1.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
2.
National Guard of the United States
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All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U. S. C. National Guard units are under the control of the state. The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member, local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, the various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title National Guard was used from 1824 by some New York State militia units, National Guard became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control from 1933. The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16,1565, appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World. The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World, Jamestown Colony and Plymouth Colony both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company, as a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792, in 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections, the law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, and Reserve Militia for all others. During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government. The National Guard of the states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States. C. Where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee, the governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. The National Guard may be called up for duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods. The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army, the National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. S. C. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard, today, ADTs bring an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan
3.
Brigade
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A brigade is a major tactical military formation that is typically composed of three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment, two or more brigades may constitute a division. Brigades formed into divisions are usually infantry or armored, in addition to combat units, they may include combat support units or sub-units, such as artillery and engineers, and logistic units or sub-units. Historically, such brigades have sometimes been called brigade-groups, on operations, a brigade may comprise both organic elements and attached elements, including some temporarily attached for a specific task. Brigades may also be specialized and comprise battalions of a branch, for example cavalry, mechanized, armored, artillery, air defence, aviation, engineers. Some brigades are classified as independent or separate and operate independently from the division structure. The typical NATO standard brigade consists of approximately 3,200 to 5,500 troops, however, in Switzerland and Austria, the numbers could go as high as 11,000 troops. The Soviet Union, its forerunners and successors, mostly use regiment instead of brigade, a brigades commander is commonly a major general, brigadier general, brigadier or colonel. In some armies, the commander is rated as a General Officer, the brigade commander has a self-contained headquarters and staff. Some brigades may also have a deputy commander, the headquarters has a nucleus of staff officers and support that can vary in size depending on the type of brigade. On operations, additional specialist elements may be attached, the headquarters will usually have its own communications unit. In some gendarmerie forces, brigades are the organizational unit. The brigade as a military unit came about starting in the 15th century when the British army, as such a field army became larger, the number of subordinate commanders became unmanageable for the officer in general command of said army, usually a major general, to effectively command. In order to streamline command relationships, as well as effect some modicum of control, especially in regard to combined arms operations. The terms origin is found in two French roots, which together, meant roughly those who fight, the so-called brigada was a well-mixed unit, comprising infantry, cavalry and normally also artillery, designated for a special task. The size of such brigada ranged from a company of up to two regiments. The brigada was the forerunner of the battalion task force, battle group. The brigade was improved as a unit by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus
4.
Combat support
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In the United States Army, the term combat support refers to units that provide fire support and operational assistance to combat elements. Combat support units provide specialized support functions to combat units in the areas of warfare, combat engineering, intelligence, security. Actual combat units are referred to as combat arms units, hence, all army units fall into the category of either combat arms, combat support. The primary mission of all USMC combat support units is to support the infantry. The Marine Corps does not have a separate Chemical Corps but rather mans each GCE battalion with NBC specialist personnel in the operations section. All Marine Aviation aircraft squadrons and aviation units are organic to the Aviation Combat Element. Supply, maintenance, transportation support, engineer support, medical, branches of the U. S. Army Combat Arms Combat Service Support Combat Service Support U. S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System U. S. Army Regimental System
5.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
6.
Milwaukee
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Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigans western shore, Milwaukees estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 2,046,692 as of 2015. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the citys population during the 1840s, with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades. Known for its traditions, Milwaukee is currently experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been built in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront, the word Milwaukee may come from the Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, Gathering place. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area are the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, many of these people had lived around Green Bay before migrating to the Milwaukee area around the time of European contact. In the second half of the 18th century, the Indians at Milwaukee played a role in all the wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of Ojibwas, in the American Revolutionary War, the Indians around Milwaukee were some of the few Indians who remained loyal to the American cause throughout the Revolution. After American independence, the Indians fought the United States in the Northwest Indian War as part of the Council of Three Fires, during the War of 1812, Indians held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack Chicago. This resulted in the Battle of Fort Dearborn on August 15,1812, the War of 1812 did not end well for the Indians, and after the Black Hawk War in 1832, the Indians in Milwaukee signed their final treaty with the United States in Chicago in 1833. This paved the way for American settlement, Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries, alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac settled a trading post, therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names, Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, for many years, printed records gave the name as Milwaukie. One story of Milwaukees name says, ne day during the thirties of the last century a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, the spelling Milwaukie lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three founding fathers, Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker, Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler but founded a town called Juneaus Side, or Juneautown, in competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side
7.
Battalion
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A battalion is a military unit. The use of the term varies by nationality and branch of service. Typically a battalion consists of 300 to 800 soldiers and is divided into a number of companies, a battalion is typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. In some countries the word battalion is associated with the infantry, the term was first used in Italian as battaglione no later than the 16th century. It derived from the Italian word for battle, battaglia, the first use of battalion in English was in the 1580s, and the first use to mean part of a regiment is from 1708. The battalion must, of course, have a source of re-supply to enable it to sustain operations for more than a few days, the battalion is usually part of a regiment, brigade, or group, depending on the organizational model used by that service. The bulk of a battalions companies are often homogeneous with respect to type, a battalion includes a headquarters company and some sort of combat service support, typically organized within a combat support company. The term battalion is used in the British Army Infantry and some including the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. It was formerly used in the Royal Engineers, and was used in the now defunct Royal Army Ordnance Corps. Other corps usually use the term regiment instead, an infantry battalion is numbered ordinarily within its regiment. It normally has a company, support company, and three rifle companies. Each company is commanded by a major, the officer commanding, the HQ company contains signals, quartermaster, catering, intelligence, administration, pay, training, operations and medical elements. The support company usually contains anti-tank, machine gun, mortar, pioneer, mechanised units usually have an attached light aid detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers to perform field repairs on vehicles and equipment. A British battalion in theatre during World War II had around 845 men in it, and, as of 2012, with successive rounds of cutbacks after the war, many infantry regiments were reduced to a single battalion. A battalion group or battlegroup consists of a battalion or armoured regiment with sub-units detached from other military units acting under the command of the battalion commander. In the Canadian Forces, most battalions are reserve units of between 100–200 soldiers that include an operationally ready, field-deployable component of approximately a half-company apiece, the nine regular force infantry battalions each contain three or four rifle companies and one or two support companies. Canadian battalions are generally commanded by lieutenant-colonels, though smaller reserve battalions may be commanded by majors, with the Dutch artillery units, the equivalent of a battalion is called an afdeling. Combat companies consist of infantry, combat engineers, or tanks, in the latter case, the unit is called an eskadron, which translates roughly to squadron
8.
Wisconsin Army National Guard
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The Wisconsin Army National Guard has dual state and federal roles, and is jointly funded and maintained by both governments. Its federal mission is to provide trained units to the United States Army in time of war or national emergency and its state mission is to help civil authorities protect life and property and preserve peace, order, and public safety in times of natural or human-caused emergencies. Members of the National Guard are typically part-time soldiers who attend unit drills one weekend per month, all officers and enlisted personnel must meet the same physical, education, and other eligibility requirements as members of the active-duty services. In 1848, the first session of the Wisconsin Legislature provided for the distribution of federal arms, Wisconsin Guard troops fought in the Civil War, the Spanish–American War, both the First and Second World Wars, and the Korean War. Called the State Militia until 1879, the Wisconsin National Guard was appointed by the first adjutant general of the Wisconsin Territory in 1839. The modern history of the division originated in the spring of 1861 with the 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry and they were made up of independent companies recruited from throughout Wisconsin and was organized and activated into Federal service. It was nicknamed the Iron Jaw Division for its toughness in combat, the 4th Infantry Battalion, Wisconsin National Guard, was organized on 25 April 1884 from Milwaukee companies. They were expanded and in 1890 redesignated as the 4th Infantry Regiment which was activated for Federal service in the war with Spain and they were reorganized on 10 June 1899 as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Infantry Regiments in the Wisconsin National Guard. In 1916, Troop A was stationed at the Mexican border under General John Pershing to guard against the raiding Mexican General Pancho Villa during the Pancho Villa Expedition. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Infantry Regiments were mustered into Federal service on 30 June 1916 for Mexican Border service, the Guard units Troop A and Troop B were mustered out of Federal Service on 20 October 1916 and 6 March 1917, respectively. The regiments were mustered out at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, on 19 January 1917,28 February 1917, and 14 December 1916. When the United States declared war on Germany on 11 April 1917, the Wisconsin Adjutant General ordered the Milwaukee Troops to add a squadron, and Troop C and Troop D were added. The Guard units Troop A and Troop B had been mustered out of Federal Service less than a year earlier on 20 October 1916 and 6 March 1917, respectively. The Adjutant General then directed the unit to add a new regiment, Troop E commanded by Captain John S. Coney was formed in Kenosha on 10 May 1917, and the Wisconsin Cavalry was officially formed on 29 May 1917. Only two months later, the 32nd Division was activated in July 1917 at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas of National Guard units from Wisconsin, Wisconsin furnished approximately 15,000 men, and another 8,000 troops came from Michigan. The division was made up of the 125th and 126th Infantry Regiments, on 4 August 1917, Battery F, 121st Field Artillery regiment was the first unit to arrive at Camp MacArthur. The remainder arrived as soon as trains could be mustered for transportation, there are currently about 9,600 members in the Wisconsin National Guard. Over 600 live in states, with 70 percent of those residing in Illinois
9.
Iron Brigade
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Although it fought entirely in the Eastern Theater, it was composed of regiments from three Western states that are now presently within the region of the Midwest. Noted for its discipline, its unique uniform appearance, and its tenacious fighting ability. The nickname Iron Brigade, with its connotation of fighting men with iron dispositions, was applied formally or informally to a number of units in the Civil War, the Iron Brigade of the West was the unit that received the most lasting publicity in its use of the nickname. The Iron Brigade initially consisted of the 2nd, 6th, and 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiments, light Artillery, and was later joined by the 24th Michigan. This particular composition of men, from the three Western states, led it to be referred to as the Iron Brigade of the West. They were known, throughout the war, as the Black Hats, because of the black,1858 model Hardee hats issued to Army regulars, rather than the blue kepis worn by most other Union Army units. On August 28,1862, during the phases of the Second Battle of Bull Run. Gen Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson on the Brawner farm, the designation Iron Brigade is said to have originated during the brigades action at Turners Gap, during the Battle of South Mountain, a prelude to the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, commanding I Corps, approached Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George B. As the Western men advanced up the National Road, forcing the Confederate line all the way back to the gap, McClellan asked, Hooker replied, General Gibbons brigade of Western men. McClellan stated, They must be made of iron, Hooker said that the brigade had performed even more superbly at Second Bull Run, to this, McClellan said that the brigade consisted of the best troops in the world. Hooker supposedly was elated and rode off without his orders, there are a few stories related to the origin, but the men immediately adopted the name, which was quickly used in print after South Mountain. The unit that became known as the Iron Brigade was activated on October 1,1861, upon the arrival in Washington. It was combined into a brigade with the 2nd and 6th Wisconsin, and this brigade was initially designated the 3rd Brigade of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowells division of the Army of the Potomac, and then the 3rd Brigade, I Corps. McDowells I Corps did not join the bulk of the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsula Campaign, in June 1862 it was redesignated the III Corps of Maj. Gen. John Popes Army of Virginia. The 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment joined the brigade on October 8,1862, on February 27,1863, the brigade, now under the command of Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith, was redesignated the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, I Corps. The brigade fought in the Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, Overland, Richmond-Petersburg, and Appomattox campaigns. The brigade took pride in its designation, 1st Brigade, 1st Division, I Corps, under which it played a prominent role in the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1,1863
10.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
11.
Artillery
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Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantrys small arms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach fortifications, and led to heavy, as technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery developed for battlefield use. This development continues today, modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility providing the largest share of an armys total firepower, in its earliest sense, the word artillery referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. In common speech, the artillery is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings. However, there is no generally recognised generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth, the United States uses artillery piece, the projectiles fired are typically either shot or shell. Shell is a widely used term for a projectile, which is a component of munitions. By association, artillery may also refer to the arm of service that customarily operates such engines, in the 20th Century technology based target acquisition devices, such as radar, and systems, such as sound ranging and flash spotting, emerged to acquire targets, primarily for artillery. These are usually operated by one or more of the artillery arms, Artillery originated for use against ground targets—against infantry, cavalry and other artillery. An early specialist development was coastal artillery for use against enemy ships, the early 20th Century saw the development of a new class of artillery for use against aircraft, anti-aircraft guns. Artillery is arguably the most lethal form of land-based armament currently employed, the majority of combat deaths in the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II were caused by artillery. In 1944, Joseph Stalin said in a speech that artillery was the God of War, although not called as such, machines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first references in the historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC. From the Middle Ages through most of the era, artillery pieces on land were moved by horse-drawn gun carriages. In the contemporary era, the artillery and crew rely on wheeled or tracked vehicles as transportation, Artillery used by naval forces has changed significantly also, with missiles replacing guns in surface warfare. The engineering designs of the means of delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, in some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery, the actions involved in operating the piece are collectively called serving the gun by the detachment or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The term gunner is used in armed forces for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery. The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either crews or detachments, several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a battery, although sometimes called a company
12.
32nd Infantry Division (United States)
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The United States 32nd Infantry Division was formed from Army National Guard units from Wisconsin and Michigan and fought primarily during World War I and World War II. With roots as the Iron Brigade in the American Civil War, during tough combat in France in World War I, it soon acquired from the French the nickname Les Terribles, referring to its fortitude in advancing over terrain others could not. It then became known as the Red Arrow Division, during World War II, the division was credited with many firsts. It was the first United States division to deploy as a unit overseas and among the first of seven U. S. Army. The division was among the first divisions to engage the enemy and were still fighting holdouts after the official Japanese surrender, the 32nd logged a total of 654 days of combat during World War II, more than any other United States Army division. The unit was inactivated in 1946 after occupation duty in Japan, during 1961, the division was called up for a one-year tour of service in the state of Washington during the Berlin Crisis. In 1967, the 32nd Infantry Division was inactivated and partially reorganized as the 32nd Infantry Brigade, the largest unit of the Wisconsin Army National Guard. When the United States declared war on Germany on 11 April 1917, the Wisconsin Adjutant General ordered the Milwaukee troops to add a squadron, and Troop C and Troop D were added. The Guard units Troop A and Troop B had been mustered out of federal service less than a year earlier on 20 October 1916 and 6 March 1917, respectively. The Adjutant General then directed the unit to add a new regiment, Troop E commanded by Captain John S. Coney was formed in Kenosha on 10 May 1917, and the Wisconsin Cavalry was officially formed on 29 May 1917. Only two months later, the 32nd Division was activated in July 1917 at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas of National Guard units from Wisconsin, Wisconsin furnished approximately 15,000 men, and another 8,000 troops came from Michigan. The division was made up of the 125th and 126th Infantry Regiments, on 4 August 1917, Battery F, 121st Field Artillery regiment was the first unit to arrive at Camp MacArthur. The remainder arrived as soon as trains could be mustered for transportation, on 26 August 1917, Major General James Parker assumed command. General Parker had previously awarded the Medal of Honor during the Philippine–American War. On 18 September 1917, General Parker left for France on special duty with his Chief of Staff, brigadier General William G. Haan assumed command in his absence. When General Parker returned in December, he was almost immediately transferred to the 85th Infantry Division at Camp Custer, General Haan assumed command once again. In keeping with the 1917 Army Tables of Organizations, he reorganized the division during September to increase the number of men in each regiment. The 120th Field Artillery Regiment was organized on 22 September 1917 at Camp MacArthur, as a part of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, the nickname originated with the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry and was traditionally given to crack artillery units in the Civil War
13.
United States Department of War
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The Secretary of War, a civilian with such responsibilities as finance and purchases and a minor role in directing military affairs, headed the War Department throughout its existence. Retired senior General Henry Knox, then in civilian life, served as the first United States Secretary of War, forming and organizing the department and the army fell to Secretary Knox. On November 8,1800 the War Department building with its records, foundation of the new military academy at West Point along the Hudson River upstream from New York City in 1802 was important to the future growth of the American army. The multiple failures and fiascos of the War of 1812 convinced Washington that thorough reform of the War Department was necessary, winfield Scott became the senior general until the start of the American Civil War in 1861. The bureau chiefs acted as advisers to the Secretary of War while commanding their own troops, the bureaus frequently conflicted among themselves, but in disputes with the commanding general, the Secretary of War generally supported the bureaus. Congress regulated the affairs of the bureaus in detail, and their chiefs looked to that body for support, during the American Civil War, the War Department responsibilities expanded. It handled the recruiting, training, supply, medical care, transportation, a separate command structure took charge of military operations. In the late stages of the war, the Department took charge of refugees and freedmen in the American South through the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, during Reconstruction, this bureau played a major role in supporting the new Republican governments in the southern states. When military Reconstruction ended in 1877, the U. S. Army removed the last troops from military occupation of the American South, and the last Republican state governments in the region ended. The Army comprised hundreds of small detachments in forts around the West, dealing with Indians, the United States Army, with 39,000 men in 1890 was the smallest and least powerful army of any major power in the late 19th century. By contrast, France had an army of 542,000, temporary volunteers and state militia units mostly fought the Spanish–American War of 1898. This conflict demonstrated the need for effective control over the department. Elihu Root enlarged the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and established the United States Army War College and he changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line, indeed, Secretary Taft exercised little power, President Theodore Roosevelt made the major decisions. In 1911, Secretary Henry L. Stimson and Major General Leonard Wood, his chief of staff, the general staff assisted them in their efforts to rationalize the organization of the army along modern lines and in supervising the bureaus. Assisted by industrial advisers, they reorganized the system of the army. General March reorganized the general staff along similar lines and gave it authority over departmental operations. After the war, the Congress again granted the bureaus their former independence, in the 1920s, General John J. Pershing realigned the general staff on the pattern of his American Expeditionary Force field headquarters, which he commanded
14.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
15.
William G. Haan
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Major General William George Haan was a senior United States Army officer who commanded the 32nd Division in World War I. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1889, from the U. S. Army War College in 1905 and he served in Cuba and the Philippines, and in 1903 went to Panama at the request of Theodore Roosevelt. He was Acting Chief of Staff of the Pacific Division during the Armys relief work following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and he was born in Crown Point, Indiana, and after graduating from West Point, was promoted to first lieutenant in August 1896. In 1898–1901 he served as captain of Volunteers, in both Cuba and the Philippines and he was made a Captain of the Regular Army in February 1901, and was mustered out of the Volunteer service the next month. From 1903–06 he served as a member of the General Staff, as Acting Chief of Staff of the Pacific Division, he assisted with relief work after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. For the next years, he was responsible for several coastal defense positions. In April 1907, he became a Major and in December 1911 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and he again served on the General Staff from 1912–14, and in July 1916 was promoted to a colonel in the Coast Artillery. In April 1917, he was given the rank of brigadier general and assigned to command the 57th Field Artillery Brigade of the 32nd Infantry Division at Camp MacArthur. Troop E commanded by Captain John S. Coney was formed in Kenosha on May 10,1917, on August 26,1917, Major General James Parker assumed command. General Parker had previously awarded the Medal of Honor during the Philippine-American War. Only two months later, the 32nd Division was activated in July 1917 at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas of National Guard units from Wisconsin, in December 1917, Haan was promoted again to the temporary rank of major general and commander of the division. In July, it entered the line with the French 6th Army, the Divisions men were the first American soldiers to enter cross the German border, piercing the famed and until this time invincible German Hindenburg Line of defense. Major General James Parker reassumed command on December 7,1917, leading the unit into Alsace in May 1918, during the Battle of Marne, the 32nd Division captured Fismes, and during August their successful capture of Juvigny earned it the nickname Le Terribles. A French general, impressed by their accomplishment, commented that they shot through every line the Germans put before it, the division was nicknamed Les Terribles, honoring them for their unrelenting and successful attacks against the Germans. The divisions shoulder patch, a shot through with a red arrow. It was the only American unit in General Charles Mangins famous 10th French Army, the Division fought continuously for 20 days during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and penetrated the last German defensive stronghold, the Kriemhilde Stellung, crossing the Meuse River. Up to this point much of the war had been a stalemate and their next objective was to flank the Germans at Metz. The division was the front line element of the Third U. S. Army, members of the Division marched 300 kilometres to the Rhine River
16.
Colonel
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Colonel is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks. However, in small military forces, such as those of Iceland or the Vatican. It is also used in police forces and paramilitary organizations. Historically, in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army, the rank of colonel is typically above the rank of lieutenant colonel. The rank above colonel is typically called brigadier, brigade general or brigadier general, equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain. In the Commonwealth air force rank system, the equivalent rank is group captain, the word colonel derives from the same root as the word column and means of a column, and, by implication, commander of a column. The word colonel is therefore linked to the column in a similar way that brigadier is linked to brigade. By the end of the medieval period, a group of companies was referred to as a column of an army. Since the word is believed to derive from sixteenth-century Italian, it was presumably first used by Italian city states in that century. The first use of colonel as a rank in an army was in the French National Legions created by King Francis I by his decree of 1534. Building on the reforms of Louis XIIs decree of 1509. Each colonel commanded a legion with a strength of six thousand men. With the shift from primarily mercenary to primarily national armies in the course of the seventeenth century, the Spanish equivalent rank of coronel was used by the Spanish tercios in the 16th and 17th centuries. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, nicknamed the Great Captain, divided his armies in coronelías or colonelcies, however, the Spanish word probably derives from a different origin, in that it appears to designate an officer of the crown, rather than an officer of the column. This makes the Spanish word coronel probably cognate with the English word coroner and this regiment, or governance, was to some extent embodied in a contract and set of written rules, also referred to as the colonels regiment or standing regulation. By extension, the group of companies subject to a colonels regiment came to be referred to as his regiment as well, the position, however, was primarily contractual and it became progressively more of a functionless sinecure. By the late 19th century, colonel was a military rank though still held typically by an officer in command of a regiment or equivalent unit. As European military influence expanded throughout the world, the rank of colonel became adopted by every nation
17.
1st Wisconsin Cavalry
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The 1st Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 1st Wisconsin Cavalry was organized at Ripon and Kenosha, Wisconsin between September 1,1861 and February 2,1862 and mustered into Federal service on March 10,1862, the regiment participated in the capture of Confederate President Jefferson Davis on May 10,1865. The regiment was mustered out at Edgefield, Tennessee on July 19,1865, the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry initially recruited 1,124 officers and men. An additional 1,417 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 2,541 men. The regiment suffered 6 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or died from wounds in action, and 7 officers and 321 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 401 fatalities
18.
Fort Irwin National Training Center
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Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States Military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an elevation of 2,454 feet. It is located 37 miles northeast of Barstow, in the Calico Mountains, the National Training Center is part of the US Army Forces Command. Fort Irwin works within the R-2508 Special Use Airspace Complex, the 2010 United States census reported Fort Irwins population was 8,845. The Fort Irwin area has a history dating back almost 15,000 years, Native American settlements and pioneer explorations in the area were first recorded when Father Francisco Garces, a Spaniard, traveled the Mohave Indian Trail with Mohave guides in 1776. During his travels, he noted several bands of Indians and is believed to have been the first European to make contact with the Native Americans of this area. Jedediah Smith is thought to have been the first American to explore the area in 1826, a fur trapper, Smith was soon followed by other pioneers traveling the Old Spanish Trail between Santa Fe and Los Angeles. The trail crossed the area on the edge of Fort Irwin. Bitter Spring was the only reliable watering and grazing place along the route, from Bitter Spring the trail led 18. Fremont, accompanied by Kit Carson, was the first member of the US Army to visit the Fort Irwin area. Captain Fremont established a camp near Bitter Springs as he pioneered a route that served travelers on the Old Spanish Trail and this camp was later to become an important water and grazing place for pioneers crossing the Mojave Desert during Californias settlement and gold rush. The California Gold Rush brought prosperous trade and unexpected trouble to the area, as California grew, and more travelers and freighters used the Mormon Road to cross the territory between California and Utah, raids and horse stealing became a problem. In 1847, the Armys Mormon Battalion patrolled the Fort Irwin area to control the raiding, by 1855 it became part of the route of the freight wagon road between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City. During the Bitter Spring Expedition in 1860 the Army constructed Camp Bitter Springs, in the 1880s the area experienced an economic boom with the discovery of borax at Death Valley. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the area began to grow tremendously as mining operations of all types flourished, soon railroads, workers, and businesses led to the establishment of the nearby town of Barstow. The years following the Indian Wars were quiet militarily, in 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range, a military reservation of approximately 1,000 square miles in the area of the present Fort Irwin. Two years later, Camp Irwin was deactivated and placed on surplus status, Camp Irwin reopened its gates in 1951 as the Armored Combat Training Area and served as a training center for combat units during the Korean War. Regimental tank companies of the U. S. 43d Infantry Division from Camp Pickett, the post was designated a permanent installation on 1 August 1961 and renamed Fort Irwin
19.
George LeRoy Irwin
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George LeRoy Irwin was a major general of the United States Army. Fort Irwin National Training Center is named in his honor, Irwin was born on April 26,1868 at Fort Wayne, Michigan. His parents were Army Brigadier General Bernard J. D. Irwin, a surgeon in the Army Medical Corps who received the Medal of Honor in the Apache Wars, Irwin graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1889. He served in the Spanish American War, Philippine–American War, Cuban Pacification, during World War I, Irwin, then a brigadier general, commanded the 57th Field Artillery Brigade of the 32nd Infantry Division under the command of Major General William G. Haan. Irwin distinguished himself during the Second Battle of the Marne, Oise-Aisne Offensive and Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Irwin died on February 19,1931 in Trinidad, West Indies. In 1942, the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range was named in his honor, Irwins son, Stafford LeRoy Irwin, retired as a lieutenant general. The citation for Irwins Army Distinguished Service Medal reads, General Orders, War Department, General Irwin Commanded with ability the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, 32d Division, during the Marne-Aisne, Oise-Aisne, and Meuse-Argonne offensives. At all times he displayed keen judgment, high military attainments, the success of the Division whose advance he supported was due in a large measure to his eminent technical skill and ability as an artillerist. Official Homepage of the National Training Center Fort Irwin Militarytimes. com - Official Army Distinguished Service Medal Citation Notes
20.
276th Engineer Battalion (United States)
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The 276th Engineer Battalion is an engineer battalion of the Virginia Army National Guard. Attached below the shield a Silver scroll inscribed LIBERTY OR DEATH in Blue letters, symbolism The shield is blue for Infantry. The gray saltire commemorates service in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, the fleur-de-lis symbolizes the service in France during World War I. The red cross refers to the settlement of Virginia by the English and with the arrow alludes to the French and Indian War, the red cross also refers to the Revolutionary service of the units predecessor. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 1st Infantry Regiment on 7 June 1929. It was redesignated for the 176th Infantry Regiment on 3 March 1941, the insignia was redesignated for the 276th Engineer Battalion, Virginia Army National Guard and amended to change the symbolism on 29 January 1968. Blazon Shield-Azure, a saltire Gray fimbriated Argent, to chief a fleur-de-lis of the like, symbolism Shield-The shield is blue for Infantry. The gray saltire commemorates service in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, the fleur-de-lis symbolizes the service in France during World War I. The red cross refers to the settlement of Virginia by the English and with the arrow alludes to the French and Indian War, the red cross also refers to the Revolutionary service of the units predecessor. Crest-The crest is that of the Virginia Army National Guard, background-The coat of arms was originally approved for the 1st Infantry Regiment on 11 May 1929. It was redesignated for the 176th Infantry Regiment on 4 March 1941 and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History
21.
Virginia Army National Guard
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The Virginia Army National Guard is composed of approximately 7500 soldiers and maintains 46 armories in communities throughout the Commonwealth. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Virginia National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. Virginia Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army, the same enlisted ranks and officer ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The Virginia Guard also bestows a number of awards for local services rendered in or to the commonwealth of Virginia. The Virginia Army National Guard is the oldest and the start of the Army National Guard. The Militia Act of 1903 organized the state militias into the present National Guard system. When the first English colonists arrived in America they brought them an existing militia system developed over centuries. Britain, being a nation, never had a need to have large standing armies like the countries of mainland Europe. The only threats had to come by sea and in the days of wind-powered ships there was always forewarning, such as during the Spanish Armada in 1588. ”The commanders of each of these regiments were the men of the county. The men were told they were expected to turn out when called for an emergency but in reality they were still civilian farmers or shop keepers, once the crisis passed they returned to their homes and trades. This was the system brought over from England and it was modified once the English arrived because there were constant threats for local natives and Spanish raiders. So part of the militia had to always be armed and in readiness in case of sudden attack, the HHT/2-183rd Cavalry and the 276th Engineer Battalion are two of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812. The most obvious of these were the artillery battalions created to defend Washington, D. C. Initially armed with guns firing “flak” these were, in the mid-1950s, unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, but only as part of their respective units. For much of the decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served One weekend a month. The current forces formation plans of the US Army call for the typical National Guard unit to one year of active duty for every five years of service. More specifically, current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman will be activated for a total of more than 24 months in one six year enlistment period. Since September 11,2001, over 15,700 Virginia Guard personnel have been deployed, Virginia Defense Force Virginia Military Institute Bibliography of Virginia Army National Guard History
22.
Valorous Unit Award
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The Valorous Unit Award is the second highest United States military unit decoration which may be bestowed upon a military unit after the Presidential Unit Citation. The unit degree of heroism required is considered the equivalent of the degree of heroism required for the Silver Star which is awarded for gallantry in action. As a result of a request from the Commander, USMACV, to expand the scope of the Meritorious Unit Commendation to include acts of valor, the study concluded that a gap did exist in the awards program. The Distinguished Unit Citation was awarded for gallantry in action for heroism that would warrant the Distinguished Service Cross for an individual, there was no lesser unit award for heroism. Based on the study, it was recommended the scope of the Meritorious Unit Commendation be expanded to include acts of heroism, the recommendation with the proposed design was approved by the Chief of Staff, Army, on 12 January 1966. The Valorous Unit Award Emblem is awarded and worn by all members of the cited unit, the emblem is considered an individual decoration, and those members of the unit awarded the VUA continue to wear the emblem after they leave the unit. The VUA requires a degree of gallantry, determination. The degree of heroism required is the same as that which would warrant award of the Silver Star to an individual, extended periods of combat duty or participation in a large number of operational missions, either ground or air, is not sufficient. This award will normally be earned by units that have participated in single or successive actions covering relatively brief time spans and it is not reasonable to presume that entire units can sustain Silver Star performance for extended time periods under the most unusual circumstances. Only on rare occasions will a larger than a battalion qualify for this award. The ribbon worn to represent award of the Valorous Unit Award is 1 7/16 inches wide, the emblem consists of a 1/16 inch wide Gold frame with laurel leaves which encloses a ribbon of the pattern of the Silver Star Medal ribbon centered on a Red ribbon. The streamers are the pattern as the Silver Star Medal ribbon. The current components of the award are the VUA emblems, certificates, and citations awarded to the members of the unit, Valorous Unit Award, MIL-D-3943/32 and MIL-R-11589/154. Manual requisition in accordance with Chapter 9, Army Regulation 840-10, Awards and decorations of the United States military Awards and decorations of the United States Army List of military decorations
23.
Rocket-propelled grenade
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A rocket-propelled grenade is a shoulder-fired, anti-tank weapon system that fires rockets equipped with an explosive warhead. These warheads are affixed to a motor and stabilized in flight with fins. Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are single-use, RPGs, with some exceptions, are generally loaded from the muzzle. RPGs with high explosive warheads are very effective against armored vehicles such as armoured personnel carriers. However, heavily armored vehicles, such as main battle tanks, are too well armored to be penetrated by an RPG. Various warheads are also capable of causing damage to vulnerable systems. The RPG has its roots in the 20th century with the development of the explosive shaped charge. Before the adoption of the charge, anti-tank guns and tank guns relied primarily on kinetic energy to defeat armor. Armies found that they needed to give infantry the means to defeat enemy armor when no anti-tank guns were available, initial attempts to put such weapons in the hands of the infantry resulted in weapons like the Soviet RPG-40 blast effect hand grenade. What was needed was a means of delivering the shaped charge warhead from a distance, different approaches to this goal would lead to the anti-tank spigot mortar, the recoilless rifle and, from the development of practical rocketry, the rocket propelled grenade. Research occasioned by World War II produced such weapons as the American Bazooka and German Panzerfaust, the Soviet-developed RPG-7 is the most widely distributed, recognizable and used RPG in the world. In the 2000s, they were still being used widely in conflict areas such as Chechnya, Iraq, the RPG has a design that is comparable to a shaped charge explosive. A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosives energy, various types are used to penetrate tank armour. A typical modern lined shaped charge can penetrate armor to a depth of seven or more times the diameter of the charge, though greater depths of 10 CD. An RPG comprises two parts, the launcher and a rocket equipped with a warhead. The most common types of warheads are high explosive and high explosive anti-tank rounds and these warheads are affixed to a rocket motor and stabilized in flight with fins. Some types of RPG are single-use disposable units, such as the RPG-22 and M72 LAW, others are reloadable, such as the Soviet RPG-7, the launcher is designed so that the rocket exits the launcher without discharging an exhaust that would be dangerous to the operator. In the case of the RPG-7, the rocket is launched by a booster charge
24.
MGR-3 Little John
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The MGR-3 Little John was a free flight artillery rocket system designed and put into service by the U. S. Army during the 1950s and 1960s. Carried on the XM34 rocket launcher, it could carry nuclear or conventional warheads. It was primarily intended for use in assault operations and to complement the heavier. Development of the missile was started at Army’s Rocket and Guided Missile Agency laboratory at Huntsville, Alabama, in June 1956, the first launch of the XM47 Little John occurred. The Little John was delivered to the field in November 1961 and it was a fin-stabilized field artillery rocket that followed a ballistic trajectory to ground targets. The rocket XM51 consisted of a warhead, a motor assembly. The components were shipped in containers and assembled by the user. The Little John differs from the Honest John in not only its size, the flight of the Honest John is stabilized by a spin that is imparted to the rocket by spin rockets after the round leaves the launcher. The Little John rocket flight is stabilized by applying spin to the rocket while on the launcher and this manual method of stabilization was called spin-on-straight-rail. The system was manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company, the missile and launcher system were light enough to be easily transported by helicopters and other aircraft or towed by a vehicle. The Phase II Little John weapon system was deployed with the 1st Missile Battalion, 57th Field Artillery in Okinawa. The missile was retired beginning in July,1967, with the final missile removed from inventory in 1970, five hundred missiles were produced during the life of the weapon program. Propellant, solid rocket fuel Maximum range,19 kilometres
25.
Brigade combat team
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The brigade combat team is the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the US Army. A brigade combat team consists of one combat arms branch maneuver brigade, the Brigade is normally commanded by a Colonel although in some cases a Brigadier General may assume command. A brigade combat team contains combat support and combat support units necessary to sustain its operations away from its parent division. BCTs contain organic artillery support, formerly received from the division artillery, currently, the U. S. Army is structured around the brigade combat team. In this program, divisions that previously had not deployed individual brigades due to lack of support have now been restructured. The 1st Armored Division, 25th Infantry Division, etc. now have the ability to deploy one or more BCTs anywhere in the world and these BCTs are intended to be able to stand on their own, like a division in miniature. The soldiers assigned to a BCT will stay at their assignment for three years, this is intended to bolster readiness and improve unit cohesion, the infantry brigade combat team, as of 2014, contains 4,413 soldiers and is organized around three battalions of infantry. Each type of brigade has the basic organization. Each infantry brigade is capable of air operations, whether or not it is officially designated as an air assault brigade. Also, most units typically maneuver in HMMWVs when deployed and operate as motorized infantry to facilitate speed of movement, the infantry brigade combat team consists of seven battalions, one cavalry, one brigade support, one engineer, three infantry and one field artillery. A full Stryker brigade was intended to be C-130 Hercules air transportable into theatre within 96 hours, the Stryker brigade is an organic combined arms unit of lightly-armored, medium-weight wheeled vehicles, and is organized differently from the infantry or armored brigade combat teams. The BCT Ground Combat Vehicle Program was the successor of the interim armored vehicle before being cancelled in 2014. The team also receives training in chemical, biological, radiological, a Stryker brigade is made up of more than 300 Stryker vehicles and 4,500 soldiers. M1135 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, Reconnaissance Vehicle The armored brigade combat team is the primary armored force. It was designed around combined arms battalions that contain both M1 Abrams tanks and M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles, other vehicles, such as HMMWVs and variants of the M113 armored personnel carrier, operate in a supporting role. In the future, it also contain vehicles from the Future Fighting Vehicle. An armored brigade combat team consists of seven battalions, three combined arms, one cavalry, one artillery, one engineer and one support battalion. As of 2014, the brigade combat team is the largest brigade combat team formation with 4,743 soldiers
26.
Two Rivers, Wisconsin
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Two Rivers is a city in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 11,712 at the 2010 census and it is the birthplace of the ice cream sundae. The citys advertising slogan is Catch our friendly waves as it is located along Lake Michigan, a post office called Two Rivers has been in operation since 1848. The city was named from its location at the confluence of the Mishicott and Neshota rivers, now known as the East Twin and West Twin Rivers, respectively. Two Rivers derives its name from the East Twin River and the West Twin River which meet in the city less than a mile from their outflows at Lake Michigan, Two Rivers is located at 44°9′17″N 87°34′35″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.49 square miles. WIS42 Northbound travels to Kewaunee, Wisconsin, WIS147 connects with Mishicot and Green Bay, Wisconsin via I-43 northbound. WIS310 connects with US10 towards Appleton westbound, Two Rivers, Wisconsin lies within the Humid Continental climate zone, modified by its close proximity to Lake Michigan. This gives the city more moderate temperatures and lesser extremes compared to its inland counterparts, as of the census of 2010, there were 11,712 people,5,119 households, and 3,156 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,923.2 inhabitants per square mile, there were 5,698 housing units at an average density of 935.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 5% White,0. 5% African American,0. 8% Native American,2. 4% Asian,0. 7% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 9% of the population. 33. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age in the city was 43.4 years. 21. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 23% were from 25 to 44,29. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 9% male and 51. 1% female, according to the census of 2000, when there were 12,639 people,5,221 households, and 3,414 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,230.1 people per square mile, there were 5,547 housing units at an average density of 978.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 74% White,0. 16% Black or African American,0. 44% Native American,2. 22% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 55% from other races, and 0. 84% from two or more races. 1. 35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
27.
Oak Creek, Wisconsin
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Oak Creek is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 35,451 at the 2010 census, as of the 1840 census, the population of the Town of Lake was 418. On August 5,2012, a white supremacist gunman opened fire at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, the gunman and six other people died, and several people were injured. Oak Creek is located at 42°53′4″N 87°53′57″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.45 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 28,456 people,11,239 households, the population density was 994.4 people per square mile. There were 11,897 housing units at a density of 415.7 per square mile. The ethnic makeup of the city is 91. 96% White,1. 82% African American,0. 59% Native American,2. 39% Asian,1. 70% from other ethnic groups, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 45% of the population. 25. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 25. 0% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,35. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $53,779, and the median income for a family was $63,381. Males had an income of $43,935 versus $31,443 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,586, about 1. 2% of families and 3. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 2% of those under age 18 and 6. 7% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 34,451 people,14,064 households, the population density was 1,210.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 14,754 housing units at a density of 518.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 7% White,2. 8% African American,0. 7% Native American,4. 5% Asian,2. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 5% of the population. 28. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06. The median age in the city was 37.4 years
28.
Whitewater, Wisconsin
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Whitewater is a city in Walworth and Jefferson counties in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. Located near the portion of the Kettle Moraine State Forest. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,390. Of this,11,150 were in Walworth County, and 3,240 were in Jefferson County, Whitewater was founded at the confluence of Whitewater Creek and Spring Brook, and named for the white sand in their beds. A gristmill was built on Whitewater creek, the pond now called Lake Cravath. The town grew quickly when the first railroad line in Wisconsin passed through in 1853, Whitewater was a New England settlement. The original founders of Whitewater consisted entirely of settlers from New England and these people were Yankees, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s, most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education and they were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian. Due to the second Great Awakening some of them had converted to Methodism before moving to what is now Whitewater, Whitewater, like much of Wisconsin, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history. Whitewater is located at 42°50′6″N 88°44′10″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.06 square miles, of which,8.76 square miles is land and 0.30 square miles is water. Most of the city lies in Walworth County, as of the census of 2010, there were 14,390 people,4,766 households, and 1,781 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,642.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 5,113 housing units at an average density of 583.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 0% White,3. 5% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,4. 5% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 5% of the population,34. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the family size was 3.01. The median age in the city was 21.9 years. 11. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,53. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,14. 7% were from 25 to 44,11. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 8. 4% were 65 years of age or older
29.
Kenosha, Wisconsin
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Kenosha /kɛˈnoʊˌʃɑː/ is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County, Wisconsin, United States. Kenosha is on the shore of Lake Michigan. With an estimated population of 99,889 as of July 1,2013, it is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin, the city is part of the United States Census Bureaus Chicago Combined Statistical Area. Early archaeological sites have been discovered in the Kenosha vicinity, the discoverer of two sites believes they antedate the Clovis culture, making them contemporaneous with the ice age, paleo Indians settled in the area at least 13,500 years ago. The Potawatomi originally named the area ginoozhe place of the pike, the early name by the Ojibwa Indians is reported as Masu-kinoja. This describes the place of spawning trout as trout come all at same time, thousands of fish were entering the rivers from Lake Michigan. Harvesting these fish provided food for the coming months, the first white settlers, part of the Western Emigration Company, arrived in the early 1830s from Hannibal and Troy, New York, led by John Bullen, Jr. who sought to purchase enough land for a town. Thwarted in Milwaukee and Racine, the arrived at Pike Creek on 6 June 1835, building log homes at first and, later, homes of frame, native stone. The first school and churches followed by 1835, with platting completed in 1836, as more settlers arrived and the first post office was established, the community was first known as Pike Creek in 1836. In 1850, another change brought the city its current title. Between 1902 and 1988, Kenosha produced millions of automobiles and trucks under marques such as Jeffery, Rambler, Nash, Hudson, LaFayette, a prototype steam car was built in Kenosha by the Sullivan-Becker engineering firm in 1900. Two years later, the Thomas B, Jeffery Company, builders of the Sterling bicycle, began production of the Rambler runabout. In 1902, Rambler and Oldsmobile were the first cars to employ mass-production techniques, the 1902 Rambler was also the first automobile to use a steering wheel, rather than the then-common tiller-controlled steering. Auto executive Charles W. Nash purchased Jeffrey in 1916 and the new company became Nash Motors, in May 1954, Nash acquired Detroit-based Hudson and the new firm was named American Motors Corporation. A 47-acre west side park and a school are named for Charles W. Nash. In partnership with French automaker Renault, AMC manufactured several models in Kenosha in the early 1980s, including the Alliance, two decades earlier, AMCs 1963 Rambler Classic had also received the award. In 1987, Renault sold its controlling interest in AMC to Chrysler Corporation, the AMC Lakefront plant, a smaller facility, was demolished in 1990 and was redeveloped into upscale HarborPark. Kenosha has 21 locations and three districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places including the Library Park, Third Avenue, matthew Episcopal Church at 5900 Seventh Avenue, the Washington Park Clubhouse at 2205 Washington Road, and the Justin Weed House at 3509 Washington Road
30.
Burlington, Wisconsin
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Burlington is a city in Racine and Walworth counties in the U. S. state of Wisconsin, with the majority of the city located in Racine County. The population of the portion of the city inside Racine County was 10,464 as of the 2010 census, prior to the arrival of Europeans in the area, Native American mounds were constructed near the present location of Burlington. For example, around 1830, a small Potawatomi village stood in what is now the Town of Burlington, the first European settlers in Burlington were Moses Smith and William Whiting. Smith and Whiting had been in the previously, making a so-called jackknife claim to the land on December 15,1835. The men then left the encampment and returned with Lemuel Smith as well as Benjamin Perce, since its establishment, Foxville had been in Michigan Territory. The two counties separated on December 7,1836, and Foxville ended up in Racine County, the first post office in Foxville was created on March 21,1837, with Moses Smith, one of the four founders of the city, as the first postmaster. In May 1837, a sawmill and a dam on the Fox River were completed, on January 2,1838, Rochester township, which included Foxville as well as all of Racine County west of Mount Pleasant, was established. On March 9,1839, Burlington township and much of Brighton were separated from Rochester, Burlington was a major New England settlement. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s, most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal. When they originally arrived in the area, there was nothing but dense virgin forest, the settlers laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as support for abolitionism as well as a passion for education. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church, though some were Episcopalian, due to the second Great Awakening some of them had converted to Methodism before moving to what is now Burlington. Burlington, like much of Wisconsin, would be similar to early New England for most of its early history. Although James Strangs group relocated to Beaver Island, Michigan in 1850, after Strang was shot by two disgruntled members in 1856, he was taken to Voree where he died. He is buried in a cemetery in Burlington, Strangs church still maintains a congregation in Voree to this day, and the local historical society has erected a monument to the Mormon settlement there. Burlington was incorporated as a village in 1886, in 1900 it became a city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.73 square miles. Burlington is located at 42°40′40″N 88°16′41″W, as of the census of 2010, there were 10,464 people,4,240 households, and 2,702 families residing in the city
31.
Racine, Wisconsin
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Racine or is a city in and the county seat of Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Root River, Racine is located 22 miles south of Milwaukee. As of the 2013 U. S. census, the city had a population of 78,199 and its median home price of $103,625 makes it one of the most affordable cities in Wisconsin to buy a home. In January of 2017, it was rated the most affordable place to live in the world by the Demographia International Housing Affordability survey, Racine is the headquarters of a number of industries, including J. I. Case, S. C. Johnson & Son, Dremel Corporation, Reliance Controls Corporation, Twin Disc, the Mitchell & Lewis Company, a wagonmaker in the 19th century, began making motorcycles and automobiles as Mitchell-Lewis Motor Company at the start of the 20th century. Racine was also home to InSinkErator, the first garbage disposal, malted milk balls were developed in Racine. Architects of the city included A. Arthur Guilbert and Edmund Bailey Funston, historians separate the natives living in the Root watershed at that time into Woodland people, who were more common, and Hopewell people, who were more advanced. After European contact, the Miami and later the Potawatomi expanded into the area and these were the first Europeans known to visit what is now Racine County. Further expeditions were made in the area by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679 and by François Jolliet De Montigny and Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes in 1698. Nearly a century later, in 1791, a trading post would be established along Lake Michigan near where the Root River empties into it. Following the Blackhawk War, the area surrounding Racine, which had previously been off-limits, was settled by Yankees from upstate New York and New England. In 1834 Captain Gilbert Knapp USRM, who was from Chatham, Massachusetts, Knapp had first explored the area of the Root River valley in 1818, and returned with financial backing when the war ended. Within a year of Knapps settlement hundreds of settlers from New England and western New York had arrived. Some of the settlers were from the town of Derby, Connecticut, the area was previously called Kipi Kawi and Chippecotton by the indigenous peoples, both names for the Root River. The name Port Gilbert was never accepted, and in 1841 the community was incorporated as the village of Racine. After Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 1848, the new legislature voted in August to incorporate Racine as a city, in 1852, Racine College, an Episcopal college, was founded, it closed in 1933. Its location and many of its buildings are preserved today by the Community of St. Mary as part of the DeKoven Center, also in 1852, Racine High School, the first public high school in Wisconsin, opened. The high school operated until 1926, when it was torn down to make way for the new Racine County Courthouse, washington Park High School was built to replace it
32.
Plymouth, Wisconsin
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For other places named Plymouth, in Wisconsin or elsewhere, see Plymouth. Plymouth is a city in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, along the Mullet River and it is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located in the Town of Plymouth, but is politically independent, the Hub City name also applies to it being a former regional center of wooden wheelwrighting. The population was 8,445 at the 2010 census, mayor Don Pohlman was last reelected in April 2014. Plymouth was surveyed in 1835 by United States engineers, one of whom was named Mullet, the first land sold to a private party was sold to an Englishman named John Law who had emigrated from London. It was sold to Law on August 13,1836, the next sale was to another Englishman, also from London, named Thomas Margrave. Settlers continued trickling in and the town was organized on April 3,1849, in the 1840s a group of immigrants arrived from Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Their ancestors had moved to area from New England shortly after the American Revolution. The Thorpe family arrived from Hartford, Connecticut and they were of old New England ancestry. These immigrants being the original pool of settlers in Plymouth gave the region cultural continuity with New England, the town was named Plymouth, after Plymouth, Massachusetts, where the Pilgrims had landed in 1620. Originally known by early Native Americans as Quit Qui Oc, or Crooked River, Plymouth was settled in 1845 by Isaac Thorp, Plymouth is located at 43°44′57″N 87°58′36″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.34 square miles. As of 2000 the median age in the city was 40.8 years. 24. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 9% were from 25 to 44,27. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 6% male and 52. 4% female, as of the census of 2010, there were 8,445 people,3,710 households, and 2,253 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,605.5 inhabitants per square mile, there were 4,039 housing units at an average density of 767.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 2% White,0. 4% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 9% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 4% of the population. 33. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.91
33.
Sussex, Wisconsin
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Sussex is a village in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. It is approximately 19 miles northwest of Milwaukee and 9 miles north of Waukesha, the village is 7.24 square miles at an elevation of 930 feet. The population was 10,518 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area. It was founded in 1843 by George Elliott, a bricklayer from Beckley, East Sussex, and Richard Cooling, a blacksmith from Dorset. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 7.62 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,518 people,4,039 households, the population density was 1,389.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,186 housing units at a density of 553.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 95. 2% White,0. 8% African American,0. 3% Native American,2. 1% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 4% of the population. 22. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age in the village was 37.5 years. 28. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 1% were from 25 to 44,27. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49. 4% male and 50. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,828 people,3,310 households, and 2,502 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,464.0 people per square mile, there were 3,441 housing units at an average density of 570.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 98% White,0. 75% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 80% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 36% from other races, and 0. 88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 67% of the population,19. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the family size was 3.09. In the village, the population was out with 29. 3% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,36. 3% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.0 males
34.
Madison, Wisconsin
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Madison is the capital of the U. S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. As of July 1,2015, Madisons estimated population of 248,951 made it the second largest city in Wisconsin, after Milwaukee, and the 84th largest in the United States. The city forms the core of the United States Census Bureaus Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa, Green, the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Areas 2010 population was 568,593. When the Wisconsin Territory was created in 1836 the territorial legislature convened in Belmont, One of the legislatures tasks was to select a permanent location for the territorys capital. Doty lobbied aggressively for Madison as the new capital, offering buffalo robes to the freezing legislators and he had James Slaughter plat two cities in the area, Madison and The City of Four Lakes, near present-day Middleton. Doty named the city Madison for James Madison, the fourth President of the U. S. who had died on June 28,1836 and he named the streets for the other 39 signers of the U. S. Constitution. Being named for the founding father James Madison, who had just died. The cornerstone for the Wisconsin capitol was laid in 1837, on October 9,1839, Kintzing Prichett registered the plat of Madison at the registrars office of the then-territorial Dane County. Madison was incorporated as a village in 1846, with a population of 626, when Wisconsin became a state in 1848, Madison remained the capital, and the following year it became the site of the University of Wisconsin. The Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad connected to Madison in 1854, Madison incorporated as a city in 1856, with a population of 6,863, leaving the unincorporated remainder as a separate Town of Madison. The original capitol was replaced in 1863 and the capitol burned in 1904. The current capitol was built between 1906 and 1917, during the Civil War, Madison served as a center of the Union Army in Wisconsin. Camp Randall, on the west side of Madison, was built and used as a camp, a military hospital. After the war ended, the Camp Randall site was absorbed into the University of Wisconsin, in 2004 the last vestige of active military training on the site was removed when the stadium renovation replaced a firing range used for ROTC training. The City of Madison continued annexations from the Town of Madison almost from the date of the citys incorporation, Madison is located in the center of Dane County in south-central Wisconsin,77 miles west of Milwaukee and 122 miles northwest of Chicago. The city completely surrounds the smaller Town of Madison, the City of Monona, Madison shares borders with its largest suburb, Sun Prairie, and three other suburbs, Middleton, McFarland and Fitchburg. The citys boundaries also approach the city of Verona, and the villages of Cottage Grove, DeForest, and Waunakee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 94.03 square miles
35.
United States Army War College
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The United States Army War College is a U. S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks. It provides graduate-level instruction to senior officers and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments. Each year, a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission, approximately 800 students attend at any one time, half in a two-year-long distance learning program, and the other half in an on-campus, full-time resident program lasting ten months. Upon completion, the college grants its graduates a masters degree in Strategic Studies, Army applicants must have already completed the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, the required Professional Military Education for officers in the rank of major. Majors with the specialty of Function Area 59, Strategist, formerly Strategic Plans and Policy, also attend their qualification course, the Basic Strategic Arts Program, at the college. The Army War College is one of the three senior service colleges of the U. S. Department of Defense, joined by the Naval War College for the U. S. Navy, the Army War College is a split-functional institution. While a great deal of emphasis is placed on research, students are instructed in leadership, strategy. Established from the learned in the Spanish–American War, the College was founded by Secretary of War, Elihu Root. Washington Barracks—now called Fort Lesley J. McNair—in Washington, D. C. was chosen as the site, theodore Roosevelt attended the Masonic laying of the cornerstone of Roosevelt Hall on 21 February 1903. The first president of the Army War College was Major General Samuel B. M. Young in July 1902, the College remained at Washington Barracks until the 1940s, when it was closed due to World War II. It reopened in 1950 at Fort Leavenworth, and moved one year later to its present location, the Basic Strategic Art Program is one of the academic programs taught at the U. S. Army War College. FA59 officers have deployed to combat since the onset of the Global War on Terror in 2001, since then, graduates of this program served in key positions in Iraq, Afghanistan, all combatant commands, and at the Pentagon. The Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute is located at the War College, the institutes mission is to serve as the U. S. S. S. Army heraldic entitlements for the War College What Is the War College, a May 2004 article from Slate
36.
Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
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Chippewa Falls is a city located on the Chippewa River in Chippewa County in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 13,661 at the 2010 census, incorporated as a city in 1869, it is the county seat of Chippewa County. The citys name originated from its location on the Chippewa River, Chippewa is an alternative rendition of Ojibwa. Chippewa Falls is the birthplace of Seymour Cray, known as the father of supercomputing, and the headquarters for the original Cray Research. It is also the home of the Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company, the Heyde Center for the Arts, a venue for artists and performers, Irvine Park. Chippewa Falls is 15 miles from the annual music festivals Country Fest. Chippewa Falls was originally a town that became a railroad town, even though the main railroad line of the 1870s went through Eau Claire. In 1870, the West Wisconsin Railway built a line from St. Paul, Minnesota, following this, the Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls Railway established a line running from Eau Claire to Chippewa Falls. In 1880, the CF&W was joined by the Wisconsin and Minnesota Railway pushing its way west from Abbotsford and this was followed in 1881 by the Chippewa Falls & Northern Railroad, which built a line north from Chippewa Falls to Bloomer, eventually being extended to Superior. Around 1700, French explorer Pierre-Charles Le Sueur discovered the Chippewa Spring near the river, pound founded the Chippewa Springs Health Club in 1887 and at one point oversaw the company that bottled the water for sale. A Spring House was built over the spring in 1893 and remains today, across from the modern water bottling plant on Park Ave. Chippewa Falls is located at 44.9341. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.92 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 13,661 people,5,896 households, the population density was 1,201.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,304 housing units at a density of 554.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 1% White,1. 7% African American,0. 7% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 6% of the population. 37. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age in the city was 38 years. 22. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 1% were from 25 to 44,24. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 4% were 65 years of age or older
37.
121st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
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The 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery is currently part of the 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade that is based out of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Attached to the 1-121st is Battery A located in Sussex, Wisconsin, Battery B located in Plymouth, Wisconsin, 108th Forward Support Company located in Sussex, the 1-121st FA originally operated M101 howitzer before switching to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System in 2003. As of 2010 the 1-121st FA operates the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, on September 11,1884, the Wisconsin Army National Guard Field Artillery was born when twelve men signed an agreement to organize a battery in Milwaukee. The formal organization occurred on May 11,1885, with the creation of the 1st Light Battery, the battery had 65 members, occupied the Farwell Avenue Skating Rink, and trained on a vacant lot on North Prospect Avenue. During 1916, the 1st Field Artillery was formed, on June 8,1916, Battery B was established in Green Bay. On June 12,1916, Battery C was established in Racine, on June 14,1916, Battery A, 1st Light Artillery was redesignated as Battery A, 1st Field Artillery. On June 30,1916, Battery A, 1st Field Artillery was called to duty on the Mexican border as organized forces were making raids into the United States. Having served with distinction, the battery was released at Camp Douglas, Wisconsin, on October 16,1916, the 32nd Division was organized under War Department orders of July 18,1917, from National Guard troops from Wisconsin and Michigan. Wisconsin furnished approximately 15,000 and Michigan 8,000 troops of all arms, later 4,000 National Army troops from Wisconsin and Michigan were transferred to the Division shortly before it left for France. On August 4,1917, Battery F, 121st Field Artillery regiment, was the first unit of the new division to arrive at Camp MacArthur. From that time until late in September troops continued to pour in as rapidly as railroad facilities could be provided to them from the north. The 1st Wisconsin Field Artillery regiment became the 121st Field Artillery, the Commanding Officer of the Wisconsin Artillery, Colonel Philip C. Westfahl, became Commander of the new regiment, on September 19,1917, the Regiment was redesignated as the 121st Field Artillery Regiment and assigned to the 57th Field Artillery Brigade as a part of the 32nd Division. The 121st Field Artillery Regiment was demobilized at Camp Grant, Ill, on February 1,1942, the 32nd Division was converted from square configuration to triangular and redesignated as the 32nd Infantry Division. Under the Division reorganization, the 121st Field Artillery Regiment was divided, the 121st Field Artillery Battalion, as designated on February 1,1942, distinguished itself in the Pacific Theatre of Operations. Its honors were, Aitape, Biak, Leyte, Luzon, early in 1943 the 121st Field Artillery Battalion was issued 75 mm howitzers in place of the 155 mm howitzers that were its normal weapons as the general support battalion of Division Artillery. The 173rd Field Artillery Group, as designated in February 1943 and its honors were, Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe. The 985th Field Artillery Battalion and the 173rd Field Artillery Battalion, as designated in February 1943 and its honors were, Naples-Foggia, Rome-Arno, North Apennines and Po Valley. J. and the 121st Field Artillery Battalion on February 28,1946, in Japan
