1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Alabama Army National Guard
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The Alabama Army National Guard is a component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. National coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau, Alabama Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards, the Alabama Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Alabama. Unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, new forces formation plans of the US Army were announced in early 2007 modifying the recent United States National Guard active duty callup pace. The new plan will nominally anticipate that each National Guard unit will serve one year of duty for every five years of service. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates imposed a limit to the length of for National Guard Soldiers. Callups by Alabama authorities for state emergencies are not included in this policy, the Alabama Army National Guard was originally formed in 1807. The Militia Act of 1903 organized the state militias into the present National Guard system. Both armies were made up of volunteer militia with regiments of both sides wearing blue and gray uniforms. The brunt of the Union attack fell on the Confederate left flank, Confederate Brig. Gen. Bernard Bee, having recently resigned from the U. S. Army and still wearing his blue uniform, realized that the armys left flank was seriously exposed. Gen. Bee ordered the Fourth Alabama Regiment to advance rapidly in order to plug the gap in the Confederate line, for over an hour, the Fourth Alabama held position and repulsed several Union regiments. The gallant stand of the Fourth Alabama stalled the Union advance, the regiment played a prominent part in the fighting all day and contributed to the Confederate victory. The Battle of First Manassas proved to both sides that the Civil War would be a bitterly contested struggle, the Fourth Alabama went on to fight in every major battle in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War and never surrendered its colors. The heritage and traditions of the Fourth Alabama are carried on by the 1st Battalion, 167th Infantry, the 31st Infantry Division had elements in Alabama for many years, though divisional HQ was in Jackson, MS. Following the inactivation, the Alabama Army National Guard was allotted the 31st Brigade, 30th Volunteer Armored Division, in 1973 or 1974 the 30th Armored Division was inactivated and Alabama was assigned a new major headquarters, the 31st Armored Brigade, with its headquarters at Northport. In 2002, the 31st Armored Brigade was inactivated, merging into the 149th Armored Brigade headquartered in Kentucky, Alabama was again assigned a new major headquarters, the 122nd Chemical Brigade, later redesignated as the 31st Chemical Brigade. 300 Alabama ARNG soldiers deployed to Iraq with the Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division, the previously active 142d Signal Brigade was inactivated in August 2008. On 13 February 2009, the comedian Sacha Baron Cohen tricked guard officers into allowing him to participate in training at the Alabama Military Academy at Fort McClellan, the officers were led to believe that Cohen was a reporter making a German TV documentary
3.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
4.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
5.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
6.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
7.
Operation Enduring Freedom
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Operation Enduring Freedom comprises several subordinate operations, Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan, lasted from October 2001 to 31 December 2014. Government used the term Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan to officially describe the War in Afghanistan, continued operations in Afghanistan by the United States military forces, both non-combat and combat, now occur under the name Operation Freedoms Sentinel. In September 2001, U. S. President George W, the term OEF-A typically refers to the phase of the War in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Other operations, such as the Georgia Train and Equip Program, are loosely or nominally connected. All the operations, however, have a focus on counterterrorism activities, Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan, which was a joint U. S. U. K. and Afghan operation, was separate from the International Security Assistance Force, which was an operation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization nations including the U. S. and the U. K. The two operations ran in parallel, although it had suggested that they merge. S. and British ships. The initial military objectives of OEF-A, as articulated by President George W, of those groups included are Abu Sayyaf Group, al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. The operation consisted of training the AFP in counter-terrorist operations as well as supporting the people with humanitarian aid in Operation Smiles. In October 2002, the Combined Task Force 150 and United States military Special Forces established themselves in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier, the stated goals of the operation were to provide humanitarian aid and patrol the Horn of Africa to reduce the abilities of terrorist organizations in the region. The military aspect involves coalition forces searching and boarding ships entering the region for illegal cargo as well as providing training, the humanitarian aspect involves building schools, clinics and water wells to enforce the confidence of the local people. Since 2001, the expenditure by the U. S. government on Operation Enduring Freedom has exceeded $150 billion. The operation continues, with military direction mostly coming from United States Central Command, seizing upon a power vacuum after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan after their invasion, the Taliban assumed the role of government from 1996–2001. Their extreme interpretation of Islamic law prompted them to ban music, television, sports, and dancing, amputation was an accepted form of punishment for stealing, and public executions could often be seen at the Kabul football stadium. Womens rights groups around the world were frequently critical as the Taliban banned women from appearing in public or holding many jobs outside the home and they drew further criticism when they destroyed the Buddhas of Bamyan, historical statues nearly 1500 years old, because the Buddhas were considered idols. In 1996, Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan upon the invitation of the Northern Alliance leader Abdur Rabb ur Rasool Sayyaf, when the Taliban came to power, bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and his al-Qaeda organization. It is understood that al-Qaeda-trained fighters known as the 055 Brigade were integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001 and it has been suggested that the Taliban and bin Laden had very close connections. On 20 September 2001, the U. S. stated that Osama bin Laden was behind the 11 September attacks in 2001, the US made a five-point ultimatum to the Taliban, Deliver to the U. S
8.
168th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 168th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The 1st Battalion of the 168th Infantry is part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, the 168th Infantry served during the Punitive Expedition pursuing Pancho Villa and the latter part of World War I. It became part of the 42nd Division, commonly referred to as the Rainbow Division, for four months, from July to November 1917, the unit built and occupied Camp Dodge in Johnston, Iowa. Prior to be being sent to Europe, the 168th was stationed at Camp Mills, first Battalion, 168th Infantry deployed to Afghanistan in 2004 where it provided provincial reconstruction team security forces. The Battalion was ordered again into federal service on 31 July 2010 at home stations to deploy to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The Battalion conducted post mobilization training at Camp Shelby, MS from August to October 2010, culminating with a rehearsal exercise at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin. Upon deployment into Afghanistan, 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry became Task Force 1-168, Task Force 1-168s mission was conduct security force assistance through combined action with Afghan Security Forces that resided in Paktya. Task Force 1-168 conducted a transfer of authority with Task Force 1-279 on 10 July 2011, during the Civil War the Regiment was organized from independent companies in southwestern Iowa and mustered into federal service on 8 August 1861 as the 4th Regiment, Iowa Volunteer Infantry. It was reorganized on 1 January 1864 as the 4th Iowa Veteran Infantry Regiment, the 3rd and 5th Infantry Regiments were consolidated 30 April 1892, and the consolidated unit was designated the 3rd Infantry Regiment. It was reorganized on 26 March 1900 in the Iowa National Guard as the 51st Infantry Regiment with its headquarters at Des Moines, on 26 November 1902 it was redesignated as the 55th Infantry Regiment, and on 4 July 1915 was redesignated as the 3rd Infantry Regiment. It was mustered into service on 26 June 1916 at Camp Dodge, Iowa. Demobilized on 17 May 1919 at Camp Dodge, Iowa, it was reorganized in 1920-1921 in the Iowa National Guard as the 168th Infantry, federally recognized on 13 July 1921, its headquarters were at Des Moines. Inducted during World War II into federal service 10 February 1941 at home stations, it was inactivated on 3 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, reorganized on 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st Battle Group, and relieved from assignment to the 34th Infantry Division. Reorganized on 1 March 1964 to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, reorganized on 1 January 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 47th Infantry Division. It was withdrawn on 1 May 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System, reorganized 10 February 1991 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 34th Infantry Division. Infantry Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document 168th Infantry Lineage, the price of our heritage, in memory of the heroic dead of the 168 Infantry 1st Battalion,168 Infantry Facebook Page
9.
Alabama National Guard
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The Alabama National Guard is the National Guard of the U. S State of Alabama, and consists of the Alabama Army National Guard and the Alabama Air National Guard. The National Guard is charged with federal and state missions. The state functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full scale law enforcement of law when local law enforcement officials can no longer maintain civil control. The National Guard may be called into service by the President under either Title 10 or Title 32 status. When National Guard troops are called to service, the President serves as Commander-in-Chief. The federal mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, National emergency or as otherwise needed. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Alabama National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide trained and disciplined forces for domestic emergencies or as provided by state law. The same respective ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards, all Alabama National Guard soldiers are also eligible for a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the State of Alabama. The Alabama National Guard has a State Partnership Program relationship with Romania, Alabama State Defense Force Militia Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division—approx. 300 Alabama ARNG soldiers deployed to Iraq with the CAB in September 2006, transformation of the Army National Guard Coats of arms of U. S. Armor and Cavalry Regiments Coats of arms of U. S, Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Infantry Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Alabama National Guard, accessed 20 Nov 2006 GlobalSecurity
10.
Seminole Wars
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Taken together, the Seminole Wars were the longest and most expensive Indian Wars in United States history. The First Seminole War began with General Andrew Jacksons excursions into West Florida, the governments of Britain and Spain both expressed outrage over the invasion. However, Spain was unable to defend its territory, and the Spanish Crown agreed to cede Florida to the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. According to the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823, the Seminoles were required to leave northern Florida and were confined to a reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula. The U. S. government enforced the treaty by building a series of forts and trading posts in the territory, mainly along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The war resulted in most of the Seminole population in Florida being killed in battle, ravaged by starvation and disease, a few hundred Seminoles were allowed to remain in an unofficial reservation in southwest Florida. An estimated 100 Seminoles still refused to leave and retreated deep into the Everglades to live on land that was unwanted by white settlers, raids from the newly- established English Province of Carolina beginning in the mid-1600s began another steep decline in the indigenous population. In the first decade of the 18th century,10,000 –12,000 Indians were taken as slaves according to the governor of La Florida and by 1710, observers noted that north Florida was virtually depopulated. The few remaining natives fled west to Pensacola and beyond or east to the vicinity of St. Augustine. When Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, during the mid-1700s, small bands from various Native American tribes from the southeastern United States began moving into the unoccupied lands of Florida. In 1715, the Yamasee moved into Florida as allies of the Spanish, Creek people, at first primarily the Lower Creek but later including Upper Creek, also started moving into Florida from the area of Georgia. The Mikasuki, Hitchiti-speakers, settled around what is now Lake Miccosukee near Tallahassee, another group of Hitchiti speakers, led by Cowkeeper, settled in what is now Alachua County, an area where the Spanish had maintained cattle ranches in the 17th century. One of the best-known ranches was Rancho de la Chua, the region became known as the Alachua Prairie. The Spanish in Saint Augustine began calling the Alachua Creek Cimarrones and this was the probable origin of the term Seminole. This name was applied to the other groups in Florida. Escaped African and African-American slaves who could reach the fort were essentially free, many were from Pensacola, some were free citizens though others had escaped from United States territory. The Spanish offered the freedom and land in Florida, they recruited former slaves as militia to help defend Pensacola. Other escaped slaves joined various Seminole bands as free members of the tribe, while most of the former slaves at Fort Mose went to Cuba with the Spanish when they left Florida in 1763, others lived with or near various bands of Indians
11.
Battle of Seven Pines
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It was the culmination of an offensive up the Virginia Peninsula by Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, in which the Army of the Potomac reached the outskirts of Richmond, on May 31, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston attempted to overwhelm two Federal corps that appeared isolated south of the Chickahominy River. The Confederate assaults, although not well coordinated, succeeded in driving back the IV Corps, reinforcements arrived, and both sides fed more and more troops into the action. Supported by the III Corps and Maj. Gen. John Sedgwicks division of Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumners II Corps, the Federal position was finally stabilized. Gen. Johnston was seriously wounded during the action, and command of the Confederate army devolved temporarily to Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith. On June 1, the Confederates renewed their assaults against the Federals, who had brought up more reinforcements, although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it was the largest battle in the Eastern Theater up to that time. Gen. Johnstons injury also had influence on the war. The more aggressive Lee initiated the Seven Days Battles, leading to a Union retreat in late June, Seven Pines therefore marked the closest Union forces came to Richmond in this offensive. Johnston withdrew his 75, 000-man army from the Virginia Peninsula as McClellans army pursued him, Johnstons men burned most of the bridges over the Chickahominy and settled into strong defensive positions north and east of the city. McClellan positioned his 105, 000-man army to focus on the northeast sector, for two reasons, first, the Pamunkey River, which ran roughly parallel to the Chickahominy, offered a line of communication that could enable McClellan to get around Johnstons left flank. The Army of the Potomac pushed slowly up the Pamunkey, establishing bases at Elthams Landing, Cumberland Landing. White House, the plantation of W. H. F, rooney Lee, son of General Robert E. Lee, became McClellans base of operations. Using the Richmond and York River Railroad, McClellan could bring his siege artillery to the outskirts of Richmond. He moved slowly and deliberately, reacting to faulty intelligence led him to believe the Confederates outnumbered him significantly. By the end of May, the army had built bridges across the Chickahominy and was facing Richmond, straddling the river, with one third of the Army south of the river, two thirds north. The Union Army of the Potomac of 105,000 men was near the outskirts of Richmond to the northeast, straddling the Chickahominy River. There were three Corps north of the river, protecting the Union railroad supply line, the V Corps under Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter, franklin, and the II Corps, under Brig. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner. South of the river were the IV Corps, under Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes, in a position far forward and close to the Confederate lines, and the III Corps, under Brig. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman
12.
Northern Virginia Campaign
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Concerned that Popes army would combine forces with Maj. Gen. George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac and overwhelm him, Lee sent Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson north to intercept Popes advance toward Gordonsville, the two forces initially clashed at Cedar Mountain on August 9, a Confederate victory. Lee determined that McClellans army on the Virginia Peninsula was no longer a threat to Richmond and sent most of the rest of his army, Maj. Gen. James Longstreets command, following Jackson. Jackson conducted a wide-ranging maneuver around Popes right flank, seizing the large depot in Popes rear, at Manassas Junction. On August 30, Pope attacked again, but was surprised to be caught between attacks by Longstreet and Jackson, and was forced to withdraw with heavy losses, the campaign concluded with another flanking maneuver by Jackson, which Pope engaged at the Battle of Chantilly on September 1. Lees maneuvering of the Army of Northern Virginia against Pope is considered a military masterpiece, historian John J. Hennessy wrote that Lee may have fought cleverer battles, but this was his greatest campaign. After the collapse of McClellans Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles of June 1862, Pope had achieved some success in the Western Theater, and Lincoln sought a more aggressive general than McClellan. Some of his men were encouraged by Popes aggressive tone. Gen Jacob D. Coxs division from western Virginia, the new army was divided into three corps of 51,000 men, under Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, replacing Frémont, who refused to serve under Pope and resigned his command, Banks, and McDowell. Sturgiss Washington troops constituted the Army reserve, Cavalry brigades under Col. John Beardsley and Brig. John P. Hatch and George D. Bayard were attached directly to the three corps, a lack of centralized control that had negative effects in the campaign. Parts of three corps of McClellans Army of the Potomac and Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps, eventually joined Pope for combat operations, raising his strength to 77,000. On the Confederate side, General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two wings or commands of about 55,000 men, the right wing was commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, the left by Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. The Cavalry Division under Maj. Gen. J. E. B, Stuart was attached to Jacksons wing. Whiting, Theophilus Holmes, Benjamin Huger, and John B and his former command was divided into two parts led by Brig. Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson got Hugers division, David R. Jones and Lafayette McLaws continued in command of their divisions, both of which had been part of Magruders Army of the Peninsula. Maj. Gen. D. H. Hills command was placed under Longstreet. Also joining was Brig. Gen. Nathan G. Shanks Evanss independent South Carolina brigade, McLaws and Hill were left in Richmond, and so Longstreet would take only five divisions north
13.
Battle of Antietam
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After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lees army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At dawn on September 17, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hookers corps mounted an assault on Lees left flank. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Millers Cornfield, and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church, Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. In the afternoon, Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnsides corps entered the action, capturing a bridge over Antietam Creek. At a crucial moment, Confederate Maj. Gen. A. P. Hills division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a counterattack, driving back Burnside. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, during the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18, despite having superiority of numbers, McClellans attacks failed to achieve force concentration, which allowed Lee to counter by shifting forces and moving interior lines to meet each challenge. Therefore, despite ample reserve forces that could have been deployed to exploit localized successes, McClellan had halted Lees invasion of Maryland, but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan. McClellans refusal to pursue Lees army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November, although the battle was tactically inconclusive, the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield, making it, in military terms, a Union victory. Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia—about 55,000 men—entered the state of Maryland on September 3,1862, emboldened by success, the Confederate leadership intended to take the war into enemy territory. Lees invasion of Maryland was intended to run simultaneously with an invasion of Kentucky by the armies of Braxton Bragg and it was also necessary for logistical reasons, as northern Virginias farms had been stripped bare of food. They sang the tune Maryland, My Maryland, as they marched, but by the fall of 1862 pro-Union sentiment was winning out, especially in the western parts of the state. Civilians generally hid inside their houses as Lees army passed through their towns, or watched in cold silence, while the Army of the Potomac was cheered and encouraged. While McClellans 87, 000-man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee, the order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically, thus making each subject to isolation and defeat if McClellan could move quickly enough. McClellan waited about 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence and reposition his forces, McClellans Army of the Potomac, bolstered by units absorbed from John Popes Army of Virginia, included six infantry corps. The I Corps, under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, consisted of the divisions of, the II Corps, under Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner, consisted of the divisions of, Maj. Gen. Israel B. The V Corps, under Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter, consisted of the divisions of, the VI Corps, under Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, consisted of the divisions of, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, Maj. Gen. William F. Baldy Smith
14.
Gettysburg Campaign
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The Gettysburg Campaign was a military invasion of Pennsylvania by the main Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee in summer 1863. The Union won a victory at Gettysburg July 1-3, with heavy casualties on both sides. Lee managed to back to Virginia with most of his army. It was a point in the American Civil War, with Lee increasingly pushed back toward Richmond until his surrender in April 1865. The Union Army of the Potomac was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, Lees army slipped away from Federal contact at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on June 3,1863. The largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war was fought at Brandy Station on June 9, the Confederates crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and moved north through the Shenandoah Valley, capturing the Union garrison at Winchester, Virginia, in the Second Battle of Winchester, June 13–15. Crossing the Potomac River, Lees Second Corps advanced through Maryland and Pennsylvania, reaching the Susquehanna River, however, the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit and had reached Frederick, Maryland, before Lee realized his opponent had crossed the Potomac. Lee moved swiftly to concentrate his army around the town of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest of the war, on July 2, with most of both armies now present, Lee launched fierce assaults on both flanks of the Union defensive line, which were repulsed with heavy losses on both sides. On July 3, Lee focused his attention on the Union center, the defeat of his massive infantry assault, Picketts Charge, caused Lee to order a retreat that began the evening of July 4. The Confederate retreat to Virginia was plagued by bad weather, difficult roads, however, Meades army did not maneuver aggressively enough to prevent Lee from crossing the Potomac to safety on the night of July 13–14. Shortly after Lees Army of Northern Virginia defeated Hookers Army of the Potomac during the Chancellorsville Campaign, Lees army could also threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and encourage the growing peace movement in the North. Lee had numerous misunderstandings that shaped his strategy, Lee misread Northern opinion by his reliance on anti-war Copperhead newspapers for northern public opinion. Reading them, he assumed the Yankees must be just as war weary as southerners, Lee did know he was seriously short of supplies for his own army, so he planned the campaign primarily as a full-scale raid that would seize supplies. He wrote, If we can baffle them in their various designs this year & our people are true to our cause. our success will be certain, next year there will be a great change in public opinion at the North. The Republicans will be destroyed & I think the friends of peace will become so strong as that the administration will go in on that basis. We have only therefore to resist manfully, the war will be over and we shall achieve the recognition of our independence. The Confederate government had a different strategy, in essence, Lees strategy was identical to the one he employed in the Maryland Campaign of 1862
15.
Overland Campaign
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The Overland Campaign, also known as Grants Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and June 1864, in the American Civil War. Although Grant suffered severe losses during the campaign, it was a strategic Union victory and it inflicted proportionately higher losses on Lees army and maneuvered it into a siege at Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia, in just over eight weeks. Crossing the Rapidan River on May 4,1864, Grant sought to defeat Lees army by quickly placing his forces between Lee and Richmond and inviting an open battle. Lee surprised Grant by attacking the larger Union army aggressively in the Battle of the Wilderness, Lees army was able to get into position to block this movement. Grant maneuvered again, meeting Lee at the North Anna River, here, Lee held clever defensive positions that provided an opportunity to defeat portions of Grants army, but illness prevented Lee from attacking in time to trap Grant. Resorting to maneuver a final time, Grant surprised Lee by stealthily crossing the James River, threatening to capture the city of Petersburg, the resulting Siege of Petersburg led to the eventual surrender of Lees army in April 1865 and the effective end of the Civil War. The campaign included two long-range raids by Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, in a raid toward Richmond, legendary Confederate cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart was mortally wounded at the Battle of Yellow Tavern, in March 1864, Grant was summoned from the Western Theater, promoted to lieutenant general, and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman succeeded Grant in command of most of the western armies. Johnston, and capture Atlanta, George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia and this was the first time the Union armies would have a coordinated offensive strategy across a number of theaters. Lincoln had long advocated this strategy for his generals, recognizing that the city would fall after the loss of its principal defensive army. Grant ordered Meade, Wherever Lee goes, there you will go also, although he hoped for a quick, decisive battle, Grant was prepared to fight a war of attrition. Both Union and Confederate casualties could be high, but the Union had greater resources to replace lost soldiers, despite Grants superior numbers, he had manpower challenges. Furthermore, since many of his soldiers three-year enlistments were about to expire, to deal with these challenges, Grant supplemented his forces by reassigning soldiers manning the heavy artillery batteries around Washington, D. C. to infantry regiments. The Overland Campaign began as Grants forces crossed the Rapidan River on May 4,1864, Grants objective was to force an engagement with Lee, outside of his Mine Run fortifications, by either drawing his forces out or turning them. By forcing a fight here, Lee effectively neutralized the Unions advantage in artillery and he ordered Ewells Corps to advance on the Orange Turnpike, A. P. Hills in parallel on the Orange Plank Road, and Longstreets from the distant Gordonsville. Early on May 5, Warrens V Corps was advancing south toward the Plank Road when Ewells Corps appeared in the west on the Turnpike, Meade halted his army and directed Warren to attack if the Confederates were a small, isolated group. Ewells men erected earthworks on the end of the clearing known as Saunders Field
16.
Pancho Villa
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Francisco Pancho Villa was a Mexican Revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution. As commander of the División del Norte in the Constitutionalist Army, given the areas size and mineral wealth, it provided him with extensive resources. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914, Villa can be credited with decisive military victories leading to the ousting of Victoriano Huerta from the presidency in July 1914. Villa then fought his erstwhile leader in the coalition against Huerta, Villa was in alliance with southern revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, who remained fighting in his own region of Morelos. The two revolutionary generals briefly came together to take Mexico City after Carranzas forces retreated from it, later, Villas heretofore undefeated División del Norte engaged the military forces of Carranza under Carrancista general Álvaro Obregón and was defeated in the 1915 Battle of Celaya. Villa was again defeated by Carranza,1 November 1915, at the Second Battle of Agua Prieta 1 November 1915, after which Villas army collapsed as a significant military force. Villa subsequently led a hit and run raid against the small U. S. -Mexican border town in the Battle of Columbus 9 March 1916, the U. S. government sent U. S. Army General John J. In 1923, as elections approached, he re-involved himself in Mexican politics. Shortly thereafter he was assassinated, most likely on the orders of Obregón, after his death, he was excluded from the pantheon of revolutionary heroes until the Sonoran generals Obregón and Calles, whom he battled during the Revolution, were gone from the political stage. Villas exclusion from the narrative of the Revolution might have contributed to his continued posthumous popular acclaim. He was celebrated during the Revolution and long afterward by corridos, movies about his life, in 1976, his remains were reburied in the Monument to the Revolution in Mexico City in a huge public ceremony not attended by his widow Luz Corral. Villa told a number of conflicting stories about his early life, according to most sources, he was born on 5 June 1878, and named José Doroteo Arango Arámbula at birth. His father was a sharecropper named Agustín Arango, and his mother was Micaela Arámbula and he grew up at the Rancho de la Coyotada, one of the largest haciendas in the state of Durango. The familys residence now houses the Casa de Pancho Villa historic museum in San Juan del Rio, Doroteo later claimed to be the son of the bandit Agustín Villa, but according to at least one scholar, the identity of his real father is still unknown. He wasthe oldest of five children, as a child, he received some education from a local church-run school, but was not proficient in more than basic literacy. He quit school to help his mother after his father died and he became a bandit at some point early on, but also worked as a sharecropper, muleskinner, butcher, bricklayer, and foreman for a U. S. railway company. However, the veracity of this story is questionable, eventually, he became a member of a bandit band headed by Ignacio Parra, one of the most famous bandits in Durango at the time. As a bandit, he went by the name Arango, in 1902, the rurales, the crack rural police force of President Porfirio Díaz, arrested Pancho for stealing mules and for assault
17.
Punitive expedition
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A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a state or any group of persons outside the borders of the punishing state. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong behavior, in the 1st century AD, Germanicus engaged in punitive expeditions against the Germanic tribes as repercussion for the Roman Legions that were destroyed in the Battle of Teutonburg Forest. In the 13th century, Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, often engaged punitive expeditions, some notable examples include his invasion of Khwarazim and his campaigns against the Western Xia kingdom. Also in the 13th century, Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis, the ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, Kertanagara, refused to pay tribute and tattooed a Chinese messenger, Meng Qi, on his face. A punitive expedition sent by Kublai Khan arrived off the coast of Java in 1293, Jayakatwang, a rebel from Kediri, had killed Kertanagara by that time. The Mongols allied with Raden Wijaya of Majapahit against Jayakatwang and, once the Singhasari kingdom was destroyed, Wijaya turned against the Mongols and forced them to withdraw in confusion. In 1599 the Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate ordered his nephew Vicente de Zaldívar to engage in an expedition against the Keres natives of Acoma Pueblo. When the Spanish arrived, they fought a battle with the Keres leaving about 800 men, women and children dead. During the First Anglo-Powhatan War, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colony’s council president, John Ratcliffe. His tactics against the Indians proved effective and included raiding their villages, burning their homes, torching their cornfields and crops, in the summer of 1614, Ottomans led by Damat Halil Pasha engaged a successful punitive expedition against Sefer Dāyl, an insurgent in Tripoli. From 1838 to 1842 ships of the United States Exploring Expedition engaged in three expeditions against Pacific islanders. The 1842 Ivory Coast Expedition was led by Matthew C. Perry against the Bereby people of West Africa after two attacks on American merchant ships. The Battle of Kabul in 1842 was undertaken by the British against the Afghans following their disastrous retreat from Kabul in which 16,000 people were killed, the French Campaign against Korea in 1866, a response to the earlier execution by Korea of French priests proselytizing in Korea. The 1867 Formosa Expedition, a punitive operation of the United States. The United States expedition to Korea in 1871, in retaliation to the General Sherman incident, the 1874 Japanese expedition against Formosa. Benin Expedition of 1897 British punitive action that led to the annexation of the Kingdom of Benin, the New York Times reported on January 13,1897 that a punitive expedition would be formed to punish the murderers of the Benin City expedition. The Pancho Villa Expedition from 1916 to 1917, led by General John J. Pershing, was an operation in retaliation against Pancho Villas incursion into United States, the 2016 Indo-Pakistani military confrontation began with punitive surgical strikes carried out by India. Letter of marque and reprisal Gordon, Leonard, japans Abortive Colonial Venture in Taiwan,1874
18.
42nd Infantry Division (United States)
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The 42nd Infantry Division is a division of the United States Army National Guard. The 42nd Infantry Division has served in World War I, World War II, the division is currently headquartered at the Glenmore Road Armory in Troy, New York. The division headquarters is a unit of the New York Army National Guard, as of 2007,67 percent of 42ID soldiers are located in New York and New Jersey. The 42ID came to be known as the Rainbow Division, when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, it federalized National Guard divisions to quickly build up an Army. In addition, Douglas MacArthur, then a major, suggested to William A. Mann, the head of the Militia Bureau, that he form another division from the non-divisional units of several states. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker approved the proposal, the division was created using units from 26 states and the District of Columbia. The name stuck, and MacArthur was promoted to colonel as the chief of staff. The 42nd Division adopted a shoulder patch and unit crests acknowledging the nickname, the original version of the patch symbolized a half arc rainbow and contained thin bands in multiple colors. They also reduced the number of colors to just red, gold and blue bordered in green, in order to standardize the design and make the patch easier to reproduce. Description, The 4th quadrant of a rainbow with three bands of color, red, gold and blue, each 3/8 inch in width, outer radius 2 inches, background, The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally authorized by telegram on 29 Oct 1918. It was officially authorized for wear on 27 May 1922 and it was reauthorized for wear when the division was reactivated for World War II. On 8 September 1947 it was authorized for the post-World War II 42nd Infantry Division when it was reactivated as a National Guard unit. The 42nd Division was activated in August 1917, four months after the American entry into World War I, drawing men from 26 states and the District of Columbia. It was composed of the 83rd Infantry Brigade and the 84th Infantry Brigade, together with supporting units such as artillery, engineers, signals and so on. The 42nd went overseas to the Western Front of Belgium and France in November 1917, the AEF was commanded by General John Joseph Pershing. The following year, the took part in four major operations, the Champagne-Marne, the Aisne-Marne, the Battle of Saint-Mihiel. In total, it saw 264 days of combat, while in France, the division was placed under French control for a time, commanded by various French commanders, including Henri Gouraud and Georges de Bazelaire, of the French VII Army Corps. Commanders, Maj. Gen. W. A. Mann, Brig. Gen. Charles T. Menoher, Maj. Gen. Charles D. Rhodes, Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Maj. Gen. C. A. F. Flagler, Maj. Gen. George Windle Read
19.
31st Infantry Division (United States)
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The 31st Infantry Division was a unit of the Army National Guard in World War I and World War II. It was originally activated as the 10th, an established in early 1917 consisting of Alabama, Florida. By the end of same year, the 10th Division became the 31st. In World War II, national guardsmen from Mississippi were included in the division, the division was activated in October 1917. It was activated for WW I at Camp Gordon, Georgia and it comprised the 61st Infantry Brigade and the 62nd Infantry Brigade, with four infantry regiments between them. It went overseas in September 1918, upon arrival in France, the 31st was designated as a replacement division. The personnel of most of the units were withdrawn and sent to other organizations as replacements for combat casualties. Commanders, Maj. Gen. F. J. Kernan, Brig. Gen. J. L. Hayden, Maj. Gen. F. H. French, Brig. Gen. W. A. Harris. The 31st Dixie Division was part of the Army of Occupation in Southern Germany at Koblenz, the division returned to the US in July 1919, to Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina where its soldiers were mustered out of active service. Awards, MH-1, DSC-7, DSM-3, SS-178, LM-11, DFC-1, SM-73, BS-948, persons, Maj. Gen. Clarence A. Martin. Returned to U. S.12 December 1945, the 31st Infantry Division arrived in Oro Bay, New Guinea,24 April 1944, and engaged in amphibious training prior to entering combat. During the war, at times its units included the 124th Infantry Regiment, the 155th Infantry Regiment from Mississippi, the 156th Infantry Regiment. The 156th Infantry Regiment of the Louisiana National Guard was separated from the 31st Division on 14 July 1942, portions of the unit participated in the D-Day landings with the entire unit being reunited on 24 June 1944. The unit was used to guard the Allied Expeditionary HQs. The unit returned to the US on 11 March 1946, alerted on 25 June 1944 for movement to Aitape, New Guinea, the 124th RCT left Oro Bay and landed at Aitape 3–6 July 1944. The combat team moved up to advanced positions and took part in the offensive launched 13 July. Over 1,000 Japanese were killed in these actions, in mid-August the division began to stage for a landing on Morotai, leaving Aitape and Maffin Bay,11 September 1944. The division made a landing on Morotai,15 September 1944
20.
Camp Arifjan
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Camp Arifjan is a United States Army installation in Kuwait which accommodates elements of the US Air Force, US Navy, US Marine Corps and US Coast Guard. The camp was funded and built by the government of Kuwait, Military personnel from the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Romania and Poland are also forward deployed there. Camp Arifjan is located south of Kuwait City, and west of the Shuaiba Port and it is divided into 7 zones. U. S. military vehicles that did not receive new additional armor plating in the United States prior to deployment to U. S, central Command–tens of thousands–received their up-armoring at Camp Arifjan. Additionally, many thousands of members and contractors pass through Camp Arifjan either on their way to or from Iraq. The service members deployed to Camp Arifjan are in a variety of different statuses, many are active duty and come on a one-year Permanent Change of Station, while some active duty come in a Temporary Change of Station status. Additionally, there are many Guard and Reserve units that support a variety of functions in the SWA theater that come on varied length tours. Because of the Khobar Towers bombing of 1996 in nearby Saudi Arabia, in July 1999, the Kuwaiti government began constructing Camp Arifjan south of its capital. Patton Army Airfield is the United States Army airfield, located within the camp boundaries, Patton Army Airfield is run by elements of the Army National Guards Aviation Classification and Repair Activity Depots. The airfield is named in memory of General George S. Patton, there are approximately 9,000 personnel stationed at Camp Arifjan. In addition, a number of foreign nationals also work at the base, the facility is primarily staffed by US Army Contractors. The base leadership continues to allow local and Third Country Nationals vendors to set up small shops within the main PX lobby, in addition to the permanent vendors, certain vendors are also allowed to set up large Arab-style bazaars on Wednesdays and Sundays. There is also a large Chillis restaurant with 250-person seating capacity, the camps swimming pool and three gym facilities make it the most desirable duty station in the country among foreign military personnel. Recreation centers are located in Zone-1 and Zone-6
21.
Kuwait
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Kuwait /kuːˈweɪt/, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. Situated in the edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, it shares borders with Iraq. As of 2016, Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people,1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates, expatriates account for 70% of the population. Oil reserves were discovered in 1938, from 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability, in 1990, Kuwait was invaded by Iraq. The Iraqi occupation came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by coalition forces, at the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. Kuwait is a constitutional emirate with a political system. It has an income economy backed by the worlds sixth largest oil reserves. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest valued currency in the world, according to the World Bank, the country has the fourth highest per capita income in the world. The Constitution was promulgated in 1962, making Kuwait the most democratic country in the region, Kuwait ranks highly in regional metrics of gender equality, as it has the regions highest Global Gender Gap ranking. During the Ubaid period, Kuwait was the site of interaction between the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia, mainly centered in As-Subiya in northern Kuwait. The earliest evidence of habitation in Kuwait dates back 8000 B. C. where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan. As-Subiya in northern Kuwait is the earliest evidence of urbanization in the whole Persian Gulf basin area, mesopotamians first settled in the Kuwaiti island of Failaka in 2000 B. C. Traders from the Sumerian city of Ur inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business, the island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in Iraq dating from around 2000 B. C. The Neolithic inhabitants of Kuwait were among the worlds earliest maritime traders, one of the worlds earliest reed-boats was discovered in northern Kuwait dating back to the Ubaid period. In 3rd century BC, the ancient Greeks colonized the bay of Kuwait under Alexander the Great, according to Strabo and Arrian, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the Aegean island of that name in size and shape. Remains of Greek colonization include a large Hellenistic fort and Greek temples, in 224 AD, Kuwait became part of the Sassanid Empire. At the time of the Sassanid Empire, Kuwait was known as Meshan, Akkaz was a Partho-Sassanian site, the Sassanid religions tower of silence was discovered in northern Akkaz
22.
48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a modular infantry brigade of the Georgia Army National Guard. One of the oldest units in U. S. Army history and it is one of few units in the US military that also saw service as a unit of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Today, the 48th INF BCT is part of the U. S. Armys Associated Units program where its aligned under the 3rd Infantry Division, a combined arms combat maneuver unit of the Regular Army. The 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team was originally organized on 23 April 1825, at Macon, Georgia as the Macon Volunteers and it mustered into Federal service on 18 February 1836, at Picolata, Florida, as Captain Seymors Company, 1st Battalion Georgia Volunteers. The unit was brought into Confederate service on 20 April 1861 at Macon, surrendered 9 April 1865 at Appomattox, Virginia. It reorganized on 11 April 1872 as the Macon Volunteers, and reorganized and redesignated 15 June 1874 as Company B and it reorganized and redesignated on 23 January 1891 as Company B, 2nd Infantry Regiment. The unit was redesignated on 21 December 1899, as Georgia State Troopers, the unit was drafted into federal service in August 1917 as Company B, 151st Machine Gun Battalion, an element of the 42nd Division. It demobilized in May 1919 at Camp Gordon, Georgia, the unit was reorganized and federally recognized 29 November 1920 in the Georgia National Guard at Macon, Georgia as Company H, 1st Infantry. Redesignated 8 March 1921 as Company B, 1st Infantry, redesignated 1 July 1922 as Company B, 122nd Infantry Regiment. It was reorganized and redesignated on 28 November 1922 as Headquarters Company, 59th Infantry Brigade and it was redesignated 11 August 1943 as the 30th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. It was deactivated on 17 November 1945 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, from 1945 to 1973, the brigade underwent a series of redesignations culminating in its current form, the 48th Infantry Brigade. It reorganized and was federally recognized 12 December 1946 as Headquarters Company, 121st Infantry, converted and redesignated 1 November 1955 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B, 48th Armored Division. Reorganized and redesignated 16 April 1963 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Brigade, converted and redesignated 1 January 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Brigade, 30th Infantry Division. It consolidated on 1 December 1973 with the 182nd Military Police Company, uSArmypatches. com says the separate brigade insignia was Worn from 16 April 1974 –5 June 1999. The unit was inducted into service on 30 November 1990 at Fort Stewart. That year, more than 4,500 members of the unit were mobilized to participate in Operation Desert Storm. The unit completed training conducted at the Armys National Training Center in California, however, the brigade was criticized for being underprepared for war. The conflict ended before the brigade could be employed in the Persian Gulf, the unit was awarded the Georgia Special Operations Ribbon by the State of Georgia for the mobilization
23.
53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a infantry brigade combat team of the Florida Army National Guard. The 53rd Infantry Brigade is the largest National Guard unit in the state of Florida, the brigade was one of fifteen enhanced readiness brigades, designed and trained to support active duty divisions. The brigade includes 32 units in Florida with 4,166 authorized personnel, the 53rd Infantry Brigade was originally part of the 27th Infantry Division, from November 1917 to 1919. When the 48th Armored Division was disbanded in 1968, its units in Florida became part of the 53rd Infantry Brigade, the distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the non-color bearing units of the 53d Armored Brigade on 9 January 1967. It was redesignated for the 53d Infantry Brigade on 25 July 1968, the brigade participated in hurricane relief operations in 1992 in response to Hurricane Andrew whereby the brigade was deployed for nearly two months to Miami. The U. S. Army has since done away with the program of directly augmenting active duty units with National Guard units, participating in the training were 65 per cent of the Florida Army National Guard. A convoy of 1,000 vehicles traveled from Miami to Panama City, Florida to be loaded on barges, the brigade also has a training relationship with the 82nd Airborne Division. Florida National Guard and U. S. Army Reserve officials joined U. S,1 December 2001, in announcing plans for a new joint training center that will be the future home of more than 1,700 military reservists. S. Construction of the new $53.5 million project began in 2002, the House Appropriations Committee originally allocated $45 million for the project. Rep. Young, the chairman, was crucial in securing the funds for the facilitys construction. The brigades three battalions were activated in late December 2002. They were sent to Fort Stewart, Georgia for training, following training at Fort Stewart, Georgia, the three infantry battalions deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Assumed a physical security mission on the Jordan-Iraq border. S, Special Operations Forces and A-10 aircraft of the United States Air Force. In late April 2003, the battalion was attached to the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and deployed into Iraq by air, while there, they provided local security and assisted in the reestablishment of the Iraqi Police and Ministerial Guard forces. The unit also conducted cordon and search operations, during one of these sweeps through the outskirts of Ar Ramadi on August 20,2003, members of the 1-124 Infantry captured Salem Musa Ijly. Also known as Abu Inas, Ijly was a Jordanian national and member of al-Qaida and he was also linked to a plot to assassinate Jordanian King Hussein.3 million in aid for repair or construction of numerous buildings, to include two hospitals,67 schools and 52 mosques. The 1-124 Infantry received the Valorous Unit Award for extraordinary heroism in operations, soldiers of the unit were presented 65 Bronze Stars,379 Army Commendation Medals, and 63 Purple Hearts. Despite serving 291 continuous days in combat operations, the unit brought home every Soldier who deployed with it, during their brief stay at the Jordanian Air Base, the unit conducted security operations, physical fitness training, and honed their combat skills
24.
Talladega, Alabama
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Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 15,676, the city is the county seat of Talladega County. Talladega is approximately 50 miles east of Birmingham, the city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport, a public general aviation airport. The Talladega Superspeedway, Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby, the First National Bank of Talladega is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama, being founded in 1848. While the towns name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants, the name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.1 square miles, of which 24.0 square miles is land and 0.077 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Talladega has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,143 people,5,836 households, the population density was 634.4 people per square mile. There were 6,457 housing units at a density of 270.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 56. 15% White,42. 28% Black or African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 30% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 37% from other races, and 0. 70% from two or more races. 0. 90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was out with 25. 6% under the age of 18,10. 6% from 18 to 24,25. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 85.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,617, and the median income for a family was $36,296. Males had an income of $27,951 versus $21,326 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,733, about 14. 1% of families and 19. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 4% of those under age 18 and 17. 5% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,676 people,5,719 households, the population density was 653.2 people per square mile
25.
Centreville, Alabama
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Centreville is a city in Bibb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 2,778, the city is the county seat of Bibb County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Centreville has an area of 9.6 square miles, of which 9.5 square miles are land and 0.15 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Centreville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,778 people,1,066 households, the population density was 294 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,178 housing units at a density of 122 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 72. 2% White,23. 7% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 4% Asian,2. 4% from other races,3. 0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 92.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $31,642, males had a median income of $37,614 versus $17,088 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,172, about 13. 5% of families and 15. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 1% of those under age 18 and 1. 1% of those age 65 or over. The Cahaba River falls near Centreville, which made the town a strategic location for transportation through the region, the first post office in Bibb County was established in Centreville in 1821. Sarah Willis Chotard obtained a patent for land in area in 1823 and began moving squatters off the land. In 1829, Centreville became the permanent seat for Bibb County after several years of debate and different locations of the county courthouse, centrevilles historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. At first she vigorously denied it, but then – under intense peer pressure – she confessed to the babys origin but claimed that she had been raped. When asked if she knew who raped her, Crow gave them the name of Grant Richardson, the miners and other local residents were so incensed at the affair that they decided to apply summary vengeance to Richardson as soon as they knew that the sheriff had apprehended him. Deputy Sheriff Cam Riley apprehended Richardson on October 12,1910, and was returning him to the jail at Centreville for processing and trial, the mob took Richardson from Riley and shot the suspect. A coroners inquest was held as soon as a coroner was appointed
26.
Pelham, Alabama
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Pelham is a city in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 14,369, but has grown to 21,352 recorded by the 2010 census and it was named for famed Confederate American Civil War officer John Pelham. An F2 tornado damaged buildings in Pelham along with Indian Springs, Helena. Pelham is located at 33°18′16″N 86°47′5″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.3 square miles,38.0 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles is water. Oak Mountain State Park, Alabamas largest state park, is located in Pelham, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,369 people,5,637 households, and 4,002 families residing in the city. The population density was 378.2 people per square mile, there were 5,894 housing units at an average density of 155.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 02% White,3. 97% Black or African American,0. 35% Native American,1. 68% Asian,2. 82% from other races,6. 42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was out with 25. 6% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,35. 7% from 25 to 44,22. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $54,808, and the median income for a family was $79,794. Males had an income of $42,659 versus $32,382 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,611, about 3. 4% of families and 4. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 7% of those under age 18 and 2. 4% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 21,352 people,8,149 households, the population density was 561.9 people per square mile. There were 8,541 housing units at a density of 224.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81. 2% White,7. 5% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,2. 4% Asian,6. 9% from other races,14. 9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.14. In the city, the population was out with 26. 0% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,32. 9% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64
27.
Cullman, Alabama
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Cullman is a city and the county seat of Cullman County, Alabama, United States. It is located along Interstate 65, about 50 miles north of Birmingham, as of the 2010 census it had a population of 14,775, with an estimated population of 15,350 in 2015. In the time before European settlement, the area today includes Cullman was originally in the territory of the Cherokee Nation. During the Creek War in 1813, General Andrew Jackson of the U. S. Army dispatched a contingent of troops down the trail, in the 1820s and the 1830s, two toll roads were built linking the Tennessee Valley to present-day Birmingham. The road passed near present-day Vinemont through Cullman, Good Hope, the road was later extended to Elyton in 1827. It then became known as Stouts Road, what later became the Brindley Turnpike became an extension of Stouts Road to Decatur. Cullman later became located between the juncture of the two roads, and they predated the corridor of U. S. Route 31, during the Civil War, the future location of Cullman was the site of the minor Battle of Days Gap. On April 30,1863, Union forces under the command of Colonel Abel Streight won a victory over forces under Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and this battle was part of a campaign and chase known collectively as Streights Raid. Although Streight got the hand in this battle, Forrest would have the last laugh. In one of the humorous moments of the war, Streight sought a truce. Although Streights force was larger than Forrests, while the two were negotiating, Forrest had his troops march repeatedly in a route past the site of the talks. Thinking himself to be outnumbered, Streight surrendered to Forrest on the spot. Cullman itself was founded in 1873 by Colonel John G. Cullmann, Cullmann had been an advocate of democratic reforms in his native Bavaria, and he fled when the autocratic Prussian-dominated regime emerged ascendant after the Revolutions of 1848. Five German families moved to the area in March 1873, in 1874, over the next twenty years, Cullmann encouraged around 100,000 Germans to immigrate to the United States, with many settling in the Cullman area. Cullmann drew on his engineering training in laying out and planning the town. During this period, Cullman underwent considerable growth, German continued to be widely spoken, and Cullmann himself was the publisher of a German-language newspaper. When Cullmann died in 1895, at the age of 72, the site Cullmann selected for his headquarters is now his gravesite. For many years Cullman was a town, with Saint Bernard College serving as the home of several hundred students
28.
Sylacauga, Alabama
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Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 12,749, nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City, Buzzards Roost, and Alabama’s Best-Kept Secret. Sylacauga is known for its white marble bedrock. It was discovered shortly after moved into the area and has been quarried ever since. The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area, Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person. Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by Americas Promise Alliance, the first settlers in the Coosa River Valley were the Creek Indians whose later encounters with the Spanish and French had a significant influence on the history of Sylacauga. Events that occurred between three groups were partly responsible for the settlement of the village of Chalakagay in 1748 by Shawnee Indians led by Peter Chartier. Sylacauga was first mentioned in Hernando de Sotos records in 1540 and it was later listed in the French territorial records in 1759 as being a town inhabited by 50 Shawnee Indian warriors, and the name then known as Chalakagay. Late in the summer of 1836 all of the Indians remaining in Alabama were taken west by the United States government, the name Sy-la-cau-ga is derived from the Indian words Chalaka-ge which mean The Place of the Chalaka Tribe. The city was first incorporated in 1838 as Syllacoga and again in 1887 as Sylacauga, several important roads traversed the region as early as the 1830s. Numerous ferries were put across the rivers, in 1852, a plank road was built from Montgomery to Winterboro, Alabama, passing through Sylacauga. The first railroad through Sylacauga was the Anniston and Atlantic Railroad on December 1,1886, in 1838, the first Sylacauga post office was established, with George Washington Stone, later Chief Justice Stone of Alabama, as postmaster. The first newspaper, the Sylacauga Argus, made its appearance in 1887, the paper was printed and edited in Calera by H. G. McCall. Sylacaugas main thoroughfare is Broadway Avenue, the first building on this street was built in 1890 by the Smith Brothers. Sylacauga, The Marble City, is constructed on a deposit of what is claimed to be the finest marble in the world. The bed is approximately 32 miles long by 1.5 miles wide and 400 feet deep, Sylacauga is located slightly to the east of the geographical center of the state of Alabama in Talladega County. The city is roughly 51 miles southeast of Birmingham,63 miles north of Montgomery, the first recorded discovery of marble was in 1820 by Dr. Edward Gantt, a physician who had accompanied General Andrew Jackson through the area in 1814. Even Gantt probably did not realize the extent of this calcium carbonate deposit, the deposit is part of the Murphy Marble Belt extending 32 by 1.5 miles by 400 feet deep and is the worlds largest commercial deposit of madre cream marble
29.
Oxford, Alabama
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Oxford is a city in Calhoun and Talladega counties in the State of Alabama. The population was 21,348 at the 2010 census, an increase of 46. 3% since the 2000 Census, Oxford is one of two principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 31.0 square miles, of which 30.7 square miles is land and 0.35 square miles. Oxford lies among the foothills at the end of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Nearby Cheaha Mountain is Alabamas highest point and offers views of the surrounding wilderness. Much of the southern border is shared with the Talladega National Forest. Major bodies of water include Oxford Lake, Lake Hillabee, Snows Creek and Choccolocco Creek, founded in the early 1850s, Oxford was the first city in Calhoun County to be incorporated, in 1852. When the town was formed, it was originally named Lick Skillet, the name was later changed to Oxford due to the presence of a narrow crossing of Chocolocco Creek that allowed farmers to ford cattle from one side of the creek to the other. Since 1970, Oxford has annexed large amounts of land to the south and west, including the communities of Coldwater, in 1970, it was all in Calhoun County, but today it includes areas in Talladega County. A smaller municipality, Hobson City, was once a part of Oxford, the area, then known as the Mooree Quarter, is one square mile, and is located north and west of Oxford, and south and west of Anniston. In the last years of the 19th century, according to tradition, in the course of political elections and this being unacceptable to the city fathers, they appealed to the powers in the state capital, and an arrangement was made. The city boundaries were redrawn, in fashion to a gerrymander. The new town became incorporated on August 16,1899 as Hobson City, the intention was that the largely black population of this quarter would no longer skew the elections of the now almost exclusively white Oxford. Another result was the creation of only the town in the United States with 100% black government. On April 26,2016, Oxford unanimously approved a bill making it illegal to enter the restroom of a persons opposite gender to what is stated on their birth certificate. On May 4,2016, in a 3-2 vote, the city rescinded it, Oxford features a mayor-council form of government, though the mayor actually dictates the daily running of the city. Replacing Mayor Leon Smith who retired from office after his term, is Alton Craft. The five-member council includes Phil Gardner, Charlotte Hubbard, Mike Henderson, Chris Spurlin, the mayor and city council members are elected to four-year terms
30.
Press-Register
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The Press-Register is a thrice-weekly newspaper serving the southwest Alabama counties of Mobile and Baldwin. The newspaper is a descendant of one founded in 1813, making the Press-Register Alabamas oldest newspaper and it is owned by Advance Publications, which also owns the primary newspapers in Birmingham, Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Press Register also publishes an edition for the Mississippi Gulf Coast, the Mobile Gazette was founded and began publication shortly after Mobile was captured by United States troops in April 1813 after 33 years under Spanish rule. Townsend of a Montgomery, Alabama newspaper, one year later, the Gazette was taken over by the Register, making it a good purchase for one Thaddeus Sanford in 1828. Under Sanford, the Mobile Patriot newspaper was bought out, thus becoming part of the daily Mobile Daily Commercial Register and Patriot in 1832. The Register is sold yet again in 1837, this time to Epapheas Kibby, the New York Times eulogy for Forsyth included the phrase, most important Democratic editor of the South. Mobiles yellow fever forced the Register to publish only three times a week in 1839. Once Sanford reclaimed what he purchased years before, he combined the Register with the Merchants and Planters Journal, resulting in The Mobile Register, communications latest innovation the telegraph became the Registers means of receiving news in 1848. Bradfords purchase of the Registers one-half interest, the paper was renamed The Mobile Daily Register in 1849, Forsyth once again bought back the Register in 1854. Future Confederate colonel and Kentucky poet Theodore OHara joined the Register shortly before the American Civil War, swiss-born propagandist for the Confederacy Henry Hotze also worked for the paper for a time before the war. It would take the beginning in 1861 to combine the Mobile Daily Register. About three years after the war, the Register was sold and combined again, this time to William dAlton Mann of The Mobile Times and The Mobile Daily Register. Isaac Donovans arrival as the Registers new owner in 1871 marked the beginning of a new era for the stable newspaper, Langdon would become the Registers agricultural editor, giving him the opportunity to promote scientific approaches in the field. In life, Langdon served as mayor of Mobile, an Alabama state legislator, today Langdons contributions to what would be Auburn University are honored at the hall named for him in 1846. In 1872, the Register incorporates as The Register Printing association, during John Forsyth, Jr. s final years, he, along with John L. Rapier formed a partnership to operate the Register. After Forsyths death, Rapier became principal owner, telephones would become available at the Register in 1883, along with electric light a year later. Rapier organized the stock company The Register Co. to publish the paper in 1889. Erwin S. Craighead, who would later be known as Mobiles newspaperman began his career at the Register as the city editor in 1884 before earning the position of editor in chief in 1892
United States
![The 4th Alabama tab over the 142nd Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, Alabama National Guard[8]](/wiki/File:167th_Infantry,_Alabama,_4th_Alabama_Infantry,_Tab,_Afghanistan_pattern,_example.jpg)
