1.
Spanish dollar
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Its purpose was to correspond to the German thaler. The Spanish dollar was used by many countries as the first international currency because of its uniformity in standard. Some countries countersigned the Spanish dollar so it could be used as their local currency, the Spanish dollar was the coin upon which the original United States dollar was based, and it remained legal tender in the United States until the Coinage Act of 1857. Because it was used in Europe, the Americas. Diverse theories link the origin of the $ symbol to the columns, millions of Spanish dollars were minted over the course of several centuries. They were among the most widely circulating coins of the period in the Americas. In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimsthalers, named for Joachimsthal, the Joachimsthalers weighed 451 Troy grains of silver. So successful were these coins that similar thalers were minted in Burgundy, the Burgundian Cross Thaler depicted the Cross of Burgundy and was prevalent in the Burgundian Netherlands that were revolting against the Spanish king and Duke of Burgundy Philip II. After 1575, the Dutch revolting provinces replaced the currency with a daalder depicting a lion, specifically to facilitate export trade, the leeuwendaalder was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of.750 fine silver, lighter than the large denomination coins then in circulation. Clearly it was advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendaalders rather than in other heavier. Thus, the leeuwendaalder or lion dollar became the coin of choice for foreign trade and it became popular in the Middle East, and colonies in the east and west. They also circulated throughout the English colonies during the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth centuries, from New Netherland the lion dollar spread to all thirteen colonies in the west. After the introduction of the Guldengroschen in Austria in 1486, the concept of a silver coin with high purity eventually spread throughout the rest of Europe. Monetary reform in Spain brought about the introduction of an 8-real coin in 1497, in 1537 the Spanish escudo gold coin was introduced, which was worth 16 reales. The later Gold Doubloon was worth 32 reales or 2 escudos and it is this divisibility into 8 which caused the silver coins to be named pieces of eight. In the following centuries, the coin was minted with different designs at various mints in Spain. In the 19th century, the denomination was changed to 20 reales. Spains adoption of the peseta in 1869 and its joining the Latin Monetary Union meant the end of the last vestiges of the Spanish dollar in Spain itself
2.
Spanish treasure fleet
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Passengers and goods such as textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction. The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history, similarly, the Manila galleons were the first permanent trade route across the Pacific. Spanish ships had brought goods from the New World since Christopher Columbuss first expedition of 1492, the Spanish government started a system of convoys in the 1560s in response to the sacking of Havana by French privateers. The main procedures were established after the recommendations of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the treasure fleets sailed along two sea lanes. A secondary route was that of the Manila Galleons or Galeón de Manila which linked the Philippines to Acapulco in Mexico across the Pacific Ocean, from Acapulco, the Asian goods were transhipped by mule train to Veracruz to be loaded onto the Caribbean treasure fleet for shipment to Spain. To better defend this trade, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and Álvaro de Bazán designed the model of the galleon in the 1550s. Spain controlled the trade through the Casa de Contratación based in Seville, by law, the colonies could trade only with the one designated port in the mother country, Seville. Maritime archaeology has shown that the quantity of goods transported was sometimes higher than recorded at the Archivo General de Indias. Spanish merchants and Spaniards acting as fronts for foreign merchants sent their goods on these fleets to the New World, some resorted to contraband to transport their cargoes untaxed. The Crown of Spain taxed the wares and precious metals of private merchants at a rate of 20%, Spain became the richest country in Europe by the end of the 16th century. The flow of precious metals also made many traders wealthy both in Spain and abroad, the increase in gold and silver on the Iberian market sometimes caused high inflation in the 17th century, affecting the Spanish economy. As a consequence, the Crown was forced to delay the payment of some major debts, by 1690 some of these lenders could no longer offer financial support to the Crown. The Spanish monopoly over its West and East Indies colonies lasted for two centuries. The economic importance of exports later declined with the drop of production of the American precious metals mines, however, the growth in trade was strong in the early years. Numbering just 17 ships in 1550, the fleets expanded to more than 50 much larger vessels by the end of the century, by the second half of the 17th century, that number had dwindled to less than half of its peak. The Spanish trade of goods was sometimes threatened by its colonial rivals who tried to seize islands as bases along the Spanish Main and in the Spanish West Indies, however, the Atlantic trade was largely unharmed. The English acquired small islands like St Kitts in 1624, expelled in 1629 they returned in 1639, French pirates established themselves in Saint-Domingue in 1625, were expelled only to return later and the Dutch occupied Curaçao in 1634. In 1739, British Admiral Edward Vernon raided Portobello, but in 1741 his campaign against Cartagena de Indias ended in defeat with heavy losses of men and ships
3.
New World
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The New World is one of the names used for the Earths Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas. The term was coined by Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci, the Americas were also referred to as the fourth part of the world. New World are meaningful in historical context and for the purpose of distinguishing the worlds major ecozones, and to classify plant and animal species that originated therein. One can speak of the New World in a context, e. g. when discussing the voyages of Christopher Columbus. For lack of alternatives, the term is still useful to those discussing issues that concern the Americas. The term New World is used in a context, when one speaks of Old World. Biological taxonomists often attach the New World label to groups of species that are exclusively in the Americas, to distinguish them from their counterparts in the Old World. New World monkeys, New World vultures, New World warblers, the label is also often used in agriculture. Common Old World crops, and domesticated animals did not exist in the Americas until they were introduced by contact in the 1490s. Other famous New World crops include the cashew, cocoa, rubber, sunflower, tobacco, and vanilla, there are rare instances of overlap, e. g. In wine terminology, New World has a different definition, Vespucci was finally convinced when he proceeded on his mapping expedition through 1501-02, covering the huge stretch of coast of eastern Brazil. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth, Vespuccis letter was a publishing sensation in Europe, immediately reprinted in several other countries. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto had used the term un altro mundo to refer to sub-Saharan Africa, however, this was merely a literary flourish, not a suggestion of a new fourth part of the world. Cadamosto was quite aware sub-Saharan Africa was firmly part of the African continent, the Italian-born Spanish chronicler Peter Martyr dAnghiera often shares credit with Vespucci for designating the Americas as a new world. Peter Martyr used the term Orbe Novo in the title of his history of the discovery of the Americas as a whole, a year later, Peter Martyr again refers to the marvels of the New Globe and the Western hemisphere. Christopher Columbus touched the continent of South America in his 1498 third voyage, in another letter, Columbus refers to having reached a new heavens and world and that he had placed another world under the dominion of the Kings of Spain. The Vespucci passage above applied the New World label to merely the continental landmass of South America, although the proceedings of the Toro-Burgos conferences are missing, it is almost certain that Vespucci articulated his recent New World thesis to his fellow navigators there. In English usage the term New World was problematic and only accepted relatively late, while it became generally accepted after Vespucci that Columbuss discoveries were not Asia but a New World, the geographic relationship between the two continents was still unclear
4.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
5.
Timeline of Florida History
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This is a timeline of the U. S. state of Florida. 1502, Florida is mapped on the Portuguese Cantino map,1513 April 2, Ponce de Leon is claimed to have discovered Florida. 1515–1519, Spanish explorers visit Pinellas barrier islands while trading with Tocobaga,1528, Panfilo de Narvaez expedition explores the Pinellas Peninsula. 1539, Hernando de Soto expedition names present Tampa Bay La Bahia de Espiritu Santo,1549, A fleet led by Tristán de Luna y Arellano anchors in Pensacola Bay and sets up the encampment of Puerto de Santa Maria. 1560, Menéndez commanded the galleons of the great Armada de la Carrera Spanish Treasure Fleet,1564, Fort Caroline north of Jacksonville is established by the French. 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés establishes the city of St. Augustine,1565 September 20, Spanish attack Fort Caroline and kill most of the French, some escape. 1571 December, Pedro Menendez wrecks at Cape Canaveral and meets hostile natives thought to be of the Ais Indian Nation,1586 June, Sir Francis Drake attacks and sacks St. Augustine. 1596 March 22, Gonzalo Méndez de Canço appointed Governor and Captain General of Florida,1601, Spanish King commissioned a map of Florida which includes a fort he wants built in Miami. 1603, Pedro Ibarra appointed Governor of Florida,1605, Period of Friendship between Spanish and Native Tribes started because of the diplomatic trip of Alvaro Mexia. 1700, Settlers in the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies raid the Ais people,1715, July 30, Hurricane causes the sinking of the 1715 Treasure Fleet. 1743, Spanish established a mission on Biscayne Bay. English mapping expeditions visit Pinellas Peninsula,1757, Spanish expedition renames Tampa Bay La Bahia de San Fernando, after the Spanish king, names entrance to Tampa Bay La Punta de Pinal de Jimenez. 1763, Spain cedes Florida to England at end of the French,1768, The colony of New Smyrna is established by Dr. Andrew Turnbull. 1783 March 10, Final naval battle of the American Revolution fought off Cape Canaveral with Captain John Barry,1783 October 3, Treaty of Paris ends American Revolutionary War. 1821, Spain cedes Florida to United States,1824, Floridas first true lighthouse built in St. Augustine. 1824, U. S. Army establishes Fort Brooke,1825, Lighthouse built in St. Augustine. 1834, Territorial Legislature establishes Hillsborough County, Florida,1837, Fort Ann was established on the eastern shore of the Indian River in what is now Brevard County. 1842, Armed Occupation Act provides for land grants in unsettled parts of Florida,1845, Florida was admitted to the Union as the 27th U. S. state
6.
Havana
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Havana is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet, the sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592, walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U. S. battleship Maine in Havanas harbor in 1898 was the cause of the Spanish–American War. Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one, Old Havana, Vedado and the suburban districts. The city is the center of the Cuban government, and home to various ministries, headquarters of businesses, the current mayor is Marta Hernández of the Communist Party of Cuba. In 2009, the city/province had the third highest income in the country, the city attracts over a million tourists annually, the Official Census for Havana reports that in 2010 the city was visited by 1,176,627 international tourists, a 20% increase from 2005. Old Havana was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, the city is also noted for its history, culture, architecture and monuments. As typical of Cuba, Havana also features a tropical climate, in May 2015, Havana was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, Doha, La Paz, Durban, Beirut, and Kuala Lumpur. Most native settlements became the site of Spanish colonial cities retaining their original Taíno names, an alternate theory is that Habana is derived from the Middle Dutch word havene, referring to a harbour, etymologically related to the English word haven. All attempts to found a city on Cubas south coast failed, however, an early map of Cuba drawn in 1514 places the town at the mouth of this river. The town that became Havana finally originated adjacent to what was then called Puerto de Carenas, the quality of this natural bay, which now hosts Havanas harbor, warranted this change of location. Pánfilo de Narváez gave Havana – the sixth town founded by the Spanish on Cuba – its name, the name combines San Cristóbal, patron saint of Havana. Shortly after the founding of Cubas first cities, the served as little more than a base for the Conquista of other lands. Havana began as a port, and suffered regular attacks by buccaneers, pirates. The first attack and resultant burning of the city was by the French corsair Jacques de Sores in 1555, ships from all over the New World carried products first to Havana, in order to be taken by the fleet to Spain. The thousands of ships gathered in the bay also fueled Havanas agriculture and manufacture, since they had to be supplied with food, water. On December 20,1592, King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City, later on, the city would be officially designated as Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies by the Spanish Crown
7.
Cuba
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Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and it is south of both the U. S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital, other cities include Santiago de Cuba. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of 109,884 square kilometres, prior to Spanish colonization in the late 15th century, Cuba was inhabited by Amerindian tribes. It remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish–American War of 1898, as a fragile republic, Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Further unrest and instability led to Batistas ousting in January 1959 by the July 26 Movement, since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. A point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, a nuclear war broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America, Cuba is a Marxist–Leninist one-party republic, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of human rights abuses. It is one of the worlds last planned economies and its economy is dominated by the exports of sugar, tobacco, coffee, according to the Human Development Index, Cuba is described as a country with high human development and is ranked the eighth highest in North America. It also ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including health care, the name Cuba comes from the Taíno language. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as where fertile land is abundant, authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal. Before the arrival of the Spanish, Cuba was inhabited by three distinct tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Taíno, the Guanajatabey, and the Ciboney people. The ancestors of the Ciboney migrated from the mainland of South America, the Taíno arrived from Hispanola sometime in the 3rd century A. D. When Columbus arrived they were the dominant culture in Cuba, having a population of 150,000. The name Cuba comes from the native Taíno language and it is derived from either coabana meaning great place, or from cubao meaning where fertile land is abundant. The Taíno were farmers, while the Ciboney were farmers as well as fishers and hunter-gatherers, Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias. In 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa, other towns soon followed, including San Cristobal de la Habana, founded in 1515, which later became the capital
8.
Tropical cyclone
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Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface and this energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as noreasters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of momentum imparted by the Earths rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they form within 5° of the equator. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km in diameter, Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. Cyclone refers to their nature, with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect, in addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes. Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure in the troposphere. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level, the environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings at all altitudes, thus they are characterized as warm core systems. The near-surface wind field of a cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. At the outer edge of the storm, air may be nearly calm, however, due to the Earths rotation, as air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. At an inner radius, air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere and this radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall, and has the strongest near-surface winds of the storm, consequently, it is known as the radius of maximum winds. Once aloft, air flows away from the center, producing a shield of cirrus clouds
9.
Vero Beach, Florida
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Vero Beach is a city in, and the seat of Indian River County, Florida, United States. According to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2010 data, as of the 2010 census, there were 15,220 people,7,505 households, and 3,946 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 5% White,4. 8% Black,0. 30% Native American,1. 8% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,3. 7% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 7% of the population,19. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older with 4. 8% being 85 years and older. The average household size was 2.01 and the family size was 2.65. The median age was 50.9 years, for every 100 females there were 92.8 males. The population consists of 51. 3% female and 48. 7% male, Vero Beach has a humid subtropical climate, with hot and humid summers and warm, sunny, and dry winters. The average annual temperature is 72.7 °F, with a high temperature of 81.4 °F. On average Vero Beach is frost free, a neolithic skull was discovered in 1915. It has since been misplaced but appears to represent a culture from 11 to 14,000 years ago, in 1872 Captain Allen W. Estes officially established the first land patent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River Lagoon. In 1893 Henry Flagler’s Florida East Coast Railway began operation through the area, Vero Beach became chartered as an official town in 1919. When Indian River County is formed in 1925, Vero Beach became the county seat, during the war year of 1942 the U. S. Navy selected 1,500 acres surrounding the Vero Beach Municipal Airport as the site of a Naval Air Station. In 1951 Barber Bridge was built from mainland to barrier islands and it was later demolished and replaced in 1995 with the Merrill P. In 1957 Piper Aircraft began research and development in Vero Beach, in 1961 Piper Aircraft moved administrative and manufacturing operations to Vero after completing building additions. In 1965 the A1A bridge over the Sebastian Inlet connected the two barrier islands, Vero Beach is home to general aviation manufacturer Piper Aircraft, which is the largest private employer in Indian River County. As of July 2015, Piper employed approximately 750 people, aside from Piper, the bulk of commercial activity in Vero Beach centers around tourism, the citrus industry and service activities. There are two shopping malls the Indian River Mall and the Fashion Outlet Mall just west of I-95 on State Road 60. There are small specialty shops along Ocean Drive on the barrier island, the Historic Downtown is a newly revitalized area of shopping, dining, antique stores and art galleries
10.
Privateer
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A privateer was a private person or ship that engaged in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under prize law, a percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission. Since robbery under arms was common to trade, all merchant ships were already armed. During war, naval resources were auxiliary to operations on land so privateering was a way of subsidizing state power by mobilizing armed ships, the letter of marque of a privateer would typically limit activity to one particular ship, and specified officers. Typically, the owners or captain would be required to post a performance bond, in the United Kingdom, letters of marque were revoked for various offences. Some crews were treated as harshly as naval crews of the time, some crews were made up of professional merchant seamen, others of pirates, debtors, and convicts. Some privateers ended up becoming pirates, not just in the eyes of their enemies, william Kidd, for instance, began as a legitimate British privateer but was later hanged for piracy. The investors would arm the vessels and recruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a vessel would carry. Privateers generally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them to form squadrons, a number of privateers were part of the English fleet that opposed the Spanish Armada in 1588. Privateers generally avoided encounters with warships, as such encounters would be at best unprofitable, for instance, in 1815 Chasseur encountered HMS St Lawrence, herself a former American privateer, mistaking her for a merchantman until too late, in this instance, however, the privateer prevailed. The United States used mixed squadrons of frigates and privateers in the American Revolutionary War, the practice dated to at least the 13th century but the word itself was coined sometime in the mid-17th century. England, and later the United Kingdom, used privateers to great effect and these privately owned merchant ships, licensed by the crown, could legitimately take vessels that were deemed pirates. The increase in competition for crews on armed merchant vessels and privateers was due, in a large part, because of the chance for a considerable payoff. Whereas a seaman who shipped on a vessel was paid a wage and provided with victuals. This proved to be a far more attractive prospect and privateering flourished as a result, during Queen Elizabeths reign, she encouraged the development of this supplementary navy. Over the course of her rule, she had allowed Anglo-Spanish relations to deteriorate to the point where one could argue that a war with the Spanish was inevitable. By using privateers, if the Spanish were to take offense at the plundering of their ships, some of the most famous privateers that later fought in the Anglo-Spanish War included the Sea Dogs. In the late 16th century, English ships cruised in the Caribbean and off the coast of Spain, at this early stage the idea of a regular navy was not present, so there is little to distinguish the activity of English privateers from regular naval warfare
11.
Piracy
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship- or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates, the earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, a land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes. While the term can include acts committed in the air, on land, or in major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against people traveling on the vessel as the perpetrator. Piracy or pirating is the name of a crime under customary international law. They also use larger vessels, known as ships, to supply the smaller motorboats. The international community is facing challenges in bringing modern pirates to justice. In the 2000s, a number of nations have used their naval forces to protect ships from pirate attacks. The English pirate is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής, brigand, in turn from πειράομαι, I attempt, from πεῖρα, attempt, the meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is one who attacks. The word is cognate to peril. The term is first attested to c, spelling was not standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as pirrot, pyrate and pyrat were used until this period. It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce, the earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians, Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, the ancient Greeks condoned piracy as a viable profession, it apparently was widespread and regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living. References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence many texts including in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, by the era of Classical Greece, piracy was looked upon as a disgrace to have as a profession. In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos brought impoverishment, among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic and it was not until 229 BC when the Romans finally decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended
12.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
13.
National Geographic
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National Geographic is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888 and it primarily contains articles about science, geography, history, and world culture. The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a rectangular border. The magazine is published monthly, and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions and it is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition. On occasion, special editions of the magazine are issued and this includes a US circulation of 3.5 million. From the 1970s through about 2010 the magazine was printed in Corinth, Mississippi, the current Editor-in-Chief of the National Geographic Magazine is Susan Goldberg. Goldberg is also Editorial Director for National Geographic Partners, overseeing the print and she is responsible for News, Books, National Geographic Traveler magazine, National Geographic History magazine, Maps, and all digital content with the exception of National Geographic Kids. Goldberg reports to Declan Moore, CEO of National Geographic Partners, the first issue of National Geographic Magazine was published on September 22,1888, nine months after the Society was founded. The June 1985 cover portrait of the presumed to be 12-year-old Afghan girl Sharbat Gula, shot by photographer Steve McCurry, in the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing The Complete National Geographic, a digital compilation of all the past issues of the magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a work in Greenberg v. National Geographic and other cases. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 it resumed publishing a compilation containing all issues through December 2008. The compilation was updated to make more recent issues available. National Geographic Kids, the version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name National Geographic World. The January 2017 issue of National Geographic has a nine-year-old transgender girl on the cover, the magazine printed articles on Berlin, de-occupied Austria, the Soviet Union, and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the Space Race, National Geographic focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also articles in the 1930s, 40s and 50s about the individual states and their resources. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as Frederick Simpich, there were also articles about biology and science topics. In later years articles became outspoken on issues such as issues, deforestation, chemical pollution, global warming
14.
Treasure Coast
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Port St. Lucie is the most populous municipality of St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. The population of Port St. Lucie was 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its growth during the 2000s. In 2013, the state of Florida estimated the population at 171,016. Port St. Lucie forms part of an area called the Port St. Lucie. As of 2015, the city had 179,413 residents, Port St. Lucie was a largely uninhabited tract of land south of White City in the 1950s, composed of a fishing camp, a few farms and businesses near U. S.1. In 1958, with a budget of $5, the General Development Corporation purchased the River Park development and 40,000 acres along the North Fork of the St. Lucie River. In 1959, the GDC opened its first bridge over the St. Lucie River, by February 25,1961 there were 250 homes in the new city. GDC requested the legislature to incorporate 70 miles, along with the River Park settlement. River Park did not incorporate into the city at the request of its residents, Port St. Lucie became a city on April 27,1961 with the passage of House Bill No. 953, proposed by State Representative Rupert Smith and approved by Florida Governor C, in the early 1990s, Core Communities, acquired and began planning what would become St. Lucie West. Originally, St. Lucie West was to have contained about 14,000 homes over a 20-year period on 7 square miles, but after realizing the communitys strategic position, they began developing it into more than just a residential area. CC began building business sectors and places of entertainment and leisure and that resulted in 7,000 jobs being brought to the small town, helping it into its boom during most of the early 2000s. In 2006, CC started development of its newest community, Tradition, the community, which sits west of the Interstate 95 intersection of Gatlin Blvd. was a large cattle ranch before CC began to develop it. There they built around 13,000,000 square feet of commercial area, according to CCs website, Tradition is the largest fully entitled residential development area from the tip of Interstate 95 to the Canada–U. S. It is modeled after a 1950s-era town, according to its website, Tradition Square, the town center of the community, holds festivities year-round. It was also chosen as the site of HGTVs Green Home 2009, in 2007, the housing market began to collapse and unemployment started to rise. As of February 2009, unemployment was at 10½ percent and in 2008 and this prompted the county government to consider declaring itself a disaster area. Doing so would have given county administrators access to $17 million in county emergency reserve funds and this campus alone is projected to bring more than 30,000 jobs to the city of Port St. Lucie
15.
Satellite Beach, Florida
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Satellite Beach is a coastal city situated in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 10,109 at the 2010 United States Census, and it is located with the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Satellite Beach is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Satellite Beach is located at 28°10′24″N 80°35′48″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.3 square miles. 2.9 square miles of it is land and 1.4 square miles of it is water, the Atlantic Ocean forms its eastern border, the Indian River the western border. It is located on the barrier island. It is part of the South Beaches, with both ocean and river frontage, the city is the largest beachside community in South Brevard County. Satellite Beach is located in the region where tropical and temperate climatic zones overlap, extremes range from 24 °F on December 24,1989 to 99 °F on July 15,1981. Threatened Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles nest on the ocean beaches at densities of approximately one nest per 10 feet of shoreline per year. Endangered green sea turtles deposit an average of tens of nests along the ocean beach each year Endangered North Atlantic right whales calve off the citys shoreline. Endangered West Indian manatees frequent the citys canals and the Banana River, bald eagles forage over Samsons Island. The city established Samsons Island Nature Park, the gopher tortoise relocation recipient site on the barrier island. It is occupied by 42 relocated tortoises and three which had been living on the island when development began, the city has erected five osprey nesting platforms on Samsons Island Nature Park, from which young have been fledged. Efforts are now under way to create habitat for use by gopher tortoises, due to the moderating influence of surrounding water bodies, the climate on the barrier island supports tropical species of plants normally found far to the south. Brevard Countys barrier island to, approximately, Cape Canaveral, constitutes the northernmost limit of the range of many of these plant species. At the same time, the infrequency and mildness of freezes in the Central Florida region serves to define the limit of many plants found in temperate zones. There are plant species now grow naturally, or were present prior to development. Vegetated sand dunes are found along most of the beachs length, Native plant species found on the dunes include sea oats, Sabal palmetto, sea grape, railroad vine, dollar weed, coral bean, Spanish bayonet, wax myrtle, yaupon holly, and several grass species. These plants assist in building the dune by trapping windblown sand, there are approximately 10 acres of coquina rock outcrops frequently exposed along the low-tide line of the citys ocean beach
16.
Brent Brisben
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Brent W. Brisben is an American treasure hunter best known for salvaging the shipwrecks of the historic 1715 Treasure Fleet, a Spanish treasure fleet returning from the New World to Spain. During the early morning hours of July 31,1715, seven days after departing from Havana, Cuba, eleven of the ships of this fleet were lost in a hurricane near present-day Vero Beach. Because the fleet was carrying silver, it is known as the 1715 Plate Fleet. Some artifacts and even coins still wash up on Florida beaches from time to time, Brisben and his father William O. Brisben founded 1715 Fleet - Queens Jewels, LLC in 2010. The Brisbens purchased the exclusive rights to the 1715 Treasure Fleet from the heirs of world-famous treasure hunter Mel Fisher. Just 17 days after the purchase, a subcontractor to 1715 - QJ recovered the only bronze swivel gun found on the 1715 Fleet. Hidden inside the cannon were 51 gold escudos and 40 silver reales. Within a month of the find, a mother/daughter team of subcontractors of Brisbens company recovered the Pelican in Piety. The find was valued at $885,000, in July 2013, Brisben and his crew aboard the M/V Capitana made headlines with the recovery of 51 gold escudos valued at $300,000. Days later on Sept 1,2013 a family of subcontractors recovered 50 feet of chain and 5 gold escudos valued at over $350,000. On July 28,2015, Brisben announced that the family of subcontractors had found over 50 gold coins worth approximately 1 Million Dollars. The centerpiece of the find was a rare coin called a Royal dated 1715. The Royal coin was a specimen of Spanish coinage made specifically for King Phillip V. On July 30 and 31 of 2015, Brisben and his crew aboard the M/V Capitana made one of the most significant finds in 1715 Fleet History, on the actual 300th Anniversary of the sinking of the 1715 Fleet, they recovered 300 gold coins including 7 Royals. Over the next week of salvage they added 50 more coins including 2 Royals, the story of the recovery of 350 Spanish Escudos and 9 Royals worth 4.5 Million Dollars made headlines worldwide. CBS THIS MORNING broke the story live on August 19,2015, brent Brisben was born and raised in Montgomery, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati. He graduated from Archbishop Moeller High School in 1986 and was a member of Moellers 1985 state championship football team, after high school, Brisben attended the University of Cincinnati where he studied communications. Brisben worked as a producer at WCPO-TV in Cincinnati and later worked for his fathers real estate development company
17.
Fool's Gold (2008 film)
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Fools Gold is an 2008 American adventure-romance film from Warner Bros. Pictures about a divorced couple who rekindle their romantic life while searching for a lost treasure. The film was directed by Andy Tennant and reunites the How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days stars Matthew McConaughey, Finn Finnegan is a treasure hunter searching for a sunken Spanish galleon, the Aurelia, that was lost at sea with the 1715 Treasure Fleet. During his search to find the galleon and its treasure, his wife Tess divorces him, Tess has been working as a steward on a yacht owned by multi-millionaire Nigel Honeycutt. Finn finds a clue to the location of the treasure and manages to get on Nigel Honeycutts yacht The Precious Gem and convince him, Bigg Bunny, a gangster, and Finns mentor, Moe Fitch, are intent on finding the treasure first. The Precious Gem and Moes vessel compete to find the treasure in The Bahamas, as Finn attempts to secretly take down Moes search grid, Finn discovers a sword which holds a clue to finding the treasure. Tess and Finn follow the clues to an ancient church and discover a diary describing the location of the treasure, Bigg Bunny and his associates, who have been following Tess and Finn, take Tess hostage and assume incorrectly that Finn is dead. Bigg Bunny forces Tess to aid him in the search for the treasure in a blowhole, Tess finds the treasure in a cave beneath the blowhole. Finn and the Honeycutts enlist Moe to help steal the treasure from Bigg Bunny and they arrive as Bigg Bunny sends one of his associates back into the water to find out who was killed in the blowhole. The blowhole kills Bigg Bunnys employee and traps Finn and Tess, Tess saves Finn, but Bigg Bunny kidnaps Tess again. Gemma transports Finn to Bigg Bunnys plane on her jet ski, Bigg Bunny attempts to shoot Finn, but Tess kicks Bigg Bunny out of the plane, sending him into the ocean. Moe takes Bigg Bunnys henchman as a prisoner, Tess and Finn are reunited and find the treasure together. Tess is shown to be pregnant, in the end, the treasure is displayed in Moes museum, now renamed the Fitch Finnegan Maritime Museum. And director Andy Tennant planned to shoot the film in the Caribbean, the Key West scenes were filmed in Port Douglas. Filming also took place in Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Hamilton Island, Lizard Island, Airlie Beach, scenes were also filmed at Batt Reef, where Steve Irwin died from a stingray barb in 2006. Inside scenes were shot on a stage at the Warner Bros studio facility. McConaughey mentioned having a python in the backyard of his house in Port Douglas, McConaughey said, There were other days like the day we went out diving and swam with a dugong, which was very cool. Two crew members were stung by Irukandji jellyfish during filming, so some of the scenes were shot in the Caribbean because the actors were so frightened
18.
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag
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Assassins Creed IV, Black Flag is a 2013 action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the sixth installment in the Assassins Creed series. Its historical timeframe precedes that of Assassins Creed III, though its modern-day sequences succeed IIIs own. Black Flag was first released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later on the PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, the framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent. The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia is a significant plot element, multiplayer also returns, albeit with only land-based modes and settings. The game spans across the Caribbean with the three cities of Havana, Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands, sunken ships. Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals, for the first time in the series, naval exploration is a major part of an Assassins Creed game, where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw, a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet. Assassins Creed IV, Black Flag was positively received upon release and it has sold more than 11 million copies to date. Critics praised the open world gameplay, numerous side-quests, graphics. The light-hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics, the modern day story however, received a slightly more mixed response, while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive. The game received awards and nominations, including winning the Spike VGX2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game. It was followed by Assassins Creed Unity and Assassins Creed Rogue, set during the French Revolution and Seven Years War respectively, the game features three main cities, Havana, Kingston, and Nassau, which reside under Spanish, British, and pirate influence, respectively. Assassins Creed IV has a open world feel, with missions similar to those found in Assassins Creed. The world opens up sooner in the game, as opposed to Assassins Creed III, in addition, the hunting system has been retained from Assassins Creed III, allowing the player to hunt on land, and fish in the water, with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment. A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw, the ship that the player captains, the Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game, and is easily accessible to the player when needed. In addition, a new underwater component has been added, the player has access to a spyglass, allowing the examination of distant ships, along with their cargo and strength. An updated form of the system introduced in Assassins Creed, Brotherhood has returned. Ubisoft removed this aspect of the system, believing it allowed players to bypass tense
19.
El Dorado
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The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally an empire. A second location for El Dorado was inferred from rumors, which inspired several unsuccessful expeditions in the late 1500s in search of a city called Manõa on the shores of Lake Parime, two of the most famous of these expeditions were led by Sir Walter Raleigh. In pursuit of the legend, Spanish conquistadors and numerous others searched Colombia, Venezuela, in the course of these explorations, much of northern South America, including the Amazon River, was mapped. By the beginning of the 19th century most people dismissed the existence of the city as a myth. The Muisca occupied the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments of Colombia in two migrations from outlying areas, one starting ~1270 BCE, and a second between 800 BCE and 500 BCE. At those times, other ancient civilizations also flourished in the highlands. The Muisca Confederation was as advanced as the Aztec, Maya, in the mythology of the Muisca, Mnya the Gold or golden color, represents the energy contained in the trinity of Chiminigagua, which constitutes the creative power of everything that exists. Chiminigagua is related to Bachué, Cuza, Chibchacum, Bochica, the original narrative can be found in the rambling chronicle El Carnero of Juan Rodriguez Freyle. People gathered here to perform rituals and sacrifices mostly with gold, important lakes were Lake Guatavita, Lake Iguaque, Lake Fúquene, Lake Tota, the Siecha Lakes, Lake Teusacá and Lake Ubaque. El Dorado is applied to a story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of the myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city. The resulting El Dorado myth enticed European explorers for two centuries, among the earliest stories was the one told on his deathbed by Juan Martinez, a captain of munitions for Spanish adventurer Diego de Ordaz, who claimed to have visited the city of Manoa. Martinez had allowed a store of gunpowder to fire and was condemned to death. The emperor, after he had him, knew him to be a Christian, and caused him to be lodged in his palace. He was brought all the way blindfold, led by the Indians, until he came to the entrance of Manoa itself. But Martinez, not desirous to stay, obtained the favour of Inga to depart, during the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans, still fascinated by the New World, believed that a hidden city of immense wealth existed. Numerous expeditions were mounted to search for treasure, all which ended in failure. The illustration of El Dorados location on maps only made matters worse, the mythical city of El Dorado on Lake Parime was marked on numerous maps until its existence was disproved by Alexander von Humboldt during his Latin America expedition
20.
Western jackdaw
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The western jackdaw, also known as the Eurasian jackdaw, European jackdaw, or simply jackdaw, is a passerine bird in the crow family. Found across Europe, western Asia and North Africa, it is mostly resident, four subspecies are recognised, which mainly differ in the colouration of the plumage on the head and nape. Linnaeus first described it formally, giving it the name Corvus monedula, the common name derives from the word jack, meaning small, and daw, the native English name for the bird. Measuring 34–39 centimetres in length, the jackdaw is a black-plumaged bird with a grey nape. It is gregarious and vocal, living in groups with a complex social structure in farmland, open woodland, on coastal cliffs. Like its relatives, Jackdaws are intelligent birds, and have been observed using tools, an omnivorous and opportunistic feeder, it eats a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, as well as food waste from urban areas. Western jackdaws are monogamous and build nests of sticks in cavities in trees, cliffs. About five pale blue or blue-green eggs with brown speckles are laid, the young fledge in four to five weeks. The western jackdaw was one of the species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae. Jackdaws are sometimes placed in the genus Coloeus, from the Ancient Greek κολοιός for jackdaw, formerly, western jackdaws were simply called daws. The metallic chyak call may be the origin of the part of the common name. Names in English dialects are numerous, scottish and north English dialects have included ka or kae since the 14th century. The Midlands form of this word was co or coo, caddow is potentially a compound of ka and dow, a variant of daw. Other dialectal or obsolete names include caddesse, cawdaw, caddy, chauk, college-bird, jackerdaw, jacko, ka-wattie, chimney-sweep bird and it was also frequently known quasi-nominally as Jack. An archaic collective noun for a group of jackdaws is a clattering, another name for a flock is a train. A study in 2000 found that the distance between jackdaws and the other members of Corvus was greater than that within the rest of the genus. A study of corvid phylogeny undertaken in 2007 compared DNA sequences in the control region of several corvids. It found that the western jackdaw, and the closely related Daurian jackdaw of eastern Russia, the names Coloeus monedula and Coloeus dauuricus have since been adopted by the International Ornithological Congress in their official list
21.
Blackbeard
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Edward Teach or Edward Thatch, better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britains North American colonies. Although little is known about his life, he was probably born in Bristol. Recent genealogical research indicates his family moved to Jamaica where Edward Thatch, Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Teach captured a French merchant vessel, renamed her Queen Annes Revenge and he became a renowned pirate, his cognomen derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance, he was reported to have tied lit fuses under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, after successfully ransoming its inhabitants, he ran Queen Annes Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina. He parted company with Bonnet and settled in Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon, but he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to try to capture the pirate, during a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. A shrewd and calculating leader, Teach spurned the use of force and he was romanticised after his death and became the inspiration for pirate-themed works of fiction across a range of genres. Little is known about Blackbeards early life and it is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born in about 1680. In contemporary records his name is most often given as Blackbeard, Edward Thatch or Edward Teach, however, several spellings of his surname exist—Thatch, Thach, Thache, Thack, Tack, Thatche and Theach. One early source claims that his surname was Drummond, but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely. Pirates habitually used fictitious surnames while engaged in the business of piracy, so as not to tarnish the family name, the author Robert Lee speculated that Teach may therefore have been born into a respectable, wealthy family. He may have arrived in the Caribbean in the last years of the 17th century, at what point during the war Teach joined the fighting is, in keeping with the record of most of his life before he became a pirate, unknown. With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th, New Providences harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships, and was too shallow for the Royal Navys larger vessels to navigate. In New Providence, pirates found a welcome respite from the law, Teach was one of those who came to enjoy the islands benefits. Probably shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht, he moved there from Jamaica, possibly about 1716, he joined the crew of Captain Benjamin Hornigold, a renowned pirate who operated from New Providences safe waters. In 1716 Hornigold placed Teach in charge of a sloop he had taken as a prize, in early 1717, Hornigold and Teach, each captaining a sloop, set out for the mainland. They captured a boat carrying 120 barrels of flour out of Havana, a few days later they stopped a vessel sailing from Madeira to Charles Town, South Carolina
22.
The Deep (1977 film)
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The Deep is a 1977 adventure film based on Peter Benchleys novel of the same name. It was directed by Peter Yates, and stars Robert Shaw, Jacqueline Bisset and Nick Nolte. C. O. P. N. and a date,1714. Sanders and Berke seek the advice of lighthouse-keeper and treasure-hunter Romer Treece on the origin of the medallion, the ampoule contains medicinal morphine from the Goliath, a ship that sank during World War II with a cargo of munitions and medical supplies. The wreck of the Goliath is considered dangerous and is posted as off-limits to divers due to the danger of explosions, Treece concludes that a recent storm has exposed her cargo of morphine and unearthed a much older wreck containing Spanish treasure. Treece makes a deal with Cloche, so they can dive in peace making him believe he will get the ampoules for a million dollars, Cloche gives him 3 days to recover them. Sanders, Berke, and Treece make several dives to the wrecks, recovering thousands of morphine ampoules from Goliath, sanders is determined to locate at least one item on the list to establish provenance, since without it there is no value to the treasure. Treece wishes to destroy the Goliath to put the morphine out of reach of Cloche, two actors from the Jaws films appeared in this film. Robert Shaw played shark hunter Quint in Jaws in 1975, while Louis Gossett, filming began in July 1976 with open water diving sequences near Peter Island, the location of the real shipwreck of the RMS Rhone in the British Virgin Islands. Robert Shaw was paid $650,000 plus a percentage of the profits, Bissett, the films score was composed by John Barry, who at the time was most famous for his work on the James Bond film series. In the same manner of a Bond film, Barry collaborated with a high profiled singer for the theme song. American singer Donna Summer teamed up with Barry for the signature song entitled Down Deep Inside. Summer was a singer under contract to the production company. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a hit on the U. S, dance Chart, as well as a top-five singles hit in the UK, and a top-forty hit in the Netherlands. Vincentian calypsonian Alston Beckett Cyrus contributed the song Disco Calypso to the soundtrack, the Deep was released on June 17,1977 and was well received by the public, making it the eighth-highest-grossing film of 1977. Critics reviews, however, were largely negative, the film currently holds a 36% Rotten rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews. The shore-based melodrama is as badly staged as any Ive seen since Don Schains The Abductors, upon its release, the film was noted for its opening scene of Jacqueline Bisset swimming underwater while wearing only a thin, white T-shirt and a black bikini bottom. Producer Peter Guber claimed this helped make the film a box office success, and said That T-shirt made me a rich man
23.
Nick Nolte
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Nicholas King Nick Nolte is an American actor and former model. He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and he went on to receive Academy Award nominations for Affliction and Warrior. His other film appearances include The Deep,48 Hrs, down and Out in Beverly Hills, Another 48 Hrs. Everybody Wins, Cape Fear, Lorenzos Oil, The Thin Red Line, Hulk, The Good Thief, Hotel Rwanda, Tropic Thunder, A Walk in the Woods and The Ridiculous 6. He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy for his role in the TV series Graves, Nolte was born February 8,1941 in Omaha, Nebraska. His father, Franklin Arthur Nolte, was a son who ran away from home. His mother, Helen, was a department store buyer and his ancestry includes German, English, Scots-Irish, Scottish and Swiss-German. Noltes maternal grandfather, Matthew Leander King, invented the hollow-tile silo and was prominent in early aviation and his maternal grandmother ran the student union at Iowa State University. He has a sister, Nancy, who was an executive for the Red Cross. Nolte attended Kingsley Elementary School in Waterloo, Iowa and he studied at Westside High School in Omaha, where he was the kicker on the football team. He also attended Benson High, but was expelled for fighting and hiding beer before practice, at Eastern Arizona, Nolte lettered in football as a tight end and defensive end in basketball with forward, and as a catcher on the baseball team. Poor grades eventually ended his studies, at which point his career in began in earnest. While in college, Nolte worked for the Falstaff Brewery in Omaha, Nolte was a model in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1992, Nolte was named the Sexiest Man Alive by People magazine, Nolte first starred in the television miniseries, Rich Man, Poor Man, based on Irwin Shaws 1970 best-selling novel. Later he appeared in forty films, playing a wide variety of characters. Diversity of character, and his athleticism, and gravelly voice are signatures of his career. In 1973, he guest-starred in the Griff episode, Who Framed Billy the Kid. as Billy Randolph, a football player accused of murder. He co-starred with Andy Griffith in Winter Kill, a film made as the pilot of a possible television series, and another one, Adams of Eagle Lake
24.
Jacqueline Bisset
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Winifred Jacqueline Fraser Bisset is an English actress. In 2010, she received Frances highest honours, the Légion dhonneur. In the 1970s, she starred in Airport, Day for Night which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, Murder on the Orient Express, The Deep, which earned her a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress in a Comedy. Bisset was born Winifred Jacqueline Fraser Bisset in Weybridge, Surrey, England, the daughter of Arlette Alexander, a lawyer turned housewife, and Max Fraser Bisset, a general practitioner. Her mother was Scottish and her father was of French and English descent, Bissets mother cycled from Paris, Bisset grew up in Tilehurst, near Reading in Berkshire, in a 17th-century country cottage, where she now lives part of the year She has a brother, Max. Her mother taught her to speak French fluently, and she was educated at the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle in London and she had taken ballet lessons as a child and began taking acting lessons and fashion modelling to pay for them. When Bisset was a teenager, her mother was diagnosed with disseminating sclerosis, Bissets parents divorced in 1968, after 28 years of marriage. Her father died aged 71 of a tumour in 1982. First appearing uncredited as a model in 1965s The Knack. and How to Get It. In 1967, she appeared in the movie Two for the Road, next, she participated in the James Bond satire, Casino Royale, as Miss Goodthighs. That same year, she played her first lead role in The Cape Town Affair, Bisset gained mainstream recognition in 1968 when she replaced Mia Farrow for the role of Norma MacIver in The Detective, opposite Frank Sinatra. In 1969, she played her first older woman in the sex comedy The First Time and she was one of the many stars in the 1970 disaster film Airport, as a pregnant stewardess carrying Dean Martins love child. Following films included The Mephisto Waltz with Alan Alda, The Thief Who Came to Dinner with Ryan ONeal, End of the Game with Jon Voight, several of Bissets movies are also French or Italian productions. In 1973, she appeared in François Truffauts Day for Night and she co-starred with Marcello Mastroianni in Luigi Comencinis La donna della domenica in 1975. At the time, Newsweek declared her the most beautiful actress of all time. About that time, a small Dutch-produced film Bisset had made years earlier was re-released in the United States under the title Secrets. That movie featured the extensive nude scenes of Bissets career. By 1978, she was a household name, in that year she earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress for her performance in Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe
25.
Robert Shaw (actor)
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Robert Archibald Shaw was an English actor, novelist, and playwright. With his menacing mutter and intimidating demeanour, he was often cast as a villain or stern military types. He is best remembered for his performances in Jaws, in which he portrayed a shark hunter named Quint, and The Sting, where he played the conned mobster, Doyle Lonnegan. Shaw also appeared in From Russia with Love, Battle of the Bulge, A Man for All Seasons, Battle of Britain, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, Black Sunday, The Deep, Robert Shaw was born in Westhoughton, Lancashire, England, in 1927. His mother, Doreen, was a former nurse born in Piggs Peak, Swaziland and he had three sisters, Elisabeth, Joanna and Wendy, and one brother, Alexander. When he was 7, the moved to Stromness, Orkney. When he was 12, his father, an alcoholic, took his own life, the family then moved to Cornwall, where he went to the independent Truro School. For a brief period, he was a teacher in Saltburn-by-the-Sea in the North Riding of Yorkshire and he served in the Royal Air Force. Shaw began his career in theatre, appearing in regional theatre throughout England. In 1952, he made his London debut in the West End at the Embassy Theatre and he developed his formidable, piercing shouting technique. Shaw starred in a British TV series which appeared on American television as The Buccaneers. Shaw was nominated for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in A Man for All Seasons, Shaw was also an accomplished writer of novels, plays and screenplays. His first novel, The Hiding Place, published in 1960 and his next, The Sun Doctor, published the following year, was awarded the Hawthornden Prize in 1962. Shaw then embarked on a trilogy of novels – The Flag, The Man in the Glass Booth and his adaptation for the stage of The Man in the Glass Booth gained him the most attention for his writing. The Man in the Glass Booth was further developed for the screen, however, Shaw viewed the completed film before its release and asked to have his name reinstated. And Robert Shaw became very disturbed and he just didn’t like the idea until he saw the film. Then he phoned Eddie Anhalt, the screenwriter, and congratulated him because he thought it was—just kept the tone he wanted, and he phoned Mort Abrahams the Executive Producer to see if he could get his name put on the final credits. But it was too late to restore his name, all the prints were all made, Shaw also adapted The Hiding Place into a screenplay for the film Situation Hopeless
26.
Starz
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Starz is an American premium cable and satellite television network which serves as Starz Inc. s flagship service. Starzs programming features theatrically released motion pictures and first-run original television series, the headquarters of Starz, and its sister networks Starz Encore and MoviePlex, are located at the Meridian International Business Center complex in Englewood, Colorado. Through March 31,2016, STARZs programming was subscribed to approximately 24.0 million television households in the United States, the network was originally operated as a joint venture between TCI and Liberty Media, with TCI owning a 50. 1% controlling interest in the channel. The network carried the moniker Encore 8 in its branding as part of a numbering system that was used by Encores multiplex channels. Early trademark filings indicated that TCI/Liberty originally proposed names including Applause, Starz focused more on recent feature films, while Starz ENCORE focused on films released between the 1960s and the 1980s, before adding recent film fare itself in July 1999. Films from those studios were not carried on STARZ until 1997, the network restricted the scheduling of films that contained graphic sexual or violent content to late evening and overnight time periods. Starz was available to an estimated 2.8 million pay television subscribers by 1996, as a startup network, Starz endured major losses during its early years, with total deficits topping US$203 million and annual losses of US$150 million by 1997. It was predicted to lose an additional US$300 million in revenue before it was predicted to break even, Liberty Media assumed the former companys stake in the subsidiary in 1999, following TCIs merger with AT&T Corporation. By May 1998, Starz maintained a subscriber base reaching 7.6 million households with a cable or satellite television subscription, Encore Media Group was later renamed the Starz Encore Media Group in 2000. As part of a restructuring plan in 2003, Starz Encore Group eliminated 100 jobs in its nine regional offices. On March 25,2005, the Starz Encore Group corporate entity was renamed Starz Entertainment, on November 19,2009, Liberty Media spun off Starz into a separate public tracking stock called Liberty Starz. The spin-off of the subsidiary was completed on January 11,2013, on April 5,2016, Starz was rebranded and added all the Encore channels to its moniker, therefore increasing the Starz channel lineup to 14 Starz premium channels. Its main channel was rebranded Starz Encore and carries reruns of Starz Originals in addition to films, on June 30,2016, Lionsgate agreed to acquire Starz Inc. for $4.4 billion in cash and stock. On December 8,2016, the merger between Lionsgate and Starz was completed, Starz broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules. Some providers offer Encore and MoviePlexs multiplex channels on a digital cable tier from Starz. However, Encore and, depending on its carriage, MoviePlex are frequently sold together in a package with Starz, in 1994, Encore launched the pay television industrys first themed multiplex service – seven additional movie channels that each focused on a specific genre. Starz continued to include the Encore 8 moniker in its main IDs, feature presentation bumpers and select bumpers until 2002. The tie to Encore branding-wise continued even as Starz was given its own slate of multiplex channels in the late 1990s, the first of these to debut was Starz
27.
Black Sails (TV series)
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Black Sails is a South African/American historical adventure television series set on New Providence Island and a prequel to Robert Louis Stevensons novel Treasure Island. The series was created by Jonathan E. Steinberg and Robert Levine for Starz and it debuted online for free on YouTube and other various streaming platform and video on demand services on January 18,2014. The debut on television followed a week later on January 25,2014. Steinberg is executive producer, alongside Michael Bay, Brad Fuller and Andrew Form, while Michael Angeli, Doris Egan, on July 26,2013, Starz renewed the show for a ten-episode second season, which premiered on January 24,2015. The early renewal, six months before the first season premiered, was based on the fan reaction to the show at the San Diego Comic-Con. The series was renewed for a season on October 12,2014. On July 20,2016, Starz announced that the fourth season would be its last, the season premiered on January 29,2017. Black Sails is set two decades before the events of Treasure Island and during the Golden Age of Piracy. Feared Captain Flint brings on a crew member as they fight for the survival of New Providence island. According to the first episode, In 1715 West Indies, the pirates of New Providence Island threaten maritime trade in the region, the laws of every civilized nation declare them hostis humani generis, enemies of all mankind. In response, the pirates adhere to a doctrine of their own. war against the world, real life pirates who are fictionalized in the show include Anne Bonny, Benjamin Hornigold, Jack Rackham, Charles Vane, Ned Low, Israel Hands and Blackbeard. The plot of the first season focuses on the hunt for the Spanish treasure galleon Urca de Lima, during the second season, the questions of how and why Flint—a man who was a navy officer and London gentleman—turned to piracy are answered. The third and the seasons focus on the war for the control of New Providence between the pirates and the British Empire, represented by Captain Woodes Rogers. The series is filmed at Cape Town Film Studios in Cape Town, South Africa and it accurately features an instrument of the period in the form of the hurdy-gurdy. For the amount of detail that was added to the vessels, in real life, recurring actors Nick Boraine, Anna-Louise Plowman, Chris Larkin and Guy Paul are Louise Barness husband, Toby Stephenss wife and brother and Harriet Walters husband, respectively. The first season of Black Sails received mixed reviews from critics, on Rotten Tomatoes the season holds a rating of 64%, based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The sites consensus reads, Black Sails boasts visual appeal, on Metacritic season one has a score of 58 of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating mixed or average reviews. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said, This ambitious pirate story is helped immensely by going beyond the pay cable freedoms that often bog down lesser shows in boobs, blood and sex
28.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
29.
Captain Flint
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Captain J. Flint is a fictional 18th-century pirate who features in a number of novels, television series and films. The original character was created by the Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, Flint first appears in a childrens magazine in 1881 and later in the classic adventure yarn Treasure Island in 1883. Captain Flint is one of the characters in the book Treasure Island. In Stevensons book, Flint, whose first name is not given, was the captain of a ship, The Walrus. Flint and six members of his crew bury the plunder on an island located somewhere in the Caribbean Sea, Flint then murders his six assistants, leaving the corpse of one, Allardyce, with its arms outstretched in the direction of the buried treasure. The location of the treasure is marked by Flint on a map and it later falls into the hands of the protagonist of the novel, Jim Hawkins. The only person Flint was said to fear was his quartermaster John Silver, Flint is said to have died in Savannah, shouting, Darby MGraw - fetch aft the rum. His death was said in the book to have been caused by the effects of rum, the inscription on the map suggests that he died in 1754. Flint has a part in the 1924 prequel Porto Bello Gold, by A. D. Howden Smith. Flint gradually becomes the dominant partner, the book describes how Flint secretly buries the treasure which would be recovered a generation later by the protagonists of Treasure Island. John Drakes prequels, Flint and Silver, Pieces of Eight and Skull and Bones, all heavily feature Captain Flint, Flint is mentioned in the novel Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie, a friend of Stevenson. In Arthur Ransomes book Swallows and Amazons, the Blacketts uncle James Turner is nicknamed Captain Flint by the Swallows and this is because they believed that he looked like a retired pirate and took the name from Treasure Island. He is nearly always referred to by name in the rest of the books. He then returns to sea and gives his map of the place to Billy Bones, Flint has fifteen crew members to dig the treasure pit in this version, not six, so there is a difference. Also, the treasure itself is guineas and pieces of eight, Captain Flint was shown briefly in the animated feature film Treasure Planet by Disney. Set roughly two decades before the events of Treasure Island, the 2014 televised series Black Sails follows the adventures of Captain Flint and his first name is revealed to be James in the episode VI. Lord Thomas Hamilton was the son of Lord Alfred Hamilton, lord proprietor of the Bahama Islands and he adopted the name Flint after a mysterious man who boarded his grandfathers ship while at anchor and then disappeared. He is portrayed by Toby Stephens, analysis of the novel Treasure Island
30.
McLarty Treasure Museum
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The McLarty Treasure Museum is located at 13180 North A1A on Orchid Island, north of Windsor and Vero Beach, Florida, on the barrier island at the north end of Indian River County. The museum occupies part of the site of the Survivors and Salvagers Camp -1715 Fleet. It houses exhibits on the history of the 1715 Spanish treasure fleet, and it features artifacts, displays, and an observation deck that overlooks the Atlantic Ocean. An A&E Network production, The Queens Jewels and the 1715 Fleet, is shown, the property for the museum was donated to the State by Mr. Robert McLarty, a retired Atlanta attorney who lived in Vero Beach. Additional Information for Sebastian Inlet State Park, some information on the McLarty Treasure Museum
31.
Piracy in the Caribbean
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The period during which pirates were most successful was from the 1660s to 1730s. Piracy flourished in the Caribbean because of the existence of pirate seaports such as Port Royal in Jamaica, Tortuga in Haiti, Pirates were often former sailors experienced in naval warfare. The buccaneers were later chased off their islands by colonial authorities and had to seek a new life at sea, beginning in the 16th century, pirate captains recruited seamen to loot European merchant ships, especially the Spanish treasure fleets sailing from the Caribbean to Europe. This officially sanctioned piracy was known as privateering, from 1520 to 1560, French privateers were alone in their fight against the Crown of Spain and the vast commerce of the Spanish Empire in the New World, but were later joined by the English and Dutch. The Caribbean had become a center of European trade and colonization after Columbus discovery of the New World for Spain in 1492. In the 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas the non-European world had been divided between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south line 270 leagues west of the Cape Verde and this gave Spain control of the Americas, a position the Spaniards later reiterated with an equally unenforceable papal bull. In the 16th century, the Spanish were mining extremely large quantities of silver from the mines of Zacatecas in New Spain, to combat this constant danger, in the 1560s the Spanish adopted a convoy system. A treasure fleet or flota would sail annually from Seville in Spain, carrying passengers, troops and this cargo, though profitable, was really just a form of ballast for the fleet as its true purpose was to transport the years worth of silver to Europe. This made the returning Spanish treasure fleet a tempting target, although pirates were more likely to shadow the fleet to attack stragglers than to engage the main vessels. South and west of these lines, respectively, no protection could be offered to non-Spanish ships, English, Dutch and French pirates and settlers moved into this region even in times of nominal peace with the Spanish. These laws allowed only Spanish merchants to trade with the colonists of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and this arrangement provoked constant smuggling against the Spanish trading laws and new attempts at Caribbean colonization in peacetime by England, France and the Netherlands. Whenever a war was declared in Europe between the Great Powers the result was always widespread piracy and privateering throughout the Caribbean, the Anglo-Spanish War in 1585–1604 was partly due to trade disputes in the New World. However, very profitable trade continued between Spains colonies, which continued to expand until the early 19th century, as Spains military might in Europe weakened, the Spanish trading laws in the New World were violated with greater frequency by the merchants of other nations. Additional problems came from shortage of supplies because of the lack of people to work farms. England especially began to turn its peoples maritime skills into the basis of commercial prosperity, as for the Dutch Netherlands, after decades of rebellion against Spain fueled by both Dutch nationalism and their staunch Protestantism, independence had been gained in all but name. The Netherlands had become Europes economic powerhouse, each possessed a large population and a self-sustaining economy, and was well-protected by Spanish defenders. By 1600, Porto Bello had replaced Nombre de Dios as the Isthmus of Panamas Caribbean port for the Spanish Silver Train and the annual treasure fleet. Veracruz, the port city open to trans-Atlantic trade in New Spain
32.
Treasure hunting
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Treasure hunting is the physical search for treasure. Early work in Egyptology also included a similar motive, modern amateur treasure hunters use relatively inexpensive metal detectors to locate finds at terrestrial sites. Underwater archaeologist and sometime treasure hunter Peter Throckmorton, in a paper he wrote in 1969 as part of a Historical Archaeology Forum on E. Spence, I do not mean this to be so. More recently, most serious treasure hunters have started working underwater, where technology allows access to wrecks containing valuables. Starting with the suit, and moving on through Scuba and later to ROVs. Many of these wrecks have resulted in the salvage of many fascinating artifacts from Spanish treasure fleets as well as many others. This convention is a legal instrument helping states parties to improve the protection of their cultural heritage. In 2013 the National Geographic Channel set off a firestorm of controversy with its reality show Diggers, capt. Martin Bayerle located the shipwreck of RMS Republic in 1981. Treasure Salvors, Inc. founded by Mel Fisher, located the Nuestra Señora de Atocha wreck and its mother lode of silver, gold and emeralds, in July 1985. Robert E. Burgess, Sunken Treasure Cork Graham, The Bamboo Chest,2004 Dr. E.2 million, Fayetteville Observer Lawmakers enter legal battle over Blackbeards ship, News & Observer
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
Salvor
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Marine salvage is the process of recovering a ship and its cargo after a shipwreck or other maritime casualty. Salvage may encompass towing, re-floating a vessel, or effecting repairs to a ship, today, protecting the coastal environment from spillage of oil or other contaminants is a high priority. The legal significance of salvage is that a successful salvor is entitled to a reward, the amount of the award is determined subsequently at a hearing on the merits by a maritime court in accordance with Articles 13 and 14 of the International Salvage Convention of 1989. Originally, a successful salvage was one where at least some of the ship or cargo was saved, otherwise the principle of No Cure, in the 1970s, a number of marine casualties of single-skin-hull tankers led to serious oil spills. Such casualties were unattractive to salvors, so the Lloyds Open Form made provision that a salvor who acts to try to prevent environmental damage will be paid and this Lloyds initiative proved so advantageous that it was incorporated into the 1989 Convention. All vessels have a duty to give reasonable assistance to other ships in distress in order to save life. Any offer of salvage assistance may be refused, but if it is accepted a contract automatically arises to give the successful salvor the right to a reward under the 1989 Convention. Typically, the ship and the salvor will sign up to an LOF agreement so that the terms of salvage are clear, in the Early Modern Period, diving bells were often used for salvage work. In 1658, Albrecht von Treileben was contracted by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to salvage the warship Vasa, between 1663-1665 von Treilebens divers were successful in raising most of the cannon, working from a diving bell. In 1687, Sir William Phipps used a container to recover £200. The era of modern salvage operations was inaugurated with the development of the first surface supplied diving helmets by the inventors, Charles and John Deane and Augustus Siebe, in the 1830s. Royal George, a 100-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, sank undergoing routine maintenance work in 1782, using their new air-pumped diving helmets, they managed to recover about two dozen cannons. Following on from success, Colonel of the Royal Engineers Charles Pasley commenced the first large scale salvage operation in 1839. His plan was to break up the wreck of Royal George with gunpowder charges, pasleys diving salvage operation set many diving milestones, including the first recorded use of the buddy system in diving, when he ordered that his divers operate in pairs. In addition, the first emergency swimming ascent was made by a diver after his air line became tangled, Pasley recovered 12 more guns in 1839,11 more in 1840, and 6 in 1841. In 1842 he recovered only one iron 12-pounder because he ordered the divers to concentrate on removing the hull rather than search for guns. Other items recovered, in 1840, included the brass instruments, silk garments of satin weave of which the silk was perfect, and pieces of leather. By 1843 the whole of the keel and the timbers had been raised
35.
Treasure
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Treasure is a concentration of riches, often those that originate from ancient history, considered lost and/or forgotten until being rediscovered. Some jurisdictions legally define what constitutes treasure, such as in the British Treasure Act 1996, the phrase blood and treasure or lives and treasure has been used to refer to the human and monetary costs associated with massive endeavours such as war that expend both. Searching for hidden treasure is a theme in legend, treasure hunters do exist. A buried treasure is an important part of the beliefs surrounding pirates. According to popular conception, pirates often buried their stolen fortunes in remote places and they differ widely in plot and literary treatment but all are derived from the William Kidd legend. The whole inner spirit and a deal of the material detail of my first chapters. Were the property of Washington Irving, a treasure map is a variation of a map to mark the location of buried treasure, a lost mine, a valuable secret or a hidden location. More common in fiction than in reality, pirate treasure maps are often depicted in works of fiction as hand drawn, regardless of the terms literary use, anything that meets the criterion of a map that describes the location of a treasure could appropriately be called a treasure map. One of the earliest known instances of a document listing buried treasure is the copper scroll, believed to have been written between 50 and 100 AD, the scroll contains a list of 63 locations with detailed directions pointing to hidden treasures of gold and silver. KEN Thus far, no item mentioned in the scroll has been found, scholars remain divided on whether the copper scroll represents real burials, and, if so, the total measurements and the owners. Although buried pirate treasure is a literary theme, there are very few documented cases of pirates actually burying treasure. Drake did not create a map, another case in 1720 involved British Captain Stratton of the Prince Eugene who, after supposedly trading rum with pirates in the Caribbean, buried his gold near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. One of his crew, Morgan Miles, turned him in to the authorities, in any case, Captain Stratton was not a pirate, and made no map. The pirate most responsible for the legends of buried pirate treasure was Captain Kidd, over the years many people have tried to find the supposed remnants of Kidds treasure on Gardiners Island and elsewhere, but none has ever been found. People have claimed to have discovered maps and other clues led to pirate treasure. These claims are not supported by scholars, in the 1985 film The Goonies, an old treasure map leads to the secret stash of a legendary 17th-century pirate, an almost exact imitation of Stevensons plot in Treasure Island. In the 2004 film National Treasure, a treasure map becomes the source of the quest itself, in the 1994 comedy City Slickers II, The Legend of Curlys Gold, a treasure map is made by criminals who are analogous to modern day pirates. In the film Waterworld, a vague and cryptic treasure map has been tattooed on the back of the child character Enola
36.
Hoard
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A hoard or wealth deposit is an archaeological term for a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also known as a cache. Forgetfulness and physical displacement from the location of the hoard may contribute to failing to retrieve it, hoards provide a useful method of providing dates for artifacts through association as they can usually be assumed to be contemporary and therefore used in creating chronologies. Hoards can also be considered an indicator of the degree of unrest in ancient societies. Prudence Harper of the Metropolitan Museum of Art voiced some reservations about hoards at the time of the Soviet exhibition of Scythian gold in New York City in 1975. Hoards may be of precious metals, coinage, tools or less commonly, there are various classifications depending on the nature of the hoard. A founders hoard contains broken or unfit metal objects, ingots, casting waste and these were probably buried with the intention to be recovered at a later time. A merchants hoard is a collection of various functional items which, it is conjectured, were buried by a merchant for safety. A personal hoard is a collection of personal objects buried for safety in times of unrest, a hoard of loot is a buried collection of spoils from raiding and is more in keeping with the popular idea of buried treasure. Furthermore, votive hoards need not be manufactured goods, but can include organic amulets, votive hoards are often distinguished from more functional deposits by the nature of the goods themselves, the places buried, and the treatment of the deposit. However, it should be noted that valuables dedicated to the use of a deity were not always permanently abandoned, valuable objects given to a temple or church become the property of that institution, and may be used to its benefit
37.
Buried treasure
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A buried treasure is an important part of the popular beliefs surrounding pirates and Old West outlaws. According to popular conception, criminals and others often buried their stolen fortunes in remote places, intending to return for them later and his bid was unsuccessful, however, and Kidd was hanged as a pirate. They differ widely in plot and literary treatment but are blood kin from the ancestor of the William Kidd legend. The whole inner spirit and a deal of the material detail of my first chapters. Were the property of Washington Irving, in 1911, American author Ralph D. Paine conducted a survey of all known or purported stories of buried treasure and this person would then go search in vain for the treasure, but not before transferring the legend down to another hapless seeker. For example, extensive escavation has taken place on Oak Island since 1795 in the belief that one or more pirate captains had stashed large amounts of loot there and these excavations were said to have been prompted by still older legends of buried pirate treasure in the area. No treasure has ever been found, the Treasure of Lima is a supposed buried treasure on Cocos Island in the Pacific left there by pirates. The treasure, estimated to be worth £160 million, was stolen by British Captain William Thompson in 1820 after he was entrusted to transport it from Peru to Mexico. The only authenticated treasure chest in the United States, once owned by Thomas Tew, is kept at the Pirate Soul Museum in St Augustine, Florida. Closer to modern times, the drug lord, Pablo Escobar buried large sums of money in the form of US currency across Columbia. While a lot of it has been retrieved, large portions still remain buried, Buried treasure is not the same as a hoard, of which there have been thousands of examples found by archaeologists and metal detectors. Buried treasure is as much a concept as an objective thing. It is related to pirates and other criminals who leave stolen artifacts behind for later retrieval, typically in places like islands. Hoard, a collection of objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground. List of missing treasure Tesouro da Trindade Chest Endnotes
38.
Treasure trove
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The legal definition of what constitutes treasure trove and its treatment under law vary considerably from country to country, and from era to era. The term is often used metaphorically. Collections of articles published as a book are often titled Treasure Trove and this was especially fashionable for titles of childrens books in the early- and mid-20th century. Treasure trove, sometimes rendered treasure-trove, literally means treasure that has been found, the English term treasure trove was derived from tresor trové, the Anglo-French equivalent of the Latin legal term thesaurus inventus. The term wealth deposit has been proposed as a more accurate alternative, the term treasure trove is often used metaphorically to mean a valuable find, and hence a source of treasure, or a reserve or repository of valuable things. Trove is often used alone to refer to the concept, the word having been reanalysed as a noun via folk etymology from an original Anglo-French adjective trové, phrases of this form are often used either with the etymologically correct plural form or as fully rederived plural forms. In the case of treasure trove, the plural form is almost always treasure troves. In Roman law treasure trove was called thesaurus, and defined by the Roman jurist Paulus as vetus quædam depositio pecuniæ, cujus non extat memoria, ut jam dominum non habeat. R. W. Lee, in his book The Elements of Roman Law, commented that this definition was not quite satisfactory as treasure was not confined to money, nor was there any abandonment of ownership. Under the emperors, if treasure was found on a persons own land or on sacred or religious land, an interpretation of Roman law regarding treasure troves makes an appearance in the 13th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew. The Parable of the Hidden Treasure is told by Jesus of Nazareth to the crowds surrounding him, in the parable, the treasure trove is hidden in a field, which is open country and anyone could conceivably discover something hidden in that location. Its also assumed that the present owner has no knowledge or memory of the treasure, the finder of the treasure kept the trove secret until he could raise capital to purchase the land holding the trove. Selling all he had, the finder purchased the land and then unearthed the trove and, as the finder and owner, he was legally entitled to the entire trove. Jesus compared the kingdom of Heaven to the trove, being of value than all a persons earthly wealth. It has been said that the concept of treasure trove in English law dates back to the time of Edward the Confessor. If the person who had hidden the treasure was known or discovered later, to be treasure trove, an object had to be substantially – that is, more than 50% – gold or silver. Treasure trove had to be hidden with animus revocandi, that is, the Crown could grant its right to treasure trove to any person in the form of a franchise. It was the duty of the finder, and indeed of anyone who had acquired knowledge of the matter, concealing a find was a misdemeanour punishable with fine and imprisonment
39.
Treasure map
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A treasure map is a map that marks the location of buried treasure, a lost mine, a valuable secret or a hidden locale. More common in fiction than in reality, pirate treasure maps are often depicted in works of fiction as hand drawn and containing arcane clues for the characters to follow. Regardless of the literary use, anything that meets the broad definition of a map that describes the location of a treasure could appropriately be called a treasure map. One of the earliest known instances of a document listing buried treasure is the copper scroll, believed to have been written between 50 and 100 AD, the scroll contains a list of 63 locations with detailed directions pointing to hidden treasures of gold and silver. Thus far, no item mentioned in the scroll has been found, scholars remain divided on whether the copper scroll represents real burials, and, if so, the total measurements and the owners. Although buried pirate treasure is a literary theme, there are very few documented cases of pirates actually burying treasure. Drake did not create a map, another case in 1720 involved British Captain Stratton of the Prince Eugene who, after supposedly trading rum with pirates in the Caribbean, buried his gold near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. One of his crew, Morgan Miles, turned him in to the authorities, in any case, Captain Stratton was not a pirate, and made no map. The pirate most responsible for the legends of buried pirate treasure was Captain Kidd, over the years many people have tried to find the supposed remnants of Kidds treasure on Gardiners Island and elsewhere, but none has ever been found. Over the years people have claimed to have discovered maps and other clues that led to pirate treasure. These claims are not supported by scholars, in 1595, the English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh set out to find the legendary city of El Dorado. Cartographer Jodocus Hondius included El Dorado in his 1598 map of South America, the city remained on maps of South America until as late as 1808 and spawned numerous unsuccessful hunts for the city. The treasure map may serve several purposes as a device in works of fiction, Motivation. Plot exposition, explaining in a way where the characters must go on their quest. To illustrate, at points in the story, how far the quest has progressed. To provide challenges or obstacles for the characters, such as riddles or puzzles, to provide conflict where, for example, evildoers attempt to capture the map from the protagonists. Robert Louis Stevenson popularized the treasure map idea in his novel Treasure Island, in the 1985 film The Goonies, an old treasure map leads to the secret stash of a legendary 17th-century pirate. In the 1994 comedy City Slickers II, The Legend of Curlys Gold, in the 1995 film Waterworld, an extremely vague and cryptic treasure map has been tattooed on the back of the child character Enola
