1.
Abdul Rahman Arif
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Hajj Abdul Rahman Mohammed Arif Aljumaily was the third President of Iraq, a position he held from April 16,1966 to July 17,1968. He was a soldier, and supported the military coup in 1958 that overthrew the monarchy. He also supported the coup that brought his brother, Abdul Salam Arif and it is speculated that the transfer of power possibly occurred because the Iraqi military thought that Abdul Salam should be succeeded by his weak and easier to manipulate brother instead. Arif was appointed president by the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council and he continued his brothers policies, but with a more nationalistic profile. Like his brother Abdul Salam, he was a supporter of Egypts pan-Arabist president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Arif Abdul Razzak, another pro-Nasser Air Force Commander, attempted a coup détat on Arif, and lightly bombed the Presidential Palace with Soviet MiG17 jets and it was his second failed coup attempt on the Arif government. President Arif went on TV to declare that on occasion, Abdul Razzak would definitely be punished. His presidency was widely believed to be slack and indecisive, however, there are historical clues that he was not corrupt. The ill-advised law that he passed in 1967 to absolve himself from paying income tax is probably an indication that he was not capable of getting wealth otherwise. Regardless, American officials in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration welcomed Iraqs brief return to rule under Bazzaz as well as Arifs thwarting of Razzaks second coup attempt on June 30. The political atmosphere engendered by the costly Arab defeat prompted Iraq to break relations with the U. S. on June 7, and ultimately ensured the collapse of Arifs relatively moderate government. On July 17,1968, while Arif was sleeping, his own assistants along with members of the Baath Party, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, overthrew him in a bloodless coup. As Arif and his brother had done in the 1963 coup against Qasim, the coalition declared victory once they had captured the radio station and it was accomplished when the defense minister, Hardan Al-Tikriti, phoned Arif informing him that he was no longer president. He returned to Iraq in 1979, when Saddam Hussein came to power and he was allowed to leave the country once to undertake the Hajj. Arif left Iraq permanently after Hussein was removed from power by the U. S. -led invasion and he died in Amman on August 24,2007, being yet the only Iraqi leader to die a normal death. He was married to Faika Abdul-Mageed Faris Alanee, the existence of Israel is an error which we must put right. This is our opportunity to wipe out the disgrace which is Israel which has been with us since 1948. Our goal is clear – to wipe Israel off the map, speaking on the Radio,1 June 1967 I hope there will be stability and security in all parts of Iraq and neighboring Arab countries, he said
2.
Ba'athist Iraq
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Baathist Iraq, formally the Iraqi Republic, covers the history of Iraq between 1968 and 2003, during the period of the Arab Socialist Baath Partys rule. This period began with high growth and soaring prosperity, but ended with Iraq facing social, political. The average annual income decreased because of external factors. During al-Bakrs de jure rule, the economy grew. However, several factors were threatening the countrys stability, among them the countrys conflict with Iran. An external problem was the conflict with Iran, which would contribute to the Iran–Iraq War. The Baath Party, which was secular in nature, harshly repressed the protests, another policy change was Iraqs foreign policy towards Iran, a Shia Muslim country. Deteriorating relations eventually led to the Iran–Iraq War, which started in 1980 when Iraq launched an invasion of Iran. Following the 1979 Iranian revolution, the Iraqis believed the Iranians to be weak and this notion proved to be incorrect, and the war lasted for eight years. Iraqs economy deteriorated during the war, and the country dependent on foreign donations to fund their war effort. The war ended in a stalemate when a ceasefire was reached in 1988, when the war ended, Iraq found itself in the midst of an economic depression, owed millions of dollars to foreign countries, and was unable to repay its creditors. Kuwait, which had increased oil output following the war, reducing international oil prices. In response to this, Saddam threatened Kuwait that, unless it reduced its oil output, negotiations broke down, and on 2 August 1990, Iraq launched an invasion of Kuwait. The resulting international response led to the Persian Gulf War, which Iraq lost, the United Nations initiated economic sanctions in the wars aftermath to weaken the Baathist Iraqi government. The countrys economic conditions worsened during the 1990s, and at the turn of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001, the United States initiated a Global War on Terrorism, and labelled Iraq as a part of an Axis of Evil. In 2003, U. S. coalition forces invaded Iraq, in contrast to previous coups détat in Iraqs history, the 1968 coup, referred to as the 17 July Revolution, was, according to Con Coughlin, a relatively civil affair. All telephone lines were cut at 03,00, by which time several tanks had been commanded to halt in front of the Presidential Palace. Abdul Rahman Arif, the then-President of Iraq, first knew of the coup when jubilant members of the Republican Guard started shooting into the air in a premature triumph
3.
Iraq
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The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds, others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, around 95% of the countrys 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish, two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, the area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian and it was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires. Iraqs modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres, Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932, in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Baath Party from 1968 until 2003, after an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Husseins Baath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country, the Arabic name العراق al-ʿIrāq has been in use since before the 6th century. There are several suggested origins for the name, one dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin, as Uruk was the Akkadian name for the Sumerian city of Urug, containing the Sumerian word for city, UR. An Arabic folk etymology for the name is rooted, well-watered. During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī for Lower Mesopotamia and ʿIrāq ʿajamī, for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran. The term historically included the south of the Hamrin Mountains. The term Sawad was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In English, it is either /ɪˈrɑːk/ or /ɪˈræk/, the American Heritage Dictionary, the pronunciation /aɪˈræk/ is frequently heard in U. S. media. Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq was one of centres of a Caucasoid Neolithic culture where agriculture, the following Neolithic period is represented by rectangular houses. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gypsum, finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations
4.
Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
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This article refers to the ASU in Iraq. For sister parties in other Arab states, see Arab Socialist Union The Iraqi Arab Socialist Union was a party in Iraq based on the principles of Nasserist Arab socialism. It was a party to the Arab Socialist Union parties that sprung up in a number of Arab countries. The Iraqi Arab Socialist Union was founded in July 1964 came on the establishment of preparatory committee also not, chairman of the Iraqi ASU just the former secretary general of the Iraqi Baath Party, Fuad al-Rikabi. Iraqi ASU was the General Secretary and Information Minister Abdul Karim Farhan, several smaller parties are dissolved and joined the IASU, the most important of these was a union with Nassers Egypt oriented ANM. In September 1964 the Egyptian and Iraqi ASU were combined in a joint Executive Committee under Nassers leadership, a group led by al-Rikabi split then as Arab Socialist Movement from. Arif was instead in July 1968 was overthrown by a Baathist coup military, immediately dissolved the IASU Preparatory Committee and finally ar-Rikabi were thrown into prison. As in Syria, the Iraqi Baathists 1973-1979 rival progressive and patriotic parties tied in a coalition of the Progressive National Front, a patriotic, Nasserist was a movement it anymore
5.
Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
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The Arab Socialist Baath Party, also referred to as the pro-Iraqi Baath movement, was a neo-Baathist political party headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq. It is one of two parties emerged from the 1966 split of the original Baath Party. Baathists seized power in Iraq for the first time in 1963, the partys regional organisation governed Iraq between 1968 and 2003, for many years under the leadership of Saddam Hussein. The Arab Socialist Baath Party – Iraq Region was banned in 2003 by the Coalition Provisional Authority following the invasion of Iraq, the two movements established separate National Commands, the National Command was in theory the highest party body in both movements, and controlled their respective baathist movements. However, in countries the National Command was under the control of its respective Regional Command. In the Iraqi-dominated Baath movement, all National Command members came from their branch, for instance. In theory the National Command was the highest party organ between national congresses, with the power to control the affairs of Regional Commands in other regions, delegates to a National Congress elected the members of the National Command, who were eligible for reelection. While the National Command had few de facto powers, many of its members also held seats in the Iraqi Regional Command. Aflaq was elected Secretary-General of the National Command at the Ninth National Congress, held in February 1968 in Beirut, Lebanon and he retained his post until his death in 1989, when he was succeeded by Saddam Hussein. After Saddam Hussein was executed on 30 December 2006, Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri became de facto leader of the Baath Party on 3 January 2007, as Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Baath Party, he is the highest-ranked surviving member of the former Baath party. The party branch in Algeria, the Arab Socialist Baath Party of Algeria, is led by Ahmed Choutri, the party is banned, and Choutri was forced to flee to Iraq during the 1990s because of governmental repression against the Algerian Baath movement. The party sympathises with the Iraqi baathist insurgency and supports Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, following his return to Algeria in 2003, Choutri wrote The Baathist Faith of President Saddam. The Nationalist Democratic Assembly represents the Iraqi-dominated Baath Party in Bahrain, the group is led by Hassan Ali as Secretary General, and Mahmoud Kassab as Deputy Secretary General. It was established by Bahrainis who had studied in Baathist Iraq during the 1960s and 1970s, the party boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election but not the 2006 election. The 2011 parliamentary by-election was boycotted by the party in solidarity with the Bahraini uprising, the party opposes the governments naturalisation policies, and contends that it is unfair for ethnic Bahrainis to compete equally with foreign workers for jobs. The Nationalist Democratic Assembly remains pro-Saddam Hussein and, according to its webpage and it opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, considering it an act of brutality against the Iraqi people. The party actively supports the overthrow of the monarchy, with a peaceful transition to democracy. The Arab Socialist Baath Party - Egypt is a branch in Egypt
6.
Iraqi Armed Forces
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The Iraqi Armed Forces are the military forces of the Iraqi government. They consist of the Iraqi Army, the Iraqi Air Force, and they were initially formed in the early 1920s. Six military Coup détats were mounted by the Army between 1936 and 1941, the armed forces first saw combat in the Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941. They fought against Israel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, in the 1967 Six Day War, two wars with the Kurds were fought in 1961–70 and 1974–75. A much larger conflict was the Iran–Iraq War, initiated by the Iraqis in 1980, the Iraqi armed forces have had mixed success at the strategic level but consistently poor tactical performance during most of their history. Iraq had one of the largest and strongest militaries in the world in 1990, the armed forces are administered by the Ministry of Defence. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which toppled the Saddam Hussein regime, the Iraqi Army, in particular, is one of the most trusted national institutions of Iraq. Iraqi Armed Forces deficiencies have been identified in enabling functions, such as, e. g. logistics, in high-end conventional operations, Iraqi capabilities are currently limited by lack of artillery and air power. There are also concerns regarding corruption and sectarian agendas within the force, Article 9 of the Constitution of Iraq establishes the legal basis of the Iraqi Armed Forces. Much of the wording of Article 9 draws upon Article 27 of the 2004 Transitional Administrative Law, part C expressively notes that military personnel are allowed to vote in elections. The Second Section says that military service shall be regulated by law, Iraqs legislation on defence dates from the Coalition Provisional Authority period of 2003–2004. CPA Order 22 established the New Iraqi Army on August 18,2003, in the process, the New Iraqi Army was expanded to include an Army, Air Force, Coastal Defense Force, reserve forces, and other elements. Iraq does not appear to have issued a national defence review or white paper. Much of defence policy since 2003 has been set by the United States, for example, one mission objective for Multi-National Force-Iraq was an Iraq that has a security force that can maintain domestic order and deny Iraq as a safe haven for terrorists. To do this, the U. S. aimed to train and equip Iraqs security forces, in 2010 there are at least three major defence tasks. The armed forces of Iraq as a modern country began to be formed by the British after they assumed mandated control over Iraq after 1917. During the March 1921 Cairo conference, it was agreed that an Iraqi Army would be created along British lines, with training, king Faisal wanted an army of 15, 000–20,000 men. The army actually grew from 3,500 in 1922 to 7,000 in 1927, the army became a modernising influence in the country
7.
Iraqi Army
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The Iraqi Army, officially the Iraqi Ground Forces, is the ground force component of the Iraqi military, having been active in various incarnations throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. The Iraqi Army in its form was first created by the United Kingdom during the inter-war period of de facto British control of Mandatory Iraq. Following the invasion of Iraq by U. S. forces in 2003, because of the Iraqi insurgency that began shortly after the invasion, the Iraqi Army was later designed to initially be a counter-insurgency force. With the withdrawal of U. S. troops in 2011, the threat of war with newly forming Republic of Turkey, which claimed the Ottoman vilayet of Mosul as part of their country, led the British to form the Iraqi Army on 6 January 1921. The Mussa Al-Kadhum Brigade consisted of officers, whose barracks were located in Kadhimyah. The United Kingdom provided support and training to the Iraqi Army, Iraqi Army Day celebrates the soldiers that fight for Iraq. From 1533 to 1918, Iraq was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, after 1917, the United Kingdom took control of the country. The first Iraqi military forces established by the British were the Iraq Levies, in August 1921, the British installed Hashemite King Faisal I as the client ruler of the British Mandate of Iraq. Faisal had been forced out as the King of Syria by the French, likewise, British authorities selected Sunni Arab elites from the region for appointments to government and ministry offices in Iraq. The British and the Iraqis formalized the relationship between the two nations with the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922, with Faisals ascension to the throne, the Iraqi Army became the Royal Iraqi Army. In 1922, the army totalled 3,618 men and this was well below the 6,000 men requested by the Iraqi monarchy and even less than the British set limit of 4,500. Unattractive salaries hindered early recruiting efforts, at this time, the United Kingdom maintained the right to levy local forces like the British-officered Iraq Levies which were under direct British control. With a strength of 4,984 men, the Iraq Levies outnumbered the army with its British set limit of 4,500 men. In 1924, the RIrA grew to 5,772 men and and it was to stay at 7,500 men until 1933. The force now had six battalions, three cavalry regiments, two mountain regiments, and one field battery. In 1932, the Kingdom of Iraq was granted official independence, the pro-British faction was represented by politicians such as Nuri as-Said who did not oppose a continued British presence. The anti-British faction was represented by such as Rashid Ali al-Gaylani who demanded that remaining British influence in the country be removed. From 1936 to 1941, five coups by the RIrA occurred during each year led by the officers of the Army against the government to pressure the government to concede to Army demands
Abdul Rahman Arif
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