1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
3.
Battle of Tippecanoe
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Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US expansion into Native territory. Tecumseh, not yet ready to oppose the United States by force, was away recruiting allies when Harrisons army arrived, Tenskwatawa, a spiritual leader but not a military man, was in charge. Harrison camped near Prophetstown on November 6 and arranged to meet with Tenskwatawa the following day, early the next morning, however, warriors from Prophetstown attacked Harrisons army. Although the outnumbered attackers took Harrisons army by surprise, Harrison, the Native Americans were ultimately repulsed when their ammunition ran low. After the battle, they abandoned Prophetstown and Harrisons men burned it to the ground, destroying the supplies stored for the winter. Harrison, having accomplished his goal of destroying Prophetstown, proclaimed he had won a decisive victory and he gained the nickname Tippecanoe, which was popularized in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler too during the election of 1840, which Harrison won and became president. The defeat was a setback for Tecumsehs confederacy from which it never fully recovered, public opinion blamed the violence on British interference in American affairs through financial and munitions support for the Indians. This led to a deterioration of relations with Britain and was a catalyst of the War of 1812. By the time the US declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812, in preparation, the Natives soon rebuilt Prophetstown, and frontier violence increased after the battle until Tecumseh was finally killed in 1813 during the Battle of the Thames. Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, had been leading a movement among the northwestern tribes. His brother, Tecumseh, was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, not yet ready to confront the United States directly, Tecumsehs primary adversaries were initially the Native American leaders who had signed the treaty. He began by intimidating them and threatening to kill anyone and their followers who carried out the terms of the treaty, Tecumseh began to travel widely, urging warriors to abandon the accommodationist chiefs and to join the resistance at Prophetstown. Tecumseh insisted that the Fort Wayne treaty was illegitimate, in an 1810 meeting with Harrison, he demanded that Harrison nullify the treaty and warned that settlers should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty. Harrison rejected his demands and insisted that the tribes could have relations with the United States. In the meeting Tecumseh warned Harrison that he would seek an alliance with the British if hostilities broke out, tensions between the United States and Britain had been high for several months as a result of British interference in U. S. commerce with France. In August 1811, Tecumseh again met with Harrison at Vincennes, Tecumseh then traveled to the south on a mission to recruit allies among the Five Civilized Tribes. Harrison left the territory for business in Kentucky shortly after the meeting with Tecumseh, by mid-September, most of the militia regiments had formed. By then, Harrison had returned, accompanied by a force of army regulars
4.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
5.
Pancho Villa Expedition
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The Pancho Villa Expedition—now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition, U. S. The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villas attack on the town of Columbus, New Mexico, the declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa. The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U. S. Army column, the U. S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out. When war was averted diplomatically, the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranzas government to pursue Villa, feeling betrayed, Villa began attacking U. S. nationals and their property in northern Mexico. On November 26,1915, Villa sent a force to attack the city of Nogales and in the course of the ensuing battle, engaged with American forces before withdrawing. On January 11,1916, sixteen American employees of the American Smelting and Refining Company were removed from a train near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, brigadier General John J. Raids were so commonplace, however, that the rumor was not seen as credible. Ten civilians and eight soldiers were killed in the attack, the raiders burned the town, stole horses and mules, and seized machine guns, ammunition and merchandise, before fleeing back to Mexico. However, Villas soldiers had suffered losses, with at least sixty-seven dead. Many of the casualties were inflicted when the machine gun troop of the 13th Cavalry led by 2nd Lt. John P, about thirteen of Villas wounded later died of their wounds, and five wounded Villistas taken prisoner by the Americans were tried and hanged for murder. Local lore in Columbus holds that the attack may have been caused by a merchant in Columbus who supplied Villa with arms and ammunition. Villa is said to have several thousand dollars in cash for the weapons. The next day, acting on the recommendations of the commanders of his cavalry regiments and this can and will be done in entirely friendly aid to the constituted authorities in Mexico and with scrupulous respect for the sovereignty of that Republic. The 2nd Provisional Cavalry Brigade reached Colonia Dublán after dark on March 17, the entire squadron flew to the advanced camp at Colonia Dublán on March 19–20, losing two aircraft in the process. Pershing immediately sent the 7th Cavalry south just after midnight on March 18 to begin the pursuit, persistent winter weather through early April, particularly bitterly cold nights at high altitude, made both pursuit and logistics more difficult. An additional regiment of cavalry and two of infantry were added to the expedition in late April, bringing its size to 4,800 men. This was the first use of convoys in a U. S. military operation. His headquarters advanced as far as the 1st Aero Squadrons field at Satevó, southeast of Chihuahua City, before falling back at the end of April. Villa had a head start on the pursuit, all but ensuring that his forces would successfully break up into smaller bands
6.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
7.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
8.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
9.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
10.
Operation Enduring Freedom
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Operation Enduring Freedom comprises several subordinate operations, Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan, lasted from October 2001 to 31 December 2014. Government used the term Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan to officially describe the War in Afghanistan, continued operations in Afghanistan by the United States military forces, both non-combat and combat, now occur under the name Operation Freedoms Sentinel. In September 2001, U. S. President George W, the term OEF-A typically refers to the phase of the War in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Other operations, such as the Georgia Train and Equip Program, are loosely or nominally connected. All the operations, however, have a focus on counterterrorism activities, Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan, which was a joint U. S. U. K. and Afghan operation, was separate from the International Security Assistance Force, which was an operation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization nations including the U. S. and the U. K. The two operations ran in parallel, although it had suggested that they merge. S. and British ships. The initial military objectives of OEF-A, as articulated by President George W, of those groups included are Abu Sayyaf Group, al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. The operation consisted of training the AFP in counter-terrorist operations as well as supporting the people with humanitarian aid in Operation Smiles. In October 2002, the Combined Task Force 150 and United States military Special Forces established themselves in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier, the stated goals of the operation were to provide humanitarian aid and patrol the Horn of Africa to reduce the abilities of terrorist organizations in the region. The military aspect involves coalition forces searching and boarding ships entering the region for illegal cargo as well as providing training, the humanitarian aspect involves building schools, clinics and water wells to enforce the confidence of the local people. Since 2001, the expenditure by the U. S. government on Operation Enduring Freedom has exceeded $150 billion. The operation continues, with military direction mostly coming from United States Central Command, seizing upon a power vacuum after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan after their invasion, the Taliban assumed the role of government from 1996–2001. Their extreme interpretation of Islamic law prompted them to ban music, television, sports, and dancing, amputation was an accepted form of punishment for stealing, and public executions could often be seen at the Kabul football stadium. Womens rights groups around the world were frequently critical as the Taliban banned women from appearing in public or holding many jobs outside the home and they drew further criticism when they destroyed the Buddhas of Bamyan, historical statues nearly 1500 years old, because the Buddhas were considered idols. In 1996, Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan upon the invitation of the Northern Alliance leader Abdur Rabb ur Rasool Sayyaf, when the Taliban came to power, bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and his al-Qaeda organization. It is understood that al-Qaeda-trained fighters known as the 055 Brigade were integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001 and it has been suggested that the Taliban and bin Laden had very close connections. On 20 September 2001, the U. S. stated that Osama bin Laden was behind the 11 September attacks in 2001, the US made a five-point ultimatum to the Taliban, Deliver to the U. S
11.
150th Cavalry Regiment
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The 150th Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the West Virginia Army National Guard, with troops in multiple locations throughout West Virginia. Its heritage with the West Virginia National Guard dates back to the Revolutionary War, the lineage of the 150th Cavalry Regiment dates back to 1 March 1778, with the formation of the Militia of Greenbrier County. On 22 December 1792, the Militia of Greenbrier County was reorganized as companies of the 13th Brigade. During the War of 1812, five companies from the 13th Brigade were combined with seven companies from what is now northern West Virginia to form the 2nd Regiment, Virginia Volunteer Militia. During the American Civil War, units with Union sympathies were combined to form the 5th and 9th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiments, on 7 June 1889, the 1st West Virginia Veteran Infantry Regiment was reorganized as the 2nd Regiment, West Virginia National Guard. After being federalized it was redesignated as the 150th Infantry Regiment, the regiment would remain assigned to the 38th Division until the beginning of WWII. On 1 March 1942, the regiment was relieved from its assignment the 38th, after the war, the regiment went through a period of slow but drastic change. On 1 July 1955, the regiment was reorganized from an Infantry table of organization and equipment unit to an Armored Cavalry TO&E unit, on 1 March 1968, 2nd Squadron was relieved from the regiment and broken up to form other units within the West Virginia National Guard. Meanwhile, two later, 3rd Squadron was redesignated as 3rd Squadron, 107th Armored Cavalry. When the 30th Enhanced Heavy Separate Brigade began mobilization to partake in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2004, 1st Battalion, the battalion served with the brigade for approximately one year in Iraq and redeployed with the brigade back to the United States. Today, 1st Squadron, 150th Cavalry Regiment is the active squadron in the regiment. The unit is composed of cavalry scouts equipped with HMMWVs and Bradley Fighting Vehicles, attached below the shield a bipartite scroll inscribed WE CAN TAKE IT in Blue. Symbolism The shield is blue, representative of the original organization, the powder horn is adapted from the State coat of arms. The five mullets symbolize the wars in which the regiment participated. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 150th Infantry Regiment on 28 May 1934. It was redesignated for the 150th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 21 September 1955, the insignia was redesignated for the 150th Armor Regiment with the description and symbolism revised effective 1 September 1993. Shield Azure, a powder horn Argent, mouth to dexter, ferruled Or, stringed of the second, symbolism Shield The shield is blue, representative of the original organization. The powder horn is adapted from the State coat of arms, the five mullets symbolize the wars in which the original regiment participated
12.
152nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 152nd Infantry Regiment Fit to Fight is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. Historically it has associated with the 38th Infantry Division, and served with that division in World War I. Its predecessor units trace their history to Indiana units which served during the American Civil War, the 2nd Infantry, Indiana National Guard, was called into federal service 25 March 1917, and mustered into federal service 20 April 1917 at Jeffersonville. Drafted into federal service 5 August 1917, reorganized and redesignated 1 October 1917 as the 152d Infantry and assigned to the 38th Division. Demobilized 8 March 1919 at Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, inducted into federal service 17 January 1941 at home stations. Inactivated 9 November 1945 at Camp Anza, Calf. Reorganized and federally recognized 23 May 1947 with headquarters at Evansville 3rd Battalion reorganized and federally recognized 30 December 1947 as the 293d Infantry hereafter separate lineage. )Reorganized 1 February 1959 as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System consist of the 1st and 2d Battle Groups, elements of the 38th Infantry Division. Reorganized 1 March 1963 to of HHC, Co A, Co B, reorganized 1 November 1965 as 2d Battalion to consist of HHC, HHC, Co A, Co A, Co B, Co B, Co C, Co C. Reorganized 1 December 1967 to consist of HHC, Co A, Co A, Co B, reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1972 with Co A and Co A as Spt Co. From October 2006 to September 2007, a company of the regiment saw combat in Ramadi and Fallujah. The company would also have a platoon from the Minnesota National Guard under its operational control and it was also during this time that the company would be reconsolidated in Ramadi when the Fallujah platoon was returned to the operational control of its company headquarters. Soldiers of the unit earned 27 Bronze Stars, with two for Valor, the company received the Naval Unit Commendation and the Meritorious Unit Commendation. The company had many soldiers who committed acts of heroism that have not been truly known to this day. The unit is only to Company D Rangers for being the most decorated
13.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
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Indiana National Guard
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The Indiana National Guard is the armed force of the state of Indiana. It consists of the Indiana Army National Guard and the Indiana Air National Guard, and is part of the larger Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. With roots dating back to 1801, the origination of the guard was first began in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, since then the guard has served at home and abroad as a part of multiple wars, disaster relief actions, and putting down strikes and riots. The Indiana National Guard consists of the 14,000 strong, the Indiana National Guard is supported by the states military defense force, the Indiana Guard Reserve, which is part of the Military Department of Indiana. The Indiana Guard Reserve is a military force authorized by both the State Code of Indiana and Executive Order. The Indiana Guard Reserve assumes the state mission of the Indiana National Guard in the event the Guard is federally mobilized, the IGR is subject solely to the orders of the Governor and is commanded by the The Adjutant General of Indiana. The Constitution of the United States specifically charges the National Guard with dual federal, in fact, the National Guard is the only United States military force empowered to function in a state status. Those functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full scale law enforcement of law when local law enforcement officials can no longer maintain civil control. The National Guard may be called into service in response to a call by the President or Congress. When National Guard troops are called to service, the President serves as Commander-In-Chief. The federal mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, National emergency or as otherwise needed. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Indiana National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide trained and disciplined forces for domestic emergencies or as provided by state law. The Indiana Army National Guard is composed of approximately 16,000 soldiers, Indiana Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards, the Indiana Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Indiana. Of the 38th Infantry Division Formerly Co, the unit was reorganized and reflagged as Troop C of the 2d Squadron, 152d Cavalry Regiment, 219th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. Unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, however, there has been a significant amount of individual activations to support military operations, the legality of this policy is a major issue within the National Guard. For much of the decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served One weekend a month
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76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a modular infantry brigade of the United States Army National Guard of Indiana. It is headquartered in Lawrence Readiness Training Center, on the grounds of Fort Benjamin Harrison, in the buildup to World War I, the United States Congress approved the formation of seventeen new National Guard divisions, numbered 26 through 42. The states of Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia were chosen to provide units for the 38th Infantry Division, indianas 151st and 152nd Infantry regiments formed the new 76th Infantry Brigade. The 38th Division never deployed to Europe, and was released from service in 1919. The 38th Division was activated for service again in 1941. However, in 1942, the Army reorganized its structure, on 1 March 1963, as part of the Armys Reorganization Objective Army Division, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 1st Brigade, 38th Infantry Division was born. Less than 20 months later, it was restored to its 1917 designation of 76th Infantry Brigade, known as the Blue Devil Brigade. Since the creation of the 76th Brigade at Indianapolis on 1 November 1965, out of the ashes of the Blue Devil Brigade, the Nighthawk Brigade was formed. The 76th Infantry Brigade was formed on 1 September 1994 at Indianapolis, the Nighthawk Brigade was selected to be one of the 15 enhanced brigades with a charter to achieve and maintain a higher state of readiness than previously expected of National Guard brigades. The unit relied heavily on the infantry regiments. The lineage of each combat regiment still in Indiana can be found within the brigade. Under a plan approved by Army Chief of Staff General Eric K. Shinseki, in December 2000 the Army announced which active and reserve forces will see service in Bosnia and Kosovo through May 2005. Under the plan, units from the active Army and reserve forces supported the Stabilization Force mission, known as SFOR, in Bosnia or the Kosovo Force, known as KFOR, for six-month periods. SFOR11 consists of the 116th Cavalry Brigade, Idaho Army National Guard, 76th Infantry Brigade, units from the 34th Infantry Division, Minnesota Army National Guard, also supported SFOR11. Late 2002 the 76th BDE was called on to provide a Separate Infantry Battalion to provide support for a campaign in the Middle East. The 1st Battalion, 293rd Infantry Regiment was mobilized to camp Arifjan Kuwait on 2 January 2003, the Nightfighters setup security for the newly constructed support base. On D+5 the 1st Battalion, 293rd Infantry Regiment was called on to north to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. On 6 April 2004 elements of the 76th Infantry Brigade were ordered to mobilize for deployment to Afghanistan, in October 2004, the 376th Engineer Company was mobilized for duty in Mosul, Iraq, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom
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Indiana Territory
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The Indiana Territory was created by an Act of Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on May 7,1800, effective on July 4. It was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory, the territory originally contained approximately 259,824 square miles of land, but twice decreased in size as it was further subdivided into new territories. The territory was first governed by William Henry Harrison who oversaw the negotiation with the inhabitants to open large parts of the territory to settlement. In 1810 a popularly elected government was established as the continued to grow in population and develop a very basic road network, government. In June 1816, a convention was held and a state government was formed. The territory was dissolved on December 11,1816, by an act of Congress granting statehood to Indiana and this latter parcel became part of the state of Ohio when it was admitted to the Union in 1803. At the same time in 1803, the southeast boundary shifted to the mouth of the Great Miami River from its location at the point opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River. The eastern part of Michigan was added to the Indiana Territory at that time, the area of the Indiana Territory was reduced in 1805 by the creation of the Michigan Territory, and in 1809 by the creation of the Illinois Territory. When the Indiana Territory was first created, no provision was allowed for the creation of elected government. Congress granted the President power to appoint a General Court to serve as a legislative, the court consisted of five members, and the President delegated the task of choosing the members to the Governor of the territory. This remained the form of government until 1805 when Congress granted the territory the right to slavery if they so choose. In doing so, they removed the legislative powers, leaving it with only judicial authority. The formation of a new council was approved and each county in the territory was granted the right to elect one representative to it. The council had the authority to pass laws, but they all had to be approved by the Governor before they could be enacted, in 1809, the makeup of the legislature was altered again by Congress to a bicameral body. A House of Representatives was created and the representation was apportioned by population, the House was then to choose ten candidates from whom the President, through the governor, would choose five to form a council which served as the upper house of the legislature. Thereafter, the structure of the legislature remained unchanged for the remainder of the territorys existence, the delegate from the Indiana Territory was elected at large in a territory-wide election. The delegate attended Congress with the right to debate, submit legislation, and serve on committees, the federal government paid the salaries of the governor, legislature, and judicial council, but did not provide funds for any additional governmental offices. At first, the territory had very limited revenue and could not afford to fund a large government, as the population increased, and revenues grew, so did the size and scope of the government with new offices being created at different times
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Indiana Rangers
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The Indiana Rangers were a mounted militia formed in 1807 and operated in the early part of the 19th century to defend settlers in Indiana Territory from attacks by Native Americans. The rangers were present at the Battle of Tippecanoe, and served as auxiliaries to the army during the War of 1812, at the peak of their activities they numbered over 400 men. In 1807, the Larkins family was travelling along the Buffalo Trace when they were attacked by a band of Native Americans, the father was killed, and Mrs. Larkins and her five children were taken into captivity. The Rangers were modeled on the troops used by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The first Indiana Rangers who patrolled the road in 1807 did so on foot, the Rangers had three divisions, Captain William Hargroves 1st Division patrolled from the Wabash River to French Lick. The 2nd Division patrolled from French Lick to the Falls of the Ohio, one of their bases was at Cuzco, Indiana. The 3rd Division secured an area East along the Ohio River to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, all Rangers were paid $1 per day, and were required to supply their own horse, ammunition, tomahawk, a large and small knife, and a leather belt. Although the mounted militia units lacked uniformity, the men–and sometimes women–were well trained, in keeping with their mission, the Indiana Rangers were involved in numerous incidents involving Native Americans. Harrison disbanded the Indiana Rangers in 1809, as tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased, the Indiana Rangers were reactivated. Two Rangers companies were based out of Vincennes, Indiana, Prior to the War of 1812, Rangers under Captain William Hargrove found a British spy believed to be instigating Indian attacks upon Indiana settlers. Attacks by American Indians became frequent in Indiana Territory, some, such as the Pigeon Roost Massacre, are still remembered. During the war, the Rangers were used to augment larger armies, in 1813, the federal government authorized an additional four Ranger companies to secure Indiana Territory. The new companies consisted of 100 men each, and as before, the officers of the rangers were paid the same as those regular army officers of the same rank. Those with horses were paid a dollar a day, and those horses were paid 75 cents a day. Following the end of the War of 1812, the Indiana Rangers were discharged from service in June,1815. Another of the new rangers was John Ketcham, who built Ketchams Fort, John Tipton served as a major in command of two companies of rangers at Fort Vallonia during the War of 1812. He would later become a United States senator, and is the namesake of Tipton and Tipton County, the Indiana Rangers inspired the creation of the more famous Texas Rangers. The 151st Infantry Regiment traces its heritage to the pre-statehood Indiana Rangers, the motto of the regiment, Wide Awake - Wide Awake. was earned at the Battle of Tippecanoe
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Fort Benjamin Harrison
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Fort Benjamin Harrison was a U. S. Army post located in suburban Lawrence Township, Marion County, Indiana, northeast of Indianapolis. It is named for the 23rd United States President, Benjamin Harrison, land was purchased in 1903, with the post being officially named for President Harrison in honor of Indianapolis being his hometown. In 1901, former President Benjamin Harrisons son Russell through lobbying efforts sold a nearby U. S, arsenal where the U. S. Army used the money to buy land where the fort is located today. Fort Benjamin Harrison saw its highest level of activity during World War I, the Fort Benjamin Harrison Reception Center opened in 1941 and was the largest reception center in the United States by 1943. Camp Glenn was a Citizens Military Training Camp that was used to house Civilian Conservation Corps workers. When the United States reestablished the Military Police Corps in 1941, the area was also used to detain Italian and German prisoners of war in 1944 and 1945. In 1947, the Army declared Fort Harrison to be surplus property, from 1948 to 1950, the post functioned as Benjamin Harrison Air Force Base. The Tenth Air Force was moved from Omaha, Nebraska and headquartered at Schoen Field on Fort Harrison, overcrowding and inadequate facilities soon forced the 10th Air Force to move to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Michigan, and the Army reacquired control of Fort Benjamin Harrison. The U. S. Army Finance School was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison during the 1960s and 70s, the Interservice Postal School was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison in the 1970s under the US Army Institute of Administration, and was staffed by instructors from all four services. It moved to Fort Jackson in South Carolina in 1995, beginning in 1965, it was also home of the Defense Information School. This was staffed by enlisted personnel and officers from all branches of the US military along with members of allied military personnel, in 1995, DINFOS moved to Fort Meade, Maryland. The Fort was the site of the Athletes Villages for the 1987 Pan American Games, new barracks were built to house the athletes during the games. After the games, these barracks were used to military students attending courses at Fort Harrison. The barracks were torn down a few years after the post was closed, Fort Benjamin Harrison was closed as part of the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The site of the base has since been redeveloped, and includes residential neighborhoods, a golf course, although the base has officially been inactivated, there is still a very significant military presence in the area. Since 1999, the American Legion has had its John H. Geiger Operations Center located at Fort Harrison, the center houses the Membership Services staff to maintain the organizations membership database, and provide direct-marketing services for membership renewal and new-member acquisition. It also houses the Emblem Sales Division which provides Legion merchandise, on May 29,2009, the Indiana National Guard held a ground-breaking ceremony for a new facility to be erected at Fort Benjamin Harrison, the Lawrence Readiness Training Center, which opened in 2011. The facility will house four units, including the 76th Brigade Combat Team headquarters, the Veterans of Foreign Wars maintains its headquarters for the Department of Indiana on the site at 9555 E. 59th Street
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38th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 38th Infantry Division is one of the eighteen divisions of the United States Army, and one of eight National Guard divisions. It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, and contains Army National Guard units from Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Delaware, Michigan and Tennessee. Formed in 1917, the division earned the special designation “Cyclone Division” after the training camp at Camp Shelby. Deployed to France in the days of the Great War. At the end of the war, the 38th Division demobilized, the 38th Division was inducted into federal service on 17 January 1941 as the United States prepared for entry into World War II. The Division returned to Camp Shelby to reorganize as an infantry division. The 38th Infantry Division deployed to the Pacific theater in January 1944, in December, the division deployed into Leyte, Philippines to support clearing and security operations. On 29 January 1945, the 38th Infantry Division took part in the combat landing against the Japanese held Southern Zambales Province on the island of Luzon. Afterwards, the 38th Infantry Division took part in the operations to clear Zig Zag Pass and the Bataan peninsula, in recognition of their contributions in clearing the Philippines, the 38th Infantry Division received the nickname “The Avengers of Bataan”. Quickly demobilized after World War II, the 38th Infantry Division was reorganized and federally recognized on 5 March 1947 at Indianapolis, during the intervening years, the 38th Infantry Division underwent numerous reorganizations while still retaining the designation as an infantry division. Since 11 September 2001, units of the division have participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, in 2009, the 38th Infantry Division provided a headquarters element to command and control counterinsurgency operations in Regional Command East, Afghanistan from August 2009 through June 2010. The divisions shoulder sleeve insignia is a spade shaped shield, bordered in green, with the half red. Superimposed on the shield is a white monogram CY which alludes to the nickname the Cyclone Division. The distinctive unit insignia is in the shape of a leaf in memory of the original badge for non-color bearing divisional units. The lightning flashes represent the participation in three World War II campaigns, with the Luzon assault landing recognized by the arrowhead tip in the center flash. The cloud and lightning flashes are an allusion to the cyclone, the colors blue, white and red refer to the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation awarded to the unit for their part in liberating the country. The division was activated in August 1917 as a National Guard Division composed of units drawn from Indiana, Kentucky, in keeping with new naming conventions issued by the War Department, Guard regiments were given three digit numbers, while Guard divisions were numbered from 26 through 42. Guard units began movement to Camp Shelby Mississippi starting in late September 1917, once there the Guard units redesignated and reorganized into a square division of two brigades, three field artillery regiments, with separate signal, engineer, and medical battalions
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United States Army Rangers
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The United States Army Rangers are an elite military formation of the United States Army, that serve in designated U. S. Army Ranger units or are graduates from the U. S. Army Ranger School. The term ranger has been in use unofficially in a military context since the early 17th century, the first military company officially commissioned as rangers were English soldiers fighting in King Philips War and from there the term came into common official use in the French and Indian Wars. There have been American military companies officially called Rangers since the American Revolution, the 75th Ranger Regiment is an elite airborne light infantry combat formation within the United States Army Special Operations Command. The six battalions of the modern Rangers have been deployed in wars in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq, the Ranger Training Brigade —headquartered at Fort Benning—is an organization under the U. S. Armys Training and Doctrine Command and is separate from the 75th Ranger Regiment. It has been in service in various forms since World War II, the Ranger Training Brigade administrates Ranger School, the satisfactory completion of which is required to become Ranger qualified and to wear the Ranger Tab. Rangers served in the 17th and 18th-century wars between colonists and Native American tribes, the British regulars were not accustomed to frontier warfare and so Ranger companies were developed. Rangers were full-time soldiers employed by governments to patrol between fixed frontier fortifications in reconnaissance providing early warning of raids. In offensive operations, they were scouts and guides, locating villages, in Colonial America, The earliest mention of Ranger operations comes from Capt. John Samuel Smith, who wrote in 1622, When I had ten men able to go abroad, our common wealth was very strong, Robert Black also stated that, In 1622, after the Berkeley Plantation Massacre. Grim-faced men went forth to search out the Indian enemy, the American Ranger had been born. The father of American ranging is Colonel Benjamin Church and he was the captain of the first Ranger force in America. Church was commissioned by the Governor of the Plymouth Colony Josiah Winslow to form the first ranger company for King Philips War and he later employed the company to raid Acadia during King Williams War and Queen Annes War. Benjamin Church designed his force primarily to emulate Native American patterns of war, toward this end, Church endeavored to learn to fight like Native Americans from Native Americans. Americans became rangers exclusively under the tutelage of the Indian allies and his memoirs Entertaining Passages relating to Philips War is considered the first American military manual. Under Church served the father and grandfather of two famous rangers of the century, John Lovewell and John Gorham respectively. John Lovewell served during Dummers War and he lived in present-day Nashua, New Hampshire. He fought in Dummers War as a captain, leading three expeditions against the Abenaki Indians. John Lovewell became the most famous Ranger of the eighteenth century, during King Georges War, John Gorham established Gorhams Rangers
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II Field Force, Vietnam
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II Field Force, Vietnam was a United States Army Corps-level command during the Vietnam War. Activated on 15 March 1966, it became the largest corps command in Vietnam, II Field Force was assigned the lineage of the XXII Corps, a World War II corps in the European Theater of Operations. II Field Force was a component of U. S, Military Assistance Command Vietnam and had its headquarters in Long Binh. II Field Forces area of responsibility was III Corps Tactical Zone, later renamed Military Region 3 and this was designed to mimic the ARVN III Corps region. II Field Force controlled units participating in the 1968 Tet Offensive, ground combat forces from Vietnam, with its assets providing the basis for its successor, Third Regional Assistance Command. Lieutenant General Jonathan O. Seaman Lieutenant General Bruce Palmer, Jr. Major General Frederick C, weyand Major General Walter T. Kerwin, Jr. Lieutenant General Julian J. Ewell Lieutenant General Michael S. Davison Leepson, Marc, Hannaford, websters New World Dictionary of the Vietnam War. Stanton, Shelby, Vietnam Order of Battle, ISBN 0-89193-700-5
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Operation Hump
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Operation Hump was a search and destroy operation initiated on 8 November,1965, by the 173rd Airborne Brigade, in an area about 17.5 miles north of Bien Hoa. The objective was to drive out Vietcong fighters who had taken position in several key hills, little contact was made through 7 November, when B and C Companies settled into a night defensive position southeast of Hill 65, on a triple-canopied jungle hill. At about 06,00 on 8 November C Company began a move northwest toward Hill 65, shortly before 08,00, C Company was engaged by a sizeable enemy force, well dug in to the southern face of Hill 65, armed with machine guns and shotguns. B Company reached the foot of Hill 65 at about 09,30 and it became obvious that there was a large enemy force in place on the hill, C Company was suffering heavy casualties, and by chance, B Company was forcing the enemys right flank. The shells scorched the foliage and caught many rebel fighters ablaze, exploding the ammunition, B Company halted in place in an effort to locate and consolidate with C Companys platoons. Together they managed to establish a coherent defensive line, running around the hilltop from southeast to northwest, meanwhile, the Vietcong commander realized that his best chance was to close with the US forces so that the 173rds air and artillery fire could not be effectively employed. Vietcong troops attempted to out-flank the US position atop the hill from both the east and the southwest, moving his troops closer to the Americans. The result was shoulder-to-shoulder attacks up the hillside, hand-to-hand fighting, and isolation of parts of B and C Companies, the Americans held against two such attacks. By late afternoon it seemed that contact had been broken, allowing the two companies to prepare a defensive position and collect their dead and wounded in the center of the position. The result of the battle was heavy losses on both sides—49 Paratroopers dead, many wounded, and 403 dead Vietcong troops as an estimate by the US troops, operation Hump is memorialized in a song by Big and Rich named 8th of November. The introduction, as read by Kris Kristofferson, is, The final sentence is a reference to John 15,13 in the Christian Bible
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III Corps (South Vietnam)
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III Corps was a corps of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1955 to 1975. It was one of four corps in the ARVN, and oversaw the region of the surrounding the capital Saigon
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199th Infantry Brigade (United States)
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The brigade was first formed in the West Virginia Organized Reserve in 1921, as part of the 100th Infantry Division. It incorporated the 398th and 399th Infantry Regiments, however, with the reorganisation of the Army from four-regiment to three-regiment divisions as World War II approached, the brigade was disbanded in 1940. The unit was formed for the time at Fort Benning in 1966. The unit was reactivated at Fort Lewis Washington from the remains of the 9th Infantry Division. The brigade was conducting Operation Uniontown in Đồng Nai Province when the 1968 Tet Offensive began and it immediately began a defense of U. S. II Field Force headquarters at Long Binh and the Bien Hoa Air Base against attacks by the VC 275th Regiment. One battalion was moved by helicopter to attack a Viet Cong command post at the Phu Tho racetrack inside Saigon, then engaged in house-to-house fighting in Cholon. During 1969, the 199th was responsible for the security of the north and east of the capital. On 27 June 2007, as part of the Transformation of the US Army, in October 2013, the brigade underwent changes to its task organization as part of restructuring within the Maneuver Center. The brigade was designated as the Leader Development Brigade and reorganized to contain both Armor and Infantry BOLC, OCS, and the MCCC. Troops within the squadron, excluding the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, are organized to associate with Armor Basic Officer Leaders Course classes of the United States Army Armor School, the four troops are Hawk Troop, Ironhorse Troop, Killer Troop, and Lightning Troop. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop is also responsible for the certification of all instructors at the Armor Basic Officer Leadership Course. Each instructor is initially certified in the U. S. Army Basic Instructor Course, ABOLC is the introductory skills course for United States Army Cavalry and Armor second and first lieutenants. ABOLC consists of three phases - the first focusing on individual skills, Phase II focusing on platform and crew training. The final exercise, the Competitive Maneuver Exercise, is a strenuous seven-day problem-solving exercise which evaluates a students ability to demonstrate proficiency in cumulative course outcomes, students are evaluated based on their performance during each exercises, and rotate among every position within a platoon and troop. The course is taught by officers, non-commissioned officers, and civilians from the 2nd Squadron, the 2nd Squadron, 16th Cavalry currently operates out of Harmony Church in Fort Benning, Georgia. Michael Lee Lanning, a lieutenant colonel, served a tour in Vietnam with the Redcatchers as a lieutenant. He reported to Vietnam where as a lieutenant he served as an infantry platoon leader. After his promotion to first lieutenant, he commanded a company, Bravo Company of the 2d Battalion
United States
United States Army
