decentralized federations. To contemporaries of Confederation the con- prefix indicated a strengthening of the centrist principle compared to the American federation, the term is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, such as in the Fathers of Confederation. Provinces and territories became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into. The term is used to divide Canadian history into pre-Confederation and post-Confederation periods. All the former colonies and territories that became involved in the Canadian Confederation on July 1,1867, were part of New France. Nova Scotia was granted in 1621 to Sir William Alexander under charter by James VI, the British acquired present-day mainland Nova Scotia by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the Acadian population was expelled by the British in 1755. They called Acadia Nova Scotia, which included present-day New Brunswick, the rest of New France was acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years War. From 1763 to 1791, most of New France became the Province of Quebec, however, in 1769 the present-day Prince Edward Island, which had been part of Acadia, was renamed St Johns Island and organized as a separate colony. It was renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the first English attempt at settlement had been in Newfoundland, which would not join the Confederation until 1949. The Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol began to settle Newfoundland and Labrador at Cupers Cove as far back as 1610, in the wake of the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America. The British created the colony of New Brunswick in 1784 for the Loyalists who settled in the western part of Nova Scotia. The War of 1812 and Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel as the border with the United States from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains in Western Canada. As a result of Durhams report, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union 1840, the new province was divided into two parts, Canada West and Canada East. Governor General Lord Elgin granted ministerial responsibility in 1848, first to Nova Scotia, in the following years, the British would extend responsible government to Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. The area which constitutes modern-day British Columbia is the remnants of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia District and New Caledonia District following the Oregon Treaty
3.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
4.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
5.
Canada Place
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Canada Place is a building situated on the Burrard Inlet waterfront of Vancouver, British Columbia. It is the home of the Vancouver Convention Centre, the Pan Pacific Vancouver Hotel, Vancouvers World Trade Centre, the buildings exterior is covered by fabric roofs resembling sails. It is also the main cruise ship terminal for the region, the building was designed by architects Zeidler Roberts Partnership in joint venture with Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership and DA Architects + Planners. Canada Place can be reached via the SkyTrain line at the nearby Waterfront Station terminus or via West Cordova Street in Vancouver. The structure was expanded in 2001 to accommodate another cruise ship berth and in 2009/10, for the 2010 Winter Olympics, Canada Place was built on the land which was originally the Canadian Pacific Railways Pier B-C. Built in 1927, its purpose was to serve CPR. In 1978 Federal, Provincial and Municipal governments commenced planning for development of convention, cruise ship, four years later, the Government of Canada created a crown corporation, Canada Harbour Place Corporation, to develop the Canada Place project on the Pier B-C site. Construction began when HM Queen Elizabeth II arrived on the Royal Yacht Britannia with The Right Hon, pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada and The Hon. William R. Bennett, Premier of BC to initiate the first concrete pour. During Expo 86, the Canada Pavilion at Canada Place was opened by HRH Prince Charles and The Right Hon. Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada. Among the largest and most elaborate pavilions presented by any nation at any Worlds Fair, Canada Place Corporation, a Crown agent, continues to act as the coordinating landlord for Canada Place facilities. Events Throughout the year many community events are held at and hosted by Canada Place, the Pan Pacific Vancouver has 504 rooms and suites and several restaurants and a lounge. The Hotel is operated by Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts, the Heritage Horns, formerly known as the 12 Oclock Horn, sound the first four notes of O Canada every day at noon and can be heard throughout Downtown Vancouver and beyond. The ten horns have five facing north and five facing east on the roof of the Pan Pacific hotel and have an output of 115 Decibels and they were the brainchild of Les Southwell, designed and constructed by Robert Swanson for Expo 67, and funded by BC Hydro. They were originally on the roof of the BC Hydro building and were silent when the headquarters was converted to condominiums in the early 1990s, the horns started sounding again on November 8,1994 after being acquired, refurbished, and relocated to Canada Place. Due to complaints the timer was changed from mechanical to electrical soon after to make them accurate and they sounded 26 times during the 2010 Olympics, once for each medal won by Canada. The first was at 7, 30pm on February 13 for a silver won by Jennifer Heil, another notable time signal in the area is the 9 OClock Gun across the harbour in Stanley Park. Ballantyne Pier - overflow cruise ship terminal in Vancouver CPR Pier B and C Expo 86 The Drop Official website
6.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
7.
Government of Canada
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The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
8.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
9.
Anniversary
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An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded in a previous year, and may also refer to the commemoration or celebration of that event. For example, the first event is the occurrence or, if planned. One year later would be the first anniversary of that event, the word was first used for Catholic feasts to commemorate saints. Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days and these could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. The important dates in a monarchs reign may also be commemorated. Birthdays are the most common type of anniversary, when someones birth date is commemorated each year, the actual celebration is sometimes moved for practical reasons, as in the case of an official birthday. Wedding anniversaries are also celebrated, on the same day of the year as the wedding occurred. In ancient Rome, the Aquilae natalis was the birthday of the eagle, anniversaries of nations are usually marked by the number of years elapsed, expressed with Latin words or Roman numerals. However, when anniversaries relate to fractions of centuries, the situation is not as simple, Roman fractions were based on a duodecimal system. From 1⁄12 to 8⁄12 they were expressed as multiples of twelfths, a whole unit less 3⁄12, 2⁄12 or 1⁄12 respectively. There were also special terms for quarter, half, and three-quarters, dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means a whole unit less a quarter (de means from, quadrans means quarter. Thus for the example of 175 years, the term is a quarter less than the next whole century or 175 =. In Latin it seems that this rule did not apply precisely for 1½, while secundus is Latin for second, and bis for twice, these terms are not used such as in sesqui-secundus. Instead sesqui is used by itself, etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home by Emily Post, published in 1922, contained suggestions for wedding anniversary gifts for 1,5,10,15,20,25,50, and 75 years. Wedding anniversary gift suggestions for other years were added in later editions and publications, generally speaking, the longer the period, the more precious or durable the material associated with it. See wedding anniversary for a general list of the wedding anniversary symbols, however, furthermore, there exist numerous partially overlapping, partially contradictory lists of anniversary gifts, separate from the traditional names. The concepts of a persons birthday stone and zodiac stone, by contrast, are fixed for life according to the day of the week, month, list of historical anniversaries Quinquennial Neronia Wedding anniversary
10.
National Arts Centre
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The National Arts Centre is a centre for the performing arts located in Ottawa, Ontario, between Elgin Street and the Rideau Canal. The National Arts Centre was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2006, Ottawa did not have a major performing arts venue after 1928 when the Russell Theatre was expropriated and demolished to make way for Confederation Square. Performers and orchestras visiting the capital were required to use the stage of the Capitol Cinema, in 1963, an organization named the National Capital Arts Alliance was founded by G. Hamilton Southam and Levi Pettler. They successfully convinced the city and government to build the new centre, the NAC was one of a number of projects launched by the government of Lester B. Pearson to commemorate Canadas 1967 centenary. It opened its doors to the public for the first time on 31 May 1969 having cost C$46 million to build, the site at one time was home to Ottawa City Hall, and the city donated the land to the federal government. Conductor Jean-Marie Beaudet served as the NACs first music director, in June 2010 a life size bronze statue of the Canadian jazz pianist Oscar Peterson was unveiled outside the NAC by Queen Elizabeth II during her royal tour of Canada. In February 2014, the centre unveiled a new logo and slogan, Canada is our stage, the former logo had been designed by Ernst Roch and was in use since the centres opening. The building, designed by Fred Lebensold, is in the Brutalist style and based on the shape of a triangle, the building is constructed of reinforced concrete. The exterior and many walls are faced with precast concrete panels containing exposed aggregate of crushed brown Laurentian granite. The center rises from a base that sits on a 950-space underground parking garage, the base houses offices, lobbies, dressing rooms, workshops and a restaurant. The site slopes from Elgin Street to the Rideau Canal allowing for an underground level overlooking the canal. The roof of the forms a multi-level terrace containing gardens that are open to the public. The three main performance spaces rise from the base as a series of hexagonal structures also faced with brown precast panels in a variety of textures, windows are tall, narrow slits framed by vertical ribs. The hexagonal theme flows through the interior and appears in ceilings, light fixtures, lobbies and stairwells house several major pieces of visual art. Plans for the centre included an organ in Southam Hall, however funding did not permit this, on 17 March 1970, the 25th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands, a Dutch-Canadian Committee presented two organs purchased as the result of its Operation Thankyou Canada. The concert organ premiered in a recital 7 October 1973 by Albert de Klerk, in 2000, the NAC was named by the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium. The NAC operates in the performing arts fields of music, English theatre, French theatre, dance, variety. The NAC supports programs for young and emerging artists and programs for young audiences, the NAC is the only multidisciplinary, bilingual, performing arts centre in North America, and one of the largest in the world
11.
Premiership of Stephen Harper
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Stephen Harpers tenure as Prime Minister began on 6 February 2006 when Harper and his first cabinet were sworn in by Governor General Michaelle Jean. In the 2011 federal election, Harper won his first majority government, from Canadian confederation until the 1993 election, two parties alternated between the positions of government and official opposition, the Liberals and Conservatives. In 1993, the Progressive Conservatives were reduced from a majority government to fifth place and they were displaced by the Reform Party of Canada in Western Canada, the Bloc Québécois in Québec, and the Liberals throughout the country due to vote splitting. Harper was elected in 1993 as a Reform MP and he resigned before the 1997 election and became an advocate of the Unite the Right movement which argued for a merger of the Progressive Conservatives and Reform. Harper was suggested as a possible Progressive Conservative leadership candidate in 1998, Harper went on to win the leadership of the Canadian Alliance in 2002. In 2003, Harper and Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay agreed to merge their parties into the new Conservative Party of Canada, Harper was elected leader of the newly united Conservatives in 2004. In the 2004 election, the Liberals were reduced to a minority government due to a government spending scandal, Harper went on to lead the Conservatives to win a plurality of seats in the 2006 election and formed the smallest minority government in Canadian history. The Conservative platform in the 2006 election was focused on five priorities, accountability, tax reform, crime, child care and health care. The federal Goods and Services Tax, introduced by the former Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney, was reduced from 7% to 6%, and later to 5%. Under Harper, the government introduced several pieces of legislation as part of a tough on crime agenda including mandatory minimum sentences for serious, some of the legislation did not gain approval in the minority parliament. The previous Liberal government had begun negotiations with the provinces and reached agreements to begin to fund a publicly funded child care program. Harper pledged to work with provincial and local governments, not-for-profit organizations, and employers to create additional spaces, in the area of health care, the Harper government also promised to introduce a Patient Wait Times Guarantee in conjunction with the provinces. After taking action in these core areas, several media commentators suggested that the government lacked direction. Bush on a number of issues, in this period, Canada reduced its visibility in the United Nations, which was seen as dominated by dictatorships. In addition, the funding and support for activities of political non-governmental organizations through the Canadian International Development Agency was scaled back significantly. In the 14 October 2008 election, Harper and the Conservatives again failed to get a majority, on 15 February 2012, the House of Commons voted to eliminate the federal Long Gun Registry. The Bill received royal assent later that year and this had been a long-standing election promise and was supported by 2 members of the third party New Democrats. The registry had been cited as an example of cost overruns as well as criminalizing legitimate gun owners, the cancellation has led to conflict with some provinces, including Ontario and Quebec, who sought to retain the information from the registry
12.
Canadian federal election, 2015
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The 2015 Canadian federal election was held on October 19,2015, to elect members to the House of Commons of the 42nd Canadian Parliament. The writs of election for the 2015 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on August 4, the ensuing campaign was one of the longest in Canadian history. The Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau, won 184 seats, Trudeau and the rest of his cabinet were sworn in on November 4,2015. The Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper, won 99 seats, the New Democratic Party, led by Thomas Mulcair, won 44 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons, after having formed the Official Opposition following the 2011 election. The Bloc Québécois won 10 seats, the Green Party won 1 seat, the Liberal Partys increase of 148 seats from the previous election was the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election. Prior to the campaign, the Liberals had held only 36 seats—the fewest seats ever held at dissolution by any party that won the following election. It was the second largest number of won in a federal election for the Liberals. The election also had the highest voter turnout since 1993, every party represented in the House of Commons except the Liberal Party recorded a decrease in its popular vote share. Following the election, Harper conceded defeat to Trudeau and resigned as leader of the Conservative Party, Gilles Duceppe resigned as leader of the Bloc Québécois shortly after the election on October 22,2015. Thomas Mulcair announced his intention to remain leader of the NDP, the Bloc Québécois won four seats and the Green Party won one seat. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff and Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe resigned shortly after failing to win their own ridings, the Bloc Québécois lost official party status by failing to attain the minimum seats needed. Bob Rae was chosen as leader of the Liberal Party. Weeks later Layton died of cancer and was given a state funeral, in March 2012 Tom Mulcair was elected leader of the New Democratic Party. In April 2013 Justin Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party, Bloc Québécois leader Daniel Paillé stepped down in December 2013 and was eventually replaced in June 2014 by Mario Beaulieu, who in turn was later replaced in June 2015 by Duceppe. In late 2014, MPs Jean-François Larose of the NDP and Jean-François Fortin of the Bloc formed the new political party Strength in Democracy, Prime Minister Stephen Harper requested writs of election for a federal general election from Governor General David Johnston on August 2. The official proclamations were issued on August 4, the date of the vote is determined by the fixed-date Canada Elections Act. At 11 weeks, the campaign was the longest in modern Canadian history, traditionally, party leaders participated in at least two nationally televised debates during the federal election – at least one each in English and French. These debates were produced by a consortium of Canadas major television networks, ultimately, the Conservatives agreed to participate in a French-language debate organized by the consortium of broadcasters as one of their five debates
13.
Justin Trudeau
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Justin Pierre James Trudeau PC MP is a Canadian politician. He is the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party. The second youngest Prime Minister after Joe Clark, he is also, as the eldest son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a public profile in October 2000, when he delivered a eulogy at his fathers state funeral. After graduating, he worked as a teacher in Vancouver, British Columbia and he completed one year of an engineering program at Montreals École Polytechnique before quitting in 2003. In 2005 he began a degree in environmental geography at McGill University. He used his profile to advocate for various causes and acted in the 2007 TV miniseries The Great War. Eight years after his fathers death, Trudeau entered politics, in the 2008 federal election, he was elected to represent the riding of Papineau in the House of Commons. In 2009, he was appointed the Liberal Partys critic for youth and multiculturalism, in 2011, he was appointed as critic for secondary education and youth and amateur sport. On Christmas Day, Justin Trudeau was born at 9,27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital, like all Canadian hospitals at that time, Ottawa Civic Hospital barred husbands from the delivery room. The hospitals board of directors promptly ended the restriction following Margaret Trudeaus protests and many hospitals in the city. Trudeau is the child in Canadian history to be born to a prime minister in office. Trudeaus younger brothers Alexandre and Michel were the third and fourth, Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish, French Canadian, and English descent. His grandfathers were businessman Charles-Émile Trudeau and Scottish-born James Sinclair, who served as minister of fisheries in the cabinet of prime minister Louis St. Laurent. Trudeaus maternal great-grandfather Thomas Bernard was born in Makassar to an Anglo-Dutch colonial family and immigrated to Penticton, on April 14,1972, Trudeaus father and mother hosted a gala at the National Arts Centre, at which visiting U. S. president Richard M. Earlier that same day U. S. first lady Pat Nixon had come to see him in his nursery to deliver a gift, nixons White House audio tapes later revealed Nixon referred to that visit as wasting three days up there. That trip we needed like a hole in the head and his parents publicly announced their separation on May 27,1977, when Trudeau was five years old, with his father having custody. Eventually his parents came to an amicable joint-custody arrangement and learned to get quite well
14.
University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept
15.
Ottawa Citizen
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The Ottawa Citizen is an English-language daily newspaper owned by Postmedia Network in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. According to the Canadian Newspaper Association, the paper had a 2008 weekly circulation of 900,197, established as The Bytown Packet in 1845 by William Harris, it was renamed the Citizen in 1851. The newspapers original motto, which has recently returned to the editorial page, was Fair play. The paper has been through a number of owners, in 1846, Harris sold the paper to John Bell and Henry J. Friel. Robert Bell bought the paper in 1849, in 1877, Charles Herbert Mackintosh, the editor under Robert Bell, became publisher. In 1879, it one of several papers owned by the Southam family. It remained under Southam until the chain was purchased by Conrad Blacks Hollinger Inc, in 2000, Black sold most of his Canadian holdings, including the flagship National Post to CanWest Global. The editorial view of the Citizen has varied with its ownership, taking a reform, anti-Tory position under Harris, as part of Southam, it moved to the left, supporting the Liberals largely in opposition to the Progressive Conservative Partys support of free trade in the late 1980s. Under Black, it moved to the right and became a supporter of the Reform Party and it endorsed the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2006 federal election. In 2002, its publisher Russell Mills was dismissed following the publication of a critical of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. In 2004 CBC reported that CanWest which owned the Citizen had changed the wording of Associated Press stories, the words insurgent and militant which were originally used in the AP story were swapped for terrorist. The rest of the story stayed the same and this led to the National Council on Canada-Arab Relations to accuse the Citizen of being anti-Muslim. In mid-June 2012 the Citizen went from offering free access online of content to requiring a paid subscription and it published its last Sunday edition on July 15,2012. The move cut 20 newsroom jobs, and was part of a series of made by PostMedia. The logo used to depict the top of the Peace Tower of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, in 2014 it was rebranded, with a new logo showing the papers name over an outline of the Peace Tower on a green background. News World City Sports Arts Business Food Driving Technology List of newspapers in Canada Adam, when we began 1845, For 160 years, the Citizen has been the heartbeat of the community. A History of Journalism in Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Carleton University Press,1984. A Victorian authority, the press in late nineteenth-century Canada
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Society of Graphic Designers of Canada
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The Society of Graphic Designers of Canada is Canadas national professional graphic design society. The GDC is an organization of design professionals, educators, administrators, students. GDC was Canada’s first distinct group to professionalize graphic design as a distinct field, in 1968 it changed its name to the Society of Graphic Designers of Canada and created the MGDC certification. By the early 1970s, several other design associations had been founded and it joined Icograda in the same year, then in 1976 it was incorporated by federal charter. The CGD certification mark was registered in 2011, the GDC has been an advocate and resource for Canadas graphic and communication design profession since 1956. Through the media, publications, seminars, events, conferences and exhibits, since 1960, the GDC has been recognizing as Fellows those designers who make major contributions to Canadian graphic design. Designers who have received the honour include Allan Fleming, Burton Kramer, Chris Yaneff, Paul Arthur, Jim Rimmer and this provides GDC members with the opportunity for international recognition, professional development and a global perspective on graphic design. The Société des designers graphiques du Québec, representing graphic designers in the province of Quebec, has a relationship with the GDC. The review process is a setup where only the GDC membership chair has knowledge of the candidate’s identity. Unlike Association of Registered Graphic Designers’ RGD certification process, CGD certification does not require a written examination, Association of Registered Graphic Designers Salazar Awards Société des designers graphiques du Québec Society of Graphic Designers of Canada Website
17.
Bank of Canada
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The Bank of Canada is Canadas central bank. The bank was chartered by and under the Bank of Canada Act on July 3,1934, in 1938, the bank was legally designated a federal Crown corporation. The Minister of Finance holds the entire share capital issued by the bank, the essential role of the bank, as Canadas central bank, is to promote the economic and financial well-being of Canada. With the exception of the word Canada replacing the word Dominion the wording today is identical to the 1934 legislation which created the bank. Changes to make the bank a government-owned institution in 1938 did not alter the purpose of the Bank as set out in the preamble to the Bank of Canada Act. The Bank of Canada headquarters are located at the Bank of Canada Building,234 Wellington Street in the nations capital, the edifice also houses the Currency Museum, which opened in December,1980. Between 2013 and 2017, the Bank of Canada temporarily moved its offices to 234 Laurier Street in Ottawa to allow renovations to its headquarters building. On March 11,1935, the Bank of Canada began operations, initially, the bank had been founded as a privately owned corporation, a move taken in order to ensure the bank would be free from partisan political influence. In 1938, under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Bank of Canada, the Bank shall be under the management of a Board of Directors composed of a Governor, a Deputy Governor and twelve directors appointed in accordance with this Act. The Governor and Deputy Governor shall be appointed by the directors with the approval of the Governor in Council, prior to the creation of the Bank of Canada, the federal Department of Finance had been responsible for printing Canadas banknotes. The Bank of Montreal, then the nations largest bank, acted as the governments banker, a major proponent was the Royal Bank of Canada, which wanted to see the government business taken away from its rival. When the central bank was founded, the Government of Canada claimed it was constrained by its foreign debts, the Government also claimed it was constrained by its inability to deal directly on Canadas foreign debts. The farmers were joined by manufacturing interests and other groups in favor of a depreciating currency, in 1944, the Bank of Canada then became the sole issuer of legal tender banknotes in and under Canada. After the war, the role was expanded as it was mandated to encourage economic growth in Canada. An Act of Parliament in September 1944 established the subsidiary Business Development Bank of Canada to stimulate investment in Canadian businesses, Prime Minister John Diefenbakers central-bank monetary policy was directed towards increasing the money supply to generate low interest rates, and incentivize full employment. When inflation began to rise in the early 1960s, then-Governor James Coyne ordered a reduction in the Canadian money supply, since the 1980s, keeping inflation low has been the main priority of the Bank of Canada. In the early 1990s, the rules of Canada were changed. Since that time, the reserves of Canadas chartered banks have been internal corporate bank policy
18.
Canada Day
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Canada Day is the national day of Canada. Originally called Dominion Day, the holiday was renamed in 1982, Canada Day celebrations take place throughout the country, as well as in various locations around the world, attended by Canadians living abroad. Although Canada existed prior to 1867, within both the French and British empires, Canada Day is frequently referred to as Canadas birthday, Canada became a kingdom within the British Empire in its own right on that date, named the Dominion of Canada. Canada gradually gained increasing independence over the years until finally becoming independent in 1982. Under the federal Holidays Act, Canada Day is observed on July 1, unless that falls on a Sunday. Celebratory events will still take place on July 1, even though it is not the legal holiday. If it falls on a Saturday, any businesses normally closed that day will usually dedicate the following Monday as a day off, there doesnt seem to be a central recipe for how to celebrate it—chalk it up to the nature of the federation. Smaller events are mounted in parks around the city and in Gatineau. Given the federal nature of the anniversary, celebrating Canada Day can be a cause of friction in the province of Quebec and you could wave a different flag, and choose another face paint, and nothing would be lost. Canada Day also coincides with Quebecs Moving Day, when many fixed-lease apartment rental terms expire, Canadian expatriates will often organize Canada Day activities in their local area on or near the date of the holiday. In China, Canada Day celebrations are held at the Bund Beach by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai, the holiday was initially not dominant in the national calendar, any celebrations were mounted by local communities and the governor general hosted a party at Rideau Hall. No larger celebrations were held until 1917 and then again for a further decade—the golden and diamond anniversaries of Confederation. In 1946, Philéas Côté, a Quebec member of the House of Commons, beginning in 1958, the Canadian government began to orchestrate Dominion Day celebrations. That year, then Prime Minister John Diefenbaker requested that Secretary of State Ellen Fairclough put together appropriate events, Parliament was traditionally in session on July 1, but Fairclough persuaded Diefenbaker and the rest of the federal Cabinet to attend. Official celebrations thereafter consisted usually of Trooping the Colour ceremonies on Parliament Hill in the afternoon and evening, followed by a band concert. Fairclough, who became Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, later expanded the bills to include performing folk, the day also became more casual and family oriented. Into the late 1960s, nationally televised, multi-cultural concerts held in Ottawa were added, after 1980, the Canadian government began to promote celebrating Dominion Day beyond the national capital, giving grants and aid to cities across the country to help fund local activities. Others claimed Dominion was widely misunderstood and conservatively inclined commenters saw the change as part of a larger attempt by Liberals to re-brand or re-define Canadian history
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Royal Canadian Mint
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The Royal Canadian Mint is a Crown corporation of Canada, operating under the Royal Canadian Mint Act. The shares of the Mint are held in trust for the Crown in right of Canada, the Mint produces all of Canadas circulation coins, and manufactures circulation coins on behalf of other nations. The Mint also designs and manufactures, precious and base metal coins, gold, silver, palladium. It further offers gold and silver refinery and assay services, the Mint serves the publics interest but is also mandated to operate in anticipation of profit. Like private-sector companies, the Mint has a board of directors consisting of a chair, the president and CEO of the Mint, traditionally, the President of the Royal Canadian Mint is known as the Master of the Mint. The current president is Ian E. Bennett, who was appointed to the position in June 2006 and was re-appointed to a further three-year mandate effective June 12,2011, the Board of Directors, through the Chair, is accountable to the Minister of Finance. The Minister serves as the link between the Mint, Cabinet and Parliament, the Mint was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. for four consecutive years. In March 2012 the Canadian Government decided to cease the production of pennies, the final penny was minted at the RCMs Winnipeg, Manitoba plant on the morning of May 4,2012. In April 2012, the Mint announced that it was developing MintChip, for the first fifty years of Canadian coinage, the coins were struck at the Royal Mint in London, though some were struck at the private Heaton Mint in Birmingham, England. As Canada emerged as a nation in its own right, its need for coinage increased, as a result, a branch of the Royal Mint was authorized to be built in Ottawa in 1901 after being first proposed in 1890. During a short ceremony, Lord Grey and his wife, Lady Grey, activated the presses for the Canadian Mint on January 2,1908, when the facility first opened, it had 61 employees. Three years later the Mint began refining gold by electrolysis in its assay department, since then, the Mint’s refinery has undergone several changes and expansions. Today’s process is a combination of chlorination and electrolysis, the silver is first upgraded in an oxygen converter and then refined by electrolysis. It wasn’t until the Great Depression that the Ottawa Mint negotiated its independence from the British Royal Mint, in 1931, the Ottawa Mint was renamed the Royal Canadian Mint and began reporting solely to the Department of Finance. Although the Mint continued to rely on the Royal Mint to produce the master tools required for the creation of its punches and dies, in 1969, the Government of Canada reorganized the Mint as a Crown corporation. As such, the Mint was no longer a branch of the Department of Finance and it would operate like a corporation with its own Board of Directors and increased decision-making powers. The Mint’s facility in Ottawa is currently responsible for producing collector and commemorative coins, bullion in the form of coins, bars, wafers and grain, medals and medallions. This is also where the master tooling is done to create the dies that strike coin designs for circulation and commemorative issues
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Obverse and reverse
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In this usage, obverse means the front face of the object and reverse means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called heads, because it depicts the head of a prominent person. In fields of scholarship outside numismatics, the front is more commonly used than obverse. For prints and drawings with material on both sides the one judged as more significant will be the recto, a convention now exists typically to display the obverse to the left and the reverse to the right in photographs and museum displays, but this is not invariably observed. Following this principle, in the most famous of ancient Greek coins, the tetradrachm of Athens, the obverse is the head of Athena, similar versions of these two images, both symbols of the state, were used on the Athenian coins for more than two centuries. The opposite side may have varied from time to time and this change happened in the coinage of Alexander the Great, which continued to be minted long after his death. The various Hellenistic rulers who were his successors followed his tradition and this script alone style then was used on nearly all Islamic coinage until the modern period. The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of Iconoclasm, without images, therefore, it is not always easy to tell which side will be regarded as the obverse without some knowledge. After 695, Islamic coins avoided all images of persons and usually, the side expressing the Six Kalimas is usually defined as the obverse. The form of currency follows its function, which is to serve as an accepted medium of exchange of value. Traditionally, most states have been monarchies where the person of the monarch, if not provided for on the obverse, the reverse side usually contains information relating to a coins role as medium of exchange. Additional space typically reflects the countrys culture or government, or evokes some aspect of the states territory. Regarding the euro, some regarding the obverse and reverse of the euro coins exists. This rule does not apply to the coins as they dont have a common side. A number of the used for obverse national sides of euro coins were taken from the reverse of the old pre-euro coins of some individual countries. Several countries continue to use portraits of the monarch and the Republic of Ireland continues to use the State Arms. The Chrysanthemum Crest was no longer used after the war, and so, the side on which the date continues to be regarded as the reverse. Following ancient tradition, the obverse of coins of the United Kingdom almost always feature the head of the monarch
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Coins of the Canadian dollar
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Canadian coinage is the coinage of Canada, produced by the Royal Canadian Mint and denominated in Canadian dollars and the subunit of dollars, cents. There are six denominations of Canadian circulation coinage in production, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1, officially they are each named according to their value, but in practice only the fifty-cent piece is known by that name. The three smallest coins are known as the nickel, the dime, and the quarter, and the one-dollar and two-dollar coins are usually called the loonie. The production of the Canadian one-cent piece was discontinued in 2012, the 50¢ piece, though in circulation, is far less circulated than the other coins. Between the years 2000 and 2007 the Royal Canadian Mint struck 15,950,000 50¢ pieces, in comparison and this coin is sometimes called a half-dollar, but the name 50¢ piece is also used. Other than the $2 coin, the denominations of Canadian coinage correspond to those of United States coinage, the sizes of the coins less than 50¢ are similar to those of U. S. coins, though this was not always the case. While the coins tend to have diameters almost equal to the equivalent U. S. coinage, most of the coins are thinner, the U. S. penny settled on its current size in 1857, whereas the Canadian penny was much larger until 1920. There was some correspondence between the size of Canadian coins and British coins of similar value. For example, the large Canadian penny was identical in size and value to the contemporary British half-penny, which was 25.4 mm in the Edward VII version, likewise, the Canadian quarter was virtually identical in size and value to the British shilling. The Canadian 5¢ coins, until the larger nickel coins of 1922, were 15 mm silver coins quite different from the U. S. Liberty head nickels of 1883–1913, which were 21.2 mm and copper-nickel alloy, the most significant recent developments in Canadian coinage were the introduction of $1 and $2 coins and the withdrawal of the one cent piece. The $1 coin was released in 1987, the $1 banknote would remain in issue and in circulation alongside the one dollar coin for the next two years, until it was withdrawn in 1989. The coin was to be the silver dollar coins that had previously been in limited circulation. The dies were lost/stolen in Nov 1986, requiring a redesign, the new coin is colloquially called the loonie, for the common loon on its reverse, and the name is frequently applied to the currency unit as well. It is made of nickel-plated with aureate bronze, the $2 coin, carrying a polar bear, was introduced in 1996. It is usually called the toonie and is bimetallic, the $2 banknote was withdrawn at the same time that the coin was released. Between 1997 and 2001, the $1 loon coin was not issued for general circulation, on March 29,2012, the Canadian government announced that the 1¢ coin would be retired. The Royal Canadian Mint stopped producing 1¢ coins in May 2012, and in February 2013 the Bank of Canada stopped distributing them, cash transactions are rounded to the nearest 5¢, while non-cash transactions will continue to be rounded to the nearest 1¢
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Toonie
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The Canadian two-dollar coin, commonly called the toonie, is the most valuable of the frequently used Canadian coins. It was introduced on February 19,1996, by Public Works minister Diane Marleau, the toonie is a bimetallic coin which on the reverse side bears an image of a polar bear by artist Brent Townsend. The obverse, like all other current Canadian circulation coins, has a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and it has the words ELIZABETH II / D. G. REGINA in a different typeface from any other Canadian coin, it is also the only coin to bear its issue date on the obverse. The coin is manufactured using a patented distinctive bimetallic coin-locking mechanism, the coins are estimated to last 20 years. The discontinued two-dollar bill was less expensive to manufacture, but on each bill lasted only one year. On April 10,2012, the Royal Canadian Mint announced design changes to the loonie and toonie, which include new security features. The weight dropped from 7.30 to 6.92 g, and it is occasionally spelled twonie or twoonie, but Canadian newspapers and the Royal Canadian Mint use the toonie spelling. When the coin was introduced, a number of nicknames were suggested, some of the early ones included the bearie, the bearly, the deuce, the doubloonie, and the moonie. The name toonie became so widely accepted that in 2006, the RCM secured the rights to it, a competition to name the bear resulted in the name Churchill, a reference both to Winston Churchill and to the common polar bear sightings in Churchill, Manitoba. Paul Martin announced the replacement of the $2 banknote with a coin in the 1995 Canadian federal budget speech, the RCM spent C$17,400 to canvass 2000 Canadian households about which of the 10 theme options they preferred. Under the direction of Dr. Hieu C, truong, the RCM engineering division designed the two-dollar coin to be made from two different metals. The metals for the coin would be lighter and thinner than those produced anywhere in the world. To join the two parts, the engineering division selected a bimechanical locking mechanism, by the end of 1996, the Winnipeg facility had struck 375 million of these coins. The coin was launched at Ben’s Deli in Montreal on February 19,1996. The weight of the coin was originally specified as 112.64 grains, the community of Campbellford, home to the coins designer, constructed an 8-metre-tall toonie monument, similar to the Big Loonie in Echo Bay and the Big Nickel in Sudbury. A failure in the locking mechanism in the first batch of toonies caused some coins to separate if struck hard or frozen. Despite media reports of defective toonies, the RCM responded that the odds of a falling apart were about one in 60 million
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Loonie
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The Canadian one dollar coin, commonly called the loonie, is a gold-coloured one-dollar coin introduced in 1987. It bears images of a loon, a bird which is common and well known in Canada, on the reverse. It is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg, the coins outline is an 11-sided curve of constant width. Its diameter of 26.5 mm and its 11-sidedness matched that of the already-circulating Susan B, Anthony dollar in the United States, and its thickness of 1.95 mm was a close match to the latters 2.0 mm. Its gold colour differed from the silver-coloured Anthony dollar, however, other coins using a curve of constant width include the 7-sided British twenty pence and fifty pence coins. The coin has become the symbol of the Canadian dollar, media often discuss the rate at which the loonie is trading against other currencies, the nickname loonie became so widely recognized that in 2006 the Royal Canadian Mint secured the rights to it. When the Canadian two-dollar coin was introduced in 1996, it was in turn nicknamed the toonie, Canada first minted a silver dollar coin in 1935 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of George Vs reign as king. The voyageur dollar, so named because it featured an Indian and a French voyageur paddling a canoe on the reverse, was minted in silver until 1967, after which it was composed primarily of nickel. The coins did not see wide circulation, mainly due to their size and weight, the nickel version weighed 15.6 grams and was 32.1 millimetres in diameter, and was itself smaller than the silver version. By 1982, the Royal Canadian Mint had begun work on a new composition for the coin that it hoped would lead to increased circulation. At the same time, vending machine operators and transit systems were lobbying the Government of Canada to replace the dollar banknotes with wider circulating coins, a Commons committee recommended in 1985 that the dollar bill be eliminated despite a lack of evidence that Canadians would support the move. The government argued that it would save between $175 and $250 million over 20 years by switching from bills that had a lifespan of less than a year to coins that would last two decades. The government announced on March 25,1986, that the new coin would be launched the following year as a replacement for the dollar bill. It was expected to cost $31.8 million to produce the first 300 million coins, from the proceeds, a total of $60 million over five years was dedicated toward funding the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. The failure of the Susan B, Anthony dollar coin in the United States had been considered and it was believed Americans refused to support the coin due to its similarity to their quarter coin and its lack of esthetic appeal. In announcing the new Canadian dollar coin, the government stated it would be the overall size as the Susan B. Anthony coin – slightly larger than a quarter – to allow for compatibility with American manufactured vending machines and it was also found to be the third time that the Mint had lost master dies within five years. The Mint also disagreed with the Royal Canadian Mounted Polices contention that the dies were simply lost in transit, fearing the possibility of counterfeiting, the government approved a new design for the reverse, replacing the voyageur with a Robert-Ralph Carmichael design of a common loon floating in water
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Quarter (Canadian coin)
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The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a Canadian coin worth 25 cents or one-fourth of a Canadian dollar. It is a small, circular coin of silver colour, according to the Royal Canadian Mint, the official name for the coin is the 25-cent piece, but in practice it is usually called a quarter, much like its American counterpart. The coin is produced at the Royal Canadian Mints facility in Winnipeg. From 1920 until 1967 the quarter contained 0.15 troy ounces of silver -- 1/4 as much as the dollar, 1/2 as much as the 50 cent piece. Ordinarily featuring a caribou, the quarter has the most commonly altered reverse in Canada, in 2004, a quarter was issued in honour of Remembrance Day, featuring a corn poppy on the reverse, a traditional symbol in Canada of that day. In 1992, to celebrate the 125th anniversary of Confederation, the Mint released twelve commemorative coins, one for each Canadian province and these were the inspiration for the US50 State Quarters program of 1999–2008. Nunavut, which separated from the Northwest Territories seven years later in 1999, was honoured with a special $2 coin. In April 1998, the Mint announced the Millennium Coin Design Contest, the 1999 designs were meant to look back on Canadas past, while the 2000 designs looked to the future. While the 1999 coins were labeled with their month of issue, in 2005, to celebrate the centennials of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, two commemorative quarters were issued. The public was given the opportunity to vote on the design through two toll-free phone numbers. There were four designs for the Alberta quarter, Big Sky Country, Alberta’s Natural Beauty, A Dynamic Century. The winning design was Big Sky Country, by Michelle Grant, the coin had a mintage of 20,640,000. There were three designs for the Saskatchewan quarter, The Western Meadowlark, Canada Geese over Wascana Lake. The winning design was Western Meadowlark, designed by Paulette Sapergia, the Olympic coins do not have the inscription D. G. Regina making the coins godless circulating coins, there have been a couple of circulation strike mule coins in this series, including 2007 Paralympic wheelchair curling and 2009 Olympic Alpine Skiing coins. With the medalist coins now called the Olympic moments coins, a small percentage will be a colorized version. Olympic first strikes Since 2000, the RCM has been issuing colourized quarters on Canada Day with designs aimed to attract young collectors, as with other collector coins issued by the RCM, the Canada Day series coins are non-circulating legal tender. The 1906 Small Crown is valued in the thousands of dollars even for very poor conditions,1936 marked two valuable variations, the Bar and the Dot, both trend for over $1000 in uncirculated condition
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Dime (Canadian coin)
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In Canada, a dime is a coin worth ten cents. It has been the smallest Canadian coin since 1922, even smaller than a penny, according to the Royal Canadian Mint, the official national term of the coin is the 10 cent piece, but in practice, the term dime predominates in English-speaking Canada. Currently the dime has, as with all Canadian coins, a portrait of Her Majesty the Queen on the obverse, the reverse contains a representation of the Bluenose, a famous Canadian schooner. The artist, Emmanuel Hahn, used three ships including the Bluenose as his models, so the design is actually a composite. The coin is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg, the word dime comes from the French word dîme, meaning tithe or tenth part, from the Latin decima. 1936 dot, Extremely rare with only 5 known, there are 3 in private collections, grading Specimen-63, and 2 examples graded SP-68. The other 2, of the 5 known, are in the Ottawa currency museum, the most recent of these to sell at auction was one of the SP68 coins, which brought US$184,000 in a Heritage Auction in January 2010. 1969 Large Date, Fewer than 20 examples of the date variety exist. High-grade versions of this coin sell for $15,000 to $30,000, there is only one graded in mint state as of 2012. 1999p, The first Canada 10 cent coin issued with the new plating P process, plated coins are marked with a small P beneath the Queens effigy on the obverse of the coin. Mintage is limited to 20,000 coins, 2000p, The 2000p Canada dime is scarce with fewer than 250 examples minted. The 2000p dime was lent to the industry by the Royal Canadian Mint to test the compatibility of the new plating process of circulation coins with existing vending machines. Under contractual obligation, these coins were to be returned to the Mint once the compatibility tests were complete, of the approximately 250 coins minted, many were not returned to the mint leading to significant debate surrounding the legality of owning these coins. High-grade examples of the 2000p 10 cent issue range from $1,500 to $3,000 CDN. Unlike the 5 cent 2000p issues, the 10 cent coin was not officially released by the Mint, and entered the numismatic market illegally and are still the property of the Royal Canadian Mint
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Nickel (Canadian coin)
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The Canadian five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a coin worth five cents or one-twentieth of a Canadian dollar. It was patterned on the coin in the neighbouring United States. Starting 4 February 2013, after the elimination of the penny, the denomination had been introduced in 1858 as a small, thin sterling silver coin, that was colloquially known as a fish scale, not a nickel. The larger base metal version made of nickel, and called a nickel, was introduced as a Canadian coin in 1922 and these coins were magnetic, due to the high nickel content. Versions during World War II were minted in copper-zinc, then chrome and nickel-plated steel, a plated steel version was again made 1951–54 during the Korean War. Rising nickel prices eventually caused another switch to cupronickel in 1982, as a result, pre-1982 five cent pieces are often sought by collectors. From 1942 to 1963, Canadian five-cent coins were produced in a distinctive 12-sided shape, originally this was done to distinguish the copper-colored tombac coins, from pennies. However, the shape was retained for another nineteen years after 1944 when this coin was later produced in 99. 9% nickel. The coin is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg, the first ever Canadian five-cent coins were struck by the Royal Mint in London as part of the introductory 1858 coinage of the Province of Canada. The coins were the size and general composition as the corresponding American coins of the time. All Canadian coins were struck in England at the Royal Mint and the Birmingham Mint until 1908, with the exception of some 1968 dimes struck at the Philadelphia Mint, all Canadian coins since 1908 have been minted in Canada. Due to a rise in the price of silver, Canadian coinage was debased from sterling silver to 800 fine in 1920, in 1922, silver was removed entirely from the five-cent coin, replacing it with a coin of roughly the same dimensions and mass as the American nickel. However, unlike the American coin, which was 75% copper and 25% nickel and this coin has since been known almost universally as the nickel. The five-cent coin of Newfoundland, on the hand, remained silver until the end of the Newfoundland coinage in 1947. The nickels composition has changed several times, most notably during World War II and the Korean War when nickel was redirected to the war effort, where it was essential for armor production. In the latter part of 1942 and throughout 1943, the coins were minted in tombac, in 1944 and 1945, and again from mid-1951 to 1954, coins were made of steel which was plated twice, first with nickel and then chromium. The plating was applied before the blanks were struck, so the edges of coins are dull or even rusted. The composition was returned to nickel after both wars
27.
Face value
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The face value is the value of a coin, stamp or paper money, as printed on the coin, stamp or bill itself by the issuing authority. The face value of coins, stamps, or bill is usually its legal value, however, their market value need not bear any relationship to the face value. For example, some coins or stamps may be traded at prices considerably above their face value. The face value of bonds usually represents the principal or redemption value, interest payments are expressed as a percentage of face value. Before maturity, the value of a bond may be greater or less than face value, depending on the interest rate payable. As bonds approach maturity, actual value approaches face value, in the case of stock certificates, face value is the par value of the stock. In the case of stock, par value is largely symbolic. In the case of preferred stock, dividends may be expressed as a percentage of par value, the face value of a life insurance policy is the death benefit. In the case of so-called double indemnity life insurance policies, the beneficiary receives double the value in case of accidental death. The face value of property, casualty or health insurance policies is the amount payable. Face value can be used to refer to the apparent value of something other than a financial instrument, in this context, face value refers to the apparent merits of the idea, before the concept or plan has been tested. Face value also refers to the price printed on a ticket to an event, concert. In many jurisdictions, re-selling tickets for more than face value constitutes ticket scalping and is illegal, taking someone at face value is assuming another persons suggestion, offer, or proposal is sincere, rather than a bargaining ploy. Denomination Nominal value Melt value Par value Place value
28.
Canada Post
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Canada Post Corporation, known more simply as Canada Post, is the crown corporation which functions as the countrys primary postal operator. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada, rebranding was done to the “Canada Post” name in the late 1960s, on October 16,1981, the Canada Post Corporation Act came into effect. This abolished the Post Office Department and created the present day Crown corporation which provides postal service, the act aimed to set a new direction for the postal service by ensuring the postal services financial security and independence. Canada Post provided service to more than 15.8 million addresses and delivered almost 9 billion items in 2015, Delivery takes place via traditional to the door service by 25,000 letter carriers, through a 13,000 vehicle fleet. There are more than 6,200 post offices across the country, in terms of area serviced, Canada Post delivers to a larger area than the postal service of any other nation, including Russia. As of 2004, nearly 843,000 rural Canadian customers received residential mail delivery services, Canada Post operates as a group of companies called The Canada Post Group. It employs approximately 64,000 full and part-time employees to deliver a range of delivery, logistics. The Corporation holds an interest in Purolator Courier, Innovapost, Progistix-Solutions, in 2000, Canada Post created a company called Epost, allowed customers to receive their bill online for free. Canada Post is the Federal Identity Program name, the legal name is Canada Post Corporation in English and Société canadienne des postes in French. On August 3,1527 in St. Johns, Newfoundland, while in St. Johns, John Rut wrote a letter to King Henry VIII about his findings and planned voyage. Mail delivery within Canada first started in 1693 when the Portuguese born Pedro da Silva was paid to deliver mail between Quebec City and Montreal, official postal services began in 1775, under the control of the British Government up to 1851. The first postage stamp went into circulation in Canada that same year and it was not until 1867 when the newly formed Dominion of Canada created the Post Office Department as a federal government department headed by a Cabinet minister, the Postmaster General of Canada. The Act took effect April 1,1868, providing postal service throughout the newly established country. Prior to rural mail delivery, many Canadians living outside major cities, on 10 October 1908, the first free rural mail delivery service was instituted in Canada. The extension of residential mail delivery services to all rural Canadian residents was an achievement for the Post Office Department. The Post Office Department was a pioneer of airmail delivery, with the first airmail flight taking place on June 24,1918. They had with them the first bag of mail to be delivered by air in Canada, wind and rain buffetted the small plane and forced it to make refuelling stops at Kingston and Deseronto. Finally, at 4,55 p. m. Peck, the flight had been arranged by a civilian organization, the Aerial League of the British Empire, to demonstrate that aviation was the way of the future
29.
Parks Canada
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Parks Canada, also known as the Parks Canada Agency, is an agency of the Government of Canada run by a chief executive who answers to the Minister of the Environment. Parks Canada manages 38 National Parks, three National Marine Conservation Areas,171 National Historic Sites, and one National Landmark, the agency also administers lands and waters set aside as potential national parklands, including eight National Park Reserves and one National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. The Canadian Register of Historic Places is supported and managed by Parks Canada, in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments, the agency is also the working arm of the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board, which recommends National Historic Sites, Events, and Persons. Parks Canada was established on May 19,1911, as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the Interior, the services activities are regulated under the provisions of the Canada National Parks Act, which was enacted in 1930, and amended in 2000. To mark the 150th anniversary of Confederation in 2017, Parks Canada is offering free passes to national parks, the Parks Canada Agency was established as a separate service entity in 1998, and falls under the responsibility of Environment Canada. Before 2003, Parks Canada fell under the jurisdiction of the Department of Canadian Heritage, from 1979 to 1994, Parks Canada was part of the Department of Environment, and before it was part of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, and the Department of the Interior. With the organizational shifts and political leadership in Canada, the priorities of Parks Canada have shifted over the years more towards conservation, starting in the 1960s, Parks Canada has also moved to decentralize its operations. S. C. Marie Canal, Saint-Ours Canal, Chambly Canal, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal, Carillon Canal, Lachine Canal, the Department of Canadian Heritage, which runs federal Museums and more cultural affairs, falls under the control of the Minister of Heritage. They are designated under section 18 of the Canada National Parks Act and have the authority of peace officers and they carry firearms and have access to other use of force options. The Minister may also designate provincial and local enforcement officers under section 19 of the Act for the purpose of enforcing laws within the specified parks and these officers have the power of peace officers only in relation to the Act. In May 2012, it was reported that Park Wardens may be designated to enforce certain wildlife acts administered by Environment Canada. Should the designations go ahead it would only be for Park Wardens that are stationed near existing migratory bird sanctuaries, historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995 List of legislation for which Parks Canada is responsible Lothian, W. F. A History of Canadas National Parks Volumes I-IV Lothian, W. F, a Brief History of Canadas National Parks Lothian, W. F. Histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada Volumes I-IV Lothian, W. F, a Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011, Free eBook Parks Canada article in the Canadian Encyclopedia National Parks of Canada Electronic Library
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National Parks of Canada
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National Parks of Canada are protected natural spaces throughout the country that represent distinct geographical regions of the nation. Within Parks Canada’s administration is a range of protected areas, encompassing National Historic Sites, National Marine Conservation Areas. Canada’s first national park, located in Banff, was established in 1885, tourism and commercialization dominated early park development, followed closely by resource extraction. Commodifying the parks for the profit of Canada’s national economy as well as conserving the natural areas for public, the process of establishing National Parks has included the often forced displacement of indigenous and non-indigenous residents of areas within the proposed park boundaries. A transition towards developing parks as a place of preservation began with the National Parks Act of 1930 and this event marked a shift in park management practices. Acting as national symbols, Canadas National Parks exist in every province,1885 – Banff National Park established as Canadas first National Park. Originally this park was called Banff Hot Springs Reserve and later the Rocky Mountains National Park, 1908–1912 – Four National Parks established in Alberta and Saskatchewan with a mission akin to national wildlife refuges. All would be abolished by 1947 once their goals were achieved,1911 – Dominion Parks Branch created, the worlds first national park service. Resided in the Department of the Interior, now known as Parks Canada, the governing body of Canadas National Parks. 1930 – Canadas parliament passes the first National Parks Act, regulating protection of the parks,1930 – Transfer of resources agreement signed. 1970s - National Parks System Plan devised with an aim to protect a sample of each of Canadas 39 natural spaces. 1979 – National Parks policy is revised to make preserving ecological integrity the priority in Canadian Parks,1984 – First National Park established through a land claim agreement. 1988 – National Parks Act amended formalizing the principle of integrity in the park system. 1989 – The Endangered Spaces campaign is launched by the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the goal of the campaign is to have parks and protected areas which represent each of the countrys natural regions. 2017 - Free National Parks in 2017, In celebration of Canadas 150th birthday on 1 July 2017, Parks Canada is offering free admission to national parks, on July 20,1871, the Crown Colony of British Columbia committed to Confederation with Canada. Under the union’s terms, Canada was to construction of a transcontinental railway to connect the Pacific Coast to the eastern provinces. As the Canadian Pacific Railway went underway in 1875 and surveyors began to study the land, evidence of minerals quickly introduced the construction of mines and resource exploitation in Canada’s previously untouched wilderness. This event brought about the beginning of Canadas movement towards preserving land, may 1911 marked one of the most significant events in the administration and development of National Parks in Canada as the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act were granted royal assent
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Tulip
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The tulip is a Eurasian and North African genus of perennial, bulbous plants in the lily family. It is a herb with showy flowers, of which around 75 wild species are currently accepted. The tulips centre of diversity is in the Pamir, Hindu Kush and it is a common element of steppe and winter-rain Mediterranean vegetation. A number of species and many cultivars are grown in gardens or as potted plants. Tulips are spring-blooming perennials that grow from bulbs, depending on the species, tulip plants can be between 4 inches and 28 inches high. The tulips large flowers usually bloom on scapes with leaves in a rosette at ground level, larger species tend to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have two to six leaves, some species up to 12, the tulips leaf is strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and the leaves are alternately arranged on the stem, these fleshy blades are often bluish green in color. Most tulips produce only one flower per stem, but a few species bear multiple flowers on their scapes, the generally cup or star-shaped tulip flower has three petals and three sepals, which are often termed tepals because they are nearly identical. These six tepals are often marked on the surface near the bases with darker colorings. Tulip flowers come in a variety of colors, except pure blue. The flowers have six distinct, basifixed stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals, each stigma has three distinct lobes, and the ovaries are superior, with three chambers. The tulips seed is a capsule with a covering and an ellipsoid to globe shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped seeds in two rows per chamber and these light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed. Tulipanin is a found in tulips. It is the 3-rutinoside of delphinidin, the chemical compounds named tuliposides and tulipalins can also be found in tulips and are responsible for allergies. Tulipalin A, or α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, is an allergen, generated by hydrolysis of the glucoside tuliposide A. It induces a dermatitis that is mostly occupational and affects tulip bulb sorters and florists who cut the stems, tulipanin A and B are toxic to horses, cats and dogs. The genus Tulipa was traditionally divided into two sections, Eriostemones and Tulipa, and comprises ca.76 species
32.
Selective breeding
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Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while domesticated plants are known as varieties, cultigens, or cultivars. Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids, flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals, major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals. There are two approaches or types of selection, or selective breeding. The second is called controlled natural selection, which is natural selection in a controlled environment. In this, the breeder does not choose which individuals being tested survive or reproduce, there are also selection experiments, which is a third approach and these are conducted in order to determine the strength of natural selection in the wild. However, this is often an observational approach as opposed to an experimental approach. In animal breeding, techniques such as inbreeding, linebreeding, in plant breeding, similar methods are used. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his 1859 book and its first chapter discusses selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeons, cats, cattle, and dogs. Darwin used artificial selection as a springboard to introduce and support the theory of natural selection, the deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology. Selective breeding can be unintentional, e. g. resulting from the process of human cultivation, for example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication, Selective breeding was practiced by the Romans. Treatises as much as 2,000 years old give advice on selecting animals for different purposes, the notion of selective breeding was later expressed by the Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century. He noted the idea in his book titled India, which included various examples, the agriculturist selects his corn, letting grow as much as he requires, and tearing out the remainder. The forester leaves those branches which he perceives to be excellent, the bees kill those of their kind who only eat, but do not work in their beehive. Selective breeding was established as a practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. Arguably, his most important breeding program was with sheep, using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New Leicester and it was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the English Leicester, Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef
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Flower
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A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral. The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs, Flowers may facilitate outcrossing or allow selfing. Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization, Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds, the essential parts of a flower can be considered in two parts, the vegetative part, consisting of petals and associated structures in the perianth, and the reproductive or sexual parts. A stereotypical flower consists of four kinds of structures attached to the tip of a short stalk, each of these kinds of parts is arranged in a whorl on the receptacle. The four main whorls are as follows, Collectively the calyx, corolla, the next whorl toward the apex, composed of units called petals, which are typically thin, soft and colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination. Androecium, the whorl, consisting of units called stamens. Stamens consist of two parts, a called a filament, topped by an anther where pollen is produced by meiosis. Gynoecium, the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or more units called carpels, the carpel or multiple fused carpels form a hollow structure called an ovary, which produces ovules internally. Ovules are megasporangia and they in turn produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into female gametophytes and these give rise to egg cells. The gynoecium of a flower is described using an alternative terminology wherein the structure one sees in the innermost whorl is called a pistil. A pistil may consist of a carpel or a number of carpels fused together. The sticky tip of the pistil, the stigma, is the receptor of pollen, the supportive stalk, the style, becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma. The relationship to the gynoecium on the receptacle is described as hypogynous, perigynous, although the arrangement described above is considered typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species, the four main parts of a flower are generally defined by their positions on the receptacle and not by their function. Many flowers lack some parts or parts may be modified into other functions and/or look like what is typically another part, in some families, like Ranunculaceae, the petals are greatly reduced and in many species the sepals are colorful and petal-like. Other flowers have modified stamens that are petal-like, the flowers of Peonies and Roses are mostly petaloid stamens
34.
Flame
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A flame is the visible, gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic reaction taking place in a thin zone, very hot flames are hot enough to have ionized gaseous components of sufficient density to be considered plasma. Color and temperature of a flame are dependent on the type of fuel involved in the combustion, as, for example, the applied heat causes the fuel molecules in the candle wax to vaporize. In this state they can readily react with oxygen in the air. As the combustion temperature of a flame increases, so does the average energy of the radiation given off by the flame. Other oxidizers besides oxygen can be used to produce a flame, hydrogen burning in chlorine produces a flame and in the process emits gaseous hydrogen chloride as the combustion product. Another of many possible combinations is hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide which is hypergolic. Fluoropolymers can be used to supply fluorine as an oxidizer of metallic fuels, the chemical kinetics occurring in the flame are very complex and typically involve a large number of chemical reactions and intermediate species, most of them radicals. For instance, a well-known chemical kinetics scheme, GRI-Mech, uses 53 species and 325 elementary reactions to describe combustion of biogas, there are different methods of distributing the required components of combustion to a flame. In a diffusion flame, oxygen and fuel diffuse into each other, in a premixed flame, the oxygen and fuel are premixed beforehand, which results in a different type of flame. Candle flames operate through evaporation of the fuel which rises in a flow of hot gas which then mixes with surrounding oxygen. In a laboratory under normal gravity conditions and with an oxygen valve. This is due to incandescence of very fine particles that are produced in the flame. The colder part of a flame will be red, transitioning to orange, yellow. For a given region, the closer to white on this scale. The transitions are often apparent in fires, in which the color emitted closest to the fuel is white, with a section above it. Specific colors can be imparted to the flame by introduction of species with bright emission spectrum lines. In analytical chemistry, this effect is used in tests to determine presence of some metal ions
35.
Flag of Canada
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It is the first ever specified by law for use as the countrys national flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley, based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15,1965, also, the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada. There is no law dictating how the flag is to be treated. The flag is horizontally symmetric and therefore the obverse and reverse sides appear identical, the width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height. The white field is a Canadian pale, each bordering red field is exactly half its size, in heraldic terminology, the flags blazon as outlined on the original royal proclamation is gules on a Canadian pale argent a maple leaf of the first. The maple leaf has been used as a Canadian emblem since the 18th century and it was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the coat of arms of both Ontario and Quebec. In 1867, Alexander Muir composed the patriotic song The Maple Leaf Forever, the maple leaf was later added to the Canadian coat of arms in 1921. From 1876 until 1901, the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins, the use of the maple leaf by the Royal Canadian Regiment as a regimental symbol extended back to 1860. During the First World War and Second World War, badges of the Canadian Forces were often based on a leaf design. The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves and these colours became entrenched as the national colours of Canada upon the proclamation of the Royal Standard of Canada in 1962. The Department of Canadian Heritage has listed the various shades for printing ink that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag. 62539/0 Rieger Inks, No.25564 Sinclair and Valentine, No, the colours 0/100/100/0 in the CMYK process, PMS032, or PMS485 in the Pantone colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag. For the Federal Identity Program, the red tone of the flag has an RGB value of 255–0–0. In 1984, the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for used in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The first flag known to have flown in Canada was the St Georges Cross carried by John Cabot when he reached Newfoundland in 1497, in 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs-de-lis. His ship flew a red flag with a cross, the French naval flag at the time. New France continued to fly the evolving French military flags of that period, as the de jure national flag of the United Kingdom, the Union Flag was used similarly in Canada since the 1621 British settlement in Nova Scotia
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Canadian Tulip Festival
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The Canadian Tulip Festival is a tulip festival, held annually in May in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The festival claims to be the worlds largest tulip festival, displaying over one million tulips, as well as tulip displays, the festival also includes music performances, speakers and exhibits of international cuisine. The most noteworthy event during their time in Canada was the birth in 1943 of Princess Margriet to Princess Juliana at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. The maternity ward was declared to be officially a part of international territory, so that she would be born in no country. In 1946, Juliana sent another 20,500 bulbs requesting that a display be created for the hospital, queen Juliana returned to celebrate the festival in 1967, and Princess Margriet returned in 2002 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the festival. For many years, the featured a series of outdoor music concerts in addition to the tulips. The 1972 festival saw Liberace give a concert, and at the 1987 festival. The Trews first became known after opening for Big Sugar at the 2003 festival. Montreals General Rudie also gained valuable exposure early in their career with a performance at the 2000 festival, after several years of cold and rainy weekends drove the festival to the brink of bankruptcy in 2006, the outdoor music concerts were discontinued. Even though concert admission fees were a source of revenue for the festival, rainy weather contributed to low attendance on many occasions. In 2007, the festival was reorganised under new leadership, the festival was redesigned to focus on promoting international friendship, the original symbolic role of the gift of tulips. Park admission charges were eliminated and a new feature called Celebridée, another component of the 2007 festival was a fund-raising effort in support of War Child Canada. Celebridée has continued to grow since its inception in 2007, photographer Malak Karsh became widely known for his photographs of the Tulip Festival. Commissioners Park, on the shores of Dows Lake is a centre of activity for the Tulip Festival. The largest concentration of tulips in the National Capital Region — some 300,000 — can be planted along a section of the lakeshore. Commissioners Park also features buskers and musicians, and artists demonstrating their skills, in addition to tulip beds and buskers, Majors Hill Park features a large tented International Pavilion with culture, food and entertainment from a number of different countries. Crafts and activities for children are offered by some of the pavilions which are operated by embassies. Varying international exhibits have been featured during many years of the history, but international representation was expanded to 15 countries in 2007
37.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
38.
Monarchy of Canada
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The Monarchy of Canada is at the very core of both Canadas federal structure and Westminster-style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive, legislature, and judiciary in the federal, the Canadian sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and, as a matter of constitutional law, is Canada. The current Canadian monarch, since 6 February 1952, is Queen Elizabeth II, as such, Elizabeths son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent. Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 15 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each countrys monarchy is separate. However, the Queen is the member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. While some powers are only by the sovereign, most of the monarchs operational and ceremonial duties are exercised by his or her representative. In each of Canadas provinces, the monarch is represented by a lieutenant governor, as the territories are not sovereign, they do not have a viceroy. As all executive authority is vested in the sovereign, their assent is required to allow for bills to become law and for letters patent, Canada is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world. The emergence of this arrangement paralleled the fruition of Canadian nationalism following the end of the First World War and culminated in the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony, hence arises the phrase The King is dead. It is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the governor general on behalf of the Privy Council. Following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual. This is because, in law, the Crown never dies. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the rules of succession to their respective crowns requires the consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701, in 1936, King Edward VIII abdicated and any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession. As the Statute of Westminster 1931 disallowed the UK from legislating for Canada, including in relation to succession, the latter was deemed by the Cabinet in 1947 to be part of Canadian law, as is the Bill of Rights 1689, according to the Supreme Court of Canada. The Department of External Affairs included all succession-related laws in its list of acts within Canadian law, certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts
39.
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
40.
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
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Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO, CSM, PC, is the second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Instead of using the title of Princess of Wales, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, in Scotland, she is known as the Duchess of Rothesay. Camilla was born into a family as the eldest child of Major Bruce Shand and his wife, the Honourable Rosalind Cubitt. She was raised in East Sussex and South Kensington, and was educated in England, Switzerland, subsequently, she worked for different firms based in central London, most notably the decorating firm Sibyl Colefax & John Fowler. In 1973, Camilla married British Army officer Andrew Parker Bowles, for many years, Camilla was in a relationship with the Prince of Wales before and after their former marriages. The relationship became highly publicised in the media and attracted worldwide scrutiny, as the Duchess of Cornwall, Camilla assists the Prince of Wales on his official duties. She is also the patron, president and a member of numerous charities, since 1994, she has taken action on osteoporosis, which has earned her honours and awards. She has also raised awareness in areas including rape and sexual abuse, literacy and poverty, Camilla Rosemary Shand was born at Kings College Hospital, London, on 17 July 1947 at 7,00 am. She grew up in the Laines, a house located in Plumpton, East Sussex. Her parents were British Army officer turned businessman Major Bruce Shand and his wife, the Hon. Rosalind and she has one younger sister, Annabel Elliot, and had a younger brother, Mark Shand. Her maternal great-grandmother, Alice Keppel, was a mistress of King Edward VII from 1898 to 1910, on 1 November 1947, Camilla was baptised at Firle Church, Sussex. Her godparents were Hon. Henry Cubitt, Major Neil Speke, Mrs Heathcoat-Amory, Mrs Lombard Hobson, Camillas mother worked for an adoption agency, while her father had different business interests after retiring from the army. He was most notably a partner in Block, Grey and Block, during her childhood years, Camilla became an avid reader due to the influence of her father, who read to her frequently. She grew up with dogs and cats, and, at a young age, according to her, childhood was perfect in every way. Biographer Gyles Brandreth describes her background and childhood, Camilla is often described as having had an Enid Blyton sort of Childhood, in fact, it was much grander than that. The Shands had position and they had help—help in the house, help in the garden and they opened their garden for the local Conservative Party Association summer fête. At the age of five, Camilla was sent to Dumbrells and she left Dumbrells aged ten to attend Queens Gate School in Queens Gate, South Kensington. Her classmates at Queens Gate knew her as Milla, her pupils included the singer Twinkle
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Nunavut
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Nunavut is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canadas political map since the incorporation of the province of Newfoundland, Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world, the capital Iqaluit, on Baffin Island in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay and it is Canadas only geo-political region that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway. Nunavut is the largest in area and the second least populous of Canadas provinces and territories. One of the worlds most remote, sparsely settled regions, it has a population of 35,944, mostly Inuit, spread over an area of just over 1,750,000 km2, Nunavut is also home to the worlds northernmost permanently inhabited place, Alert. A weather station farther down Ellesmere Island, Eureka, has the lowest average temperature of any Canadian weather station. Nunavut means our land in Inuktitut, Nunavut covers 1,877,787 km2 of land and 160,935 km2 of water in Northern Canada. This makes it the fifth largest subnational entity in the world, if Nunavut were a country, it would rank 15th in area. It also shares borders with Greenland and the provinces of Quebec, Ontario. Nunavuts highest point is Barbeau Peak on Ellesmere Island, the population density is 0.019 persons/km2, one of the lowest in the world. By comparison, Greenland has approximately the area and nearly twice the population. Nunavut experiences a climate in most regions, owing to its high latitude. In more southerly continental areas very cold climates can be found. The region now known as Nunavut has supported an indigenous population for approximately 4,000 years. Most historians identify the coast of Baffin Island with the Helluland described in Norse sagas, the materials were collected in five seasons of excavation at Cape Tanfield. Scholars determined that these provide evidence of European traders and possibly settlers on Baffin Island and they seem to indicate prolonged contact, possibly up to 1450. So you have to consider the possibility that as remote as it may seem, the ore turned out to be worthless, but Frobisher made the first recorded European contact with the Inuit
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