1.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
2.
NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles
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The NoHo Arts District is a community in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, that is home to contemporary theaters, art galleries, cafes, and shops. The community is bounded by Hatteras Street to the north, Cahuenga Blvd to the east, Tujunga Ave to the west. The area features more than twenty professional theaters, producing new work and classics, diverse art galleries, public art, the district also features the largest concentration of music recording venues west of the Mississippi. A Metro Rail station is located here, the North Hollywood station of the Red Line, business and theater owners in the Universal City/North Hollywood Chamber of Commerce established a theater and arts district in 1992 with support from the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs. They chose NoHo, a play off the well-known SoHo Arts District neighborhood of New York City, medium- and high-density developments are being built around the Metro Station, making the Arts District a center of citywide development, with the intent of creating a walkable urban village. The theater district includes two new venues that expand upon existing theaters, the newly redesigned NoHo Arts Center. They add to the existing 31 theaters located in and around the NoHo Arts District, NoHo Commons, developed by J. H. Snyder Company, is located near the NoHo Arts Districts commercial core and subway station. The NoHo Commons construction and development consisted of three phases, completing with the construction of a Laemmle Theatre, phase III also consisted of the construction of an eight-story office on the corner of Lankershim and Weddington in 2009. The buildings primary tenant is currently the Art Institute of California-Hollywood, NoHo 14, a 180-unit, fourteen-story apartment building, was built in 2004 as one of the first large-scale developments in the neighborhood. The historic North Hollywood train depot at Lankershim and Chandler Boulevards was restored in 2014 for $3.6 million and it is a Southern Pacific Railroad standard design, a One Story Combination Depot No.15 or 21. Currently the NoHo Arts District, in conjunction with the Community Redevelopment Agency-Los Angeles, is working on efforts to make the area more appealing to businesses. The current focus is primarily on revamping store fronts on Lankershim Blvd, in the future, North Hollywood plans a $1 billion mixed-use development at Lankershim and Chandler, surrounding the Metro Red and Orange line terminals. The project would re-develop 15.6 acres with 1,720,000 square feet of commercial and residential space, including 562 residential units, the project was awarded to Lowe Enterprises by the Los Angeles Metro board and will be designed by architects AC Martin Partners. Media related to NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles at Wikimedia Commons
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Hal David
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Harold Lane Hal David was an American lyricist. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York City and he was best known for his collaborations with composer Burt Bacharach and his association with Dionne Warwick. David was born in New York City, a son of Austrian Jewish immigrants Lina and Gedalier David, who owned a delicatessen in Brooklyn and he is credited with popular music lyrics, beginning in the 1940s with material written for bandleader Sammy Kaye and for Guy Lombardo. He worked with Morty Nevins of The Three Suns on four songs for the feature film Two Gals, in 1957, David met composer Burt Bacharach at Famous Music in the Brill Building in New York. The two teamed up and wrote their first hit The Story of My Life, recorded by Marty Robbins in 1957, J. Thomas, Gene Pitney, Tom Jones, Jackie DeShannon and others. In addition, Dont Make Me Over, Close to You and Walk On By have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. A. with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard Sea of Heartbreak, David and Bacharach were awarded the 2011 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, bestowed by the Library of Congress, the first time a songwriting team was given the honor. David was recuperating from a recent illness and was unable to attend the Washington D. C. presentation ceremony in May 2012, David died in the morning hours of September 1,2012, of a stroke. He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park beside his first wife, Anne, Hal David at Find a Grave Hal David Interview - NAMM Oral History Library
5.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
6.
Metallica (album)
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Metallica is the eponymous fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica. Released on August 12,1991 by Elektra Records, it received critical acclaim. Metallica produced five singles that are considered to be among the bands songs, which include Enter Sandman, The Unforgiven, Nothing Else Matters, Wherever I May Roam. Dont Tread on Me was also issued to rock radio shortly after the albums release, the album marked a change in the bands sound from the thrash metal style of the previous four albums to a slower one. Metallica promoted the album with a series of tours, in 2003, the album was ranked number 252 on Rolling Stones 500 greatest albums of all time. The recording of Metallica was troubled, as the band frequently entered conflicts with Bob Rock, the album debuted at number one in ten countries and spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the Billboard 200, making it Metallicas first album to top album charts. By February 2016, the album spent 363 weeks on the Billboard album chart, Metallica is one of the best-selling albums worldwide, and the best-selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began. Metallica played the album in its entirety during the 2012 European Black Album Tour, at the time of Metallicas recording, the bands songs were written mainly by frontman James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, with Hetfield being the lyricist. The duo frequently composed together at Ulrichs house in Berkeley, California, several song ideas and concepts were conceived by other members of the band, lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Jason Newsted. For instance, Newsted wrote the riff of My Friend of Misery. The songs were written in two months in mid-1990, the ideas for some of them were originated during the Damaged Justice Tour, Metallica was impressed with Bob Rocks production work on Mötley Crües Dr. Feelgood and decided to hire him to work on their album. Initially, the members were not interested in having Rock producing the album as well. Ulrich said, We felt that we still had our best record in us, four demos for the album were recorded on August 13,1990, Enter Sandman, The Unforgiven, Nothing Else Matters and Wherever I May Roam. The lead single Enter Sandman was the first song to be written, on October 4,1990, a demo of Sad but True was recorded. In October 1990, Metallica entered One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, the band also recorded the album at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia about a week. On June 2,1991, a demo of Holier Than Thou was recorded, Hetfield stated about the recording, What we really wanted was a live feel. In the past, Lars and I constructed the rhythm parts without Kirk and this time I wanted to try playing as a band unit in the studio. It lightens things up and you get more of a vibe and he also suggested recording tracks live and using harmonic vocals for Hetfield
7.
A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica
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A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica is a two-part documentary about the process of making the Metallica album, and the following tour. It was produced by Juliana Roberts and directed by Adam Dubin, a Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica was released as a double VHS pack. Both parts are available on a single DVD, but only in region 1 and this 90-minute video shows how Metallica and their producer Bob Rock worked their way through making the Metallica album. It also includes the making of the video for Enter Sandman and also a party for invited fans to come. Jason Newsted after a concert in Portland, Maine, is seen making sandwiches to take back to a hotel with him and his response to being called a cheapskate is I got plans for those millions and it aint for fucking sandwiches. Sebastian Bach is seen joking with Slash and Lars Ulrich in Metallicas dressing room at RFK Stadium in Washington D. C. prior to the concert, Bach humorously imitates MTV host Riki Rachtman, and former Metallica guitarist Dave Mustaine. The band also encounter Spinal Tap, who ask them about the similarities between their albums covers. This part of the documentary also includes two videos, Wherever I May Roam Sad but True A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica at the Internet Movie Database
8.
...And Justice for All (album)
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…And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on August 25,1988, by Elektra Records. It was the bands first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986, …And Justice for All is musically progressive, with long and complex songs, fast tempos, and few verse-chorus structures. The album is noted for its production, which producer Flemming Rasmussen attributed to his absence during the mixing process. The lyrics feature themes of political and legal injustice seen through the prisms of censorship, war, the phrase …And Justice for All appears spray-painted in the lower right corner. The album title is derived from the American Pledge of Allegiance, three songs from the album were released as singles, Harvester of Sorrow, Eye of the Beholder, and One, while the title track was released as a promotional single. …And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics and it was included in The Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics poll of the years best albums, and the single One earned Metallica its first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The groups best-selling album at the time, it was the first underground metal album to chart success in the United States. …And Justice for All was Metallicas first full-length studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986, Newsted had previously played on Metallicas The $5.98 E. P. Garage Days Re-Revisited, an extended play released in 1987, the band intended to record the album earlier, but was sidetracked by the large number of festival dates scheduled for the summer of 1987, including the European leg of the Monsters of Rock festival. Another reason was frontman James Hetfields arm injury in a skateboarding accident, the bands previous studio album, Master of Puppets, marked the end of Metallicas contract with the Music for Nations label. Manager Peter Mensch wanted the band to sign with British record distributor Phonogram Records, to persuade Metallica to choose his label Hooker offered them a bigger deal, worth well over £1 million, which at that time was the biggest deal wed ever offered anyone. His explanation was that the figure for combined British and European sales of all three Metallica albums was more than 1.5 million copies. The album title was revealed in April 1988, …And Justice for All, the artwork was created by Stephen Gorman, based on a concept developed by Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich. It depicts a statue of a blindfolded Lady Justice, bound by ropes with her breasts exposed. The title appears graffiti-style in the right corner. …And Justice for All was recorded from January to May 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Metallica produced the album with Flemming Rasmussen. Things did not work out as planned, and three weeks later Rasmussen became available after Ulrich gave him a call, Rasmussen listened to Clinks rough mixes for the album on his February 14 flight to Los Angeles, and upon his arrival Clink was fired. Hetfield explained that recording with Clink did not work out so well, however, Clink is credited with engineering the drums on two of the albums tracks, The Shortest Straw and Harvester of Sorrow
9.
When the Pawn...
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When the Pawn. is the shortened title of the second album by American singer-songwriter Fiona Apple. The album was released by Epic Records in the United States on November 9,1999, in 2010, Spin magazine named the album the 106th greatest of the last 25 years. A year later, Slant Magazine named it the 79th best album of the 1990s, the album was also critically and commercially successful and was certified platinum. The album earned a nomination at the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, the album title is a poem Apple wrote on tour after reading the readers negative letters about her in the December 1997 issue of Spin magazine. Rolling Stone magazine made fun of the title/poem, calling it and it came from being made fun of, she rued, and then, of course, it becomes a thing Im being made fun of for. The albums title has become a source of trivia, on its release, it broke the record for longest album title at 444 characters. However, in October 2007 Soulwax released their remix album Most of the Remixes and this was surpassed in 2008 by Chumbawambas The Boy Bands Have Won. Whose full title contains 865 characters of text, the first single, Fast as You Can, was fairly popular and received moderate radio and video airplay. It reached the top 20 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, the follow-up singles, Limp and especially Paper Bag, which was nominated for a Grammy Award, were less successful. Apples boyfriend at the time, filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson, directed videos for all three singles, all tracks written by Fiona Apple. Album Singles When the Pawn. at MusicBrainz When the Pawn. at Metacritic
10.
Fiona Apple
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Fiona Apple McAfee-Maggart is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and record producer. Classically trained on piano as a child, Apple began composing her own songs when she was 8 years old. Her debut album, Tidal, written when Apple was 17, was released in 1996 and she followed with When the Pawn. produced by Jon Brion, which was also critically and commercially successful and was certified platinum. For her third album, Extraordinary Machine, Apple again collaborated with Brion, however, Apple was reportedly unhappy with the production and opted not to release the record, leading fans to erroneously protest Epic Records, believing that the label was withholding its release. The album was eventually re-produced without Brion and released in October 2005 to critical acclaim, in 2012, she released her fourth studio album, The Idler Wheel. which received universal critical praise and was followed by an extensive tour of the USA. Born in New York City in 1977, Apple is the daughter of singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart and her maternal grandparents were dancer Millicent Green and big band vocalist Johnny McAfee. Her sister sings cabaret under the stage name Maude Maggart, Apple grew up in Morningside Gardens in Harlem with her mother and sister, but spent summers with her father in Los Angeles. Apple was classically trained on piano as a child, and began composing her own pieces by the age of eight, when learning to play piano, she would often take sheet music and translate guitar tablature into the corresponding notes. Apple later began to play along with jazz standard compositions after becoming proficient, through which she discovered Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald, at age 12, Apple was raped outside the apartment she shared with her mother and sister. She then developed an eating disorder, purposely slimming her developing body, in 2000, she insisted that she did not write songs about the trauma, It doesnt get into the writing. Its such a fuckin old pain that, you know, theres nothing poetic about it, schenker then passed the tape along to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Apples abilities captured his attention, and Slater signed her to a record deal, in 1996, Apples debut album, Tidal, was released by Work Records and Columbia Records. The album sold 2.7 million copies and was certified three times platinum in the U. S. Criminal, the single, became a hit. The songs controversial Mark Romanek-directed music video played on MTV, other singles from Tidal included Shadowboxer, Sleep to Dream, and Never Is a Promise. Apple accepted MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist for her song Sleep to Dream in 1997 The New Yorker, when I have something to say, Ill say it, she said, responding to these criticisms in an article in Rolling Stone in January 1998. During this period, Apple also made recordings of The Beatles Across the Universe and she later canceled the last twenty-one dates on a tour in support of her album due to personal family problems. Apples second album, When the Pawn. was released in 1999 and its full title is a poem Apple wrote after reading letters that appeared in Spin regarding an article that had cast her in a negative light in an earlier issue. The titles length earned it a spot in the Guinness Book of Records for 2001
