1.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
2.
Philippine Army
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The Philippine Army, is the main, oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines responsible for ground warfare. Commanding General, Lieutenant General Eduardo Año, former Chief of Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its main headquarters is located at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig, Metro Manila. Years of Spanish rule, which dragged on to almost three centuries made the Filipinos restive and they were soon clamoring for reforms and an end to oppressive friar rule. In 1896, Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan to prepare his band of freedom loving Filipinos for armed revolt, the Katipunan formed the nucleus of the Revolutionary Army. General Artemio Ricarte was named Captain General of the Ejercito en la Republica de las Islas Filipinas or the revolutionary Philippine Army and this date marks the founding day of the modern day Philippine Army. On June 12,1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence from Spain and formed the first Philippine Republic, the treaty ceded the Philippines to the United States. On February 4,1899, the Filipino-American War erupted, due to the superiority of American arms, the Filipinos fell from one position to another until they were forced to disband. Even after the cessation of hostilities and as the Americans have established government in 1901. Between that time until 1935, the army lost many of its cohorts in sporadic engagements with American troops. Both of these organizations and their victories over the PRA contributed to the end of the conflict in 1902. Starting in 1910, Filipino personnel in the Philippine Scouts were sent to the United States Military Academy with one PS soldier being sent per year. Several of these graduates who served with the Scouts, plus PC officers, the Philippine Army of today was initially organized under the National Defense Act of 1935 that formally created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. After the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on November 15,1935, the official rebirth of the Philippine Army occurred with the passage of Commonwealth Act No. 1, approved on December 21,1935, which effected the organization of a Council of National Defense, the act set forth the organizational structure of the army in some detail, set forth enlistment procedures, and established mobilization procedures. With this act, the AFP was officially established, the development of the new Philippine Army was slow. The commander of the Philippine Department provided Philippine Scouts as instructors and detailed U. S. Army officers to assist in the inspection, instruction, by the end of the year instructors had been trained and camps established. The first group of 20,000 men was called up on January 1,1937, coast artillery instruction was carried on at Fort Stotsenburg and at Grande Island in Subic Bay by personnel supplied largely by the American commander at Corregidor. On the same date, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Presidential Order did not order all the military forces of the Philippine government into the service of the United States Armed Forces
3.
Philippine Army Reserve Command
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A The Army Reserve Command is a Major Support Command of the Philippine Army. It was created for the purpose of Reserve Force management, organization. Col Pascual Luis D Bedia CAV MNSA PA is the incumbent Commander of ARESCOM and he assumed his post effective 1 February 2016 after the compulsory retirement of BGEN MICIANO AFP. Due to his actions as the village chief, Rajah Lapu-lapu. By 1935, the Philippine Commonwealth, under the leadership of President Manuel Luis Quezon enacted the very first legislature of his government. The National Defense Act of 1935 heralded the creation of what would be the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Reservists fought hard during the 1940s and saw action on almost all parts of the country in World War II. A ragtag group of former ROTC Cadets, Guerilla Fighters and draftees of the Philippine Army Reserve Force formed units among themselves, collectively, they were known as the Hunters ROTC Unit. Post WWII saw the re-organization of the AFP and the further need to rebuilt the defense of the nation, Reserve units were then organized to Battalion Combat Teams with the sole purpose of force augmentation in the eventuality that another world war ensues. On September 1,1977, the Army Reserve Command was activated pursuant to General Orders No.250 of the Philippine Army, Army officers were tasked to organized, train, and manage a reserve force that will equate or surpass the current strength of its regular forces. By 1986, after the infamous EDSA Revolution, the unit was shortly deactivated since the AFP at that time will undergo retraining,1991 saw the birth of a new reserve force when Republic Act 7077 was signed into law on July 1,1991. This new legislation directed the AFP to organize and create units with the purpose of reservists management. On May 12,1992, the Reserve Command, Philippine Army, was again reactivated pursuant to HPA General Orders No, in the 21st century, the unit is modernizing itself pursuant to the directives of Headquarters, Philippine Armys transformation roadmap to 2028. 1, particularly Section II, cites the responsibility of each, Citizens may be mobilized in the event the national government declares an act of war or emergency. ===Republic Act 7077=== Republic Act No, Section 65, Article X, of RA7077 clearly defines the right and duty of every able bodied female citizen of the Republic of the Philippines to serve in the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Standards for acceptance of female reservists shall likewise be kept standard like their counterparts with a few adjustments due to physiological differences with the later. Training is the major task handled by ARESCOM, Basic ROTC is the only component required by a tertiary level student to have completed as requirement for completion of the National Service Training Program. Advance ROTC is purely voluntary in nature and that Advance ROTC Cadets are provided a modest allowance after passing the requirements for their respective Advance ROTC Examination. Other than time-in-grade and merit promotions, rank adjustments are authorised depending on civilian qualifications, Basic Citizens Military Training is a military training course conducted by the Philippine Army through the Army Reserve Command
4.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
5.
Brigade
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A brigade is a major tactical military formation that is typically composed of three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment, two or more brigades may constitute a division. Brigades formed into divisions are usually infantry or armored, in addition to combat units, they may include combat support units or sub-units, such as artillery and engineers, and logistic units or sub-units. Historically, such brigades have sometimes been called brigade-groups, on operations, a brigade may comprise both organic elements and attached elements, including some temporarily attached for a specific task. Brigades may also be specialized and comprise battalions of a branch, for example cavalry, mechanized, armored, artillery, air defence, aviation, engineers. Some brigades are classified as independent or separate and operate independently from the division structure. The typical NATO standard brigade consists of approximately 3,200 to 5,500 troops, however, in Switzerland and Austria, the numbers could go as high as 11,000 troops. The Soviet Union, its forerunners and successors, mostly use regiment instead of brigade, a brigades commander is commonly a major general, brigadier general, brigadier or colonel. In some armies, the commander is rated as a General Officer, the brigade commander has a self-contained headquarters and staff. Some brigades may also have a deputy commander, the headquarters has a nucleus of staff officers and support that can vary in size depending on the type of brigade. On operations, additional specialist elements may be attached, the headquarters will usually have its own communications unit. In some gendarmerie forces, brigades are the organizational unit. The brigade as a military unit came about starting in the 15th century when the British army, as such a field army became larger, the number of subordinate commanders became unmanageable for the officer in general command of said army, usually a major general, to effectively command. In order to streamline command relationships, as well as effect some modicum of control, especially in regard to combined arms operations. The terms origin is found in two French roots, which together, meant roughly those who fight, the so-called brigada was a well-mixed unit, comprising infantry, cavalry and normally also artillery, designated for a special task. The size of such brigada ranged from a company of up to two regiments. The brigada was the forerunner of the battalion task force, battle group. The brigade was improved as a unit by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus
6.
Battalion
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A battalion is a military unit. The use of the term varies by nationality and branch of service. Typically a battalion consists of 300 to 800 soldiers and is divided into a number of companies, a battalion is typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. In some countries the word battalion is associated with the infantry, the term was first used in Italian as battaglione no later than the 16th century. It derived from the Italian word for battle, battaglia, the first use of battalion in English was in the 1580s, and the first use to mean part of a regiment is from 1708. The battalion must, of course, have a source of re-supply to enable it to sustain operations for more than a few days, the battalion is usually part of a regiment, brigade, or group, depending on the organizational model used by that service. The bulk of a battalions companies are often homogeneous with respect to type, a battalion includes a headquarters company and some sort of combat service support, typically organized within a combat support company. The term battalion is used in the British Army Infantry and some including the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. It was formerly used in the Royal Engineers, and was used in the now defunct Royal Army Ordnance Corps. Other corps usually use the term regiment instead, an infantry battalion is numbered ordinarily within its regiment. It normally has a company, support company, and three rifle companies. Each company is commanded by a major, the officer commanding, the HQ company contains signals, quartermaster, catering, intelligence, administration, pay, training, operations and medical elements. The support company usually contains anti-tank, machine gun, mortar, pioneer, mechanised units usually have an attached light aid detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers to perform field repairs on vehicles and equipment. A British battalion in theatre during World War II had around 845 men in it, and, as of 2012, with successive rounds of cutbacks after the war, many infantry regiments were reduced to a single battalion. A battalion group or battlegroup consists of a battalion or armoured regiment with sub-units detached from other military units acting under the command of the battalion commander. In the Canadian Forces, most battalions are reserve units of between 100–200 soldiers that include an operationally ready, field-deployable component of approximately a half-company apiece, the nine regular force infantry battalions each contain three or four rifle companies and one or two support companies. Canadian battalions are generally commanded by lieutenant-colonels, though smaller reserve battalions may be commanded by majors, with the Dutch artillery units, the equivalent of a battalion is called an afdeling. Combat companies consist of infantry, combat engineers, or tanks, in the latter case, the unit is called an eskadron, which translates roughly to squadron
7.
Fort Bonifacio
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Fort Bonifacio, is the national headquarters of the Philippine Army and is located in southeastern Metro Manila in an area disputed between Taguig, Makati and Pateros. It is located near the headquarters of the Philippine Air Force. The camp is named after Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan during the revolutionary period of the Philippines against Spain - Philippine Revolution. Fort William McKinley, now Fort Bonifacio, was established during the Philippine–American War in 1901 and this expropriation was later challenged by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos and the US agreed to compensate, through him, in trust deposits. In 1916, the 3rd Battalion of the 31st Infantry Regiment was formed here, until December 1920, this was the home of the 31st Infantry Regiment. During World War II, the USAFFE headquarters for the Philippine Department, the bulk of the Philippine Division was stationed there and this was where, under the National Defense Act of 1935, specialized artillery training was conducted. On May 14,1949, Fort McKinley was turned over to the Philippine government, the facility became the home of the Philippine Army and later the Philippine Navy and was renamed Fort Bonifacio. It lies in the cities of Pasay, Parañaque, Makati, the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial was established here. Later, it was turned into a real estate development area called Bonifacio Global City, Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States
8.
Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
9.
Battle honour
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In European military tradition, military units may be acknowledged for their achievements in specific wars or operations of a military campaign. These honours usually take the form of a place and a date, theatre honours could be listed and displayed on regimental property but not emblazoned on the colours. Since battle honours are emblazoned on colours, artillery units. These honour titles were permitted to be used as part of their official nomenclature, similar honours in the same tenor include unit citations. Battle honours, theatre honours, honour titles and their ilk form a part of the variety of distinctions which serve to distinguish military units from each other. For the British Army, the need to adopt a system to recognise military units battlefield accomplishments was apparent since its formation as an army in the later part of the 17th century. Although the granting of battle honours had already been in place at the time, before then, a regiments colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battlefield and not quite something for displaying the units past distinctions. The first battle honour to be awarded in the British Army was granted to the 15th Hussars for the Battle of Emsdorf in 1760, thereafter, other regiments received battle honours for some of their previous engagements. The battle honour is held by the successor regiment, the Princess of Waless Royal Regiment. During these early years of the British standing army, a regiment needed only to engage the enemy with musketry before it was eligible for a battle honour, thus in 1882, a committee was formed to adjudicate applications of battle honour claims. This committee, later called the Battles Nomenclature Committee, still maintains its function in the British Army today. A battle honour may be granted to infantry/cavalry regiments or battalions, as well as ships and squadrons, they are granted to sub-units such as companies. Battle honours are presented in the form of a name of a country, region, or city where the units distinguished act took place. Not every battle fought will automatically result in the granting of a battle honour, conversely, a regiment or a battalion might obtain more than one battle honour over the course of a larger operation. Similarly, while in Korea, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry earned both Kapyong and Korea 1951–1953, supporting corps/branches such as medical, service, ordnance, or transport do not currently receive battle honours. However and uniquely the Royal Logistic Corps has five battle honours inherited from its previous transport elements, Commonwealth artillery does not maintain battle honours as they carry neither colours nor guidons—though their guns by tradition are afforded many of the same respects and courtesies. However, both the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers were in 1832 granted by King William IV the right to use the Latin Ubique, meaning everywhere and this is worn on the cap badge of both the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The practice was extended to these same regiments and corps in the successor Commonwealth armed forces
10.
Brigadier general
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Brigadier general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general, when appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops. In some countries a brigadier general is designated as a one-star general. The rank can be traced back to the militaries of Europe where a general, or simply a brigadier. An alternative rank of general was first used in the French revolutionary armies. Some countries, such as Brazil, Taiwan, and Japan, some of these countries then use the rank of colonel general to make four general-officer ranks. The naval equivalent is usually commodore and this gallery displays Air Force brigadier general insignia if they are different from the Army brigadier general insignia. Note that in many Commonwealth countries, the equivalent air force rank is Air Commodore, the rank of brigadier general is used in the Argentine Air Force. Unlike other armed forces of the World, the rank of general is actually the highest rank in the Air Force. This is due to the use of the rank of brigadier and its derivatives to designate all general officers in the Air Force, brigadier, brigadier-major, and brigadier-general. The rank of general is reserved for the Chief General Staff of the Air Force. The Argentine Army does not use the rank of brigadier-general, instead using brigade general which in turn is the lowest general officer before Divisional General, see also Argentine Army officer rank insignia. When posted elsewhere, the rank would be relinquished and the former rank resumed and this policy prevented an accumulation of high-ranking general officers brought about by the relatively high turnover of brigade commanders. Brigadier general was used as an honorary rank on retirement. The rank insignia was like that of the current major general, as in the United Kingdom, the rank was later replaced by brigadier. Prior to 2001, the Bangladesh Army rank was known as brigadier, in 2001 the Bangladesh Army introduced the rank of brigadier general, however the grade stayed equivalent to brigadier. It is the lowest ranking general officer, between the ranks of Colonel and Major General, Brigadier General is equivalent to commodore of the Bangladesh Navy and air commodore of the Bangladesh Air Force. It is still popularly called brigadier
11.
Urban warfare
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Urban warfare is combat conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat is very different from combat in the open at both the operational and tactical level, complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the urban terrain. Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armour, heavy artillery, some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from combatants such as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. The United States Armed Forces term for urban warfare is UO, the previously used U. S. military term MOUT, an abbreviation for military operations in urban terrain, has been replaced by UO, although the term MOUT Site is still in use. The British armed forces terms are OBUA, FIBUA, or sometimes FISH, or FISH, israel Defense Forces calls urban warfare לשב, a Hebrew acronym for warfare on urban terrain. LASHAB in the IDF includes large-scale tactics, CQB training for fighting forces, the IDF has a special large and advanced facility for training soldiers and units in urban warfare. Urban military operations in World War II often relied on large quantities of artillery bombardment, in some particularly vicious urban warfare operations such as Stalingrad and Warsaw, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences. However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, Military forces are bound by the laws of war governing military necessity to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the 1907 Hague Convention IV – The Laws, sometimes distinction and proportionality, as in the case of the Canadians in Ortona, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Berlin, when Russian forces attacked Grozny in 1999, large amounts of artillery fire were used. Fighting in an environment can offer some advantages to a weaker defending force or to guerrilla fighters through ambush-induced attrition losses. The attacking army must account for three dimensions more often, and consequently expend greater amounts of manpower in order to secure a myriad of structures, and mountains of rubble. Ferroconcrete structures will be ruined by heavy bombardment, but it is difficult to demolish such a building totally when it is well defended. The characteristics of a city include tall buildings, narrow alleys, sewage tunnels. Defenders may have the advantage of detailed knowledge of the area, right down to the layout inside of buildings. The buildings can provide excellent sniping posts while alleys and rubble-filled streets are ideal for planting booby traps, defenders can move from one part of the city to another undetected using underground tunnels and spring ambushes. Meanwhile, the attackers tend to more exposed than the defender as they must use the open streets more often, unfamiliar with the defenders secret. During a house to search the attacker is often also exposed on the streets
12.
Urban search and rescue
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Urban Search and Rescue involves the location, extrication, and initial medical stabilization of victims trapped in structural collapse due to natural disasters, mines and collapsed trenches. The causes of USAR incidents can be categorised as accidental and deliberate, structural collapse incidents can comprise unstable or collapsed structures in an unsafe position. Usually collapse incidents leave voids inside the debris that can result in numerous casualties trapped under large amounts of very heavy, USAR services can be faced with complex rescue operations within hazardous environment. Incidents experience shows that people are found alive many hours and days after rescue operations commence. USAR teams in different countries may be organised in a variety of ways, USAR task forces are often categorized for standardization. Depending upon the classification of the force, there can be close to 70 positions. But to be sure a full team can respond to an emergency, a task force is often a partnership between local fire departments, law enforcement agencies, federal and local governmental agencies and private companies. In the United States, these can be federally endorsed teams or state teams activated through mutual aid agreements, in England, the responsibility for USAR lies with local authority fire and rescue services. Equipment supplied to them is part of a government initiative known as the New Dimension programme which provides the training, the training that teams receive is an ongoing procedure combining classes from the local fire and rescue services and government agencies. USAR task forces are expected to be totally self-sufficient for the first 72 hours of a deployment, the equipment cache used to support a task force can weigh more than 60,000 pounds and is worth more than $1.4 million US. Katrina proved the difficulty of coordinating disaster response teams from around the country when some used ICS. Gather facts and make decisions on the course of action, for example, what types of structures are involved, the extent of damage, the layout of the building involved, what hazards are present, and what rescue personnel and equipment are available. Structural damage can be categorized as light, moderate, or heavy, sizeup is an ongoing process which should continue during all phases of search and rescue so operations can be modified as needed. Searchers should use a system or two-in, two-out system and have backup teams available. Techniques for searching for potential victims are based on identifying possible locations of victims, areas of entrapment inside damaged structures are called voids. There are several types of voids, such as the void. Voids can also include spaces where victims may have entered for self-protection during a disaster - such as under desks or in bathtubs or closets, possible search patterns include triangulation, a right/left search pattern, or a bottom-up/top-down search pattern. Searchers should stop frequently to listen for noises or attempted communication from victims, trapped victims are removed and medical aid rendered as necessary
13.
Humanitarian aid
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Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people in need. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by government, among the people in need belong homeless, refugees, victims of natural disasters, wars and famines. The primary purpose of aid is to save lives, reduce suffering. Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disasters, the primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. It may therefore be distinguished from development aid, which seeks to address the underlying factors which may have led to a crisis or emergency. Those countries deemed least safe were Somalia and Afghanistan, in 2012, Humanitarian Outcomes reports that the countries with the highest incidents were, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Syria, Pakistan and Somalia. The beginnings of organized international humanitarian aid can be traced to the late 19th century, as many as 10 million people may have died in the famine. The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was soon established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, to combat the famine, an international network was set up to solicit donations. These efforts brought in 204,000 silver taels, the equivalent of $7–10 million in 2012 silver prices, a simultaneous campaign was launched in response to the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India. Although the authorities have criticized for their laissez-faire attitude during the famine. A Famine Relief Fund was set up in the United Kingdom and had raised £426,000 within the first few months, early attempts were in private hands, and were limited in their financial and organizational capabilities. It was only in the 1980s, that news coverage. Live Aid, a 1985 fund-raising effort headed by Bob Geldof induced millions of people in the West to donate money, some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Eritrea. The first global summit on humanitarian aid was held on May 23 and 24,2016 in Istanbul, issues that were discussed included, preventing and ending conflict, managing crises, and aid financing. Aid is funded by donations from individuals, corporations, governments, Humanitarian aid spans a wide range of activities, including providing food aid, healthcare or protection. The majority of aid is provided in the form of goods or assistance, with cash. However, evidence has shown how cash transfers can be better for recipients as it gives them choice and control, they can be more cost-efficient and better for local markets, Aid Workers are the people distributed internationally to do humanitarian aid work. They often require humanitarian degrees, most are recruited by such as Save the Children, Oxfam
14.
Emergency management
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Disaster management is the creation of plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Disaster management does not avert or eliminate the threats, instead, failure to create a plan could lead to human mortality, lost revenue, and damage to assets. Events covered by disaster management include acts of terrorism, industrial sabotage, fire, natural disasters, public disorder, industrial accidents, and communication failures. If possible, emergency planning should aim to prevent emergencies from occurring, as time goes on, and more data becomes available, usually through the study of emergencies as they occur, a plan should evolve. There are very few Emergency Management specific standards, and emergency management as a discipline tends to fall under business resilience standards. In order to avoid, or reduce significant losses to a business, emergency managers should work to identify and anticipate potential risks, hopefully to reduce their probability of occurring. It is essential for an organisation to include procedures for determining whether a situation has occurred. An emergency plan must be maintained, in a structured and methodical manner. Emergency managers generally follow a process to anticipate, assess, prevent, prepare, respond. Emergency management plans and procedures should include the identification of appropriately trained staff members responsible for decision-making when an emergency occurs, Training plans should include internal people, contractors and civil protection partners, and should state the nature and frequency of training and testing. Testing of a plans effectiveness should occur regularly, in instances where several business or organisations occupy the same space, joint emergency plans, formally agreed to by all parties, should be put into place. Communication is one of the key issues during any emergency, pre-planning of communications is critical, miscommunication can easily result in emergency events escalating unnecessarily. Once an emergency has been identified a comprehensive assessment evaluating the level of impact, following assessment, the appropriate plan or response to be activated will depend on a specific pre-set criteria within the emergency plan. The steps necessary should be prioritized to ensure critical functions are operational as soon as possible, the critical functions are those that makes the plan untenable if not operationalized. The Communication policy must be known and rehearsed and all targeted audiences or publics. All Communication infrastructure must be as prepared as possible with all information on groupings clearly identified, Emergency management consists of five phases, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Http, //www. fema. gov/mission-areas It focuses on preventing the human hazard, preventive measures are taken on both the domestic and international levels, designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, in January 2005,167 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk reduction called the Hyogo Framework
15.
Civil-military operations
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Civil-military operations or CMO are activities of a military force to minimize civil interference on and maximize civil support for military operations. CMO is conducted in conjunction with combat operations during wartime and becomes a part of a military campaign in counter-insurgencies. S. Also, some militaries have staff dedicated to planning and coordinating CMO for their command. CMO is often called civil-military co-operation or CIMIC in NATO operations, the U. S. Civil-military operations may include performance by military forces of activities and functions normally the responsibility of the local, regional, or national government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions and they may also occur, if directed, in the absence of other military operations. Civil-military operations may be performed by designated civil affairs, by military forces, or by a combination of civil affairs
16.
9th Infantry Division (Philippines)
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The 9th Infantry Division, Philippine Army, known officially as the Spear Division, is the Philippine Armys primary Infantry unit assigned to combat communist insurgency in the Bicol Region. The 9th Infantry Brigade PA was activated on August 15,2002 pursuant to General Orders nr 456 HPA dated September 2,2002. On same order, 901st and 902nd Infantry Brigades were activated, with the personnel and equipment of the unfilled 202nd and 203rd Infantry Brigades, 2ID, respectively serving as their nucleus. On January 12,2004, the 9th Infantry Division was activated pursuant to GO Nr 56 and it was then under the Command of MAJ GENERAL JOHN D BOLHAYON AFP who can be credited as the 1st Commanding General of the Division. It was during his time that initial measures were made to establish the Division Headquarters at Camp Elias Angeles at Brgy San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur. On October 1,2004, the 9th Infantry Division, was made a regular Infantry Division, PA pursuant to GO Nr 517, anti-terrorist operations against local terrorists operating in their AOR. Official Site of the PA 9ID
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Benigno Aquino III
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Benigno Simeon Noynoy Cojuangco Aquino III is a Filipino politician who served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016. Aquino is a politician and is the chairman of the Liberal Party from 2010 to 2016. Born in Manila, Aquino finished his Bachelor of Arts from Ateneo de Manila University in 1981 and he returned to the Philippines in 1983 shortly after the assassination of his father and held several positions working in the private sector. In 1998, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Representative of the 2nd district of Tarlac province and he was subsequently re-elected to the House in 2001 and 2004. In 2007, having been barred from running for re-election to the House due to term limits, in 2013, Time named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. Benigno Simeon Noynoy Aquino III was born at 10,28 am on February 8,1960 at Far Eastern University Hospital in Sampaloc, Manila. He is the third of the five children of Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. who was then the Vice Governor of Tarlac province and he has four sisters, namely, Maria Elena, Aurora Corazon, Victoria Elisa, and Kristina Bernadette. He attended Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City for his elementary, high school and he graduated in 1981 with a Bachelors degree in economics. He was one of the students of professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University. In September 1972, Aquinos father, who was then a senator, in August 1973, Aquinos father was brought before a military tribunal in Fort Bonifacio. On August 25,1973, Aquinos father wrote a letter to his son from Fort Bonifacio, giving advice to his son, The only advice I can give you, Live with honor, there is no greater nation on earth than our Motherland. No greater people than our own, serve them with all your heart, with all your might and with all your strength. Son, the ball is now in your hands, in 1980, after a series of heart attacks, Aquinos father was allowed to seek medical treatment in the United States, where Aquinos family began a period of self-exile. In 1981, shortly after graduation, Aquino joined his family in the United States, in 1983, after three years in exile in the United States, Aquinos family returned to the Philippines, shortly after the assassination of his father on August 21,1983. He had a tenure as a member of the Philippine Business for Social Progress. He later joined Mondragon Industries Philippines, Inc. as an assistant Retail Sales Supervisor and assistant promotions manager for Nike Philippines, Inc. From 1986 to 1992, during the presidency of his mother, Aquino joined the Intra-Strata Assurance Corporation, a company owned by his uncle Antolin Oreta Jr. as vice president. On August 28,1987, eighteen months into the presidency of Aquinos mother, rebel soldiers led by Gregorio Honasan staged a coup attempt
18.
Search and rescue
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Search and rescue is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, International Search and Rescue Advisory Group is a UN organization that promotes the exchange of information between national urban search and rescue organizations. The duty to render assistance is covered by Article 98 of the UNCLOS, there are many different definitions of search and rescue, depending on the agency involved. Canadian Forces, Search and Rescue comprises the search for, and provision of aid to, persons, ships or other craft which are, or are feared to be, in distress or imminent danger. United States Coast Guard, The use of resources to assist persons or property in potential or actual distress. One of the worlds earliest well-documented SAR efforts ensued following the 1656 wreck of the Dutch merchant ship Vergulde Draeck off the west coast of Australia, survivors sought help, and in response three separate SAR missions were conducted, without success. All 5 crew members of an oil barge, which had run aground on Penfield Reef, were saved before the barge sank, in 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007 with 269 occupants was shot down by a Soviet aircraft near Sakhalin. The Soviets sent SAR helicopters and boats to Soviet waters, while a search, South Korean, and Japanese ships and aircraft in international waters, but no survivors were found. In July 2009, Air France Flight 447 was lost in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, an international SAR effort was launched, to no avail. A third effort nearly two years later discovered the site and recovered the black boxes. In early 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 crashed under mysterious circumstances, many nations contributed to the initial SAR effort, which was fruitless. 3mn to date on fuel and food in its own effort. The search for Flight 370 has become the largest SAR so far with the largest budget, mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain. Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways, some ground search teams also employ search and rescue dogs. Urban search and rescue, also referred to as Heavy Urban Search and Rescue, is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments. Due to the nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire. While earthquakes have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, terrorist attacks, combat search and rescue is search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones. Air-sea rescue refers to the use of aircraft and surface vessels, to search for. This treaty contains the definition of high seas, at Article 1, International Search and Rescue Advisory Group is a UN organization that promotes the exchange of information between national urban search and rescue organizations
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National Capital Regional Command (Philippines)
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They also support SoLCom in anti-dissidence operations in Cavite and Laguna. The forerunner of the National Capital Regional Command was the National Capital Region Defense Command, NCRDC was deactivated in August 1,1991 by then President Fidel Ramos and downsized it to a Joint Task Force. Civil unrests during the time of President Gloria Arroyo led to the re-activation of the unit on November 3,2003, the colors of the unit were once again placed in retirement as it was deactivated on July 12,2012, following the retirement of its Commanding General. Their mission is to conduct sustained Internal Security Operations in the National Capital Region to neutralize the Communist-Terrorist Movement and this is needed to establish a secured seat of government for the country and maintain a physically & psychologically sound environment conducive to growth and development within Metro Manila. Community Development of identified urban areas within the National Capital Region Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence Operations against government destabilizers. Disaster Relief, Rescue and Rehabilitation Operations, AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region Official Site of the AFP
20.
Militia
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For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
21.
National security
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The concept developed all in the United States after World War II. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, the variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. The variety of definitions provide an overview of the usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. To be truly secure, a nation needs other forms of security, authorities differ in their choice of nation security elements. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects of diplomacy or politics, society, environment, energy and natural resources, the elements of national security correlate closely to the concept of the elements of national power. Romm lists security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security, military security is traditionally the earliest recognised form of national security. Military security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term military security is considered synonymous with security in much of its usage, diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions form the means of interaction between the objects. Historically, conquest of nations has made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources, economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security. The creation and protection of jobs that supply defense and non-defense needs are vital to national security, third world countries are less secure due to lack of employment for their citizens. Environmental security deals with issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of environmental threats to security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate. While all environmental events are not considered significant of being categorised as threats, many transnational issues, romm classifies these as, Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nations security, in its broad defined sense. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to warming, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nations security, traditionally defined and these would be problems whose outcomes would result in conventional threats to national security as first or higher order outcomes. Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e. g. Prabhakaran Paleris 2008 definition of a resource is. a support inventory, biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable. for sustaining life at a heightened level of well-being
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War
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War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally characterized by extreme aggression, destruction, and mortality, an absence of war is usually called peace. Warfare refers to the activities and characteristics of types of war. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to legitimate military targets. While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature, as concerns a belligerents losses in proportion to its prewar population, the most destructive war in modern history may have been the Paraguayan War. In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths, down from 72,000 deaths in 1990, in 2003, Richard Smalley identified war as the sixth biggest problem facing humanity for the next fifty years. Another byproduct of some wars is the prevalence of propaganda by some or all parties in the conflict, the word is related to the Old Saxon werran, Old High German werran, and the German verwirren, meaning “to confuse”, “to perplex”, and “to bring into confusion”. In German, the equivalent is Krieg, the Spanish, Portuguese, the scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology, from the Greek polemos, meaning war, and -logy, meaning the study of. Studies of war by military theorists throughout military history have sought to identify the philosophy of war, asymmetric warfare is a conflict between two populations of drastically different levels of military capability or size. Biological warfare, or germ warfare, is the use of weaponized biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, chemical warfare involves the use of weaponized chemicals in combat. Poison gas as a weapon was principally used during World War I. Civil war is a war between forces belonging to the nation or political entity. Conventional warfare is declared war between states in which nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used or see limited deployment, cyberwarfare involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to damage another nations information systems. Information warfare is the application of force on a large scale against information assets and systems, against the computers. Nuclear warfare is warfare in which weapons are the primary, or a major. War of aggression is a war for conquest or gain rather than self-defense, the earliest recorded evidence of war belongs to the Mesolithic cemetery Site 117, which has been determined to be approximately 14,000 years old. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death, since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare
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Rebellion
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Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the resistance against the orders of an established authority. The term comes from the Latin verb rebellō, I renew war (from re- + bellō, the rebel is the individual that partakes in rebellion or rebellious activities, particularly when armed. Thus, the rebellion also refers to the ensemble of rebels in a state of revolt. A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation, Rebellion can be individual or collective, peaceful or violent In political terms, rebellion and revolt are often distinguished by their different aims. If rebellion generally seeks to evade an oppressive power, a revolt seeks to overthrow and destroy that power, the goal of rebellion is resistance while a revolt seeks a revolution. As power shifts relative to the adversary, or power shifts within a mixed coalition, or positions harden or soften on either side. The following theories broadly build on the Marxist interpretation of rebellion and they explore the causes of rebellion from a wide lens perspective. Marx writes about the structure of society that must be elucidated through an examination of the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers. The mismatch, between one mode of production, between the forces and the social ownership of the production, is at the origin of the revolution. The inner imbalance within these modes of production is derived from the modes of organization, such as capitalism within feudalism. The dynamics engineered by these class frictions help class consciousness root itself in the collective imaginary, for example, the development of the bourgeoisie class went from oppressed merchant class to urban independence, eventually gaining enough power to represent the state as a whole. Social movements, thus, are determined by a set of circumstances. The proletariat must also, according to Marx, go through the process of self-determination which can only be achieved by friction against the bourgeoisie. In Marxs theory revolutions are the locomotives of history, it is because rebellion has for ultimate goal to overthrow the ruling class and its antiquated mode of production. Later, rebellion attempts to replace it with a new system of political economy, one that is suited to the new ruling class. The cycle of rebellion, thus, replaces one mode of production by another through the constant class friction, in his book Why Men Rebel, Ted Gurr looks at the roots of political violence itself applied to a rebellion framework. He defines political violence as, all collective attacks within a political community against the political regime, the concept represents a set of events, a common property of which is the actual or threatened use of violence
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Military operations other than war
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Military operations other than war focus on deterring war, resolving conflict, promoting peace, and supporting civil authorities in response to domestic crises. The phrase and acronym were coined by the United States military during the 1990s, the UK military has crafted an equivalent or alternate term, peace support operations. Both MOOTW and PSO encompass peacekeeping, peacemaking, peace enforcement, MOOTW not involving the use or threat of force include humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. Special agreements exist which facilitate fire support operations within NATO and the ABCA quadripartite working group, cooperation is organized in advance with NATO standardisation agreements and quadripartite standardisation agreements. Many countries which need disaster support relief have no bilateral agreements already in place, MOOTW also involves arms control and peacekeeping. The United Nations recognises the vulnerability of civilians in armed conflict, security Council resolution 1674 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict enhances international focused attention on the protection of civilians in UN and other peace operations. MOOTW purposes may include deterring potential aggressors, protecting national interests, peacetime and conflict represent two states of the range of military operations. Peacetime is a state in which diplomatic, economic, informational, planners are challenged to find ways to resolve or work around unique arrays of inter-related constraints, e. g. issues related to budgeting, training and force structure. The uncertainties which are inherent or implied include the political aspects which are likely to affect unanticipated MOOTW. The Australian Defence Forces has turned attention to the study and understanding of a changing geo-strategic environment, MOOTW becomes more important where the options for traditional application of military instruments are growing more limited. Australian participation in UN peacekeeping operations began in 1947,1947 UN Consular Commission to Indonesia 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake, Emergency relief and medical assistance. The curriculum of Canadas military training programs includes MOOTW, Canadian peacekeeping is well publicised in Canada. Cyprus, 1960s Congo, 1960s The non-traditional missions of the Chinese armed forces have evolved as an increasingly used tool of statecraft, the Peoples Liberation Army established specialized forces for military operations other than war. MOOTW have been a subject of study at the National Defence University, the characteristics, rules, contents and methods of equipment utilisation and support in MOOTW were evaluated. Somali pirates,2009, Naval escort missions in waters off Somalia, the military in Japan is affected by Japans pacifist post-war constitution. This affects classification of the Hyūga class helicopter carriers, which are ships of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, the missions of these ships are limited to military operations other than war. The prescience of Sir Julian Corbett and his point of view are reflected in contemporary applications of MOOTW. The evolution of British tactics in the Malayan Emergency illustrates lessons learned the hard way, the British developed a strategy with elements similar to military operations other than warfare
25.
1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve)
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The 1502IBde traces it roots from the now defunct 1st Ready Reserve Battalion, which was the very first Ready Reserve Battalion organized when the 1302nd Community Defense Center was activated. As the unit began to build up troops through ROTC and BCMT, it grew into a brigade-sized unit, the unit is still part of Joint Task Force-NCR and currently serves as a frontline unit, especially during times of calamity, and national emergencies. Base for expansion of the Regular Force in the event of war, assist the Government in Relief and Rescue Operations in the event of Calamities or Disasters. Assist the Government in Socio-economic development and environmental concerns, assist in the operation & maintenance of essential government and private utilities
26.
Armed Forces of the Philippines
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The Armed Forces of the Philippines are composed of the Philippine Army, Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force. In 2014, a senior AFP officer reported it had 90,000 members, of which 30,000 were in the Army and this figure matches closely with the International Institute for Strategic Studies 2011 figure of 40,000,10,000, and 10,000. In 2012, the AFP Chief of Staff said that there had been no increase in the number of soldiers over a period. In 2013 the IISS listed reserves as 40,000 Army,30,000 Navy and Marine Corps, in 2014, manpower figures of 125,000 active and 131,000 reserve were reported by the IISS. Pre-Hispanic Philippines maintained local militia groups under the barangay system, reporting to the datu, these groups, aside from maintaining order in their communities, also served as their defense forces. With the arrival of Islam, the system of forces in the Mindanao regions sultanates under Muslim control mirrored those other existing sultanates in the region. These local warriors who were in the service of the Sultan were also responsible to qualified male citizens appointed by him. In accordance with the National Defense Act of 1935, the Armed Forces of the Philippines was officially established on December 21,1935, General Douglas MacArthur was asked to supervise its foundation and training. President Quezon officially conferred the title of Field Marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañan Palace on August 24,1936 when he appeared with a marshals baton. The Army of the Philippines included naval and air assets directly reporting to Army headquarters, in 1938 the Constabulary Division was separated from the army and reorganized into a national police force. In 1940-41, most soldiers of the Philippine military were incorporated in the U. S. Army Forces Far East, USAFFE made its last stand on Corregidor Island, after which Japanese forces were able to force all remaining Filipino and American troops to surrender. After Japan was defeated in World War II, the Philippines gained its independence in 1946, in 1947 the modern AFP first emerged with the upgrade of the PAAC to the Philippine Air Force. In 1966, an AFP battalion was sent into South Vietnam during the Vietnam War to ameliorate the economic. AFP units were sent at the same time to the Spratly Islands. 1963 would see the first women join the ranks of the forces with the raising of the Womens Auxiliary Corps. A missile development program known as the Sta, ver and Marcos also extended the tour of duty of those military officers who should have been effectively retired, to the dismay also of the younger officers. Consequently, discontent in the AFP ensued, the 1989 coup attempt, the bloodiest of all coup attempts against her was crushed with US help. The AFP, during her term also launched a campaign against the CPP-NPA after a brief hiatus
27.
Typhoon Haiyan
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It is the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record, killing at least 6,300 people in that country alone. Haiyan is also the strongest storm recorded at landfall, in January 2014, bodies were still being found. Tracking generally westward, environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a depression the following day. Haiyan is also the strongest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere by wind speed, several hours later, the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Gradually weakening, the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea, turning northwestward, the typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10. Haiyan was last noted as a depression by the JMA the following day. The cyclone caused catastrophic destruction in the Visayas, particularly on Samar, according to UN officials, about 11 million people have been affected – many have been left homeless. On November 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center began monitoring a broad area about 425 kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei. Moving through a region favoring tropical cyclogenesis, the Japan Meteorological Agency classified the system as a tropical depression early on November 3. Subsequent intensification resulted in the JMA upgrading the system to a tropical storm, by November 6, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility. Later, the eye of the passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau. Around 1200 UTC on November 7, Haiyan attained ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h, six hours later, the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h and gusts up to 378 km/h, according to preliminary track data. The storm displayed some characteristics of a tropical cyclone, though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system. At 2040 UTC on November 7, Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, the JTWCs unofficial estimate of one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h would, by that measure, make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land. Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the structure, though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa. The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas, Daanbantayan, Bantayan Island, Concepcion, a weakened Haiyan, with its core disrupted by interaction with the Philippines, emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8. Environmental conditions ahead of the storm became less favorable, as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation. Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam, once onshore, the storm quickly diminished and was last noted as it dissipated over Guangxi Province, China during November 11
28.
Typhoon Rammasun
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Typhoon Rammasun, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Glenda, was one of only two Category 5 super typhoons on record in the South China Sea, with the other being Pamela in 1954. Rammasun had destructive impacts across the Philippines, South China, and it was the seventh tropical cyclone of the season to be named by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Rammasun is a Siamese word for thunder god, after Lingling and Kajiki earlier in 2014, Rammasun became the third tropical cyclone, and first typhoon to directly impact the Philippines in 2014. The storm formed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, an area near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together, having passed through the islands of Micronesia, the system turned west and quickly moved under the influence of a subtropical ridge. Rammasun posed a significant threat to the Philippine island of Luzon, in preparation for the storm, Governor of Guam Eddie Calvo declared the island in Condition of Readiness 3 and later upgraded it to Condition of Readiness 1. On July 11, NASA satellites revealed Rammasun passing directly over Guam, american National Weather Service stated that an unexpected rise in wind shear kept the system from intensifying much further before reaching Guam. Rammasun only made landfall on Guam as a depression, with winds much weaker than earlier anticipated. However, under the system, the received a substantial amount of rainfall. The United States territory received 25 to 50 mm of rain, along with the Philippines, Taiwan also expected impact from Rammasun. Moderate to heavy rainfall was predicted through most of the country, Chinese meteorologists were focusing on second and/or third landfalls in the Chinese Hainan province and northern Vietnam. Residents of Hong Kong were also warned of rainfall and subsequent landslides, following the closure of maritime seaports, more than 100 passengers were reportedly stranded at the Port of Batangas, along with 39 rolling cargoes. Meanwhile, at least 841 passengers were stranded in five ports in the Bicol region, namely Matnog, Tabaco, Bulan, Cataingan, a total 50 flights were cancelled and over 100 thousand families were evacuated as the typhoon neared landfall. The Philippine Department of Health said that they have prepared all government hospitals to aid the rescue and relief process during and they claimed that they are much better prepared now, than they were for earlier typhoons. Ahead of the landfall, a city in the province of Albay had declared a state of calamity, at around 17,00 Philippine Standard Time, Rammasuns eye passed directly over Rapu-Rapu, Albay while the storm was at its initial peak intensity. Various parts of the National Capital Region reported power outages during the storm and they were reportedly caused by a temporary system balance at 1,29 a. m. due to a sudden plant outage. At least 6,000 people were stranded at various seaports throughout the country due to the storm, throughout its devastating journey through southern Luzon, the powerful typhoon barely weakened but instead maintained its strength and even intensified as it made its way across the Bicol Region. On July 9, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center started to monitor a tropical disturbance, at this time the system had a broad and ill defined circulation center which was associated with flaring and disorganized atmospheric convection. Over the next day the system gradually consolidated within an area of favorable conditions, the system was subsequently declared a tropical depression during the next day, by both the Japan Meteorological Agency and the JTWC with the latter assigning it the designation 09W
29.
Tropical Storm Fung-wong (2014)
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Tropical Storm Fung-wong, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Mario, was a relatively weak tropical cyclone which affected the northern Philippines, Taiwan and the Eastern China. The sixteenth named storm of the 2014 typhoon season, Fung-wong caused severe flooding in Luzon, late on September 13, an area of convectional cloudiness persisted near the same position where Kalmaegi formed. The next day, JTWC upgraded it as a tropical disturbance, the system entered an area of moderate vertical windshear and towards warm waters, as it was upgraded to a tropical depression by the JMA early on September 17. On the same day, the moved into the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was locally named Mario. Later the same day, JTWC classified it as Tropical Depression 16W, as vertical windshear decreased around the storm system, it gathered more strength. With this, JMA classified it as a storm, naming it Fung-wong on September 18. Fung-wong maintained its intensity while affecting Luzon, the storm made landfall in the night of the following day over the northern tip of Cagayan. Early on September 20, JMA upgraded it to tropical storm strength, although it failed to intensify. However, it was recorded colder cloud tops surrounding the center were still bringing heavy rainfall over the northern Philippines, the storm made landfall on the shores of the southeastern part of Taiwan the next day. Fung-wong later weakened due to land interaction, late on September 22, Fung-wong encountered some moderate vertical windshear and approached Eastern China. Both agencies downgraded Fung-wong to a storm, just as it was making landfall over Shanghai on September 23. On September 24, Fung-wong started to interact with a frontal system, later on the same day, both the JMA and JTWC issued their final advisory on the system, stating that it had become extratropical. Fung-wong enhanced the southwest monsoon which triggered flooding across the Visayas region. In Cebu, Governor Hilario P. Davide III cancelled classes in all levels on September 18 due to severe rainfall, severe flooding also occurred in many places of Luzon. On September 19, the Malacañang Palace declared a suspension of classes in all levels in the cities of Metro Manila including the provinces of Region III. Yellow and Orange advisories were issued in the provinces of Central Luzon, Region 4-B. The agency also reported that 268 mm of rain was recorded in the garden in Quezon City between 2 a. m. and 8 a. m. on the same day. About 21 domestic flights and six flights were cancelled or diverted to Clark International Airport in Pampanga
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Typhoon Ketsana
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The storm was the sixteenth tropical storm, eighth typhoon and the second major typhoon in the season. It was the most devastating typhoon to hit Manila, surpassing Typhoon Patsy in 1970, Ketsana formed early about 860 km to the northwest of Palau on September 23,2009. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the depression and it was then upgraded to a tropical depression by the JMA later that morning before the JTWC followed suit early on September 25, designating the depression as 17W. Soon, Ketsana was upgraded to a Tropical Storm before passing over the Philippines, as it moved into the South China Sea the storm intensified while moving toward the west, and was categorized as a Severe Tropical Storm by the JMA. Philippine President Gloria Arroyo declared a state of calamity encompassing most of Luzon after at least 86 people were reported dead in landslides. Flood water levels reached a record 20 feet in rural areas, as of October 24,2009, at least 464 deaths in the Philippines were officially reported from the typhoon. On September 23,2009, the Japan Meteorological Agency, reported that a tropical depression had formed about 860 km to the northwest of Palau. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center then reported later that day that the depression had a developing circulation center and was in a favorable environment with low vertical wind shear. The JMA then reported that the depression had weakened into an area of low pressure, later that morning, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as central convection had continued to organize around a consolidating elongated but exposed low-level circulation center. At this stage, the system was moving along the side of the subtropical ridge and had good poleward outflow into a tropical upper tropospheric trough cell. But later that day the JTWC upgraded it to a Tropical Storm despite its low level circulation center being partially exposed, the JMA followed suit early the next day, assigning the international name of Ketsana and the international designation of 0916 to the storm. PAGASA then reported that Ketsana had made landfall on Northern Luzon near the boundary of the Philippine provinces of Aurora, Ketsana then made a second landfall on Quảng Nam in Vietnam, at 0600 UTC on September 29 at its peak intensity. The JMA monitored the storm as a tropical depression until late on September 30. After the floods struck, some were critical of the failure to predict the scale of the disaster or to lessen the damage it caused. Late on September 27, both the Hong Kong Observatory and the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau placed Hong Kong and Macau under the Standby Signal No.1. The Bureau then considered hoisting the Strong Wind Signal 3, but decided it was not needed for Hong Kong and these warnings were kept in force until later that day when all warnings were lowered. On September 29 it was announced that parts of southern China would be placed under a warning with certain regional meteorological bureaus entering a level 3 emergency response. On September 27, the Vietnam National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting issued a storm warning signal named Number 9
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Typhoon Parma
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Typhoon Parma, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pepeng, was the second typhoon to affect the Philippines within the span of a week during September 2009. Typhoon Parma was assigned the name Pepeng by PAGASA when it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility days after Typhoon Ketsana wreaked havoc on the country, Parma spared the capital and instead lashed the northern part of Luzon island. However, in the first week of October, Parma interacted with the incoming Typhoon Melor on the Pacific, days later, the greatly weakened Parma retreated back to Luzon making further landfalls on Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. The now severe tropical storm Parma then began to wane its strength as it crossed Luzon island for the second time and it then emerged on the South China Sea as a tropical depression. Parma became one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the Philippines in a decade, during September 26, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center started to monitor an area of convection that was located about 445 km, to the southeast of Guam. The system had an elongated low-level circulation center with convection developing around the center, upper level analysis showed that the system was located in an area of low vertical wind shear and had a good poleward outflow into a tropical upper tropospheric trough. After being classified, the depression remained weak and poorly organized, Parma started to intensify to a typhoon as it moved closer to the Philippines. On October 1, Parma reached its intensity with winds of 250 km/h. Afterwards, Parma started a trend as it moved closer to the Philippines. During its landfall in the Philippines, Parma began to travel northwest towards China and it suddenly slowed down rendering it stationary. Surprisingly, it began to back to mainland Philippines making a second landfall and weakening to a tropical depression. After regaining some strength, it began to travel westward towards Vietnam, Tropical storm warnings were then declared for Yap and Ngulu later that morning as the depression was moving to the northwest of Faraulep. NWS Guam then placed Koror and Kayangel under a storm watch later that day before cancelling all warnings early on September 30. The National Disaster Coordinating Council advised all local government officials across Luzon to evacuate people if needed to ensure their safety, in addition to the NDCC, they gave out relief goods and other necessities. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo also requested PAGASA to monitor the super typhoon every two hours and update its website, also, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration advised all areas with public storm signals to be alerted against storm surges, landslides, and flash floods. The Coast Guard placed the country under red alert, meaning that the agency would monitor the whole country, especially Northern. All ferry stations with routes from Luzon to Visayas and vice versa suspended operations, as preparations continued, different dams were opened and large amounts of water freed to avoid the overflowing of dams. In Isabela, the Magat Dam released a large amount of water and its water was projected to pass through Cagayan River, forcing locals along the river to evacuate
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Philippine general election, 2010
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Elections for all positions in the Philippines above the barangay were held on May 10,2010. The elected president is Benigno Noynoy Aquino, the 15th President of the Philippines, the successor of vice-president Noli de Castro is Jejomar Binay, the 15th vice president of the Philippines. The legislators elected in the 2010 elections have joined the senators of the 2007 elections, the 2010 election was administered by the Commission on Elections in compliance with the Republic Act No. 9369, also known as the Amended Computerization Act of 2007 and it was the first national computerized election in the history of the Philippines. Although there were cases of precinct count optical scan machine failures, despite the fact that some provinces have reported failure of elections, these have not surpassed the 0. 50% of the total number of PCOS machines, and most were replaced on time. Local elections were held in all provinces, cities and municipalities for provincial governors, vice governors and board members, in 2004, Arroyo won the election and finished her 6-year term in 2010. As election day approached, several politicians switched political parties in order to gain votes, many switches were controversial, with the ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD having the most defections, most of which went either to the Liberal Party or to the Nacionalista Party. Singson endorsed Villar, then resigned from Lakas, but has not joined Villars Nacionalista Party, five days before the elections, petitions were made to postpone the elections due to technical malfunctions with the electronic voting machines. On May 7,2010, the Supreme Court rejected the petitions, several cities and provinces encountered several problems, postponing the election. In Caloocan, voting was delayed as the box of ballots delivered to clustered precinct 599 in the citys Pajo district contained ballots for a precinct in Sampaloc. Prior to the end of the filing of certificates of candidacy, before she was killed, Mangudadatus wife blamed provincial governor Andal Ampatuan Jr. as the culprit. On December 28,2009, a candidate for councilor died, in Sorsogon, Julio Esquivias, a Nacionalista candidate for councilor in the town of Casiguran, died due to a gunshot wound after he was shot by an unidentified gunman. In a command conference by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, worsening private armed violence was a serious security concern which had the capacity to undermine the 2010 elections. Before election day, a bomb exploded at 1,20 a. m. in Ampatuan, in Conception, Iloilo, armed men fired at the Liberal Party headquarters. During election day, three bombs exploded at a polling precinct at Pakpak elementary school in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, No casualties or injuries were reported. Another bomb exploded in Zamboanga Sibugay, killing three people, two bombs exploded at Mindanao State University where several polling precinct were clustered. An NK2 grenade exploded at Shariff Aguak, Maguindanao, on the same day, at 12, 00nn, a shooting incident happened in the same area between the rival candidates. As of 1, 30pm fourteen casualties were reported due to election-related violence, at 2, 25pm, a shooting incident in a barangay in Maguindanao caused the local cancellation of the elections
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Herbert Bautista
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Herbert Constantine Bistek Maclang Bautista is a Filipino actor and politician. He is the mayor of Quezon City, having won in a landslide in May 2010 and he won a landslide in his 2007 vice-mayoral reelection bid. He has been mayor of Quezon City, serving under then-Mayor. He was born on May 12,1968 in Quezon City to Herminio Butch Bautista, who became a city councilor from the fourth district, and Rosario Baby Maclang. He has two siblings, Hero and Harlene, herbert Bautista took Bachelor of Laws at New Era University though he did not finish it. In 1992, he graduated from the San Beda College of Manila with a degree in Philosophy. He was adjudged Most Outstanding Centennial Bedan Alumnus in recognition of his contribution and leadership in civil governance and he has a Master of Arts degree in Public Administration from the National College of Public Administration and Governance at the University of the Philippines Diliman. Bautista is an alumnus of the National Defense College of the Philippines where he obtained his Master in National Security Administration degree and he is working towards his Doctorate degree in Political Science UP Diliman. From 1986 to 1989, he was President of the Kabataang Barangay National Federation and was appointed ex officio City Councilor representing the Youth Sector of Quezon City. From 1992 to 1995, he was elected Councilor of Quezon City and was concurrently Chairperson of the Committee on Tourism and he was the youngest Vice Mayor of Quezon City. He was elected in May 1995, Bautista became the youngest and first bachelor Vice Mayor of Quezon City elected in May 1995. After his first term, he ran for mayor in 1998, but lost to then-Mayor Ismael Mathay, Jr. Bautista returned to politics when he was elected as the City Vice Mayor thrice in 2001,2004, and 2007. One of the officials of the country, who has had a long and fruitful experience in government. He is Board Director of the YMCA-QC, Inc, on July 1,2010, he took oath into office as the Mayor of Quezon City after his landslide victory in the 2010 local elections in Quezon City. His running mate was Joy Belmonte, daughter of outgoing mayor Sonny Belmonte and she was also successful in the vice mayoral race. Their oath with the elder Belmonte as congressman and the city councilors was administered by Chief Justice Renato Corona and he reported to the 131st Division, PA and was given the designation of Brigade Sergeant Major of the newly formed Light Armor Brigade. He applied for a commission when he was Vice-mayor of Quezon City and was commissioned with the rank of Army Captain and he is the Commanding Officer of the 1502nd Infantry Brigade which is a component of the 15th Infantry Division, Army Reserve Command. Klasmeyts as Host Super Inggo as Kumander Bawang Super Inggo 1. net
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Philippines
Army Reserve
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BGen Marcelo B Javier Jr (RES) AFP
COL RAFAEL M ALUNAN III (RES) PA (during operational term as 9th Infantry Division) (2002 - 10 Jul 06)[10]
BGEN MARCELO B JAVIER JR (RES) AFP - (10 Jul 06 - PRESENT)
Headquarters & Headquarters Service Battalion (HHSBn)
Reconnaissance Battalion (Recon Bn)
Military Intelligence Battalion (MIBn)
Search and Rescue Unit (SARU)
Mechanized Infantry Battalion (MBn) (Proposed)
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