1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Residential area
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A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas and these include single-family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and it may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning, the area may be large or small. Development patterns may be regulated by restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development, restrictive covenants are not easily changed when the agreement of all property owners is required. The area so restricted may be large or small, residential areas may be subcategorized in the concentric zone model and other schemes of urban geography. Residential development is real estate development for residential purposes, some such developments are called a subdivision, when the land is divided into lots with houses constructed on each lot. Such developments became common during the nineteenth century, particularly in the form of streetcar suburbs. In previous centuries, residential development was mainly of two kinds, rich people bought a townlot, hired an architect and/or contractor, and built a bespoke / customized house or mansion for their family. Poor urban people lived in shantytowns or in tenements built for rental, single-family houses were seldom built on speculation, that is for future sale to residents not yet identified. When cities and the class expanded greatly and mortgage loans became commonplace. Its large-scale practitioners disliked the term property speculator and coined the new residential development for their activity. Entire farms and ranches were subdivided and developed, often one individual or company controlling all aspects of entitlement, land development, infrastructure. Communities like Levittown, Long Island or Lakewood south of Los Angeles saw new homes sold at unprecedented rates—more than one a day. Many techniques which had made the automobile affordable made housing affordable, standardization of design and small, repetitive tasks, advertising. Mass production resulted in a similar uniformity of product, and a comfortable lifestyle than cramped apartments in the cities. With the advent of government-backed mortgages, it could actually be cheaper to own a house in a new residential development than to rent, as with other products, continual refinements appeared. Curving streets, greenbelt parks, neighborhood pools, and community entry monumentation appeared, diverse floor plans with differing room counts, and multiple elevations appeared
3.
Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)
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Eleventh Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the far West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, located near the Hudson River. Eleventh Avenue originates in the Meatpacking District in the Greenwich Village/West Village neighborhoods at Gansevoort Street, where Eleventh Avenue, Tenth Avenue and it is considered part of the West Side Highway between 22nd and Gansevoort Streets. Between 59th and 107th Streets, the avenue is known as West End Avenue, both West End Avenue and Eleventh Avenue are considered to be part of the same road. Between Gansevoort Street and West 22nd Street, Eleventh Avenue is part of the West Side Highway, at a split with Twelfth Avenue/West Side Highway at West 22nd Street, Eleventh Avenue continues as a standard-width avenue. Following the split, Eleventh Avenue is two-way traffic for access to 23rd Street, north of 24th Street, Eleventh Avenue is one-way southbound from 24th to 44th Streets, where two-way traffic resumes. The segment between approximately 39th and 59th Streets is home to the largest concentration of auto dealerships in Manhattan, two-way traffic resumes at 44th Street. The portion north of 59th Street is called West End Avenue, the northern 2 miles are a sedate Upper West Side residential street ending at Straus Park, 107th Street, and Broadway. Traffic is bidirectional, except for the northernmost block, north of 106th Street, in 1934, a bill was passed for the Henry Hudson Parkway to be constructed, meant to be an alternative route to Death Avenue. Seeking to distinguish the area from the factories and tenements below 59th Street, portions of both West End Avenue and Eleventh Avenue were run down in the mid-20th century, with single room occupancy hotels, prostitutes and drug addicts a common sight. The citys economic comeback in the 1980s brought recovery and gentrification, the near total absence of retail on that part of the street marks its quiet, residential character, as opposed to the high-traffic, noisy character of Eleventh Avenue. The architecture of buildings on Eleventh and West End Avenues differs significantly, Manhattan Motorcars at 270 Eleventh Avenue sells many brands of luxury and sports cars. Other companies with dealerships on the avenue include Audi, Honda, Jaguar, Jeep/Chrysler/Dodge, Mazda, Nissan, as well, numerous vehicle service stations, car washes, and car rental lots are found along this stretch. It is not uncommon to hear the clip clop of horses in the vicinity, as horses always have in densely populated urban areas, the carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor. One historic district lies on Eleventh Avenue, the West Chelsea Historic District, the High Line The Hudson River Park IAC Building The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center Michael J. The New York City Buss M12 route has served the avenue since September 2014, notable current and former residents include, Judy Collins, folk singer and song writer resides at 845 West End Avenue. Domenico Dolce is a resident of 200 Eleventh Avenue. Tina Fey, former SNL cast member and creator of NBCs 30 Rock lives on West End Avenue near 80th Street Joseph Heller, elena Kagan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, grew up on West End Avenue and 75th Street. Nicole Kidman and Keith Urban live at 200 Eleventh Avenue, economist Ludwig von Mises lived at 777 West End Avenue
4.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
The Related Companies
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Related is currently developing the 28 acres Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project in Manhattan’s Chelsea and Hells Kitchen neighborhoods. Related also manages approximately $1.5 billion of equity capital on behalf of sovereign wealth funds, public pension plans, multi-managers, endowments, Taft Hartley plans and family offices. Related also owns Equinox Fitness clubs and a partnership interest in Union Square Events, the catering, culture, sports, in 1972, Stephen M. Ross founded Related Companies, known then as Related Housing Companies. The Emerson apartment building in Los Angeles has 271 units, of which 216 are leased at market rates. The other 55 units are at subsidized rates to tenants whose annual incomes are less than 50% of the local median, in 2017, Fast Company named The Related Companies as one of The Most Innovative Companies of 2017. Their work for turning over 28 acres of Manhattan’s far west side was accredited to the award
7.
Oxford Properties
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Oxford Properties, established in 1960 is a global real estate owner, investor, developer and property manager with a portfolio of office, retail, industrial, multi-residential and hotel assets. Wholly owned by the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System since 2003, the organization has 2,000 employees and over $40 billion of real assets that it manages for itself and on behalf of its co-owners and investment partners. Oxford’s portfolio of properties represents more than 50 million square feet of office, retail, hotel, industrial, land and multi-residential assets in key markets across Canada, the US and Europe. Some of its most recognized assets include Royal Bank Plaza, The Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel, Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Olympic Tower and The Leadenhall Building. Oxford also owns seven Canadian Fairmont luxury hotels which were acquired in 2006, Oxford Leaseholds was established in 1960 in Edmonton by Don Love and John and George Poole, founders of PCL Construction. In the early days of the formation the partners decided there was a need for a medical clinic. Seven years and a few later, Great-West Life, Confederation Life Insurance Co. To reflect its growing desire to develop towers as well as operate them, the firm entered the 1970s as a publicly traded company, with an offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange, with its assets surpassing $1 billion. At the time, large acquisitions included Y&R Properties portfolio and 25 shopping centres from Cambridge Leaseholds, a decade later, a new ownership structure was introduced as Oxford went private in 1980 in a management-led leveraged buyout. To pay for the deal, it sold its shopping centres, the decade didnt pass quietly however, with assets rising above $3 billion. Oxford Properties set up its headquarters in Torontos Richmond-Adelaide Centre, eight years later, the two companies merged and once again went public with help from a $60 million investment from a Hong Kong investor. The company made significant real estate investments buying entire portfolios from Marathon, Greiner-Pacaud, Hammerson Canada, Royal Bank, Don Love had arrived in Edmonton in 1955 as an enterprising young stockbroker working for a national securities firm. A physician client approached him about building a clinic in Edmonton. He knew E. E. Poole, another one of his clients, and when Don made the proposal Ernest Poole declined, the three young men started a new company called “POLO” – PO for Poole, and LO for Love. Don provided the imagination, while John and George provided the capital, the trio secured a mortgage and built the Baker Clinic, which they then sold back to the doctors of the practice. They were officially in the development business, GRESB is an industry-driven organization committed to assessing the ESG performance of real assets globally, including real estate portfolios and infrastructure assets. Oxford Properties has measured a 26 per cent improvement in the efficiency of their managed portfolio, on a per square foot basis. RBC WaterPark Place was the first LEED Core and Shell Platinum Office Tower in Toronto
8.
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is one of the largest in New York City. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Unilever House in London, the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas, the Stephen M. In New York, KPF is presently designing the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, KPF recently completed One Jackson Square and served as Executive Architect for the 10-year phased expansion and renovation of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. Current projects around the world include the Midfield Terminal Complex at the Abu Dhabi International Airport, kPFs philosophy is firmly rooted in the belief that success is the result of collaboration and dialogue. KPF explains, “A similar sentiment is central to the manner in which we weave our buildings into the environmental fabric, for a firm of its size, KPF takes on an unusually large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. Shortly after its founding in 1976, the American Broadcasting Company chose KPF to redevelop a former building on Manhattan’s West Side to house TV studios. This experience led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including the AT&T, by the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted “Favorite Building” by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF’s Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its design with the AIA National Honor Award. In the 1990s, KPF also took on a number of government and civic projects. Courthouse in New York, the Mark O. Hatfield U. S, courthouse in Portland, OR, the U. S. Courthouse of Minneapolis, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D. C. KPF’s winning entry in the competition for the World Bank Headquarters. KPF’s sensitive design solution for the World Bank, its first D. C. project, KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street. KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through the present day, KPF’s subsequent work in the U. K. includes Thames Court in London, the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and the master plan for the London School of Economics. KPFs introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500, within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China
9.
Diller Scofidio + Renfro
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Diller Scofidio + Renfro is an interdisciplinary design studio that integrates architecture, the visual arts, and the performing arts. Based in New York City, Diller Scofidio + Renfro is led by three partners – Elizabeth Diller, Ricardo Scofidio, and Charles Renfro – who work with a staff of architects, artists, and administrators. The studio was founded by Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio in 1979, Charles Renfro joined in 1997, Elizabeth Diller attended The Cooper Union School of Art and received a Bachelor of Architecture from the Cooper Union School of Architecture. She is a Professor of Architecture at Princeton University, Ricardo Scofidio attended The Cooper Union School of Architecture and received a Master of Architecture from Columbia University. Mr. Scofidio is Professor Emeritus of Architecture at Cooper Union, Charles Renfro attended Rice University and received a Master of Architecture from Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. Mr. Renfro has served as visiting professor at Rice University and Columbia University and their work explores how space functions in our culture and illustrates that architecture, when understood as the physical manifestation of social relationships, is everywhere, not just in buildings. Diller Scofidio + Renfro completed the Perry and Marty Granoff Creative Arts Center for Brown University in Providence, the Institute of Contemporary Art, the first new museum to be built in Boston in 100 years, opened in 2006. Slither, a complex in Gifu, Japan was completed in 2003, and Blur. Diller Scofidio + Renfro recently won the design competition for Zaryadye Park. For the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo Turin, and Action Painting for the Beyeler Museum in Basel, in 1999, the MacArthur Foundation presented Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio with Fellowships for their commitment to integrating architecture with issues of contemporary culture. They were recently made fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects and were inducted into the American Academy of Arts, in 2012, Elizabeth Diller was elected into the American Academy of Arts and Letters and selected as an Aspen Institute Harman-Eisner Artist in Residence. In 2013, she was honored with the Barnard Medal of Distinction, in 2003, the Whitney Museum of American Art held a retrospective of the studio’s work, recognizing the firm’s unorthodox practice. In 2009, Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio were named among Time Magazines 100 Most Influential People in the World, in 2010, Fast Company named Diller Scofidio + Renfro the most innovative design practice in the profession and among the 50 most innovative companies in the world. Books by Diller Scofidio + Renfro include Back to the Front, Tourisms of War, Flesh, architectural probes, and Blur, the studios most recent book, Lincoln Center Inside Out, An Architectural Account, chronicles a decade of work redesigning a New York City icon. From Designers Pen to the Plaza at Lincoln Center, “Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Masters of Space, Viewed through the Rear View Mirror. ”With Hirshhorn Bubble, Smithsonian Could Break D. C. from Stagnation. “Liz Diller, ‘We thought we would have fired a long time ago’. ”“New York’s High Line
10.
WSP Global
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WSP Global Inc. is a Canadian-based business providing management and consultancy services to the built and natural environment. It is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, ltd and Les Consultants Dupuis, Côté Inc. began operating in Quebec City in 1959. In 1969 in England, WSP was established by Chris Cole, in 1976, it was a founder member of the Building Services Research and Information Association. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1987, after acquiring three firms and geographical expansion in 1993, the name of the Canadian firm GBGM was changed to GENIVAR. On 7 June 2012, Genivar Inc. announced that it made a friendly takeover offer of £278 million for WSP Group plc. The offer was backed by WSPs board of directors as well as investors holding 37% of the companys shares and this merger created a professional services firm with approximately 15,000 employees, working in over 300 offices worldwide. The company reorganised its structure on 1 January 2014, to create a parent company named WSP Global Inc. On 31 October 2014, WSP Global announced that it had completed the purchase of New York-headquartered professional services firm Parsons Brinckerhoff from Balfour Beatty plc for USD$1.24 billion. The company has a network of approximately 170 offices and nearly 13,500 employees on five continents, together, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff is one the largest professional services firms in the world with approximately 32,000 employees in 500 offices serving 39 countries. In early 2015, WSP Global announced the engineering consultancy firms plans to expand to 45,000 employees by 2020, in October 2016, WSP purchased Mouchel Consulting from Kier for approximately £75 million. In January 2017, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff announced that it will assume the name WSP, the company is organised into the following main service areas, Buildings, Energy, Environment, Industry, Mining, and Transport and Infrastructure. Notable projects in progress Centre hospitalier de lUniversité de Montréal, WSP is providing management services. Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, WSP CBP is providing management services. The City Line in Sweden, WSP is providing management services. MGM MIRAGE CityCenter in Las Vegas, Nevada Notable completed projects One World Trade Center in New York, NY. The Shard in London, UK.7 World Trade Center in New York, NY.8 Spruce Street in New York, NY.30 The Bond in Sydney, Australia. 60 Wall Street in New York, NY.277 Park Avenue in New York, NY.383 Madison Avenue in New York, NY.1585 Broadway in New York, arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, NY. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Headquarters, in Melbourne, Australia, the largest single-tenanted commercial office building in the Southern Hemisphere
11.
West Side (Manhattan)
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The West Side of Manhattan refers to the side of Manhattan Island which abuts the Hudson River and faces New Jersey. Fifth Avenue, Central Park, and lower Broadway separate it from the East Side, the major neighborhoods on the West Side are West Harlem, Morningside Heights, Manhattan Valley, Upper West Side, Hells Kitchen, Chelsea, West Village, SoHo, and Tribeca. The 8th Avenue and West Side subway lines connect all parts of the West Side, the main north-south roads servicing the West Side are the Henry Hudson Parkway in the north, and the West Side Highway in the south. The Hudson River Greenway separates them from the west shore of the island, the Far West Side would have been the location of West Side Stadium, which was intended as the Olympic stadium for the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Jeffery Sweets one-act play Cover references this area of New York, the Intrepid Museum is located in the West Side and houses many ships and aircraft, including the Concorde, USS Intrepid and the Space Shuttle
12.
Chelsea, Manhattan
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Chelsea is a neighborhood on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Chelsea is divided between Manhattan Community Board 4 and Manhattan Community Board 5 and it contains the Chelsea Historic District and its extension, which were designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1970 and 1981 respectively. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the area has a large LGBTQ population. Chelsea is also known as one of the centers of the art world. Chelsea takes its name from the estate and Georgian-style house of retired British Major Thomas Clarke, the land was bounded by what would become 21st and 24th Streets, from the Hudson River to Eighth Avenue. Clarke chose the name Chelsea after the Royal Hospital Chelsea, a retirement home for soldiers in London, England. Clarke passed the estate on to his daughter, Charity, who, with her husband Benjamin Moore, added land on the south of the estate, the house was the birthplace of their son, Clement Clarke Moore, who in turn inherited the property. Moore is generally credited with writing A Visit From St. Nicholas and was the author of the first Greek and Hebrew lexicons printed in the United States. Covenants in the deeds of sale specified what could be built on the land – stables, manufacturing, in 1847 the Hudson River Railroad laid its freight tracks up a right-of-way between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, separating Chelsea from the Hudson River waterfront. By the time of the Civil War, the area west of Ninth Avenue and below 20th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene, a lamp fuel. In addition, the huge Manhattan Gas Works complex, which converted coal into gas, was located at Ninth and 18th Street. As well as the piers, warehouses and factories, the area west of Tenth Avenue also included lumberyards and breweries. The social problems of the areas workers provoked John Lovejoy Elliot to form the Hudson Guild in 1897, one of the first settlement houses – private organizations designed to provide social services. A theater district had formed in the area by 1869, and soon West 23rd Street was the center of American theater, led by Pikes Opera House, Chelsea was an early center for the motion picture industry before World War I. Some of Mary Pickfords first pictures were made on the top floors of a building at 221 West 26th Street, while other studios were located on 23rd. London Terrace was one of the worlds largest apartment blocks when it opened in 1930, with a pool, solarium, gymnasium. The massive 23-story Art Deco Walker Building, which spans the block between 17th and 18th Streets just off of Seventh Avenue, was built in the early 1930s. It typifies the real activity of the district, as it has been converted in 2012 to residential apartments on the top 16 floors
13.
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
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Hells Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is traditionally considered to be bordered by 34th Street to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, the area provides transport, medical, and warehouse infrastructure support to Midtowns business district. Once a bastion of poor and working class Irish Americans, Hells Kitchens location in Midtown has changed its personality since the 1970s, since the early 1990s, the area has been gentrifying, and rents have risen rapidly. Located close to both Broadway theaters and the Actors Studio training school, Hells Kitchen has long been a home to learning and practicing actors, the name Hells Kitchen generally refers to the area from 34th to 59th Streets. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and north of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories, as a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP codes 10019 and 10036, the post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue. To the east, the neighborhood overlaps the Times Square Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue, on its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Here, two landmarks reside – the New Yorker Hotel and the dynamic Manhattan Center building, the northern edge of Hells Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side. 57th Street is the boundary between the two neighborhoods. The southern boundary is at Chelsea, but the two overlap and are often lumped together as the West Side since they support the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line is 34th Street, the transition area just north of Madison Square Garden and Pennsylvania Station includes the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park, several explanations exist for the original name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan and he was referring to the Five Points. Another explanation points to a building at 39th as the true original. A gang and a local dive took the name as well, a similar slum also existed in London and was known as Hells Kitchen. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and Tenth Avenue as Hells Kitchen, according to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hells Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heils Kitchen. But the most common version traces it to the story of Dutch Fred the Cop, a veteran policeman, the rookie is supposed to have said, This place is hell itself, to which Fred replied, Hells a mild climate
14.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
15.
Hudson Yards, Manhattan
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Javits Convention Center, and a financing plan to fund the various components. The centerpiece of Hudson Yards is a 28-acre mixed-use real estate development of the name by Related Companies and Oxford Properties. This new construction project is the largest of its kind, the railyard project broke ground on December 4,2012, the first tower, an 895-foot office building in the southeast corner of the site, opened on May 31,2016. The over-US$20 billion development will accommodate a projected 65,000 daily visitors when completed, the Citys plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hells Kitchen Neighborhood Association. The main concept of the HKNA plan was to major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues. To help facilitate development, the Citys plan called for an extension of the 7 <7> trains to a 34th Street subway station under Eleventh Avenue, a Hudson Yards Infrastructure Corporation would issue bonds against expected revenues. In January 2005, the New York City Council approved the 60-block rezoning, including the portion of the West Side Yard. In June 2005, the proposal was defeated. After the City rezoned the western rail yard and added it to the financing district, five developers responded to the RFP, Extell, Tishman Speyer, Brookfield, Vornado, and the Related Companies. Tishman Speyer won the bid in March 2008, Tishman Speyer entered into a 99-year lease with the MTA, paying $1 billion for the air rights. However, just two later, the deal broke down due to the late-2000s financial crisis. Not much later, the MTA chose the Related Companies and Goldman Sachs to develop Hudson Yards under the same conditions, in December 2009, the New York City Council approved Related Companies revised plan for Hudson Yards, and the western portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned. Following the rail yards successful rezoning, the MTA signed another 99-year lease to the air rights over the yard in May 2010. Groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, the first building, occurred on December 4,2012, in April 2013, the Related/Oxford joint venture obtained a $475 million construction loan from parties including Barry Sternlichts Starwood Capital Group and luxury retailer Coach. A portion of the project was financed by the EB-5 investment program. The city had originally projected to receive $563 million from property sales by September 2015, consequently, the city has had to allocate $358 million since 2006 to pay off debt. But developers have paid the city $336 million since July 2014, the pace has quickened in recent years, with 57 buildings built or under construction in the area from 2006 to June 2015, indicating an improving balance sheet. After the Hudson Yards project was approved in 2005, the MTA received proceeds from the initial 2006 bond offering to pay for the subway to 34th Street, with funding assured, the MTA proceeded quickly to construction
16.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is a public benefit corporation responsible for public transportation in the U. S. MTA is the largest public transit authority in the United States. The construction of two bridges over the Long Island Sound was put under the jurisdiction of the MTA, the MTA took over full operations in 1983, as the Metro-North Commuter Railroad. Governor Rockefeller appointed his top aide, Dr. William J. Ronan, as chairman, Dr. Ronan served in this post until 1974. Veronique Hakim is currently the executive director of the MTA. The MTA is the largest regional public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere and its agencies serve a region of approximately 14.6 million people spread over 5,000 square miles in 12 counties in New York and two in Connecticut. MTA agencies now move more than 8.5 million customers per day, the MTAs systems carry over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 800,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday. The Related Entities represent a number of existing agencies which have come under the MTA umbrella. In turn, these previously existing agencies were successors to the property of companies that provided substantially the same services. Each of these Related Entities has a name and in some cases. The popular names were part of an overall corporate identification effort in 1994 to eliminate the confusion over the affiliations of the authorities that were part of the MTA. Each of these members has one vote, the county executives of Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, and Putnam counties also nominate one member each, but these members cast one collective vote. All board members are confirmed by the New York State Senate, the budget deficit of the MTA is a growing crisis for the organization as well as New York City and State residents and legislature. The MTA held $31 billion in debt in 2010 and it suffered from a $900 million gap in its operating budget for 2011. The capital budget, which covers repairs, technological upgrades, new trains, If this is not funded, the MTA will fund the repairs with debt and raise fares to cover repayments. The MTA has consistently run on a deficit, but increased spending in 2000–04 coupled with the economic downturn led to a increase in the financial burden that the MTA bore. The budget problems stem from multiple sources, the MTA cannot be supported solely by rider fares and road tolls. In the preliminary 2011 budget, MTA forecasted operating revenue totaled at $6.5 billion, therefore, the MTA must rely on other sources of funding to remain operational. Revenue collected from real estate taxes for transportation purposes helped to contain the deficit, however, due to the weak economy and unstable real estate market, money from these taxes severely decreased, in 2010, tax revenue fell at least 20% short of the projected value
17.
West Side Yard
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The West Side Yard is a rail yard owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority on the west side of Manhattan in New York City. Used to store commuter rail operated by the Long Island Rail Road. The yard includes storage tracks, a six-track indoor shop for maintenance, a 12-car long platform for car cleaning, and lockers. It also sits above the 34th Street – Hudson Yards subway station, before the yard opened in 1987, trains arriving at Penn Station during the morning rush hour had to deadhead back to Long Island for midday storage. The West Side Yard also increased the LIRRs peak period capacity at Penn Station, the 26. 17-acre site is bounded by between West 30th Street, West 33rd Street, 10th Avenue, and 12th Avenue. New York Central and later Penn Central expanded the rail yards, the rail yard was acquired by the State of New York. The northern portion was used for construction of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, the yard was built because limited storage capacity at Penn Station forced LIRR trains to make non-passenger trips to storage yards on Long Island. The yard opened in 1987, immediately increasing train capacity through Penn Station, the West Side Yard is named after John D. Caemmerer, a New York State Senator from East Williston who helped obtain $195.7 million for its construction. During construction, a tunnel was built that allows Amtrak trains from Penn Station to travel to Upstate New York via the West Side Line. Amtrak trains began using this tunnel on April 7,1991, before this, the West Side Yard was designed with space left between the tracks for columns to support development in air rights above the tracks. Madison Square Garden considered a move to the site in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s the air rights were considered as a location for a New York Yankees stadium. The eastern portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned for residential and commercial use in January 2005 as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. Following the defeat of the proposal to construct the West Side Stadium, the Gateway Project is a proposal to build a high-speed rail corridor to alleviate the bottleneck along the Northeast Corridor between Newark, New Jersey, and New York City. In June 2013 the US Department of Transportation announced that $183 million had been dedicated to the box as part of Hurricane Sandy recovery funding. Construction began in September 2013 and was expected to take two years, the underground concrete casing is 800 ft long,50 ft wide, and approximately 35 ft tall. Amtrak awarded Tutor Perini a $133 million contract to build a section of box tunnel
18.
The Shed (Hudson Yards)
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Scheduled to open in 2019, the Shed will host activities in a wide range of cultural areas. The CEO/Artistic Director for the Shed is Alex Poots, in April 2013, the Related/Oxford joint venture obtained a $475 million construction loan from parties including Barry Sternlichts Starwood Property Group and luxury retailer Coach. The City retains ownership of the land on which the Culture Shed will be built and has provided Capital Grant funding for the project, funding for the Culture Shed was secured from the City in July 2013. The Culture Shed broke ground in 2015 and is scheduled to open in 2019, the name of the space was changed to simply the Shed in 2016. The design of the Sheds building is a collaboration between two New York City architectural firms, Diller Scofidio + Renfro and Rockwell Group. The Shed Organization, an organization, was formed in 2012 to oversee construction of the Shed. Construction of the Shed, which will be over the West Side Yards, the platform supporting the towers, comprising 16 bridges, was completed in late 2014. The construction of the building began in mid-2015. Although previous reports stated that the building would open in 2017 or 2018, the Hudson Rail Yards area is about 26 acres. Viewers of indoor shows and exhibitions will be charged admission, the Sheds main entrance will be on 30th Street under the High Line, secondary entrances will be located on 31st Street, atop the platform. There will be two galleries indoors on the first and second levels, on the third level will be a flexible space that can be used for performances or exhibits. The buildings roof features a shed, which can close and open within 15 minutes, when the shed is retracted. The Shed will be adjacent to 15 Hudson Yards and the High Line. The Shed is planned to host many events including for art, performance, film, design, food, fashion. At least one event, New York Fashion Week, is considering moving to the Shed for all of its exhibitions, in 2014, Alex Poots was named the CEO/Artistic Director of the Shed. Community board members also state that when the roof is closed,20,000 square feet of open public space would be lost. Additionally, some expressed concerns that the value of the Capital Grant allocation—US$50 million—was too much money to award to a building that did not yet exist. However, overall, the shed has drawn mixed public reviews,10 Hudson Yards 15 Hudson Yards High Line Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project Official website DS+R webpage Rockwell Group webpage Main website for Hudson Yards NY
19.
New York Observer
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The New York Observer was a weekly newspaper published in New York City from 1987 to 2016. As of January 2017, the team is led by Ken Kurson with other writers and editors including Rex Reed, Will Bredderman, Drew Grant, Brady Dale, John Bonazzo, Vinnie Mancuso. The Observer was first published in New York City on September 22,1987, as a newspaper by Arthur L. Carter. In July 2006, the paper was purchased by the American real estate figure Jared Kushner, the paper began its life as a broadsheet, and was then printed in tabloid format every Wednesday, and currently has an exclusively online format. It is headquartered at 1 Whitehall Street in Manhattan, schindler, Michael M. Thomas, Robert Sam Anson, Philip Weiss and Steve Kornacki. Originally, the paper was perhaps best known for publishing Candace Bushnells column on Manhattans social life on which the television series Sex and it was visually distinctive because of its salmon‑colored pages and sketch illustrations, in the style of La Gazzetta dello Sport. Henry Rollins once described it as the curiously pink newspaper, the paper switched to white‑colored paper in 2014. The fourth and longest serving editor for the newspaper, Peter Kaplan, interim editor Tom McGeveran was replaced by Kyle Pope in 2009. Elizabeth Spiers served as editor from 2011 to 2012, followed by interim editor Aaron Gell, in January 2013, publisher Jared Kushner named Ken Kurson, a political consultant, journalist, and author, as the Observers next editor. Observer Media, the parent company, announced recently to readers that the weekly print edition will close. Content will remain available online under the masthead Observer dropping New York. The November 9,2016 issue was the last for the print publication, the discontinuation of the print Observer came the day after Kushners father-in-law, Donald Trump, won the 2016 presidential election, Kushner serves as a senior advisor in the Trump Administration. Kushner transferred his ownership of Observer Medias remaining online assets into a family trust, the New York Observer was also the name of a weekly religious paper founded by Sidney E. Morse in 1823. The publisher and original owner, Arthur Carter, has had other publishing interests, at one time, he was a part‑owner in The East Hampton Star. Carter received a B. A. in French literature from Brown University and he spent 25 years in investment banking until 1981, when he founded the Litchfield County Times in New Milford, Connecticut. He owned it for twenty years until selling to Journal Register Company and he has been an adjunct professor of philosophy and journalism at New York University and is a trustee. In July 2006, Jared Kushner, a 25‑year‑old law student and son of a wealthy New Jersey developer, Charles Kushner, in April 2007 Bob Sommer became president of Observer Media Group, and subsequently served on OMG’s Board of Directors. In January 2017, Jared Kushner announced he would sell his stake to a Kushner family trust, Kushners brother-in-law, Joseph Meyer, who has been the CEO of Observer Media Group since 2013, replaced him as publisher
20.
New York (magazine)
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New York is a bi-weekly magazine concerned with life, culture, politics, and style generally, and with a particular emphasis on New York City. Founded by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker in 1968 as a competitor to The New Yorker, it was brasher and less polite, and established itself as a cradle of New Journalism. Since its redesign and relaunch in 2004, the magazine has won more National Magazine Awards than any other publication and it was one of the first dual-audience lifestyle magazines, and its format and style have been emulated by some other American regional city publications. In 2009, its paid and verified circulation was 408,622 and its websites—NYmag. com, Vulture. com, The Cut, and Grub Street—receive visits from more than 14 million users per month. New York began life in 1963 as the Sunday-magazine supplement of the New York Herald Tribune newspaper, edited first by Sheldon Zalaznick and then by Clay Felker, the magazine showcased the work of several talented Tribune contributors, including Tom Wolfe, Barbara Goldsmith, and Jimmy Breslin. Soon after the Tribune went out of business in 1966–67, Felker and his partner, Milton Glaser, gerald Goldsmith, and reincarnated the magazine as a stand-alone glossy. Joining them was managing editor Jack Nessel, Felkers number-two at the Herald Tribune, New Yorks first issue was dated April 8,1968. Among the by-lines were many names from the magazines earlier incarnation, including Breslin, Wolfe, and George Goodman. Within a year, Felker had assembled a team of contributors who would come to define the magazines voice, Breslin became a regular, as did Gloria Steinem, who wrote the city-politics column, and Gail Sheehy. Harold Clurman was hired as the theater critic, Alan Rich covered the classical-music scene. Gael Greene, writing under the rubric The Insatiable Critic, reviewed restaurants, Woody Allen contributed a few stories for the magazine in its early years. The magazines regional focus and innovative illustrations inspired numerous imitators across the country, the office for the magazine was on the top floor of the old Tammany Hall clubhouse at 207 East 32nd Street, which Glaser owned. Wolfe, a contributor to the magazine, wrote a story in 1970 that captured the spirit of the magazine, Radical Chic. The article described a benefit party for the Black Panthers, held in Leonard Bernsteins apartment, in a collision of high culture, in 1972, New York also launched Ms. magazine, which began as a special issue. New West, a magazine on New Yorks model that covered California life, was also published for a few years in the 1970s. As the 1970s progressed, Felker continued to broaden the magazines editorial vision beyond Manhattan, covering Richard Nixon, twenty years later, Cohn admitted that hed done no more than drive by Odysseys door, and that hed made the rest up. It was a problem of what Wolfe, in 1972, had labeled The New Journalism. In 1976, the Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch bought the magazine in a hostile takeover, a succession of editors followed, including Joe Armstrong and John Berendt
21.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
22.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
23.
The Steinway Tower
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111 West 57th Street is a supertall residential project by developers JDS Development Group and Property Markets Group in midtown Manhattan in New York City. The development will be a combination of the original landmarked Steinway Building designed in 1925 by Warren & Wetmore, the building will rise to be 1,438 ft. The tower will become the most slender building in the world with a ratio of about 1,23. 111 West 57th Street was originally known as 107 West 57th Street, the building was approved in January 2015. Excavation began in 2014, as did internal demolition within Steinway Hall, the tallest freestanding crane in NYC history, at 220 feet, is being used in the construction of the building. The building will include an 800-ton tuned mass damper to provide stability in the event of high winds or a seismic event. The Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York has criticized the buildings developer, JDS, for not giving their workers adequate safety training, and for not using union labor. The skyscraper was designed by SHoP Architects and is being developed by Michael Sterns JDS Development Group, the north side of the tower rises directly up to the pinnacle of the building. On the south side of the tower, a series of setbacks appear as the tower rises, as the height of the building increases, the setbacks eventually thin out, with the tower disappearing into the sky. The buildings interiors were designed by Studio Sofield, the building will have a porte-cochere, and a recital hall will be constructed as an homage to the fact that the building is being constructed on top of Steinway Hall. Media related to 111 West 57th Street at Wikimedia Commons Official website
24.
One Vanderbilt
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One Vanderbilt is a skyscraper under construction in New York City on the corner of 42nd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue in midtown Manhattan, New York City. Proposed by New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and developer SL Green Realty as part of a planned Midtown East rezoning, the tower would stand next to Grand Central Terminal. When completed in 2020, the 57-floor,1,600, 000-square-foot skyscrapers roof will be 1,301 feet high and its spire will be 1,401 feet, making it the citys fourth-tallest building. In the early 2000s, SL Green Realty began looking at sites in Midtown Manhattan to build a new skyscraper for office use and this request for office space would become part of a general trend where Manhattan office space increased 10% from 2000 to 2016. It began buying buildings on the bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue, 42nd Street, Madison Avenue. As part of the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the area around Grand Central Terminal was to be redeveloped and this entailed rezoning the 73 blocks of the neighborhood directly around the terminal. The area was rezoned anyway in September 2013, plans for the One Vanderbilt skyscraper were released in May 2014. In July 2014, there was a dispute with Grand Central Terminals owners over air rights, and that lawsuit was settled by August 2016. SL Green would spend $210 million to build transportation improvements for the subway, penson would sell 1.3 million square feet of air rights, which came with the station when he bought it in 2006. The floor area, which he bought at $61 per 1 square foot, would be nearly 10 times as much, at $600 per square foot, by September 2014, few details were known about the construction timeline. A projected completion date of 2020 was revealed in December 2014, in February 2015, Vanderbilt Avenue, between 42nd and 47th Streets, was rezoned under the Vanderbilt Corridor Rezoning Text Amendment, which allows redevelopment on the corridor. In 2015, demolition at the site of One Vanderbilt began, the buildings that were demolished were built around the same time as Grand Central, albeit unremarkable-looking and unimportant to the stations function. The 18-story Vanderbilt Avenue Building, a Warren and Wetmore-designed structure at 51 East 42nd Street, opened as an office complex in 1902. It had a two-story Modells store that sold sport-related items, the Carrère and Hastings-designed Liggett Building, at Madison and 42nd, opened in 1922. One block north, the Prudence Bond & Mortgage Building at Madison and 43rd, two small structures along 43rd Street respectively housed an Irish pub and a T. G. I. The official groundbreaking occurred on October 18,2016, in an event attended by Mayor Bill de Blasio as well as several SL Green executives, by 2017, foundation laying should be completed, with the full building expected to be open in 2020. The building would take up a block bounded by Madison Avenue, Vanderbilt Avenue, air rights from 110 East 42nd Street, the former Bowery Savings Bank building, would need to be transferred to One Vanderbilt. One Vanderbilt is being designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox, upon completion, it would be among the worlds 30 tallest skyscrapers
25.
53W53
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The building had been in development since 2006, and construction began in late 2014. The building, designed by Jean Nouvel, initially was proposed to stand 1,250 feet tall. Financing had been a problem, until October 2013, when the Kwee brothers Pontiac Land agreed to provide $200 million in equity, the building bought air rights from the University Club of New York and St. Thomas Church. On September 9,2009, the New York City Planning Commission said the building could be built if 200 feet were clipped off the top, the Citys decision not to approve Tower Verre as proposed was greeted with disappointment and derision by several prominent architecture critics. The 1, 050-foot version was approved by the City Council on October 28,2009 in a 44-3 vote, MoMA, which owned the buildings 17, 000-square-foot lot and completed a renovation in 2005, sold the lot to Hines for $125 million in 2007. In September 2014, the air rights were purchased from MOMA, the building is 82-story, 145-unit tower. In addition to the MOMA, the air rights were purchased from the St. Thomas Church for $71 million, the buildings total floor area will be approximately 750,000 square feet, and condominiums in the building are designed by Thierry Despont. As of July 2016, construction management company Lend Lease had completed excavation and foundation work with concrete up to the 8th floor. The building will be mixed-use, with space, condominiums. There will be 145 residences, from one to five bedroom options, one bedroom residences will begin at $3 million and the top floor duplex penthouse is priced at over $70 million. Residents will be given special privileges at MoMA, including unlimited free admission to the museum, exhibition previews, discounts in MoMA stores, services available for a fee will include a pantry stocking service, a housekeeping service, and pet walking. List of tallest buildings in New York City Official website Chicago Tribune, Meet the visionaries behind NYCs new billionaire lair
26.
220 Central Park South
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220 Central Park South is a residential skyscraper currently under construction, being developed by Vornado Realty Trust. It is located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and is being designed by American architect Robert A. M. Stern, the tower is located along Central Park South, when complete the building will have 65 floors, and will include 150 units. When completed, the tower will be the tenth tallest building in New York City, the building that previously occupied the site was a 20 story building built in 1954. It contained 124 apartments, and was purchased in 2005 by Vornado for $131.5 million, after the purchase, Vornado entered a legal battle with its rent-stabilized tenants concerning their eviction. A court sided with Vornado in 2009, and the developer ultimately settled with tenants in 2010, demolition of the existing structure began in 2012 after the settling of a dispute between Vornado and Extell. Extell, another developer, owned the garage under the previous building. Demolition was completed in early 2013, Robert A. M. Sterns designs were released in early 2014. The plans were approved in March 2014, the building is one of several major developments on or around 57th Street and Central Park, including 432 Park Avenue,111 West 57th Street, and the Central Park Tower. The building originally called for a glass tower, contrary to the early plans, Robert A. M. Sterns designs call for a limestone-clad building, similar to other buildings by Stern such as 15 Central Park West. The building is one of three designed by Stern in Manhattan, joining 30 Park Place in the Financial District. The building is currently under construction, the building will have a porte-cochere, as well as a wine cellar, a swimming pool, a dining room, and a fitness room. List of tallest buildings in New York City List of works by Robert A. M
27.
125 Greenwich Street
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125 Greenwich Street is a residential supertall skyscraper being built in the Financial District, Manhattan, New York City, designed by architect Rafael Viñoly. It is across the street from the site of 5 World Trade Center. The residential tower on Greenwich Street will be located in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, in September 2014, it was announced that the tower would stand 1,356 feet, with 77 floors, and a total of 128 residential units. The foundation of the building was completed in June 2016, the skyscraper is located two blocks south of One World Trade Center. 125 Greenwich Street is directly across Greenwich from the site of the Deutsche Bank Building, five World Trade Center will take its place. 111 West 57th Street 432 Park Avenue World One
28.
520 Park Avenue
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520 Park Avenue is an American skyscraper under construction on East 60th Street west of Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by Robert A. M. Stern, the building will cost US$450 million to build. The tower will be completed by 2017, the 54-story tower is being designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects and developed by Zeckendorf Development Co. the same firms behind the celebrity haven 15 Central Park West and 18 Gramercy Park, sterns work, the building is New Classical in style. Like 15 Central Park West the buildings exterior is clad in Indiana limestone. It will also have some of the high expectations. Prices at 520 Park start at $20.5 million, the triplex penthouse is asking $130 million. The 54-story tower is another effort by Zeckendorf and architect Robert A. M. Stern, they collaborated on 15 Central Park West, which opened in 2008, a now legendary celebrity magnet, its units originally sold for a collective $2 billion, but some owners have already sold for three times their original investment. The tower at 520 Park, which is on track to be completed in 2018, inspired by the classic Upper East Side Pre-war architecture, but at heights that are truly modern. Stern-designed 520 Park Avenue will soar 54 floors into the Manhattan skyline, becoming the tallest, Zeckendorf Development is behind the 54-story limestone tower on 60th Street between Park and Madison avenue, and Robert A. M. Stern is the same team responsible for 15 Central Park West. Privacy and exclusivity is offered in form of 33 exclusive full-floor residences, Simplexes, the building will offer over 15,000 square feet of amenities, which is the highest ratio amenity space to residences of any residential building in New York City. The amenities will include a salon, a garden, a playroom, a club room, screening room, a pool. There will also be guest suites and wine available for purchase
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3 Hudson Boulevard
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It is expected to rise 66 floors and 1,060 feet in height. FXFOWLE Architects designed the building, which would have 139,355 square metres of floor space, if completed as planned, the building would become one of the tallest in the city. The building is planned to have 1,800,000 square feet of real estate, the 1,060 ft building will feature a 22-degree twist in its western and eastern facades, to represent the fact that Manhattans street grid is slightly rotated. Construction was supposed to begin in mid-2014 or 2015, with the buildings planned for 2017. Consequently, the foundation is being built by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, because the station is directly underneath. The foundation works started May 2016, on June 26,2014, Joseph Moinian secured a loan for the construction of the building. The buildings former name, Girasole, means sunflower in Italian, the developers of the building are hoping to get a LEED Platinum certification for the building when it is completed, owing to its eco-friendly design. When completed, the US$800–900 million building will also contain condominiums located on 300,000 square feet between floors 49 and 63
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100 East 53rd Street
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100 East 53rd Street is a residential skyscraper under construction in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building’s architect is Norman Foster, upon completion, it will rise 64 stories or 711 feet. In March 2012, Aby Rosen and Michael Fuchs of RFR Holding LLC regained control of the site, excavation work began in early 2014. The building topped out on January 13,2016 and it should be complete by spring 2017, according to a 2015 update. The building will feature 94 condominium units including, one-bedrooms, two-bedrooms, three-bedrooms, floors three and four will feature a host of amenities for residents including a 60-by-15 foot lap pool, a sauna and steam rooms, a fitness center, and yoga and ballet rooms. The building will also have a 24-hour doorman, keyed elevator access, list of tallest buildings in New York City Media related to 100 East 53rd Street at Wikimedia Commons
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10 Hudson Yards
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10 Hudson Yards is an office building that was completed in 2016 in Manhattans West Side. Coach, Inc. is the anchor tenant,10 Hudson Yards, the first building on the site, is expected to help draw visitors to the area. Groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards occurred on December 4,2012, foundation work continued through the first half of 2013 and the superstructure work began on the tower in August 2013. During excavation work,70,000 cubic yards of soil have been removed and 11,000 cubic yards of concrete have been poured, the contract to construct the tower was awarded to a subsidiary of Tutor Perini in March 2013. The tower is the first tower in the Hudson Yards complex to be built, as of March 2014,10 Hudson Yards has risen more than 100 feet. As of February 2015,10 Hudson Yards is 27 stories tall, as of April 2015, thirty-two of the towers 52 floors were completed. As of November 2015,10 Hudson Yards is topped out, the tower was opened on May 31,2016, with the first three hundred Coach, Inc. employees moving into the building. The southern facade of 10 Hudson Yards cantilevers over the 30th Street spur of the High Line, the architectural firm who designed 10 Hudson Yards was Kohn Pedersen Fox. The building is anchored by Coach, Inc. who will have 737,774 square feet on floors 9 to 24 within the tower. Fairway, a locally based grocer, was expected to build a store in the floors of the building, occupying 45,875 square feet. VaynerMedia will also be a tenant, there will also be retail space at street level adjacent to the retail building immediately to the north of 10 Hudson Yards. That building will be designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects, list of tallest buildings in New York City Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project Arak, Joey. Brookfield Properties Goes Splittsville on Curbed. com Chaban, Matt, scaling the Towers of Hudson Yards in New York Observer Davidson, Justin. From 0 to 12 Million Square Feet New York, anatomy of a deal, Inside Related/Oxford’s unusual financing of Hudson Yards in The Real Deal Sheftell, Jason. com Hudson Yards news and developments
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55 Hudson Yards
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55 Hudson Yards is a future tower just outside the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. Formerly, the area was planned to be the site of the now-canceled World Product Center, both 55 Hudson Yards and the never-built World Product Center were planned to be located on the site of Copacabana, which was at the site between 2001 and January 20,2007. The World Product Center was a designed by Gary Barnett that was scheduled to be built at the same site on the east side of 11th Avenue. Having more than 1,200,000 square feet of space, the building would have used as a hospital, medical center. The 1,011 feet tall building was expected to start construction in 2009 and be complete by 2011, the building would also have allowed visitors to visit and study the Lab and Medication studies that go on in the building which will allow more than 2 million visitors annually. The World Product Centre would be one of the world’s first permanent healthcare marketplace, a 60-story,1,500, 000-square-foot tower at 555 West 33rd Street, World Product Centre would have served the unique commercial and educational needs of healthcare suppliers and providers. Medical companies would have work together to improve the healthcare industry, including medical devices, diagnostics, technology, pharmaceuticals. The WPC would have also showcased medical technologies from the industry, including medical devices, diagnostics, technology, life sciences. The Complexs homepage was still operating, displaying a projected date of 2013. The World Product Center was to be developed by the Extell Development Company, World Product Center would be equipped with business technology, communication and education resources to support healthcare commerce. The World Product Center facilities would have included permanent show rooms, conference and educational facilities, media centers, the building would have also featured a Consumer Health Pavilion open to the general public, including students, tourists and other healthcare consumers. The Pavilion was to offer guided tours, interactive forums, and a wealth of information supporting health literacy, prevention and wellness, hewlett-Packard had designed a vendor-neutral technology infrastructure. Plans called for over 120,000 square feet of education and conference space that includes a two-story, 499-seat, medical device manufacturers, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare associations, and WPC itself will offer events of all kinds, including accredited professional and medical education courses. Companies that were to participate in WPC would have received permanent showrooms, the new, smaller building would only be able to showcase 300 to 500 companies, rather than the original 1800-company capacity planned in the World Product Center building. When the World Product Center was canceled, the site of 555 West 33rd Street became available for development again, the 710-foot-tall, 51-story 55 Hudson Yards building is planned to take its place, although the building will be an office building rather than a medical building. Located on the site of the canceled World Product Center, the 1,300, 000-square-foot building, designed by Eugene Kohn and Kevin Roche, is expected to cost US$1 billion. In 2013, Extell was paid by The Related Companies in exchange for the 55/One Hudson Yards building, construction was originally not set to start until at least half of the building is pre-leased, but has since been fast-tracked to 2015. As of November 2014, the Japanese real estate investment firm Mitsui Fudosan is looking to buy part of the tower, on December 30,2014, Mitsui Fudosan bought a 92. 09% majority share in the project for $259 million
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2 World Trade Center
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2 World Trade Center, also known by its street address,200 Greenwich Street, is an unfinished office building at the rebuilt World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City. It replaces the original Two World Trade Center, which was completed in 1971 and was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, when completed, the tower will be located on the east side of Greenwich Street, across the street from the original location of the Twin Towers. The foundation work was completed in 2013, but construction is currently on hold, the original building was also known as the South Tower. When completed in 1973,2 World Trade Center became the second tallest building in the only by its twin. The South Towers rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft high, the World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly, the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet at the rooftop. Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors than any other building and this number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010. Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for services in mechanical floors. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices, each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators, the tower had 3,800,000 square feet of office space. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the citys perilous financial state eased, during the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, Salomon Brothers and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center, electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center, the substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers, at 9,03 a. m. EDT on September 11,2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower. Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2 WTC, the light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the burned over the next hour or hour. The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, in this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely
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Manhattan West
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Manhattan West is a 5,400, 000-square-foot mixed-use development by Brookfield Properties. The project consists of two office towers and two smaller residential towers, as well as a 1. 5-acre public park. The towers will be built on a platform over Penn Station storage tracks along Ninth Avenue, the buildings will be built close to the developing Hudson Yards region between 31st and 33rd streets. These two buildings have been proposed as of 2010, upon its completion the taller west tower will extend 995 feet up to its roof and will be one of the tallest buildings in New York City and the world. Ground was broken for the site in January 2013, as of May 21,2014, a permit for the Manhattan West building complex has been submitted and approved. Under the updated 2014 plan, the complex is set to be completed by 2020. By the end of 2014, a US$680,000,000 platform over Long Island Rail Road tracks between Tenth and Dyer Avenues, atop which will be the Manhattan West development, was completed. In October 2015, the Qatar Investment Authority invested in a 44% stake in the $4.5 billion mixed-use development project.6 billion upon completion. According to reports, the development project is part of a plan to redevelop the Hudson Yards area. The QIA was referred to as a bird for their investment in an area that has not yet come under widespread development. This strategy assumes taking on more development risk in the hope of better returns, as of May 2015, construction is progressing. The development plans announced by Brookfield Property Partners and QIA include five buildings, as of January 2017,1 Manhattan West is currently under construction. The future 67-story building is scheduled for completion in 2019 and law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate,2 Manhattan West, which reportedly won’t undergo construction until it ensures an anchor tenant, will be completed following the first tower and will include 2-million-square-feet. 3 Manhattan West, located at 401 West 31st Street, is a tower that is part of the Manhattan West project. When completed it will stand 62 floors and 702 feet to its height, in total it will have 844 units. According to mid-2016 reports,4 Manhattan West, a building, is still in the planning process. The development includes a building at 450 West 33rd Street that houses the Associated Press. When renovation of the building is done in summer 2016, it will be renamed 5 Manhattan West, the National Hockey League will also be moving its headquarters to the complexs One Manhattan West
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15 Penn Plaza
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15 Penn Plaza, also known as the Vornado Tower, is a proposed 68-story tower in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City planned by Vornado Realty Trust. It would have 430 units and 2,050,000 square feet of floor space, the Hiller Group is the designer. Despite only having 68 floors, it would be just 10 metres shorter than the Empire State Building, the building would be 1,216 feet in height, in addition to being 1,400 feet away from, and 33 feet shorter than, the Empire State Building. The Empire State Buildings owner, Anthony Malkin, asked the City Council on August 24,2010, malkins reasoning is that the new building would alter the skyline and obscure the view of the western side of the Empire State Building. On August 2014, citing increased interest from tenants, the project was unshelved, still, as of February 2015, Vornado Chairman & CEO Steve Roth was non-committal to the project, The Hotel Penn is important, but not the main event. The main event is to get the buildings so that they command higher market ranch than they do currently. And by the way, they are rising with the marketplace, so we’re not prepared to commit to what our plan for the Hotel Pennsylvania is. List of tallest buildings in New York City 15 Penn Plaza at SkyscraperPage Dobnik, Empire State building wants no competition
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5 World Trade Center
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5 World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper at the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The site is across Liberty Street, to the south of the main 16-acre World Trade Center site, the project is currently on standby while the Port Authority explores a potential sale of the lot to a developer and also finds tenants to occupy the skyscraper. The Port Authority has no plans to construct a building at 130 Liberty Street, although it is open to development of the site as office, retail, hotel. In June 2007, JPMorgan Chase announced plans to develop the building as the headquarters of its J. P. Morgan Investment Bank. However, JPMorgan Chases acquisition of Bear Stearns in March 2008 put those plans in doubt, five World Trade Center was originally a steel-framed nine-story low-rise office building built in 1970–72 at New York Citys World Trade Center and was 118 ft tall. It suffered severe damage and partial collapse on its upper floors as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001, the entire building was demolished by December 2001 to make way for reconstruction. The structure was L-shaped and occupied the northeast corner of the WTC site, overall dimensions were 330 by 420 feet, with an average area of 120,000 square feet per floor. The Chambers Street – World Trade Center subway station/terminal was located under the building, in 1984, artist Joanna Gilman Hyde painted the 10, 000-square-foot canvas titled Self Organizing Galaxy on the roof of 5 World Trade Center. Floors 4 through 9 suffered partial collapse and/or fire damage during the September 11 attacks, some of the collapse was due to impact from steel and debris from World Trade Center 1. Other collapsed sections were due to fire damage, portions of internal collapse and burnout were found on upper floors, mainly floors 6–8. The exterior facade suffered severe fire damage, the upper floors were on fire after the second tower collapse. A section of the fuselage from United Airlines Flight 175 landed on the top of the building, WTC5 was the least damaged building of the complex. The Borders bookstore was undamaged after both towers collapsed, the building, was the location of the Survivors Staircase, which was recovered from the buildings underground after 5 World Trade Center was demolished. The building was demolished by weakening its structure and using cables to pull down the rest of the structure. The last standing section of 5 WTC was removed by December 2001, the Federal Emergency Management Agency /ASCE Building Performance Study Team found that some connections between the structural steel beams failed in the fire. This was most apparent in the collapse of 5 World Trade Center, the structural failure didnt cause the entire building to collapse, as seen after the attacks that the structural skeleton remained intact. 2 World Trade Center will stand at the site where the original 5 World Trade Center once stood,5 World Trade Center was expected to be designed for residential or mixed use in the original master plan for the complex by Daniel Libeskind. The building was to have a limit of no more than 900 feet
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Fordham University
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Fordham University is a private, independent research university in New York City, founded by the Catholic Diocese of New York in 1841. It is the oldest Catholic institution of education in the northeastern United States. The colleges first president, John McCloskey, was also the first Catholic cardinal in the United States, after merging with Thomas More College in 1974, Fordham became a coeducational institution. Fordhams Bronx campus features some of the earliest examples of gothic architecture in North America. In addition to masters and doctoral degrees, Fordham awards the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science. In addition to locations, the university maintains a study abroad center in the United Kingdom and field offices in Spain. Fordhams notable alumni and faculty include numerous U. S, vice Chief of Staff of the Army, a U. S. Postmaster General, a U. S. Attorney General, a U. S, vice Presidential candidate, and a President of the United States. Fordham University has produced at least 119 Fulbright Scholars since 2003, Fordham was founded as St. Johns College in 1841 by the Irish-born coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of New York, the Most Reverend John J. Hughes. The college was the first Catholic institution of education in the northeastern United States. Rose Hill was the originally given to the site in 1787 by its owner, Robert Watts. The seminary was paired with St. Johns College, which opened at Rose Hill with a student body of six on June 21,1841, the Reverend John McCloskey was the schools first president, and the faculty were secular priests and lay instructors. In 1845, the church, Our Lady of Mercy, was built. The same year, Bishop Hughes convinced several Jesuit priests from the St. Marys Colleges in Maryland, in 1846, the college received its charter from the New York State Legislature, and roughly three months later, the first Jesuits began to arrive. Bishop Hughes deeded the college over but retained title to the seminary property, in 1847, Fordhams first school in Manhattan opened. The school became the independently chartered College of St. Francis Xavier in 1861 and it was also in 1847 that the American poet Edgar Allan Poe arrived in the village of Fordham and began a friendship with the college Jesuits that would last throughout his life. In 1849, he published his famed work The Bells, some traditions credit the colleges church bells as the inspiration for this poem. Poe also spent considerable time in the Fordham Library, and even stayed overnight
