1.
1799
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As of the start of 1799, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 9 – British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britains war effort in the Napoleonic Wars. February 28 – Action of 28 February 1799 British Royal Navy frigate HMS Sybille defeats the French frigate Forte off the mouth of the Hooghly River in the Bay of Bengal, march 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President pro tempore of the United States Senate. March 3 – The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison, march 7 – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives. March 29 – New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state, may 4 – Battle of Seringapatam, Tipu Sultan is defeated and killed by the British, captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam ends. May 21 – Siege of Acre ends after two months, Napoleons attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, may 27 – Battle of Winterthur, Habsburg forces secure control of north-east Switzerland from the French Army of the Danube. June 18 – Action of 18 June 1799, a French frigate squadron under Rear-admiral Perrée is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith off Toulon, july 7 – Ranjit Singhs men take their positions outside Lahore. July 12 – Ranjit Singh captures Lahore from the Bhangi Misl, july 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone. July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha, august 27 – War of the Second Coalition, Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Britain and Russia send an expedition to the Batavian Republic. October 6 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, Battle of Castricum – Franco-Dutch forces defeat the Russo-British expedition force, October 9 – HMS Lutine is sunk in the West Frisian Islands. October 12 – Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute, October 16 – Action of 16 October 1799, A Spanish treasure convoy worth more than £54,000,000 is captured by the British Royal Navy off Vigo. October 18 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, Anglo-Russian expedition forces surrender in North Holland, november 9 – Napoleon overthrows the French Directory in a coup détat. December 14 – George Washington, the first President of the United States, dies at Mount Vernon, december 31 – The Dutch East India Companys charter is allowed to expire by the Batavian Republic. The Place Royale in Paris is renamed Place des Vosges when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes. 12-year-old Conrad John Reed finds what he describes as a yellow rock along Little Meadow Creek in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. Conrads father John Reed learns that the rock is actually gold in 1802, the assassination of the 14th Tui Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war. The Nawab of Oudh in northern India sends to George III of England the Padshah Nama, William Cockerill begins building cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. The small town of Tignish, Prince Edward Island, Canada is founded and she was the central character of the Petticoat affair
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1797 in the United States
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Events from the year 1797 in the United States. February 22 – The last invasion of Britain, An American colonel named William Tate leads French forces in a landing near Fishguard in Wales, march 4 – John Adams is sworn in as the 2nd President of the United States of America. May 10 – The first ship of the United States Navy, october 21 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli. The XYZ Affair inflames tensions between France and the United States, Panic of 1796–1797 February 28 – John Henderson, United States Senator from Mississippi from 1839 till 1845. May 24 – James Morehead, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1841 to 1847, November 26 – Andrew Adams, signatory of the Articles of Confederation John Lathrop. An Account of the Deleterious Effects of Mephitic Air, or Marsb Miasmata, Experienced by Three Men, in a Well, on the Boston Pier. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.2, notes of Travel of William Henry, John Heckewelder, John Rothrock, and Christian Clewell, to Gnadenhuetten on the Muskingum, in the Early Summer of 1797. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.10,2, pp. 125–157 Charles E. Peterson. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.12, herman R. Friis, Ralph E. Ehrenberg. Nicholas King and His Wharfing Plans of the City of Washington,1797, records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D. C. Vol. 66/68, The 46th separately bound book, pp. 34–46, the Diary of Frances Baylor Hill of Hillsborough King and Queen County Virginia. Early American Literature Newsletter, Vol.2, No, david J. Brandenburg, Millicent H. Brandenburg. The Duc De La Rochefoucauld-Liancourts Visit to the Federal City in 1797, records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D. C. Vol.49, The 49th separately bound book, pp. 35–60, talleyrand and the American Negotiations of 1797-1798. The Journal of American History, Vol.62, No, an English Immigrant Views American Society, Benjamin Henry Latrobes Virginia Years, 1796-1798. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.85, John L. Brittain and Henry Middleton Rutledge. Henry Middleton Rutledge to His Father, November 1,1797, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.83, No. Vox Populi versus the Patriot President, Benjamin Franklin Baches Philadelphia Aurora, Pennsylvania History, Vol.62, No.4, pp. 503–531
4.
1798 in the United States
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Events from the year 1798 in the United States. February 17 – Federalist Congressman Roger Griswold of Connecticut attacks Vermont Representative Matthew Lyon with a stick in the chambers of the United States House of Representatives. March – The XYZ Affair begins, souring relations between the United States and France, april – U. S. House of Representatives elections begin in New York and continue into 1799. April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory ceded by Georgia, july 7 Quasi-War, The United States Congress rescinds treaties with France, sparking the war. In the action of USS Delaware vs La Croyable, the newly formed United States Navy makes its first capture, july 9 – Quasi-War, The Act Further to Protect the Commerce of the United States is approved by Congress, authorizing the President to use military force against France. July 11 – The United States Marine Corps is established by Congress, july 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government. July 16 – The Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen Act is signed into law, creating the Marine Hospital Service, september – Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction Wieland, or, The Transformation, an American Tale. October 2 – The Treaty of Tellico is signed between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, november 16 – The Kentucky state legislature passes the first of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, authored by Thomas Jefferson. December 24 – The Virginia state legislature passes the second of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, eli Whitney contracts with the U. S. federal government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts. Quasi-War January 4 – William Crosby Dawson, United States Senator from Georgia from 1849 till 1855, January 5 – James Semple, United States Senator from Illinois from 1843 till 1847. January 18 – Augustus Seymour Porter, United States Senator from Michigan from 1840 till 1845, february 20 – Richard M. Young, United States Senator from Illinois from 1837 till 1843. Dallas, Second Lady of the United States December 3 – Alfred Iverson, organization of the Provisional Army of the United States in the Anticipated War with France, 1798-1800. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.38,2, pp. 129–132 Letters from William and Mary College, 1798–1801. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.29, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.59. Guns for Charleston, A Case of Lend-Lease in 1798-1799, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.14, No. 3, pp. 401–408 Patricia Holbert Menk, D. M. Erskine, Letters from America, 1798-1799. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.6, unofficial Ambassador, George Logans Mission to France,1798. William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.7, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.11, No
5.
1800 in the United States
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Events from the year 1800 in the United States. April – Voting begins in the United States presidential election,1800, the result is not announced until February 1801. May 7 – Indiana Territory is formed by an Act of Congress as the first new territory created from the lands of the Northwest Territory, may 21 – President John Adams issues general amnesty for the Pennsylvania Dutch farmers who participated in Friess Rebellion. July 4 – Indiana Territory is effective, July 10 – Connecticut cedes its Western Reserve to the federal government, which adds it to the Northwest Territory. August 4 – The 2nd United States Census is conducted and it finds 5,308,483 people living in the U. S. of which 893,602 are slaves. August 30 – Gabriel Prossers slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia is postponed due to weather, word of his plan reaches Virginias governor, James Monroe, who calls in the state militia. Gabriel is later captured and hanged on October 10 along with 23 other slaves, september 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War. October 1 – In the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returns Louisiana to France, november 1 U. S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion. Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly, november 17 – The U. S. Congress holds its first Washington, D. C. session. Quasi-War Parson Weems A History of the Life and Death, Virtues, February 26 – Lucius Lyon, United States Senator from Michigan from 1843 till 1845. May 9 – John Brown, abolitionist July 15 – Sidney Breese, October 2 – Nat Turner, leader of slave rebellion October 3 – George Bancroft, historian October 30 – David Meriwether, United States Senator from Kentucky in 1852
6.
1801 in the United States
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February 27 – Washington, DC is placed under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Congress. March 4 – Thomas Jefferson succeeds John Adams as the President of the United States of America, may 10 – The First Barbary War begins as the pasha of Tripoli declares war on the United States by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down. July – Eli Whitney demonstrates before Congress the advantages of the system of parts in the manufacture of firearms. August 1 – Action of 1 August 1801, United States Navy schooner USS Enterprise captures the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast in a single-ship action, november 16 – The first edition of New York Evening Post is printed. First Barbary War January 20 – Thomas Hickman Williams, United States Senator from Mississippi from 1838 till 1839, March 27 – Alexander Barrow, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1841 till 1846. May 16 – William H. August 31 – Pierre Soule, United States Senator from Louisiana in 1847, september 10 – Garrett Davis, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1861 till 1872. November 4 – Ambrose Hundley Sevier, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1836 till 1848, date Unknown – Solomon W. Downs, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1847 till 1853. Issues of the District of Columbia Press in 1800,1801,1802, records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D. C. Vol.4, pp. 32–74 John Marshall on the Judiciary, the Republicans, the American Historical Review, Vol.53, No. 3, pp. 518–520 Dorothy MacKay Quynn, dangers of Subversion in an American Education, A French View,1801. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.39, No, journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.14, No. Carroll W. Pursell, Jr. E. I. du Pont, Don Pedro,2, pp. 86–88 Donald R. Hickey. The United States Army versus Long Hair, The Trials of Colonel Thomas Butler, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.101, No. 4, pp. 462–474 Albert E. Van Dusen, New York City Concert Life, 1801-5. 2, pp. 53–69 Media related to 1801 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
10.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
John Adams
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John Adams was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President. He was a lawyer, diplomat, statesman, political theorist, and, as a Founding Father and he was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor Abigail. He collaborated with his cousin, revolutionary leader Samuel Adams, Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, where he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, as a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers. Adams was the author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which influenced American political theory. Adamss credentials as a revolutionary secured for him two terms as President George Washingtons vice president and also his own election in 1796 as the second president. In his single term as president, he encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans, as well as the dominant faction in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the army, the major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamiltons opposition. Due to his strong posture on defense, Adams is often called the father of the American Navy and he was the first U. S. president to reside in the executive mansion, now known as the White House. In 1800, Adams lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson and retired to Massachusetts and he eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson upon the latters own retirement by initiating a correspondence which lasted fourteen years. He and his wife established a family of politicians, diplomats, Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. He died on the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Modern historians in the aggregate have favorably ranked his administration, John Adams was born on October 30,1735 to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two brothers, Peter and Elihu. Adams birthplace was then in Braintree, Massachusetts, and is preserved at Adams National Historical Park, Adams mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregationalist deacon, a farmer, a cordwainer, the Deacon also served as a selectman and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship, though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt an acute responsibility to live up to his familys heritage of reverence. Journalist Richard Brookhiser wrote that Adams Puritan ancestors believed they lived in the Bible, England under the Stuarts was Egypt, they were Israel fleeing
13.
Federalist Party
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The Federalist Party was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to 1816, its remnants lasted into the 1820s, the Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France. The party controlled the government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic-Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson. The Federalist Party came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamiltons fiscal policies. These supporters developed into the organized Federalist Party, which was committed to a fiscally sound, the only Federalist president was John Adams, although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency. Federalist policies called for a bank, tariffs, and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution, the Jay Treaty passed, and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s. They held a strong base in the cities and in New England. After the Democratic-Republicans, whose base was in the rural South, won the election of 1800. They recovered some strength by their opposition to the War of 1812. On taking office in 1789, President Washington nominated New York lawyer Alexander Hamilton to the office of Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility. James Madison was Hamiltons ally in the fight to ratify the new Constitution, Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, even though both Hamilton and Madison played major roles. Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism, No similar parties existed anywhere in the world. By 1790 Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition and his attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a faction and then, finally. The Federalist Party supported Hamiltons vision of a centralized government. In foreign affairs, they supported neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain, the majority of the Founding Fathers were originally Federalists. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and many others can all be considered Federalists and these Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation had been too weak to sustain a working government and had decided that a new form of government was needed
14.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
15.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
16.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
17.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
18.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
19.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
20.
Oliver Ellsworth
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While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word National from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the National Government of United States, Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the United States Government. Ellsworth was born in Windsor, Connecticut, to Capt. David and he entered Yale in 1762, but transferred to the College of New Jersey at the end of his second year. He continued to study theology and, while attending, helped found the American Whig–Cliosophic Society along with Aaron Burr and he received his A. B. degree, Phi Beta Kappa after 2 years. Soon afterward, however, Ellsworth turned to the law, after four years of study, he was admitted to the bar in 1771 and later became a successful lawyer and politician. Oliver Ellsworth was the grandfather of Henry L. Ellsworths son Henry W. Ellsworth, from a slow start, Ellsworth built up a prosperous law practice. In 1777, he became Connecticuts state attorney for Hartford County and that same year, he was chosen as one of Connecticuts representatives in the Continental Congress. He served on various committees until 1783, including the Marine Committee, the Board of Treasury, Ellsworth was also active in his states efforts during the Revolution, having served as a member of the Committee of the Pay Table that supervised Connecticuts war expenditures. In 1777 he joined the Committee of Appeals, which can be described as a forerunner of the Federal Supreme Court, while serving on it, he participated in the Olmstead case that first brought state and federal authority into conflict. In 1779, he assumed duties as a member of the Council of Safety. His first judicial service was on the Supreme Court of Errors when it was established in 1785, in May 1787, Ellsworth joined the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia as a delegate from Connecticut along with Roger Sherman and William Samuel Johnson. More than half of the 55 delegates were lawyers, eight of whom, the words United States had already been used in the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation as well as Thomas Paines The American Crisis. It was Ellsworths proposal to retain the earlier wording to sustain the emphasis on a rather than a single national entity. Three weeks earlier, on May 30,1787, Edmund Randolph of Virginia had moved to create a government consisting of a supreme legislative, an executive. Ellsworth accepted Randolphs notion of a division, but moved to strike the phrase national government. From this day forward the United States was the title used in the Convention to designate the government. Ellsworth played a role in the passage of the Connecticut Plan. Ellsworths version of the compromise was adopted by the Convention, to gain the passage of the Connecticut Plan its proponents needed support of three southern states, Georgia and the two Carolinas, complementing the small state coalition of the North
21.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
22.
Jonathan Dayton
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Jonathan Dayton was an American politician from the U. S. state of New Jersey. Dayton was arrested in 1807 for treason in connection with Aaron Burrs conspiracy, Dayton was never tried, Dayton was born in Elizabethtown in New Jersey. He was the son of Elias Dayton, a merchant who was prominent in politics and had served as a militia officer in the French. He graduated from the academy, run by Tapping Reeve and Francis Barber. He then attended the College of New Jersey and he left the College of New Jersey in 1775 to fight in the Revolution, though he would later receive an honorary degree in 1776. Dayton was 15 at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1775, on January 1,1777, he was commissioned a lieutenant and served as paymaster. He saw service under Washington, fighting in the battles of Brandywine Creek and he remained with Washington at Valley Forge and helped push the British from their position in New Jersey into the safety of New York City. In October 1780, Dayton and an uncle were captured by loyalists, Dayton again served under his father in the New Jersey Brigade. On March 30,1780, at age 19, he was promoted to rank of captain and transferred to the 2nd New Jersey Regiment, where he took part in the Battle of Yorktown. The Revolutionary War pension records indicate that he served as Aid-de-Camp to General Sullivan on his expedition against the Indians from May 1 – November 30,1779. On July 19,1799, Dayton was offered a commission as Major General in the Provisional United States Army, after the war, Dayton studied law and created a practice, dividing his time between land speculation, law, and politics. After serving as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention and he was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1786–1787, and again in 1790, and served in the New Jersey Legislative Council in 1789. Dayton was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1789 and he served as speaker for the Fourth and Fifth Congress. Like most Federalists, he supported the policies of Alexander Hamilton. He supported the Louisiana Purchase and opposed the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, Dayton was exonerated, but his association with Burr effectively ended his political career. Dayton married Susan Williamson and had two daughters, susans Revolutionary War Pension Application W.6994 states that the marriage occurred on March 28,1779. After resuming his career in New Jersey, Dayton died on October 9,1824. He was interred in a grave that is now under the St. Johns Episcopal Church in Elizabeth
23.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
24.
Theodore Sedgwick
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He served as the fourth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in 1802, born in West Hartford, Connecticut, Sedgwick was the son of Benjaman Sedgwick. His paternal immigrant ancestor Major General Robert Sedgwick arrived in 1636 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Sedgwick attended Yale College, where he studied theology and law. He did not graduate, but went on to law under the attorney Mark Hopkins of Great Barrington Sedgwick was admitted to the bar in 1766 and commenced practice in Great Barrington. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Continental Army as a major, and took part in the expedition to Canada and the Battle of White Plains in 1776. As a relatively young lawyer, Sedgwick and Tapping Reeve pleaded the case of Brom and Bett vs. Ashley, Bett was a black slave who had fled from her master, Colonel John Ashley of Sheffield, Massachusetts, because of cruel treatment by his wife. Brom joined her in suing for freedom from the Ashleys, the attorneys challenged their enslavement under the new state constitution of 1780, which held that all men are born free and equal. The jury agreed and ruled that Bett and Brom were free, the decision was upheld on appeal by the state Supreme Court. Bett marked her freedom by taking the name of Elizabeth Freeman, and she chose to work for wages at the Sedgwick household and she worked there for much of the rest of her life, buying a separate house for her and her daughter after the Sedgwick children were grown. After Freemans death, the Sedgwicks buried her at Stockbridge Cemetery in the Sedgwick Pie, the family marked Freemans grave with an inscribed monument, and it is beside that of their fourth child, writer Catharine Maria. A Federalist, Sedgwick began his career in 1780 as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was elected as representative to the house, and then as state senator. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts. In 1789 Sedgwick was elected as Representative to Congress from Massachusetts first congressional district and that year he was elected to the United States Senate, and served until 1799. In 1799 he was re-elected as a Representative, this time from the fourth district, in 1802, Sedgwick was appointed a justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. He held this position until his death, around 1767, Sedgwick married Elizabeth Eliza Mason, the daughter of a deacon from Franklin, Connecticut. In 1771, Sedgwick contracted smallpox which he passed on to his wife who was pregnant with the couples first child. She died of the disease on April 12,1771 while eight months pregnant, Sedgwick married a second time on April 17,1774 to Pamela Dwight of the New England Dwight family
25.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
26.
5th United States Congress
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The Fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4,1797 to March 4,1799, the apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790. Both chambers had a Federalist majority. S, followed by naval skirmishes but no war is declared April 30,1798, The U. S. Department of the Navy was established, Sess. 35,1 Stat.553 June 18,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts,54,1 Stat.566 June 25,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts, Sess. 58,1 Stat.570 July 6,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts,66,1 Stat.577 July 9,1798, Act Further to Protect the Commerce of the United States, Sess. 68,1 Stat.578 July 11,1798, The United States Marine Corps was established,72,1 Stat.594 July 14,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts, Sess. 74,1 Stat.596 July 16,1798, Marine Hospital Service Act,77,1 Stat.605 April 7,1798 - Mississippi Territory was organized, Sess. It was formerly a portion of Georgia and South Carolina June 7,1797, July 7,1797, Existing treaties with France were rescinded, Sess. 67,1 Stat.578 Details on changes are shown below in the Changes in membership section, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress There were 9 resignations,2 deaths,1 expulsion,1 late selection, neither party had a net gain of seats. There were 9 resignations and 3 deaths, the Federalists had a 1-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 1-seat net gain. Lists of committees and their party leaders, otis of Massachusetts, elected April 8,1789 Doorkeeper, James Mathers of New York, elected April 7,1789 Chaplain, William White, Episcopalian, elected December 9,1790 Clerk, Jonathan W. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
27.
6th United States Congress
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The Sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1799, to March 4,1801 and it was the last Congress of the 18th century and the first to convene in the 19th. The apportionment of seats in House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790, both chambers had a Federalist majority. This was the last Congress in which the Federalist Party controlled the presidency or either chamber of Congress. December 14,1799 — Former President George Washington died February 24,1800 — Library of Congress founded November 17,1800 — Congress held its first session in Washington, D. C. The House was required to choose between Jefferson and Aaron Burr, with each of the 16 states having a single vote, Jefferson was elected on the 36th ballot by 10 to 4. February 13,1801 — Judiciary Act of 1801, Sess,4,2 Stat.89 February 27,1801 — District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Sess.2, ch. 15,2 Stat.103 July 4,1800, Indiana Territory created from a portion of the Northwest Territory. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress There were 7 resignations and 1 vacancy at the beginning of Congress. The Federalists had a 1-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 2-seat net gain, There were 6 resignations and 3 deaths. The Federalists had a 4-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 3-seat net gain, Lists of committees and their party leaders. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists
28.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
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Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
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Jonathan Trumbull Jr. was an American politician who served as the second Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. And his wife Faith Robinson, daughter of Rev. John Robinson, Trumbull graduated from Harvard College in 1759, and gave the valedictory address when he received his masters degree in 1762. His brother John Trumbull was a painter of the Revolution. Carrying on the tradition of public service, Trumbull began with town and colony offices, lister, grand juror, surveyor of highways, justice of the peace. In 1774 he was elected deputy, the first of seven terms representing Lebanon. He served in the legislature three times, from 1774 to 1775, from 1779 to 1780, and in 1788. Trumbull served in the Continental Army as paymaster general of the Northern Department from 28 July 1775 to 29 July 1778 and he was included in the general orders of June 8,1781, Jonathan Trumbull. Junior, is appointed Secretary to the Commander in Chief and to be respected accordingly and he served for the duration of the war as aide-de-camp to General George Washington until 28 December 1783. After the war, he became a member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati. Elected to the First, Second, and Third Congresses, Trumbull served in the United States House of Representatives from March 4,1789 to March 3,1795. He was the Speaker of the House in the Second Congress and he did not seek re-election for a fourth term and instead ran for the United States Senate. When Trumbull was elected to the United States Senate, he served from March 4,1795 to June 10,1796, on June 10,1796, he resigned from the United States Senate to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. When the Governor died in December 1797, he became governor and was re-elected to eleven consecutive terms until his death in Lebanon, as a wedding present, his father built the Jonathan Trumbull House for him and his bride. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Trumbull died August 7,1809, aged 69 years and 134 days. He is interred at Trumbull Cemetery, Lebanon, Connecticut and he was one the original members of the board of trustees of Bacon Academy. Trumbull, Connecticut Trumbull County, Ohio Jonathan Trumbull Jr. at Find a Grave National Governors Association Notable Names Data Base
30.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
31.
Richard Bassett (politician)
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A member of the Federalist Party, he served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware, and as U. S. He holds the Senate Rank of 1, as the most senior United States Senator during the First Congress of the United States, Bassett was born at Bohemia Ferry in the Province of Marylands Cecil County. His mother, Judith Thompson, had married part-time tavern-owner and farmer Arnold Bassett who deserted the family during Richards childhood. Since Judith Thompson was the granddaughter and heiress of Augustine Herrman. Eventually this heritage provided him with inherited wealth, including the Bohemia Manor plantation as well as other property in Delawares New Castle County. Bassett studied law under Judge Robert Goldsborough of Province of Marylands Dorchester County and, in 1770, Richard was admitted to the Bar. He moved to Delaware and began a practice in Kent Countys court town of Dover, after Ann Ennals death he married Betsy Garnett in 1796. They were active members of the Methodist Church, and gave the much of their time. Bassett was a reluctant revolutionary, more closely in tune with the approach of George Read than with his neighbors from Kent County, Caesar Rodney, nevertheless, in 1774 he was elected to the local Boston Relief Committee. He was then one of the elected to 1st Delaware General Assembly. Subsequently, he was a member of the House of Assembly for the 1780/81 and 1781/82 sessions and he concluded his state legislative career with a final term in the House of Assembly during the 1786/87 session. He thereby represented Kent County in all but one session of the Delaware General Assembly from independence to the adoption of the U. S, however, Bassett’s most notable contributions during the American Revolution were his efforts to mobilize the state’s military. Some sources credit him with developing the plans for raising and staffing the 1st Delaware Regiment, with his neighbor, known as the Delaware Continentals or Delaware Blues, they were from the smallest state, but at some 800 men, were the largest battalion in the Continental Army. Raised in early 1776, they went into service in July, Bassett was one of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and, without supplying much input, signed the Constitution. Upon his retirement from the United States Senate in 1793, Bassett began a term as the first Chief Justice of the Delaware Court of Common Pleas. At the time it was a court of civil jurisdiction. By this time Bassett was formally a member of the Federalist Party and it was during his time in office that Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours first came to Delaware to begin his gunpowder business. However, it was also during his term that Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States, the retiring President John Adams, rushed the Judiciary Act of 1801 through the Federalist 6th Congress, creating a number of new judgeships on the United States circuit courts
32.
James Jackson (Georgia politician)
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James Jackson was an early Georgia politician of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1789 until 1791, senator from Georgia from 1793 to 1795, and from 1801 until his death in 1806. In 1797 he was elected 23rd Governor of Georgia, serving from 1798 to 1801, Jackson was born in Moretonhampstead, Devonshire, England. He immigrated at age 15 to Savannah, Georgia in 1772, as a young man, Jackson became well known as a duelist with a fiery temper. In 1785, he married Mary Charlotte Young, with whom he had five sons, during the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Georgia Militia at the defense of Savannah, the Battle of Cowpens, and the recapture of Augusta and Savannah. When the British left Savannah in July 1782, General Anthony Wayne gave Jackson the privilege of receiving the keys to the city. Even after the Revolutionary War, James Jackson remained an important and influential figure in the Georgia Militia, by doing this, Jackson eventually rose to the rank of brigadier general of Georgias militia in 1786 and, eventually, major general in 1792. After the war, he built up his law practice in Savannah, Jackson was elected to the first Georgia state legislature in 1777 after having served as clerk of court by the Provincial Congress. His interest in the military was rekindled when he joined the Georgia militia in the defense of Georgia frontier settlers against Indian inhabitants, in 1788, Jackson was elected governor of Georgia, but declined the position, citing his inexperience. In 1789, Jackson was elected to the First United States Congress, as a Jeffersonian Republican, he vigorously opposed Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamiltons financial plans for federal assumption of the states debts from the Revolutionary War. Jackson opposed many of Hamilton’s plans on how to relieve the states of their debts from the Revolutionary War, one of the first plans that Hamilton proposed was that of placing a tax on spirits. This proposition received a sounding rebuttal from Jackson who said that it would “deprive the mass of the people of almost the only luxury they enjoy, that of distilled spirits. It was originally suggested that the tax be $0.15 per gallon tax, jackson’s suggestion was denied, thus the Duties on Spirits bill was passed with the $0.15 per gallon tax on distilled spirits. The next bill that Jackson and Hamilton fought over was the assumption of states’ debts from the war, Hamilton wanted to lump all of the state’s debts from the Revolutionary War into one national debt where the states all worked together to pay off the debt. Jackson was extremely opposed to this saying that it wasn’t fair to the states like Georgia that didn’t accumulate a lot of debt during the war. Jackson said that it would be those states that would bear the brunt of the debt by working to pay off other states’ debts by paying more of the taxes and he was also strongly opposed to efforts to curtail slavery. He was convinced that Wayne had not won his seat fairly, so he mounted a campaign against Wayne and his supporters, finally succeeding in removing Wayne from Congress. Making effective use of grand jury presentments and newspapers, Jackson secured a seat in the legislature, meanwhile, the state of Georgia sold millions of acres of its western lands, called the Yazoo region, at extremely low prices to a group of investors
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Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
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James Garrard
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James Garrard was a farmer and Baptist minister who served as the second governor of Kentucky from 1796 to 1804. After serving in the Revolutionary War, Garrard moved west to the part of Virginia that is now Bourbon County and he held several local political offices and represented the area in the Virginia House of Delegates. He was chosen as a delegate to five of the ten conventions that secured Kentuckys separation from Virginia. Garrard was among the delegates who tried to exclude guarantees of the continuance of slavery from the document. In 1795, he sought to succeed Isaac Shelby as governor, in a three-way race, Benjamin Logan received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes cast. Logan protested Garrards election to state attorney general John Breckinridge and the state senate, a Democratic-Republican, Garrard opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and favored passage of the Kentucky Resolutions. He lobbied for education, militia and prison reforms, business subsidies. In 1798, the states first governors mansion was constructed, due in part to the confusion resulting from the 1795 election, he favored calling a constitutional convention in 1799. Because of his views, he was not chosen as a delegate to the convention. During his second term, he applauded Thomas Jeffersons purchase of Louisiana from France as a means of dealing with the closure of the port at New Orleans to U. S. goods. Late in his term, his Secretary of State, Harry Toulmin, persuaded him to some doctrines of Unitarianism. He also clashed with the legislature over the appointment of a registrar for the land office, leaving him embittered. He retired to his estate, Mount Lebanon, and engaged in agricultural and commercial pursuits until his death on January 19,1822, Garrard County, Kentucky, created during his first term, was named in his honor. James Garrard was born in Stafford County, Virginia, on January 14,1749 and he was second of three children born to Colonel William and Mary Garrard. Garrards mother died sometime between 1755 and 1760, afterward, his father married Elizabeth Moss, and the couple had four more children. William Garrard was the county lieutenant of Stafford County, by virtue of which he held the rank of colonel and was in command of the county militia, the Garrard family was moderately wealthy, and the Stafford County courthouse was built on their land. During his childhood, James worked on his fathers farm and he was educated in the common schools of Stafford County and studied at home, acquiring a fondness for books. Early in life, he associated himself with the Hartwood Baptist Church near Fredericksburg, on December 20,1769, Garrard married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Mountjoy
35.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
36.
Benjamin Ogle
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Benjamin Ogle was the ninth Governor of Maryland from 1798 to 1801. The Ogle family was prominent for many centuries in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland, England. Born in Annapolis, Benjamin Ogle was the son of former Provincial governor, Samuel Ogle, upon his death in 1752, Samuel left his estate to his 3 year old son Benjamin, but appointed Benjamin Tasker, Sr. as his sons guardian and to manage the estate. Tasker sent young Ogle to England when he was 10 to further his education, Ogle returned to Maryland in 1770 to find Taskers daughters were occupying his fathers estate, the Belair Mansion, so he resided in his fathers city home at 247 King George Street in Annapolis. Ogle took possession of the Belair Mansion in 1774 after a lawsuit to reclaim his fathers home from the Tasker family, Benjamin Ogle became a member of the Maryland colonial council and would support the American Revolution. Ogle became a friend of George Washington whose presidential records show he dined at Belair on October 1,1773 and he was elected Governor of Maryland by the Legislature in 1798, serving until 1801. Upon George Washingtons death in 1799, Ogle issued a proclamation that February 11,1800 be observed throughout the State as a day of mourning and his precedent started the tradition of observing a holiday on February each year, now known as Presidents Day. Gov. Benjamin Ogle only had one wife and she was Henrietta Margaret Hill with whom he had a son, rebecca Stilley was married to another Ben Ogle of Frederick, MD and not the Governor of the State. Gov. Ogle left his estate, Belair, to Benjamin Ogle II upon his death in 1809 in Annapolis
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Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
38.
Increase Sumner
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Increase Sumner was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Massachusetts. He was the governor of Massachusetts, serving from 1797 to 1799. Trained as a lawyer, he served in the government of Massachusetts during the American Revolutionary War. Appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court the same year, he served there as a justice until 1797. He was elected governor of Massachusetts three times by wide margins, but died shortly after the start of his third term. His descendants include his son William H. Sumner, for whom the Sumner Tunnel in Boston, Massachusetts is named, Increase Sumner was born on November 27,1746 in Roxbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, one of eight children of Increase Sumner and Sarah Sharp. The elder Increase Sumner was a farmer descended from early settlers of Dorchester, he held a number of public offices including coroner for Suffolk County. In 1752 Sumner enrolled in the school in Roxbury, now Roxbury Latin School. Sumner excelled at school, and over the resistance of his father was enrolled at Harvard College in 1763, after graduating from Harvard, Sumner took charge of the Roxbury school, where he taught for two years while he apprenticed law under Samuel Quincy, the provincial solicitor general. He sought to study under John Adams, but the latter had enough students, Adams wrote that Sumner was a promising genius, and a studious and virtuous youth. Sumner was admitted to the bar in 1770 and opened a law office in Roxbury that year, Sumner was chosen a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1776 where he represented the town of Roxbury. In 1777 he participated in a convention to draft a new constitution. He continued to serve in the congress until the state constitution was adopted in 1780. This post he held for two years, in June 1782 he was elected to the Confederation Congress by the state legislature, replacing Timothy Danielson, who resigned, but Sumner never actually took the seat. In August 1782 Governor John Hancock nominated him as a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court to replace James Sullivan. He accepted this position instead of the seat, and served from 1782 to 1797. Details on his record are sparse, in part because few official court records survive from the time. Sumner did take detailed notes of many of the cases he heard, the period when he served in the Supreme Judicial Court included a time of great turmoil in Massachusetts
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Moses Gill
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Moses Gill was a Massachusetts politician who briefly served as the states Acting Governor. He is the only acting governor to die in office. A successful businessman, he one of the leading settlers of Princeton, Massachusetts. He served on the Massachusetts Provincial Congresss executive committee until the state adopted its constitution in 1780, elected lieutenant governor in 1794, he served in that office under Governors Samuel Adams and Increase Sumner until the latter died shortly after winning reelection in 1799. Gill served an apparently undistinguished term as acting governor until his own death in 1800, ten days before his successor, Caleb Strong, Gill was a significant benefactor and founder of Leicester Academy, and supported the congregational church in Princeton, where the family had a large estate. Moses Gill was born January 18,1734 to John and Elizabeth Gill in Charlestown and he was one the younger sons in a long line of children which included John Gill, who would become well known in the colonies as printer of the Boston Gazette. Gill entered business as a merchant in Boston. In 1759 he married Sarah Prince, daughter to pastor Thomas Prince of Bostons Old South Church, upon her fathers death the couple inherited Princes lands in western Worcester County, one of the largest tracts in what became the town of Princeton. In 1767 he retired from his business activities, and the couple divided their time between Boston and Princeton, Gill remarried in 1772 to Rebecca Boylston, a scion of the influential Boylston family and sister of Harvard College benefactor Nicholas Boylston. They were also childless, when his brother John died, Gill adopted one of his sons, the Gills were known to own several slaves. In 1774 Gill entered politics, winning election to the provincial assembly, Gill served on this bodys executive council, which functioned as the de facto executive of the state until its constitution was adopted in 1780. When the American Revolutionary War broke in April 1775, Gill became involved in the military organization of the Siege of Boston. He was also delegated, along with General Artemas Ward, to meet George Washington in Springfield, because of his prominence in Worcester County Gill was appointed to the countys district court when it was reorganized after the revolution began. In this role he sat on the panel heard the preliminary cases in 1781 involving Quock Walker. Gills panel decided in Walkers favor, and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court eventually confirmed the judgments on appeal and he continued to serve in the General Court, winning election to the state senate annually from 1780, and being chosen by that body to serve on the Governors Council. He stood for election to the United States House of Representatives in the 1789 election but was defeated by Jonathan Grout, after the death of the immensely popular Governor John Hancock in 1793, the states gubernatorial election of 1794 was a wide open race. Gill was one of several nominees for lieutenant governor, and received more votes than all nominees except the winning gubernatorial candidate, with no candidates for lieutenant governor receiving a majority, the General Court decided the election, choosing Gill. He thereafter won annual reelection to that post, in 1796 the aging Adams announced he would not run for reelection the following spring, and again the election was a wide open affair
40.
Governor of New Hampshire
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The Governor of the State of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshires state government. The governor is elected at the state general election in November of even-numbered years. New Hampshire is one of two states, along with bordering Vermont, to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four. Currently, the states 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu, who has served since January 5,2017, in New Hampshire, the governor has no term limit of any kind. No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century with the exception of John Lynch, who won an unprecedented fourth term on November 2,2010. John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years, unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory, the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governors power. The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor, the governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service. To be qualified to be governor, one must be 30 years of age, a registered voter, starting in 1679, the colonial governors had been known as President of New Hampshire. From 1786 to 1791, President of the State of New Hampshire was the style of the position. The New Hampshire Constitution was amended in 1791 to replace President with Governor, list of Governors of New Hampshire New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu New Hampshire State Constitution - EXECUTIVE POWER – GOVERNOR A New Nation Votes, American Election Returns, 1787-1825
41.
John Taylor Gilman
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John Taylor Gilman was a farmer, shipbuilder and statesman from Exeter, New Hampshire. He represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress in 1782–1783 and was Governor of New Hampshire for 14 years, from 1794 to 1805, Gilman was born in Exeter, in the Province of New Hampshire. His family had settled in Exeter since its earliest days and he lived in the Ladd-Gilman house, now a part of the American Independence Museum. He received an education before he entered into the family shipbuilding. Aged 22, he read aloud a Dunlap Broadside brought to New Hampshire on July 16,1776 to the city of Exeter, the American Independence Museum commemorates his brave act every year at their American Independence Festival, where a role-player reads the Declaration in its entirety to festival-goers. Gilman was one of the Minutemen of 1775 and a selectman in 1777 and 1778, Gilman served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1779 and 1781 and was a delegate to the Convention of the States in Hartford, Connecticut, in October 1780. He served as a member of the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783 and he was the New Hampshire Treasurer in 1791 and moderator in 1791–1794,1806,1807, 1809–1811,1817,1818, and 1820–1825. Gilman served a Governor of New Hampshire between 1794 and 1805 and was a candidate for re-election in 1805. He was again a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1810 and 1811 and he was elected Governor and served from 1813 to 1816 and declined to be a candidate for renomination for Governor in 1816. He was an ex officio trustee of Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire and he was president of the board of trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, 1795–1827, and donor of the oldest property, the Yard, upon which the older buildings stand. Gilman was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, Gilman was married to Deborah Gilman, the daughter of Major General Nathaniel Folsom of Exeter. He died in Exeter on September 1,1828 and he is the first Governor of New Hampshire not to have a place in the state named after him. The town of Gilmanton, settled by 24 members of the extended Gilman clan, was named for the family as a whole, gilmans Congressional Biography Gilman, John Taylor, 1753–1828, Guide to Research Collections
42.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
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Richard Howell
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Richard Howell was the third Governor of New Jersey from 1794 to 1801. Howell was born in Newark in the Colony of Delaware and he was a lawyer and soldier of the early United States Army. He served as captain and later major of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment from 1775 to 1779, Richard was a twin, his twin brother was Lewis Howell. Lewis was a physician for the 2nd New Jersey Regiment and died during the Revolutionary War, Richard was offered the role of judge advocate of the army, but turned down the appointment to practice law. He was clerk of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1778 to June 3,1793 and he succeeded Thomas Henderson as Governor and served until 1801. Replaced as Governor by Joseph Bloomfield, Howell died the following year and he was the grandfather of Varina Howell, the second wife of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Howell died in Trenton, New Jersey on April 28,1802, Howell Township in Monmouth County is named in his honor. New Jersey State Library biography of Richard Howell New Jersey Governor Richard Howell, National Governors Association
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Media related to 1799 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
