1.
Daniels & Fisher Tower
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The Daniels & Fisher Tower is a distinctive landmark in Denver, Colorado, in the United States. Built as part of the Daniels & Fisher department store in 1910, the building was designed by the architect Frederick Sterner and modeled after The Campanile at the Piazza San Marco in Venice, Italy. The 20-floor clock tower has clock faces on all four sides, may Company purchased Daniels & Fisher in 1958, and the store vacated the tower. When the store was demolished, the tower was saved and renovated into residential and it stands today in downtown Denver. The basement level of the tower has been home to Lannies Clocktower Cabaret entertainment venue since 2006, the tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. A 2½ ton bell occupies the top two floors of the building, above the observation deck, may-Daniels & Fisher Yule marble Building info at emporis. com Only in Colorado
2.
Pedestrian zone
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Pedestrian zones are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian-only use and in which most or all automobile traffic may be prohibited. Converting a street or an area to use is called pedestrianisation. However, pedestrianisation can sometimes lead to reductions in business activity, property devaluation, in some cases traffic in surrounding areas may increase, due to displacement rather than substitution of car traffic. Pedestrian zones have a variety of approaches to human-powered vehicles such as bicycles, inline skates, skateboards. Some have a ban on anything with wheels, others ban certain categories, others segregate the human-powered wheels from foot traffic. Many Middle Eastern kasbahs have no wheeled traffic, but use donkey-driven or hand-driven carts for freight transport, the idea of separating pedestrians from wheeled traffic is an old one, dating back at least to the Renaissance. However, the earliest modern implementation of the idea in cities seems to date from about 1800, separated shopping arcades were constructed throughout Europe in the 19th century, precursors of modern shopping malls. The first pedestrianisation of an existing street seems to have taken place around 1929 in Essen and this was in a very narrow shopping street that could not accommodate both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Two other German cities followed this model in the early 1930s, by 1955 twenty-one German cities had closed at least one street to traffic, although only four were true pedestrian streets, designed for the purpose. At this time pedestrianisation was not seen as a traffic restraint policy, pedestrianisation was also common in the United States during the 1950s and 60s as downtown businesses attempted to compete with new suburban shopping malls. However, most of these initiatives were not successful in the long term, a car-free zone is different from a typical pedestrian zone, in that it implies a development largely predicated on modes of transport other than the car. A pedestrian zone may be more limited in scope, for example a single square or street being for pedestrians. A number of towns and cities in Europe have never allowed motor vehicles, archetypal examples are, Venice, which occupies many islands in a lagoon, divided by and accessed from canals. The city has been car-free for more than three decades, motor traffic stops at the car park at the head of the viaduct from the mainland, and water transport or walking takes over from there. However, motor vehicles are allowed on the nearby Lido, mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state under the sovereignty of Greece, does not permit automobiles on its territory. Trucks and work-related vehicles only are in use there, the medieval city of Mdina in Malta does not allow automobiles past the city walls. It is known as the Silent City because of the absence of traffic in the city. Sark, an island in the English Channel, is a zone where only bicycles, carriages
3.
Transit mall
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However, some transit malls are not auto-free, but rather restrict cars and other private traffic to only short segments or only one lane, with other lanes being limited to buses or trams. A number of European towns and cities have made part or all of areas their car-free while permitting public transit vehicles and these are often accompanied by car parks on the edge of the area and/or park-and-ride schemes. In North America, transit malls usually take the form of single streets in which automobiles are mostly prohibited and they are rarely completely free of motor vehicles. Often, all of the streets are open to motorized traffic. Discovery Bay, Lantau and Park Island, Ma Wan in New Territories, Car-free zone Car-free days List of car-free places Car-free city Esplanade Low-emission zone Mall Principles of Intelligent Urbanism Grava, Sigurd. Urban Transportation Systems, Choices for Communities
4.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
5.
Denver Union Station
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Denver Union Station is the main railway station and central transportation hub in Denver, Colorado. A station opened on the site June 1,1881, burning in 1894, the current structure was erected in two stages, with an enlarged central portion completed in 1914. In 2012, the station underwent a major renovation transforming it into the centerpiece of a new transit-oriented mixed-use development built on the sites former rail-yards. The station house re-opened in the summer of 2014 as a combination of the 112-room Crawford Hotel, several restaurants and retailers, and a train hall. Denvers first train station was constructed in 1868 to serve the new Denver Pacific Railway, by 1875, there were four different railroad stations, making passenger transfers between different railroad lines inconvenient. To remedy this issue, the Union Pacific Railroad proposed creating one central Union Station to combine the various operations, in February 1880, the owners of the four lines agreed to build a station at 17th and Wynkoop Streets. Architect A. Taylor of Kansas City was hired to develop the plans, however, a fire that started in the womens restroom in 1894 destroyed the central portion of the 1881 depot. The Kansas City architectural firm of Van Brunt & Howe was hired to design a replacement depot in the Romanesque Revival style. Both the 1881 and 1894 depots included a central clock tower with four clock faces. On July 4,1906, an arch was dedicated in front of the station in order to provide a symbolic threshold for travelers entering and leaving the city. Constructed at a cost of $22,500 with 70 tons of steel and over 2,000 light bulbs, the arch originally featured the word Welcome on both sides. However, the elevation facing 17th Street was changed to Mizpah, in 1912, the original Union Depot partnership was dissolved and replaced by the Denver Terminal Railway Company, representing the then-major operators of the station. The new partnership decided to demolish and rebuild the portion of the station to handle the increasing passenger traffic. The new central portion, designed by Denver architects Gove & Walsh, was built in the Beaux-Arts style, as a result of growing passenger service, the Mizpah Arch in front of the station was deemed a traffic hazard and was torn down in 1931. For the first time in 1958, passenger traffic at Stapleton International Airport exceeded that of Union Station and it was during this period that the orange Union Station, Travel by Train signs were placed on both sides of the building in order to advertise intercity rail travel. Amtrak eventually became the provider of rail service through the station. Until the grand renovation, the served the annual Cheyenne Frontier Days Train. The popular excursion train has since been based at a site near the Denver Coliseum, the plan was approved by the Partner Agencies in 2004 and was approved by voters in November of that year as the new FasTracks program
6.
Civic Center, Denver
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Civic Center is a neighborhood and park in Denver, Colorado. The area is known as the center of the life in the city, with numerous institutions of arts, government, and culture as well as numerous festivals, parades. The park is home to many fountains, statues, and formal gardens, and includes a Greek amphitheater, a war memorial, and it is well known for its symmetrical Neoclassical design. Civic Center is located in central Denver just south of the Central Business District, the park is located at the intersection of Colfax Avenue and Broadway, perhaps the best-known and most important streets in Denver. The park borders are defined as Bannock Street on the west, Lincoln Street on the east, Colfax Avenue on the north, Civic Center is also a neighborhood defined by the Denver city government, but is probably identified in the minds of Denverites as the Golden Triangle. The borders of this neighborhood are Speer Boulevard on the west and south, Broadway on the east, Civic Center was an idea that originated with former Denver mayor Robert W. Speer. In 1904, Speer proposed a series of civic improvements based on the City Beautiful Ideas shown to him at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Speer hired Charles Mulford Robinson among others to develop plans for the area. Robinson proposed extending 16th Street to the Colorado State Capitol and to other municipal buildings around a central park area. However, the plan was defeated in a 1907 election and these plans were stalled when in 1912, Speer was replaced as mayor. The new mayor brought in Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. who was developing plans for Denvers mountain parks and his ideas include an informal grove of trees on the eastern edge of the park, and a lighted concert area. When Speer was reelected in 1916, he re-pursued his ideas about the Civic Center, hiring Chicago planner and architect Edward H. Bennett, a protégé of Daniel Burnham. Bennett combined the ideas of all of the plans, adding the Greek amphitheater, the Colonnade, the seal pond. The park officially opened in 1919, Civic Center has long been the government, arts, history, and learning nexus of both the state of Colorado and the Denver Metropolitan Area. Webb Municipal Office Building on the north side, and the Colorado History Museum. The Denver Mint lies immediately west of the Civic Center Park across the street from the City and County Building, Civic Center has issues related with crime and poverty. There continues to be expressed over keeping the park drug-free. In 2003 Denver Mayor John Hickenlooper began an initiative to reduce the population with a program that included the first Ten year plan to end homeless in the United States. A crackdown on drug-dealing and crime in the area has also been started, City and County officials have proposed changes to make the area more accessible to the downtown population in the north and the museums towards the south
7.
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
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Pei Cobb Freed & Partners is an architectural firm based in New York City, with major projects in more than a hundred cities around the world. Its work is noted for excellence in design, the firm provides a full range of architectural services, as well as planning and urban design. Projects designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners have received more than 200 awards for design excellence, in addition, the firm has been recognized numerous times for design excellence in the totality of its practice. The firm has changed twice,1955 – Originally I. M. Pei & Associates, founded by I. M. Pei, Eason H. Leonard. Bank Tower in Los Angeles, First Bank Place in Minneapolis, Jacob K. C. Pei Cobb Freed & Partners has been recognized many times for the totality of its practice. ”In 1968 the American Institute of Architects conferred on the practice its Architectural Firm Award, citing the successful collaboration among the partners, associates. Which has resulted in years of consistently distinguished design. ”Official website Pei Cobb Freed at New York Architecture Images
8.
Light rail
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Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
9.
Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
10.
Street performance
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Street performance or busking is the act of performing in public places for gratuities. In many countries the rewards are generally in the form of money but other such as food. Street performance is practiced all over the world by men, women and children, People engaging in this practice are called street performers or buskers. Performances are anything that people find entertaining, the term busking was first noted in the English language around the middle 1860s in Great Britain. The verb to busk, from the word busker, comes from the Spanish root word buscar, the Spanish word buscar in turn evolved from the Indo-European word *bhudh-skō. It was used for many acts, and title of a famous Spanish book about one of them. Today, the word is used in Spanish but mostly relegated for female street sex workers. There have been performances in places for gratuities in every major culture in the world. For many musicians street performance was the most common means of employment before the advent of recording and personal electronics. Prior to that, a person had to any music or entertainment, save for a few mechanical devices such as the barrel organ, the music box. Organ grinders were commonly found busking in the old days, Busking is common among some Romani people, who are called gypsies, a description that is no longer socially acceptable in some societies. Romantic mention of Romani music, dancers and fortune tellers are found in all forms of poetry, prose. The Roma brought the word busking to England by way of their travels along the Mediterranean coast to Spain and the Atlantic Ocean and then up north to England, in medieval France buskers were known by the terms troubadours and jongleurs. In northern France they were known as trouveres, in old German buskers were known as Minnesingers and Spielleute. In obsolete French it evolved to busquer for seek, prowl and was used to describe prostitutes. In Russia buskers are called skomorokh and their first recorded history appears around the 11th century, mariachis, Mexican bands that play a style of music by the same name, frequently busk when they perform while traveling through streets and plazas, as well as in restaurants and bars. Around the mid-19th century Japanese Chindonya started to be using their skills for advertising. Another Japanese street performance form dating from the Edo period is Nankin Tamasudare, in the United States, medicine shows proliferated in the 19th century
11.
Regional Transportation District
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It operates over a 2, 340-square-mile area, serving 2.87 million people. RTD is governed by a 15-member, publicly elected Board of Directors, Directors are elected to a four-year term and represent a specific district of about 180,000 constituents. RTD currently operates a bus and rail system that has an area of 2,337 square miles. It employed 2,734 people and reported 103 million boardings in 2016 and it had a $466.7 million operating budget for the year of 2015. Google has RTD schedules attached to its trip planner, and 3rd party mobile applications are now available for the iPhone,1969, RTD was created in the 47th session of the Colorado General Assembly to provide public transportation to five additional counties in the metropolitan area. 1969–1971, The Denver Tramway Company continues service under sponsorship of the City and County of Denver, October 1970, RTD found it needed to establish a Northern Operations Group to provide service to Boulder and Longmont. RTD also acquired the privately owned Denver-Boulder Bus Company, which ran airport buses,1971, Denver Metro Transit took over the privately owned Denver Tramway Company. Denver Metro Transit was an entity created by the City and County of Denver, suburban service only continued for those suburbs willing to contribute a subsidy. 1972, RTD created a plan for a rapid transit system in the area. This plan included 98 miles of PRT and extensive bus service throughout the areas served by RTD, later that year, the Urban Mass Transportation Administration selected RTD to develop PRT as a demonstration project. The PRT project was eventually scrapped, the tax became effective January 1,1974. July 1974, Denver Metro Transit became part of RTD, 1975–1977, RTD consolidated, expanded, and improved service frequency. Service was expanded to routes that commercial carriers previously operated, february 1978, Inflation caused RTD to implement a new fare structure. For instances, the new Colorado Blvd route was number 40,1979, Federal approval was granted for the 16th Street Mall in downtown Denver, originally known as Transitway. The project allowed express bus productivity to double and was intersected by RTDs first light rail line. 1980, RTD reached a number of weekday passengers. It also acquired 216 new buses,89 of which were articulated, construction began on the 16th Street Mall. Work was also completed to make RTDs service more accessible to elderly,1983, On May 1,1983, the tax was increased to 0. 6%
12.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
13.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
14.
RTD Bus & Rail
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RTD Bus and Rail is a transit system in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. Operated by the Regional Transportation District, it currently runs 79 local,16 express,16 regional,11 limited and it also includes 7 light rail lines and an additional 2 commuter rail lines with 53 stations and 76 miles of track. Bus service in Denver dates back to 1924, when Denver Tramway began the first bus between Englewood and Fort Logan, buses had completely replaced the previously expansive streetcar system in metro Denver by 1950. However, cars were becoming a part of life. From 1969 to 1971, Denver Tramway required the sponsorship of the City and County of Denver to continue service, in 1971 with aging equipment, low revenues and lackluster ridership, the Denver Tramway Company transferred all of its assets to city-owned Denver Metro Transit. In 1969, the Regional Transportation District was created in the 47th session of the Colorado General Assembly to provide transportation to five additional counties in the metropolitan area. It acquired privately owned companies, improved service frequency, and expanded to routes that commercial carriers previously operated such as airport buses, in July 1974, Denver Metro Transit became part of RTD, and under the new banner, ridership began to increase. RTDs first light rail line, a 5. 3-mile section of what is now the D Line, opened on Friday and it operated with free service for that half day and the first weekend, with revenue service starting on October 10. It was estimated more than 200,000 passengers rode the new system during its two-and-a-half-day opening weekend. Since that time, several light rail lines have been opened. An 8. 7-mile southwest extension to Mineral Avenue in Littleton opened in July 2000, an additional 19-mile Southeast Corridor extension along I-25 to Lone Tree and a branch along I-225 to Parker Road were completed in November 2006 as part of Denvers T-REX project. As of April 2013, the system had 170 light rail vehicles, with the passage of FasTracks, RTD began planning for a series of commuter rail lines. The first 23.5 miles of which, the A Line servicing Denver International Airport, the primary RTD services are scheduled bus and rail routes. Most bus routes are divided into Local and Regional service levels, Light rail and commuter rail services are divided in four zones, A, B, C and airport. Local service is travel within two consecutive lettered zones, and regional service is all three lettered zones. The airport zone applies for bus or rail travel into and out of Denver International Airport, several regional bus routes to and from the South Metro were also eliminated by the openings of the Southeast & Southwest Corridors, replaced by feeder routes to light rail. G Line, Running from Nine Mile station to Lincoln station, with the completion of FasTracks I-225 corridor, the route resumed service as the R Line in 2017. Special bus services are offered for various purposes, some of the more popular special services are, call-n-Ride, which provides curb-to-curb service in specific areas
15.
C Line (RTD)
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The line was added to the system on April 5,2002, to coincide with the opening of the Central Platte Valley Spur. Initially, C trains operated seven days a week, but ran to Mineral Ave. only during peak hours, at all other times, C service operated to I-25/Broadway. On May 3,2003, C trains began operating to Mineral Ave. at all times. With the opening of the Southeast Corridor on November 17,2006, weekend C service was discontinued except for sporting events. On January 11,2009, the service pattern between Union Station and I-25/Broadway was resumed and evening service discontinued. Midday weekday service was discontinued on January 19,2012 and was reinstated on August 17,2014 over the entire route, the 2004 voter approved FasTracks plan will add 2.5 mi to the Southwest Corridor. It will also add a station with 1,000 parking spots at C-470, there may also be a station at C-470 and Santa Fe Boulevard. This extension may open as soon as 2017
16.
E Line (RTD)
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The E Line, sometimes known as the Purple Line, is part of the light rail system operated by the Regional Transportation District in the Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area in Colorado. The line was added to the system on November 17,2006 and it is one of four routes that are part of the RTDs service plan for the corridor. Although it operates seven days per week, the E line does not operate during midday hours on weekdays as of January 11,2009. According to a map in the RTDs current service plan for the corridor, the E Lines northern terminus is at Union Station in downtown Denver. It shares track with the C Line from Union Station to I-25 & Broadway, then diverges by a junction onto a flyover. The 2004 voter-approved FasTracks initiative will add 2.3 mi to the Southeast Corridor and it will also add three stations at Sky Ridge Medical Center, Lone Tree City Center and RidgeGate Parkway, with a 2,000 space parking lot at RidgeGate. Regional Transportation District has sent four teams a Request for Proposal on the Southeast Corridor extension expected due in May 2015, the Southeast Rail Line Extension plan is to extend light rail transit service to the new RidgeGate Parkway Interchange. Additional stations at Sky Ridge Medical Center, Lone Tree City Center, and new R Line terminus station at RidgeGate will have an expected opening in 2019
17.
B Line (RTD)
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Part of the FasTracks project, the first 6. 2-mile section from downtown Denver to south Westminster opened on July 25,2016. The B Lines southern terminus is at Union Station in Denver and it runs on a railroad right-of-way north sharing track with the G Line until the Pecos Station after which the two routes diverge. Initially, the B Line continues north to its terminus at Westminster Station and it will start stopping at 41st & Fox station and Pecos Junction Station, which will both be served by the G Line, on May 21,2017. In 2004, Colorado voters approved FasTracks, a public transportation expansion plan. The first segment of the B Line is under construction as part of the Eagle P3 project and is expected to open in 2017, the remaining segment, extending to downtown Longmont, will require additional funding in order to be completed prior to 2044. The announcement angered many voters in the cities and suburbs north of Denver, the downturn in the economy and significant cost increases and delays associated with building and operating Northwest Rail led to the initiation of the year-long Northwest Area Mobility Study. This new system has been criticized as bus rapid transit creep
18.
W Line (RTD)
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The W Line, also called the West Rail Line, is a Light Rail line in Denver, Lakewood, and Golden, Colorado, United States. The W Line was the first part of FasTracks to break ground, the line, the only line to traverse the West Corridor, opened for service on Friday, April 26,2013. The Denver Lakewood and Golden Railway started operations in the area in 1893, the route ran from the downtown Denver streetcar loop, through the Lakewood Dry Gulch near 13th Avenue and continued out to Golden. Interurban service continued until 1950, when all Denver area trolley, plans to resurrect a railway line from Denver to Golden were advanced in the mid-1970s and in the 1980s RTD purchased the right-of-way to an unused rail corridor between the two cities. A Major Investment Study conducted in 1997 stated the need for a transit corridor through the region. The Environmental Impact Statement was started in 2001 and finished with a Finding of No Significant Impact or FONSI in 2003, a rail-pulling ceremony was held on the 13th Avenue corridor on May 16,2007 and construction started in earnest in early 2008. The first full test run of the line happened Jan,3,2013 in anticipation of the official opening, April 26,2013, eight months ahead of schedule. The W Line follows the Central Platte Valley Corridor from Union Station, stopping at Pepsi Center/Elitch Gardens, Sports Authority Field at Mile High and a relocated Auraria West Campus station. It then leaves the CPV corridor, following a new bridge over the UP/BNSF Consolidated Main Line, traveling under Interstate 25, over the South Platte River. From the Federal Center the line narrows to a track line and travels west along U. S.6. This section is single track with the exception of a stop at Red Rocks Community College. The W Line is the first light rail route in metro Denver to make use of gated grade crossings within its right-of-way. Some of the route goes through residential areas and concerns about noise led to a solution for the warning system at crossing gates. The warning bells will adjust their volume in response to the ambient noise resulting in 50-70 dB during the evening hours compared to the volume of 90-100 dB. Three different fare zones exist along the W Line, RTD W Line Schedule Official website
19.
A Line (RTD)
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Mass transit has been under consideration for the corridor between Downtown Denver and Denver International Airport since the latter was proposed in the 1980s. The project gathered momentum in 1997 when a Major Investment Study was completed for the corridor, encouraging fixed-guideway mass transit, highway widening, in July 2007, it was decided to use electric instead of diesel propulsion over speed and air pollution concerns. RTD designated the line with the letter “A”, denoting service to the airport, the first electric multiple unit railcars were pulled along the route on April 3,2015, commencing testing and commissioning of the line. Revenue service began on April 22,2016, the A Line route follows and remains within a mile of Interstate 25, Interstate 70, and the airport access highway. Leaving Union Station the line follows the Union Pacific corridor past Coors Field to reach a station at 38th, from there the line turns east alongside 40th Avenue past the Denver Union Pacific Intermodal Yard. Just east of Josephine Street the corridor turns two blocks north then east again to stay along the Union Pacific corridor to reach the 40th Avenue and Colorado Boulevard station. After passing under Colorado Boulevard the line parallels Smith Road, with a station at Central Park Boulevard in the redevelopment area of the decommissioned Stapleton International Airport. Shortly after entering Aurora, the line reaches a station at Peoria Street, continuing east, alongside Smith Road, the line passes under Peoria Street and then Interstate 225. Just west of Airport Boulevard, the line rises on a viaduct curving north over the Union Pacific tracks, Airport Boulevard, 32nd Avenue, and Interstate 70. Having left the Union Pacific corridor, the viaduct then descends to a station at the existing Park and Ride at 40th Avenue, from there the line reenters Denver, following the east side of Peña Boulevard. North of 56th Avenue it enters a recently added Peña Boulevard station at 61st Avenue, the line continues north and east, parallel to Peña Boulevard and crossing over E-470. Turning north, the crosses over Peña Boulevard adjacent to DIA runway 7/25
20.
D Line (RTD)
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The D line was the first line in the system when it opened in 1994, traveling from downtown Denver to I-25 and Broadway as the Central Corridor. It was extended along the Southwest Corridor in July 2000, the D Lines northern terminus is in Five Points northeast of downtown Denver. It goes through downtown, running southwest along Welton Street, then going up 19th Street, on trips leaving downtown, the line goes along Stout Street and 14th Street, on trips from Littleton, the line runs along California Street. Then the line follows Stout Street and Colfax Avenue, and follows a railroad right-of-way and they run in tandem until they reach their southern terminus at Mineral Avenue in Littleton. Central Rail Extension Mobility Study Final Report proposes that the D Line stations from 20th & Welton to 30th & Downing and this route would operate from the downtown loop to the new terminus at the shared A Lines 38th and Blake station. Riders would have to transfer to the new L Line from the D Line as the D Lines new northern terminus would be the downtown loop, the 14th & California Station closed in 2004 would be restored to support the L Line at the Convention Center. The Convention Center/Performing Arts Station, which opened in 2004, replaces the 14th & Stout and 14th & California stations, the 2004 voter approved FasTracks plan will add 2.5 mi to the Southwest Corridor. It will also add a station with 1,000 parking spots at C-470, there may also be a station at C-470 and Santa Fe Boulevard. This extension may open as soon as 2017
21.
F Line (RTD)
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It is one of four routes that are part of the RTDs service plan for the corridor. It operates Monday through Friday and does not run on weekends, according to a map in the RTDs service plan for the corridor, the F Lines color is red. The F Lines northern terminus is at 18th Street in downtown Denver and it shares track with the D Line from 18th Street to I-25 & Broadway, then runs along the Southeast Corridor to Lincoln Avenue in Lone Tree. The 2004 voter-approved FasTracks initiative will add 2.3 mi to the Southeast Corridor and it will also add three stations at Sky Ridge Medical Center, Lone Tree City Center and RidgeGate Parkway, with a 2,000 space parking lot at RidgeGate. Regional Transportation District has sent four teams a Request for Proposal on the Southeast Corridor extension expected due in May 2015, the Southeast Rail Line Extension plan is to extend light rail transit service to the new RidgeGate Parkway Interchange. Additional stations at Sky Ridge Medical Center, Lone Tree City Center, and new R Line terminus station at RidgeGate will have an expected opening in 2019
22.
H Line (RTD)
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It is one of four routes that are part of the RTDs service plan for the corridor. The line was extended to reach Florida station on February 24,2017 along with the opening of the R line, according to a map in the RTDs service plan for the corridor, the H Lines color is blue. The H Lines northern terminus is at 18th and California in downtown Denver, the 2004 voter-approved FasTracks initiative extended the H Line approximately 3.5 mi to the north along Interstate 225 with stops at Iliff Avenue and Florida Avenue. Work began in 2012, and the two station extension was combined with I-225 corridor light-rail line in 2013, construction was long expected to be completed in 2016, however opening was delayed until February 24,2017
23.
16th & California and 16th & Stout stations
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16th & California station and 16th & Stout station are a pair of RTD light rail stations in Downtown Denver, Colorado, United States. Operating as part of the D, F, and H Lines, the stations were opened on October 8,1994 and these stations have one track each, and are one city block apart. 16th & California is served only by trains and 16th & Stout is served only by southbound trains. These stations serve the 16th Street Mall and provide connections to the MallRide shuttle bus and Union Station via the shuttles
24.
Cycle rickshaw
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The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport, it is also known by a variety of other names such as bike taxi, velotaxi, pedicab, bikecab, cyclo, beca, becak, trisikad, or trishaw. As opposed to rickshaws pulled by a person on foot, cycle rickshaws are human-powered by pedaling, another type of rickshaw is the auto rickshaw. They are a type of tricycle designed to carry passengers on a for-hire basis, Cycle rickshaws are widely used in major cities around the world, but most commonly in cities of South, Southeast and East Asia. The first cycle rickshaws were built in the 1880s, and they were first used widely in 1929 in Singapore, six years later they outnumbered pulled rickshaws. By 1950 cycle rickshaws were found in south and east Asian country. By the late 1980s there were an estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws in the world, the vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with an electric motor to assist the driver. The vehicle is usually a tricycle, though some models exist. Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors, the configuration of driver and passenger seats varies. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw, there are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers. In many Asian countries, like India and China, the seat is located behind the driver, while in Indonesia, Malaysia. In the Philippines, the seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similarly, in the trishaw in Singapore and the sai kaa in Burma the passengers sit alongside the driver, the cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport, it is also known by a variety of other names, such as, velotaxi and bikecab. Cyclo is used in Vietnam and Cambodia, Pedicab is used in the United Kingdom and United States. In Buffalo, New York, this type of vehicle is known as a bike taxi, beca, becak, trisikad, or trishaw are non-English names used in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Cycle rickshaws are used in Asian countries, but also in countries outside Asia, such as large European, Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiple gears, more powerful brakes, and in some cases electrical motors to provide additional power. In Madagascar rickshaws, including cycle rickshaws or cyclo-pousse, are a form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known as pousse-pousse, meaning push-push, reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the areas, like Toamasina
25.
Carriage
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A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people, usually horse-drawn, litters and sedan chairs are excluded, since they are wheelless vehicles. The carriage is especially designed for passenger use and for comfort or elegance. It may be light, smart and fast or heavy, large, Carriages normally have suspension using leaf springs, elliptical springs or leather strapping. A public passenger vehicle would not usually be called a carriage – terms for such include stagecoach, charabanc, working vehicles such as the wagon and cart share important parts of the history of the carriage, as does too the fast chariot. The word carriage is from Old Northern French cariage, to carry in a vehicle, a carriage is sometimes called a team, as in horse and team. A carriage with its horse is a rig, an elegant horse-drawn carriage with its retinue of servants is an equipage. A carriage together with the horses, harness and attendants is a turnout or setout, a procession of carriages is a cavalcade. Some horsecarts found in Celtic graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically, four-wheeled wagons were used in prehistoric Europe, and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage were established then. The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the chariot, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC, used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two passengers, drawn by one to two horses. It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, in the kingdom of the Zhou Dynasty the Warring States were also known to have used carriages as transportation. With the decline of these civilizations these techniques almost disappeared, the medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top similar in appearance to the Conestoga Wagon familiar from the USA. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, suspension is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th century, and was in widespread use by the 15th century. Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats, and could be decorated and gilded. These carriages were on four wheels often and were pulled by two to four depending on how they were decorated. Wood and iron were the requirements needed to build a carriage. Another form of carriage was the pageant wagon of the 14th century, historians debate on the structure and size of pageant wagons, however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages, they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles, pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels
26.
Colorado State Capitol
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The building is intentionally reminiscent of the United States Capitol. Designed by Elijah E. Myers, it was constructed in the 1890s from Colorado white granite, the distinctive gold dome consists of real gold leaf, first added in 1908, commemorating the Colorado Gold Rush. The building is part of Denvers Civic Center area, serving as the beginning of the Capitol Hill district, the historic building sits slightly higher than the rest of downtown Denver. The main entrance hall is open 180 feet to the top of the dome, additionally, the official elevation of Denver is measured outside the west entrance to the building, where the fifteenth step is engraved with the words One Mile Above Sea Level. From this step, at 5,280 feet, the sun can be seen setting behind the Rocky Mountains, a second mile high marker was set in the 18th step in 1969 when Colorado State University students resurveyed the elevation. In 2003, an accurate measurement was made with modern means, and the 3rd step was identified as being one mile high. The interior of the building uses copious amounts of Colorado Rose Onyx, the amount used in the building consumed the entire known supply. White Yule Marble from the quarries near Marble, Colorado was also used throughout the capitol for the floors, many designs have been found in the marble including an image resembling George Washington and another of Molly Brown. A major safety upgrade project, funded by the Colorado State Historical Fund, was started in 2001, the design by Fentress Architects added modern safety features, like enclosed stair towers, that blend in with the original architecture. Many of the windows are stained glass, depicting people or events related to the history of Colorado, the halls are decorated with portraits of every president of the United States. Richardson had participated in major building contracts throughout the United States. State of Colorado Yule marble Wikimedia Commons, Colorado State Capitol Colorado General Assembly, Capitol Tours Colorado State website Biography of Elijah E. Myers, Colorado State website
27.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
28.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
29.
Broadway Plaza (Denver)
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The store was open for approximately 16 months before failing, and the building is now a regional office for the medical testing company Quest Diagnostics. The multi-use complex of buildings is now re-purposed under various ownership entities, north of Merchants Park was a huge warehouse and retailing operation of Montgomery Ward. Broadway Plaza Shopping Center was the idea of Allan S. Reiver, a Denver real estate developer, influenced by the high-flying 1980s, he envisioned Broadway Plaza as a high-end shopping destination, despite it being built in a working class and industrial neighborhood. Reivers company Realities, Inc. signed a contract to develop Printemps locations around the United States, reivers partner at Broadway Plaza, former Atlantic Richfield Co CEO Robert O. Anderson, played a major part in convincing Printemps to locate in Denver. Land for the giant project was purchased in 1984 with financing from Red Hill Savings, the shopping center opened in late 1986, and by late 1987, numerous smaller stores were closing in the International Collection, despite being offered free rent before the opening of Printemps. Printemps opened November 6,1987, and saw much traffic for its beginning months, as business slowed, a double-decker bus was put into operation to shuttle shoppers from downtown. The department store closed in April 1989, before closing, the owners attempted to sell the Denver franchise itself as well as rights for future stores in the United States. In mid-1988, during the decline of Printemps and high vacancies in the project, Reiver lost control of Broadway Plaza, Hill Financial forced Reiver to sell his interest in the project to a new partnership, Western Equities, which renamed the project Broadway InterPlaza. The investment at Broadway Plaza was one investment that led to the 1980s S&L failure of Hill Financial, after the department store closed, the space was used for a short period as an event center, before being occupied by Quest Diagnostics. Part of the International Collection is now used by the arts program of the Art Institute of Colorado. Broadway Marketplace was initially developed by Homart, along with the Denver Urban Renewal Authority, the name Denver Design District is already in use for the Denver Design Center portion. A signature sculpture named Articulated Wall by artist Herbert Bayer is located at the complex, the work was dedicated in July 1995, and belongs to the Denver Art Museum. Picture of Merchants Park from Denver Public Library, Montgomery Ward building is beyond it
30.
Chapel Hills Mall
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Chapel Hills Mall is a shopping mall located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is a mall with 1,159,187 square feet of Gross leasable area. It is anchored by Dillards, Macys, and Sears, the mall opened in 1982, with renovations in 1985 and 1998. The 1998 renovation included an ice arena, climbing wall, and Borders Books & Music, as well as the addition of JCPenney, the space JCPenney used was originally occupied by Service Merchandise. The climbing wall was closed down in 2005, late in 2006, the ice arena was closed to make room for Dicks Sporting Goods. In September 2006, Macys replaced the Foleys location like every other department store owned by May Department Stores. Woodleys Fine Furniture was located in a 22,313 sq ft. store until it moved to a larger 40,000 sq ft. store formerly occupied by Westwood Furniture in Erindale. Dicks Sporting Goods opened a 50,000 sq ft. store in 2007, in June 2011, the mall transferred ownership for the first time in its history. A partnership between Coyote Management LP of Dallas and Garrison Investment Group of New York purchased the mall for $71.5 million, in January 2014, it was announced that JCPenney would be closing its store by May 2014. Chapel Hills Mall Official Website Chapel Hills Mall Property Overview
31.
Cherry Creek Shopping Center
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Cherry Creek Shopping Center, also known as Cherry Creek Mall, is a shopping mall about three and half miles southeast of downtown Denver, Colorado in the Cherry Creek Neighborhood. It is situated along East First Avenue on the banks of Cherry Creek, Burberry, Neiman Marcus, Tory Burch, Stuart Weitzman, OMEGA, and David Yurman. In addition to shopping, Cherry Creek Shopping Center offers an eight-screen movie theater, weekly seasonal farmers markets, a children’s play area. Cherry Creek Mall was originally completed in 1953, and was renovated in 1990, Lord & Taylor opened a location at the mall in 1990, a newer expanded store closed in 2004 citing a weak and competitive regional marketplace. Other than the shops in Aspen, Cherry Creek Shopping Center is the location of several luxury retailers in Colorado. Saks Fifth Avenue closed in March 2011 and became Restoration Hardware in 2015, the mall is home to many international brands like Louis Vuitton, Burberry, and Brooks Brothers. It is also home to an eight screen movie theatre operated by AMC Theaters, the mall is operated by the Taubman Centers company. Located in the Cherry Creek North Shopping District between 1st and 2nd Avenues and in between Detroit and Fillmore Streets, this project is set for completion in Winter 2008 -2009. It will include shopping and residential units consisting of a condominium building above, Courtyard Flats, and Brownstones. NorthCreek Shops will include, Hermès and The North Face, the shopping center is a triumph of mined land reclamation. Before the shopping center, sand was mined from a large pit, after it was mined out, the city used the pit as a sanitary landfill in the 1940s. After the pit was filled with trash, the first Cherry Creek shopping center was built atop the dump and it was designed in 1949 by Temple Hoyne Buell and is still in use, located immediately west of the larger mall facility extension renovated in 1990. The current location of Bed, Bath and Beyond was originally the Cherry Creek location of The Denver Dry Goods Company/May-Daniels & Fisher until 1995. Nordstrom - in former 2nd Lord and Taylor location Macys - Restoration Hardware - Neiman Marcus - Lord & Taylor - Saks Fifth Avenue - Cherry Creek Shopping Center
32.
The Citadel (mall)
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The Citadel Mall is one of the two enclosed shopping malls of Colorado Springs. Burlington Coat Factory Dillards JCPenney Construction on the Citadel Mall began in 1970, by 1980 The Rouse Company owned the mall. In 1997 it was sold to The Macerich Company, a company based in California, in January 2007, the mall was sold to Midwest Mall Properties, a private investor group, which retained Macerich as management company. Although many stores surround the mall, the entire campus is located at the intersection of Platte. In February 2006, Mervyns closed 10 out of its 11 stores in Colorado, including the one at the Citadel, in September,2006, the Foleys store at the mall was rebranded Macys, in accordance with a national renaming. Steve and Barrys closed their store in 2008 after bankruptcy, and Macys closed their store at the Citadel in 2009 due to poor sales
33.
FlatIron Crossing
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FlatIron Crossing is an enclosed shopping center in Broomfield, Colorado, anchored by Nordstrom, Macys, Dillards, and Dicks Sporting Goods. An outdoor lifestyle center, named FlatIron Village, extends out of the southern side and is anchored by a 16-screen AMC Theatres cinema. Others stores at the mall include Crate & Barrel, Williams-Sonoma, Pottery Barn, H&M, FlatIron Crossing opened on August 11th,2000 after two years of construction, anchored by Lord & Taylor, Galyans, Foleys, Dillards, and Nordstrom. The malls hybrid layout, with an outdoor extension attached to a mall, was unique at opening and was one of the first of its kind in the USA. In 2001, a shuttle bus began circulating passengers free of charge between FlatIron Crossing and its adjacent shopping centers, Flatiron Marketplace and MainStreet at Flatiron. Funded by the Flatiron Improvement District sales tax surcharge, it stopped at 14 points along a 2.6 miles route used only by pedestrians, bicycles, and the shuttle itself. It ceased operation in 2008, and in 2015 portions of the route were repurposed for the bikeway constructed as part of the U. S. route 36 express lanes project. Since opening the mall has encountered several setbacks, particularly with the village area. The outdoor village area was populated by independent boutiques poached from nearby Boulders Pearl Street Mall, alongside a Borders bookstore. An AMC cinema meant to anchor the Village opened more than a late, leaving the outdoor area without a major draw. Structural issues caused by shifting soil beneath the Village caused other tenants to leave soon after, many of those vacant buildings were demolished not soon after, while the bankruptcy of Borders left the outdoor mall with only the cinema and a handful of restaurants. A planned redevelopment of the village was floated in 2008, including a 140-room hotel, Galyans was acquired by Dicks Sporting Goods in 2004, leading Dicks to convert the FlatIron Crossing store to their own nameplate. Foleys was converted to Macys in 2005, as a result of the merger between Foleys parent company May Department Stores and Macys parent Federated Department Stores, the Lord & Taylor location also closed in 2005 citing a weak and competitive regional marketplace. In 2009, The vacant Lord & Taylor building was split into three tenants, Forever 21 on the level, and Ultimate Electronics and The Container Store splitting the lower level
34.
Park Meadows
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Park Meadows is an enclosed shopping mall in Lone Tree, Colorado. Opened in August 1996, the mall features J. C, penney, Dillards, Nordstrom, Macys, and Dicks Sporting Goods as its anchor stores. Park Meadows opened in 1996 with Dillards, and the first Nordstrom in the state of Colorado, both Joslins and Foleys opened at the mall in 1997, and JCPenney opened in 1999. It was the largest mall in the Denver metropolitan area, when Dillards bought the Joslins chain in 1998, the Park Meadows store was sold to Lord & Taylor, which opened in 1999. The Hahn Company, who built the mall, sold it to The Rouse Company the same year, a movie theater opened by United Artists closed in 2000 and became Galyans, now Dicks Sporting Goods. Lord & Taylor closed its store at the mall in 2004, also that year, General Growth Properties acquired the mall when it bought Rouses portfolio. In 2006, the Lord & Taylor building was demolished for an outdoor promenade, borders Books & Music, a tenant of the outdoor section, closed in 2011. A year later, it was replaced by Forever 21
35.
Southlands (Aurora, Colorado)
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Southlands Lifestyle Center is a regional shopping mall located in Aurora, Colorado. Based on retail space, Southlands is the largest non-enclosed mall in the United States. It opened in 2005, featuring a design incorporating a Main Street of shops and smaller eateries. Currently there are about 40 vacant retail locations on Main Street, Southlands Lifestyle Center utilizes an open-aired, mainstreet-style central shopping area which is ideally suited for Colorados moderate climate. Main street runs down the center of the mall and is lined with shops, the street is adorned with hanging plants and planter boxes and angled parking spaces on both sides. There are stores in each of the 10 blocks on the ground floor, at the end of Main Street is a central plaza where seasonal events take place. During the spring and summer a jumping fountain is active, while in the winter, an ice rink is constructed for public skating. Often there are such as concerts in the fountain area. During the holiday season there is a large Christmas tree, and starting in 2007, other holiday festivities include horse-drawn carriage rides, Santa visits, and caroling. The opposite end of the features a 16-screen movie theater, previously owned by Kerasotes. The centers anchor stores are Walmart and JC Penney with dozens of junior anchors including Sams Club, Barnes & Noble, Best Buy, Bed Bath and Beyond, Petco, Michaels and others. Main Street is mostly lined with stores, including Ann Taylor, American Eagle Outfitters, Coldwater Creek, Talbots, Justice, Gymboree, Zumiez. Other stores include Claires and Bath and Body Works, on June 7,2009, at around 1,30 pm MDT the National Weather Service in Boulder indicated that a severe thunderstorm was coming into the southeastern Denver/Aurora area. At 1,53 pm MDT, the supercell had produced a tornado touched down near the Southlands complex. The EF1 tornado damaged much of the houses and the landscape destroyed. Damaged stores include the Red Brick Pizza restaurant, the JCPenneys store, Jamba Juice, no injuries were reported from the incident. The complex was closed due to damage from the afternoon on Sunday June 7 until around noon on Tuesday June 9 although some stores, like Del Taco and Sams Club reopened the next day
36.
Town Center at Aurora
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The Town Center at Aurora is an enclosed, two-level regional shopping center located in Aurora, Colorado, and covers a leasable area over 1 million square feet. It lies at the center of the commercial and retail district in the area, adjacent to Aurora City Square, Aurora City Place, and Aurora Park Shopping Center, a strip mall. The commercial district itself is located in central Aurora, and the primary trade area includes a mostly suburban. Anchor stores and major tenants at the mall are Dillards, Macys, JCPenney, Sears, Aurora Mall was developed in 1974, and was fully opened a year later in 1975. The mall is set in a sprawling, suburban environment. In 2003, the mall announced a major renovation with a cost of approximately $100 million. The first part consisted of a remodeling of the Foleys department store, Dillards at Southglenn Mall closed, to move to Aurora Mall. The second part involved the rest of the mall, including the construction of a new court, re-pavement. The renovation project was completed in 2005, and the mall reopened under its new name as Town Center at Aurora, during the renovation project, a controversy arose regarding one of mall managements new focus on attracting a white-only clientele. A top leasing agent was recorded in a conversation with a tenant, the conversation seemed to provide the malls new direction after renovations were complete, to discourage people of an ethnic minority from shopping there. City officials quickly condemned the racist views, and demanded an apology from Simons management, in June 2005, a 19-year-old girl was killed when trying to break up a fight at the mall. On July 20,2012, a shooting occurred at the Century 16 at Town Center at Aurora. A gunman, dressed in clothing, set off tear gas grenades and shot into the audience with multiple firearms, killing 12 people. The gunman, James Holmes, was arrested outside the cinema minutes later, on August 24,2015, he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Due in part to the Town Centers suburban environment and demographic, the mall sponsors a Cash for Class program, which awards schools within the district based on a points system. Schools can get points for submitting report cards, attendance records, all rewards are provided directly to the schools. In 2011, Town Center at Aurora awarded a total of $13,000 to nine schools, in 2009, APS announced a new computer system in a joint venture with the mall. Several kiosks were installed throughout the mall, the system allows parents to view grades, assignments, and other resources regarding their childs education, as well as to browse the malls various shopping events
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Twenty Ninth Street (Boulder)
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Twenty Ninth Street is a retail center in Boulder, Colorado that opened on October 13,2006 on the former site of Crossroads Mall. The center is separated into three distinct neighborhoods connected by a series of streets, walkways, terraces, plazas and other outdoor community gathering spaces, the center is anchored by Macys, Home Depot, Century Theaters, Staples, and Colorado Athletic Club. This district, unlike the mall that preceded it, consists of a collection of small strip malls and big-box stores and it is not a mall as that term is ordinarily understood. The center is considered an open-air lifestyle center combining retail, office, entertainment. From 1997 to 2002, various Crossroads Mall reconstruction ideas were floated, fast-track construction of a Dillards store was proposed, but vetoed by Foleys. In June 2002, the owners of Flatiron Crossing Mall merged with the owners of Crossroads Mall, on January 23,2003, the Sears store at Crossroads Mall closed. Plans were submitted to the city to tear down the rest of Crossroads Mall and create a new retail district, the plans were for about 50-60 shops and a movie theatre. The city agreed, and Macerich/Westcor sprung into action, on January 8,2004, the closing of Crossroads Mall was announced. The Mall closed in February 2004, except for Foleys, which remained in continuous operation, Crossroads Mall was demolished, and on October 13,2006, the new Twenty Ninth Street retail district opened. A science-based theme was used for opening with Thomas Dolby performing
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Cinderella City
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Cinderella City Mall was a large shopping center located in Englewood, Colorado, United States. The mall was opened for business on March 7,1968 and was demolished in 1999. It once held the distinction of being the largest covered shopping center west of the Mississippi River, the mall featured four sections, Rose Mall, Gold Mall, Shamrock Mall and Cinder Alley. Cinder Alley, one of the two basement corridors in the mall, simulated a New York City street, complete with outdoor-esque facades, the ceiling tiles were painted black to simulate a sort of night on the town effect. The Shamrock Mall and Cinder Alley were not linked, to go from one mall to the other, one had to go up to the fountain area to cross over. The Center Court area was known as the Blue Mall, the names and large head and shoulder shadow profiles of those responsible for the building of Cinderella City were memorialized on the floor of the Blue Mall. The original southwest anchor of the mall was Cinderella City Cinema, the cinema had no interior mall entrance, only its own exterior entrance. The entrance was marked by two arches that mimicked those in the center fountain area. The cinema also had a novel and unique feature, all the stalls in the restrooms had their own sinks. In the early 1960s, developer Gerri Von Frellick proposed to build a new shopping center on what was then the KLZ radio tower property in Denver. After being rejected in Denver, Von Frellick approached Englewood in an attempt to buy a park spanning more than 60 acres to build his mall, the park sat directly opposite the Englewood City Hall and the Englewood Public Library. The zoning board accepted his proposal, the task of designing and building the mall remained, the newly purchased area was rectangular in that it was longer east/west than it was north/south. Von Frellick would not let the area restrict the malls size, looking at an aerial photograph, the mall appeared to be a large M. Each leg of the M shape would have a code name, on the second floor, the western wing of the mall was named Rose Mall, and the eastern wing was named Gold Mall. On the bottom floor, the corridors were Shamrock Mall and Sunflower Mall, the original plans called for a structure with a one block cylindrical center court, four anchors, and surrounded in parking garages. As the plan was refined, the M shape remained. During refining, Sunflower Mall became Cinder Alley, Von Frellicks original name for the creation was Cinderella City, which Englewood city officials did not support. After months of debating, the name, a combination of Von Frellicks original idea, the name was shortened to Cinderella City just months after its opening
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The Streets at SouthGlenn
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Southglenn Mall was a mid-size shopping center located on South University Boulevard in Centennial, Colorado, at the southwest corner of Arapahoe Road and University Boulevard. The center opened in 1974 and was closed from 2006 to August 2009 to make way for the Streets at Southglenn,1974, $40 million Southglenn Mall opens with anchor stores Sears, The Denver and May D&F. Developed by Denver-based Jordan Perlmutter & Co. the same company built Northglenn Mall,1987, May Department Stores purchases Associated Dry Goods, operator of The Denver. May D&F remains at Southglenn while The Denvers building is sold to JC Penney,1988, The malls first renovation takes place. Asbestos abatement is undertaken at this time,1993, May D&F rebrands as Foleys, following the acquisition of Foleys from Federated in 1988 by parent May Department Stores. 1994, Joslins Department Store constructs a $23 million,160,1996, Southglenn sales slump following the debut of Park Meadows, a Douglas County center with anchors Dillards, Foleys, Nordstrom, and Joslins. 1998, Joslins becomes Dillards after Joslins parent Mercantile Stores is acquired by Dillards,1999, Early January 1999, Southglenn Mall is sold to Chicago-based Walton Street Capital. 1999, J. C. Penney converts to JC Penney Home Store following the opening of a new JC Penney store at Park Meadows mall,2001, Southglenn undergoes a minor interior renovation. 2002, JC Penney Home Store closes 2005, Alberta Development Partners,2005, Following a large snowstorm, Southglenns west parking lots served as a drop off for tree limbs. February 2006, Southglenn Mall and Dillards close their doors in preparation for redevelopment, demolition of the former mall structure will commence mid-June. June 15,2006, groundbreaking for redevelopment at 11 AM local time, july 17,2008, Best Buy opens August 28,2009, Streets at Southglenn opens The majority of the former mall structure between Macys and Sears was removed. The malls concrete building pad was removed, crushed, and piled for reuse, the redeveloped Streets at SouthGlenn sports a variety of entertainment and shopping, along with space for business and residential uses. The new junior anchors as of 2012 are, Macys Home Store, Staples, Dicks Sporting Goods, other anchors include Sears, and a Hollywood Theaters location with 14 screens, and a Whole Foods Market. One of the largest spaces in the redevelopment was slated to be occupied by Barnes & Noble, in 2013 H&M and Charming Charlie open. Soon Loft, Victoria Secret, Chicos, White House Black Market, Streets at Southglenn site Celebrate Southglenn, City of Centennial Updated journal of events on site Official developer site
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Westminster Mall (Colorado)
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Westminster Mall was an enclosed shopping mall in Westminster, Colorado, a suburb of Denver, Colorado, United States. Opened in 1977, the mall featured two anchor stores, with four vacant anchors last occupied by Dillards, Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, the mall also included a food court and formerly included a movie theater. It is also a mall, having closed in 2011. Westminster Mall opened in 1977 with Joslins and thirty other stores, in 1980, they added the hallway that connected to the soon-to-be May D&F store, making the mall a 75 store mall. A1986 expansion added May D&F, Mervyns, and Broadway Southwest, and 112 more stores and a modern food court, followed by J. C. Penney in 1987 and Wards in 1996. The expansions brought the mall to 1,200,000 square feet of leasable area, making it one of the largest in the Denver metropolitan area. May D&F was converted to Foleys in 1993, two years after a 1996 remodel of the store, Joslins was converted to Dillards, which also acquired land around the mall. Broadway Southwest was the last store in its chain to close, doing so in 1996 and soon being replaced by Sears, in September 2006, Foleys was re-branded as Macys. Between 1997 and 2009, the mall would lose three of its six department stores as well as major tenant Fashion Bar, which closed in 1997, Wards closed in 2001 with the demise of the chain, followed by Mervyns closing in 2005. Mervyns departed from the Colorado market in 2006, with the loss of these anchor stores, the mall has also become increasingly vacant, and is only half occupied as of 2009. In June 2009, the owners purchased the vacant Mervyns as part of a redevelopment plan. As of May 2011, the City of Westminster is reported to have purchased the mall for redevelopment, plans called for the 34-year-old mall to be demolished by the end of the year with hopes that the anchor stores would remain open. On May 13,2011, Dillards reported that it would close its location at the mall during its second quarter of business in 2011, demolition of the mall began on June 23,2011, starting off with the demolition of Macys. By the spring of 2012, three anchors, Macys, Mervyn’s, and Montgomery Ward, two restaurants, Trail Dust Steakhouse and Steak & Ale, the cinema and remaining mall corridor had been demolished, the demolition of Dillards began that spring. The demolition of Sears started in August 2012, plans for the former Westminster Mall location were revealed August 27,2013. The master plan will provide a framework and vision for the new downtown as development occurs over the next 20–30 years
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Demographics of Denver
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The racial makeup of Denver is 77. 5% White,11. 1% Black or African American,2. 3% American Indian,4. 5% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander and 8. 2% other race. 31. 2% of the population is Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the 2010-2014 American Community Survey,77. 5% of Denvers population reported white ancestry. Non-Hispanic whites made up 52. 9% of the population according to the survey. Major ethnic groups of European ancestry in Denver include, Germans, British, Irish, Italian, French, of the 105,000 foreign-born in Denver,8. 3% were born in Europe. Many of the inhabitants to settle the city were of African lineage. African-American mountain man Jim Beckwourth homesteaded land in what is now Denver in 1863, in honor of these frontiersmen, Paul Stewert created the Black American West Museum in Denver. The Five Points neighborhood is associated with African-American culture in Denver. In the 1940s through the 1950s, jazz clubs in Five Points provided popular venues for famous African American musicians, Denvers first African-American mayor, Wellington Webb, served in that office from 1991 to 2003. The current Denver mayor, Michael Hancock, elected in 2011 and re-elected in 2015, is also African-American, as are city councilwoman Allegra Happy Haynes and Denver police chief Robert C. White. Former Denver First Lady and State Senator Wilma Webb led the movement to adopt Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a state holiday. Chinese first arrived in Denver in 1870, and settled in a known as Hop Alley along Wazee Street. Denver was the scene of a deadly riot in 1880. Denver has an population of Japanese Americans. Sakura Square in downtown Denver was founded in 1944 by formerly-interned Japanese Americans migrating from the West Coast states of Washington, Oregon, the community hosts several public markets and restaurants. The former Lowry Air Force Base, is where many Southeast Asian immigrants first came into Denver, the city is home to the largest Mongolian population in the United States. In the city of Denver, the largest populations of Jews are found in the West Colfax, the heritage of many generations of Jewish Denverites is very visible in the city, and its many landmarks. Denver is also home to the National Jewish Medical and Research Center, famous Jews from or who lived in Denver include Golda Meir. Approximately one-third Denvers population consists of Hispanics or Latinos, in 1983, Denver voters elected its first Hispanic mayor, Federico Peña, who served in that office until 1991
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Economy of Colorado
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The economy of the US state of Colorado according to The Bureau of Economic Analysis gross state product estimates for 2008 was $248.6 billion. The Colorado economy ranked 20th largest in the United States in 2008, per capita personal income in 2003 was $34,561, putting Colorado 8th in the nation. The states economy broadened from its mid-19th century roots in mining when irrigated agriculture developed, early industry was based on the extraction and processing of minerals and agricultural products. Current agricultural products are cattle, wheat, marijuana, dairy products, corn, in the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors have expanded greatly. The states economy is diversified and is notable for its concentration of scientific research, other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, minerals such as gold and molybdenum, and tourism. Denver is an important financial center, as of August 2013, Colorado had 53,800 nonmilitary federal employees, which made of 2.3 percent of the state’s total nonfarm employment, slightly above the national average of 2.0 percent. In addition, there were 37,285 active military in Colorado, before Colorado was a state, it was a federal prison territory. There is also a significant amount of lands in the state, including 11 National Forests. There are also private companies that have operations in Colorado that deal with the governmental agencies in states. The Colorado income tax rate is a flat 4.63 percent of taxable income regardless of income level. Colorados state sales tax is 2.9 percent on retail sales, full-year Colorado residents can claim an excess sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates in addition to the state rate. There are also certain county and special taxes that may apply. The states senior property tax exemption was temporarily suspended by the Colorado Legislature in 2003, the tax break is scheduled to return for assessment year 2006, payable in 2007. Denvers economy, is based largely on its geographic position, the Denver metropolitan area is the largest in the area. Denver is the location of federal, high-tech, educational, commercial, financial, cultural, tourist, storage, the city is also home to several large corporations in the central United States. Many federal agencies are based or have offices in the Denver area, in addition to federal agencies, there are many companies based on federal defense and space projects. Lockheed-Martin and Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. are examples, being the capital of the state of Colorado also gives many state jobs to Denver
