1.
1808
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As of the start of 1808, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 12 – The organizational meeting leading to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, January 22 – The Bragança Portuguese Royal Family arrives in Brazil, fleeing from the French army. February – Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden to join Napoleons Continental System against Great Britain, february 2 – French troops occupy the Papal States. February 6 – The ship Topaz rediscovers the Pitcairn Islands, only one HMS Bounty mutineer is still alive, february 11 – Anthracite coal is first burned as residential heating fuel by Jesse Fell in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. February 21 – Finnish War, Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war, march 2 – Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg. March 2 – The inaugural meeting of the Wernerian Natural History Society, march 8 – Brazil, With the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil, the colony became the seat of Portuguese Empire. March 11 – Russian troops occupy Tampere, march 13 – Upon the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day, Denmark declares war on Sweden, march 19 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. March 22 – Russian troops occupy Turku, april A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific. This causes a drop in marine air temperatures during this year. The philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes his Addresses to the German Nation, april 6 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. April 16 – Troops under colonel Carl von Döbeln clash with Russian troops in Pyhäjoki, may 2 – Peninsular War, The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops. May 3 Finnish War, The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia, Peninsular War, The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near Príncipe Pío Hill. June 12 – Finnish War, A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, june 19 – Finnish War, A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails. June 30 – Finnish War, The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians in the battle of Turku. July 14 – Troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua, july 22 – French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces following the Battle of Bailén. August 10 – Troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki, august 17 – Battle of Roliça, An Anglo-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat an outnumbered French army under General Henri Delaborde. August 21 – Battle of Vimeiro, British troops under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot, september 27 – The Congress of Erfurt between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia starts
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1806 in the United States
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Events from the year 1806 in the United States. March 29 – Construction is authorized of the National Road, may 30 – Andrew Jackson kills a man in a duel after the man had accused Jacksons wife of bigamy. July 15 – Pike expedition, Near St. Louis, Missouri, august 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition makes its return to the Mandan Indians while making its return trip to St. Louis. September 23 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. November 15 – Pike expedition, During his second exploratory expedition, noah Webster publishes A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, his first American English dictionary. Observations on the Total Eclipse of the Sun June 16,1806, memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3, No. 1, pp. 18–22 Simeon De Witt, observations on the Eclipse of 16 June 1806, Made by Simeon De Witt Esq. of Albany, State of New-York, Addressed to Benjamin Rush M. D. to Be by Him Communicated to the American Philosophical Society. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.6, pp. 300–302 The Massachusetts Election in 1806, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Second Series, Vol.20, pp. 1–21 Herbert E. Bolton. Papers of Zebulon M. Pike, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.13, No. William and Mary College, July 4,1806, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.3, No. 3, pp. 201–205 Elizabeth Heyward Jervey, marriage and Death Notices from the Charleston Courier 1806. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.30,2, pp. 117–124 W. E. Hollon. Zebulon Montgomery Pikes Mississippi Voyage, 1805-1806, the Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol.32, No. 4, pp. 445–455 W. H. G. Armytage, a Sheffield Quaker in Philadelphia 1804-1806. Impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.57, No. 2, pp. 352–369 George S. Snyderman, halliday Jacksons Journal of a Visit Paid to the Indians of New York. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.101, No,6, Studies of Historical Documents in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, pp. 565–588 John H. Reinoehl. Some Remarks on the American Trade, Jacob Crowninshield to James Madison 1806, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.16, No
4.
1807 in the United States
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Events from the year 1807 in the United States. February 19 – Burr conspiracy, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested on charges of treason and he is accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico to become part of an independent republic. March 2 – The U. S. Congress passes an act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States. from any foreign kingdom, place, may 22 – A grand jury indicts Aaron Burr for treason. June 22 – The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair, The British warship HMS Leopard captures, july 1 – Pike Expedition ends. August 17 – The Clermont, Robert Fultons first American steamboat, leaves New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, september 1 – Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. December 22 – The U. S. Congress passes the Embargo Act, mineralogical Observations, Made in the Environs of Boston, in the Years 1807 and 1808. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3,1, pp. 127–154 Benjamin Silliman, James L. Kingsley. James L. Kingsley, to Mr John Vaughan, Librarian of the American Philosophical Society, transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.6, pp. 323–345 Herbert E. Bolton. Papers of Zebulon M. Pike, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.13, No. 4, pp. 798–827 Thorp Lanier Wolford, democratic-Republican Reaction in Massachusetts to the Embargo of 1807. The New England Quarterly, Vol.15, No, impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807. The American Historical Review, Vol.57, No, proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.110, No. 4, pp. 235–255 Henry A. Boorse, barralets The Dunlap House,1807, and Its Associations. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.99, No,2, pp. 131–155 William G. McLoughlin. Thomas Jefferson and the Beginning of Cherokee Nationalism,1806 to 1809, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.32, No. 4, pp. 548–580 Richard R. Beeman, Trade and Travel in Post-Revolutionary Virginia, A Diary of an Itinerant Peddler, 1807-1808. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.84,2, pp. 174–188 Jeffrey A. Frankel. The 1807-1809 Embargo Against Great Britain, the Journal of Economic History, Vol.42, No
5.
1809 in the United States
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Events from the year 1809 in the United States. February 11 – Robert Fulton patents the steamboat, february 17 – Miami University is established on the township of land required to be set aside for it under the conditions of the Miami Purchase in 1794. February 20 – A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the government is greater than any individual state. March 1 – Illinois Territory is effective, march 4 – James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States. May 5 – Mary Dixon Kies becomes the first recipient of a patent granted to a woman by the United States Patent and she invented a technique of weaving straw with silk and thread. October 11 – Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinders Stand and it is considered an alleged suicide though some evidence suggests murder. December 30 – Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, following refitting, the USS Constitution is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. T. Hunter, Virginian lawyer, politician, 14th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, 2nd Confederate States Secretary of State July 24 – Charles W. Appleton, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol.11, Thomas H. Shoemaker. A List of the Inhabitants of Germantown and Chestnut Hill in 1809, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.16, No. 1, pp. 42–63 An Itinerary to Niagara Falls in 1809, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.24, No. Governor Harrison and the Treaty of Fort Wayne,1809, indiana Magazine of History, Vol.11, No. 4, pp. 352–367 Charles Lyon Chandler, United States Shipping in the La Plata Region, 1809-1810. The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol.3, No, Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October,1809. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.50,1, pp. 64–78 A trip from Fort Wayne to Fort Dearborn in 1809. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.36, No,1, pp. 45–51 Edwin J. Hipkiss. Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Vol.45,259, pp. 12–14 Noble E. Cunningham Jr. The Diary of Frances Few, 1808-1809, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.29, No. 3, pp. 345–361 William G. McLoughlin, Thomas Jefferson and the Beginning of Cherokee Nationalism,1806 to 1809
6.
1810 in the United States
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Events from the year 1810 in the United States. June 4 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, june 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astors newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, september 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida, the first steamboat on the Ohio River sails. Notes of a Visit to Philadelphia, Made by a Moravian Sister in 1810, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.36, No. 3, pp. 346–361 Governor Gerrys Latin Speech,1810, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.59, S. E. Morison. Forcing the Dardanelles in 1810, With Some Account of the Early Levant Trade of Massachusetts, the New England Quarterly, Vol.1, No. On a Collection of Birds from Georgia and Carolina Made about 1810 by John Abbot,2, pp. 113–117 Edward C. Carter II. Birth of a political economist, Mathew Carey and the fight of 1810-1811. 3, pp. 274–288 J. Meredith Neil, plain and Simple Principles for an American Art,1810. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.93,3, pp. 410–416 Richard W. Gronet. United States and the Invasion of Texas, 1810-1814,3, pp. 281–306 Raymond A. Mohl. The Grand Fabric of Republicanism a Scotsman Describes South Carolina 1810-1811, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.71, No. An Overlooked Printed Catalogue of Plants in the Botanick Garden of South-Carolina,1810,2, pp. 365–367 Joanna Bowen Gillespie. Filiopietism as Citizenship,1810, Letters from Martha Laurens Ramsay to David Ramsay Jr, Early American Literature, Vol.29, No. 2, pp. 141–165 Media related to 1810 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
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Media related to 1808 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
