1.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
2.
1803
–
As of the start of 1803, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynières Almanach des gourmands, january 5 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat, in Scotland. January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, february 19 – Act of Mediation issued by Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, february 20 – Kandy took by a British detachment. February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III of the United Kingdom, february 24 – Marbury v. Madison, The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review. February 25 – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, march 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U. S. state, retroactive from August 7,1953. March 9 – Aargau becomes a Swiss canton, march–April – The franc germinal is introduced in France. April 26 – The LAigle meteorite falls in Normandy, causing a shift in opinion on the origin of meteorites. April 30 – Louisiana Purchase is made by the United States from France, may – The First Consul of France Citizen Bonaparte begins making preparations to invade England. May 18 – The United Kingdom resumes war on France after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory, may 19 – Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt. July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people, july 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover. July 23 – Robert Emmets uprising in Ireland begins, july 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line in England. August 3 – The British begin the Second Anglo-Maratha War against the Scindia of Gwalior, september 11 – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindias army under General Louis Bourquin. September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed, september 23 – Battle of Assaye, British-led troops defeat Maratha forces. October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States, november 18 – Battle of Vertières, The Haitian army led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeats the army of Napoleon. November 30 – The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America, odisha, India is occupied by the British under the British East India Company after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Major breakthroughs in chemistry occur, with the identification of the elements rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and cerium
.svg)
