1.
1808
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As of the start of 1808, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 12 – The organizational meeting leading to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, January 22 – The Bragança Portuguese Royal Family arrives in Brazil, fleeing from the French army. February – Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden to join Napoleons Continental System against Great Britain, february 2 – French troops occupy the Papal States. February 6 – The ship Topaz rediscovers the Pitcairn Islands, only one HMS Bounty mutineer is still alive, february 11 – Anthracite coal is first burned as residential heating fuel by Jesse Fell in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. February 21 – Finnish War, Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war, march 2 – Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg. March 2 – The inaugural meeting of the Wernerian Natural History Society, march 8 – Brazil, With the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil, the colony became the seat of Portuguese Empire. March 11 – Russian troops occupy Tampere, march 13 – Upon the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day, Denmark declares war on Sweden, march 19 – Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. March 22 – Russian troops occupy Turku, april A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific. This causes a drop in marine air temperatures during this year. The philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes his Addresses to the German Nation, april 6 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. April 16 – Troops under colonel Carl von Döbeln clash with Russian troops in Pyhäjoki, may 2 – Peninsular War, The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops. May 3 Finnish War, The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia, Peninsular War, The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near Príncipe Pío Hill. June 12 – Finnish War, A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, june 19 – Finnish War, A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails. June 30 – Finnish War, The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians in the battle of Turku. July 14 – Troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua, july 22 – French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces following the Battle of Bailén. August 10 – Troops under Carl von Döbeln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki, august 17 – Battle of Roliça, An Anglo-Portuguese army under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat an outnumbered French army under General Henri Delaborde. August 21 – Battle of Vimeiro, British troops under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat the French under General Jean-Andoche Junot, september 27 – The Congress of Erfurt between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia starts
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1806 in the United States
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Events from the year 1806 in the United States. March 29 – Construction is authorized of the National Road, may 30 – Andrew Jackson kills a man in a duel after the man had accused Jacksons wife of bigamy. July 15 – Pike expedition, Near St. Louis, Missouri, august 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition makes its return to the Mandan Indians while making its return trip to St. Louis. September 23 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. November 15 – Pike expedition, During his second exploratory expedition, noah Webster publishes A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, his first American English dictionary. Observations on the Total Eclipse of the Sun June 16,1806, memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3, No. 1, pp. 18–22 Simeon De Witt, observations on the Eclipse of 16 June 1806, Made by Simeon De Witt Esq. of Albany, State of New-York, Addressed to Benjamin Rush M. D. to Be by Him Communicated to the American Philosophical Society. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.6, pp. 300–302 The Massachusetts Election in 1806, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Second Series, Vol.20, pp. 1–21 Herbert E. Bolton. Papers of Zebulon M. Pike, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.13, No. William and Mary College, July 4,1806, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.3, No. 3, pp. 201–205 Elizabeth Heyward Jervey, marriage and Death Notices from the Charleston Courier 1806. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.30,2, pp. 117–124 W. E. Hollon. Zebulon Montgomery Pikes Mississippi Voyage, 1805-1806, the Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol.32, No. 4, pp. 445–455 W. H. G. Armytage, a Sheffield Quaker in Philadelphia 1804-1806. Impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.57, No. 2, pp. 352–369 George S. Snyderman, halliday Jacksons Journal of a Visit Paid to the Indians of New York. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.101, No,6, Studies of Historical Documents in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, pp. 565–588 John H. Reinoehl. Some Remarks on the American Trade, Jacob Crowninshield to James Madison 1806, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.16, No
4.
1807 in the United States
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Events from the year 1807 in the United States. February 19 – Burr conspiracy, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested on charges of treason and he is accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico to become part of an independent republic. March 2 – The U. S. Congress passes an act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States. from any foreign kingdom, place, may 22 – A grand jury indicts Aaron Burr for treason. June 22 – The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair, The British warship HMS Leopard captures, july 1 – Pike Expedition ends. August 17 – The Clermont, Robert Fultons first American steamboat, leaves New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, september 1 – Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. December 22 – The U. S. Congress passes the Embargo Act, mineralogical Observations, Made in the Environs of Boston, in the Years 1807 and 1808. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.3,1, pp. 127–154 Benjamin Silliman, James L. Kingsley. James L. Kingsley, to Mr John Vaughan, Librarian of the American Philosophical Society, transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.6, pp. 323–345 Herbert E. Bolton. Papers of Zebulon M. Pike, 1806-1807, the American Historical Review, Vol.13, No. 4, pp. 798–827 Thorp Lanier Wolford, democratic-Republican Reaction in Massachusetts to the Embargo of 1807. The New England Quarterly, Vol.15, No, impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807. The American Historical Review, Vol.57, No, proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.110, No. 4, pp. 235–255 Henry A. Boorse, barralets The Dunlap House,1807, and Its Associations. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.99, No,2, pp. 131–155 William G. McLoughlin. Thomas Jefferson and the Beginning of Cherokee Nationalism,1806 to 1809, the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.32, No. 4, pp. 548–580 Richard R. Beeman, Trade and Travel in Post-Revolutionary Virginia, A Diary of an Itinerant Peddler, 1807-1808. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.84,2, pp. 174–188 Jeffrey A. Frankel. The 1807-1809 Embargo Against Great Britain, the Journal of Economic History, Vol.42, No
5.
1809 in the United States
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Events from the year 1809 in the United States. February 11 – Robert Fulton patents the steamboat, february 17 – Miami University is established on the township of land required to be set aside for it under the conditions of the Miami Purchase in 1794. February 20 – A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the government is greater than any individual state. March 1 – Illinois Territory is effective, march 4 – James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States. May 5 – Mary Dixon Kies becomes the first recipient of a patent granted to a woman by the United States Patent and she invented a technique of weaving straw with silk and thread. October 11 – Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinders Stand and it is considered an alleged suicide though some evidence suggests murder. December 30 – Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, following refitting, the USS Constitution is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. T. Hunter, Virginian lawyer, politician, 14th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, 2nd Confederate States Secretary of State July 24 – Charles W. Appleton, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol.11, Thomas H. Shoemaker. A List of the Inhabitants of Germantown and Chestnut Hill in 1809, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.16, No. 1, pp. 42–63 An Itinerary to Niagara Falls in 1809, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.24, No. Governor Harrison and the Treaty of Fort Wayne,1809, indiana Magazine of History, Vol.11, No. 4, pp. 352–367 Charles Lyon Chandler, United States Shipping in the La Plata Region, 1809-1810. The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol.3, No, Journal of a Tour from Philadelphia Thro the Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Months of September and October,1809. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.50,1, pp. 64–78 A trip from Fort Wayne to Fort Dearborn in 1809. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.36, No,1, pp. 45–51 Edwin J. Hipkiss. Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Vol.45,259, pp. 12–14 Noble E. Cunningham Jr. The Diary of Frances Few, 1808-1809, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.29, No. 3, pp. 345–361 William G. McLoughlin, Thomas Jefferson and the Beginning of Cherokee Nationalism,1806 to 1809
6.
1810 in the United States
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Events from the year 1810 in the United States. June 4 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, june 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astors newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, september 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida, the first steamboat on the Ohio River sails. Notes of a Visit to Philadelphia, Made by a Moravian Sister in 1810, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.36, No. 3, pp. 346–361 Governor Gerrys Latin Speech,1810, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.59, S. E. Morison. Forcing the Dardanelles in 1810, With Some Account of the Early Levant Trade of Massachusetts, the New England Quarterly, Vol.1, No. On a Collection of Birds from Georgia and Carolina Made about 1810 by John Abbot,2, pp. 113–117 Edward C. Carter II. Birth of a political economist, Mathew Carey and the fight of 1810-1811. 3, pp. 274–288 J. Meredith Neil, plain and Simple Principles for an American Art,1810. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.93,3, pp. 410–416 Richard W. Gronet. United States and the Invasion of Texas, 1810-1814,3, pp. 281–306 Raymond A. Mohl. The Grand Fabric of Republicanism a Scotsman Describes South Carolina 1810-1811, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.71, No. An Overlooked Printed Catalogue of Plants in the Botanick Garden of South-Carolina,1810,2, pp. 365–367 Joanna Bowen Gillespie. Filiopietism as Citizenship,1810, Letters from Martha Laurens Ramsay to David Ramsay Jr, Early American Literature, Vol.29, No. 2, pp. 141–165 Media related to 1810 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
10.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
13.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
14.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
15.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
16.
George Clinton (vice president)
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George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
17.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
18.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
19.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
20.
Joseph Bradley Varnum
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Joseph Bradley Varnum was a U. S. politician of the Democratic-Republican Party from Massachusetts. Joseph Bradley Varnum was born in Dracut, Massachusetts, Middlesex County, January 29,1750 or 1751, at the age of eighteen, he was commissioned captain by the committee of Massachusetts Bay Colony, and in 1787 colonel by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was made general in 1802, and in 1805 major general of the state militia. He also served as a Justice of the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas and as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Court of General Sessions. In 1794, Varnum was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, during his last four years in the House, he served as its Speaker. Varnum was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1811 to fill the vacancy in the term, Varnum died in Dracut, and his body is interred in Varnum Cemetery. His brother was James Mitchell Varnum, on March 3,1805, Varnum submitted a Massachusetts Proposition to amend the Constitution and Abolish the Slave Trade. This proposition was tabled until 1807, when under Varnums leadership the amendment moved through Congress, president Thomas Jefferson signed it into law on March 3,1807. Magazine of American History 20, 405–14, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Attribution, This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Varnum
21.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
22.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
10th United States Congress
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The Tenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1807, to March 4,1809, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had an overwhelming Democratic-Republican majority, may 22,1807, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr was indicted for treason. He was acquitted September 1,1807 June 1807, Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, august 17,1807, The Clermont, Robert Fultons first American steamboat, left New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world. January 1,1808, The importation of slaves into the United States was banned December 22,1807, Embargo Act of 1807,5,2 Stat.451 March 1,1809, Non-Intercourse Act, ch. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. There were 5 resignations,2 deaths, and 1 interim appointment, neither party had a net change. Of the voting members, there were 4 resignations,4 deaths, democratic-Republicans had no net change and Federalists picked up 2 seats. Lists of committees and their party leaders, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
24.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
25.
Jonathan Trumbull
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Jonathan Trumbull Sr. was one of the few Americans who served as governor in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post-Revolutionary state. He was the colonial governor at the start of the Revolution to take up the rebel cause. Trumbull College at Yale, the town of Trumbull, Connecticut and Trumbull County, Ohio, the mascot of The University of Connecticut is also named Jonathan in his honor. Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, the son of Joseph Trumble and his wife, Hannah Trumble, the patriarch of the Trumble family was the immigrant John Trumble, from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, who was Josephs grandfather. He became a merchant with his father in 1731, participating fully in the business after the death of his brother at sea in 1732. From 1733 to 1740, he was a delegate to the general assembly and he was appointed lieutenant colonel in Connecticuts militia in 1739. He served as deputy-governor of the Colony of Connecticut from 1766–1769, British General Thomas Gage arrived in Boston, a city with a history of violent protests against British policies, on May 13,1774. When Gage sent Trumbull a request for assistance after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Trumbull refused and he replied that Gages troops would disgrace even barbarians, and he accused Gage of a most unprovoked attack upon the lives and the property of his Majestys subjects. On July 6,1775, along with officers, the governor of Connecticut commissioned Nathan Hale as a first lieutenant in the newly raised Seventh Regiment. Trumbull was a friend and advisor of General Washington throughout the revolutionary period, Washington declared him the first of the patriots. When Washington was desperate for men or food during the war and he also served as the Continental Armys Paymaster General in the spring of 1778, until the untimely death of his mother forced him to resign his post. As part of his resignation, he requested that the remainder of his pay be distributed to the soldiers of the Northern Department. He was one of two colonial governors to continue in office after independence. In 1782, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and he received an honorary LL. D. from Yale University in 1775 and from the University of Edinburgh in 1787. On December 9,1735, he married Faith Robinson, daughter of Rev. John Robinson and they were the parents of six children including, Joseph Trumbull, first commissary general of the Continental Army and an early member of the Board of War. Governor Trumbull died in Lebanon, Connecticut and is buried at the Old Cemetery there and his home in Lebanon, the Jonathan Trumbull House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. Spies of Revolutionary Connecticut, From Benedict Arnold to Nathan Hale, Connecticut Families of the Revolution, American Forebears from Burr to Wolcott. Nathan Hale, The Life and Death of Americas First Spy, lefkowitz, Arthur S. George Washingtons Indispensable Men, The 32 Aides-de-Camp Who Helped Win the Revolution, Stackpole Books
26.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
27.
Nathaniel Mitchell
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Nathaniel Mitchell was an American lawyer and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, Mitchell was born near Laurel, Delaware, son of James & Margaret Dagworthy Mitchell. A croquet fan from an age he often trained at Graveny school of croquet. He married Emma Yrten and had ten children, Rebbeca, Emma, William I, Theodore, Alfred, Dagworthy, Elizabeth, Mary Ann, Elizabeth and Frederick. Mitchell was one of the founders of Georgetown, Delaware, the family returned to their Laurel home, Rosemont, now 121 Delaware Avenue in 1808. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church at Broad Creek, Mitchell was an officer of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. In 1776 he was captain of a Delaware company raised under Colonel Samuel Patterson as part of what was known as the Flying Camp and they were stationed at Perth Amboy, New Jersey and saw no action. When the Flying Camp disbanded the company was attached to Colonel David Halls regiment, nursing an illness he was not at Germantown, but spent the winter at Valley Forge. Following William Graysons promotion to Brigadier-General, Mitchell led his regiment in the attack at the Battle of Monmouth and this was the attack that was ordered back by General Charles Lee and which eventually led to his court-martial. In 1779 he was Brigade Major on General Peter Muhlenburgs staff in the tidewater Virginia, when British General Benedict Arnold attacked Richmond, Virginia, Mitchell was defending Petersburg, Virginia when he was captured on May 10,1781. By most accounts, his childhood friend Michael OBrien died in the affray and he was held prisoner until after the Battle of Yorktown. Following that he was Prothonotary for Sussex County, in 1801 he ran for Governor of Delaware, losing to David Hall, the Democratic-Republican candidate. Hall was another veteran of the American Revolution who ran a critical of Mitchells alleged deistic Anglicanism. Mitchell lost heavily Presbyterian New Castle County by just enough votes to overcome his wide margins elsewhere, three years later, in 1804 he was successful, beating Joseph Haslet, the Democratic-Republican candidate. Mitchell served as Governor of Delaware from January 15,1805 until January 19,1808, Mitchell died at his home at Laurel. He may have been buried there at first, but was removed to Christ Church. Hannah, Nathaniel Mitchells widow, later married Colonel Manaen Bull and he had the first store there, on the northwest corner of Delaware Avenue and Market Street. Unlike Mitchell, Bull was a Democratic-Republican and ran for Governor of Delaware in 1816 and 1819, losing to John Clark, no known portrait exists of Nathaniel Mitchell
28.
George Truitt
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George Truitt was an American farmer and politician from Murderkill Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware, near Felton. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Truitt was born in Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, near Felton. His Father was Samuel Truitt, b.1733 Worcester, Maryland d.1788 Worcester and he was certainly a descendent of a George Truitt who settled in Accomack County, Virginia in the 17th century. He married Margaret Mary Hodgson and they had one child, Sarah and their farm and primary residence was later known as Frazier Farm and is located east of Felton on the Canterbury Road, now State Route 15. They also had a home at 12 South Main Street in Camden and they were members of the Methodist Church. He began his career as a delegate to the state convention which ratified the United States Constitution of 1787. He then served five years in the State House from the 1788/89 session through the 1791/92 session and he then served most of two terms in the State Senate, from the 1803 session through the 1807 session. In 1807 he was elected Governor of Delaware, defeating Joseph Haslet the Democratic-Republican Party candidate, Truitt took office January 19,1808 and served until January 15,1811. Like other Governors, Truitt was concerned about issues like slavery, penal reform, a new issue arose during his term, however. Due to increasing tensions with Great Britain, the U. S. government had directed Delaware to create, the General Assembly, in turn requested Federal fortification of Wilmington, New Castle, Port Penn, Reedy Island, and Lewes. Being descendant of George Truitt 1640 who landed in Va. on a grant from Kind George of England. Who exchanged hos land in Northern England for the tract in the New world, Truitt died at his farm in Murderkill Hundred, Kent County, near Felton and was buried there. In 1903 he was reburied in the Barratts Chapel Cemetery near Frederica, the Gov. George Truitt House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. No known portrait of George Truitt exists, elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Assemblymen had a one-year term, beginning in 1792 elections were held the first Tuesday of October and members of the General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. The State Legislative Council was renamed the State Senate and the State House of Assembly became the State House of Representatives, State Senators had a three-year term and State Representatives had a one-year term. The Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term, History of the State of Delaware. A History of Delaware Through its Governors, philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co
29.
Jared Irwin
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Jared Irwin served twice as elected Governor of Georgia and. He first was elected to office as a reformer based on public outrage about the Yazoo land scandal and he signed a bill that nullified the Yazoo Act, which had authorized the land sales. Challenges to land purchased under the former act led to the United States Supreme Courts hearing the case Fletcher v. Peck. In a landmark decision, the Court upheld the land contracts, Jared Irwin was born in 1750 in what was then Anson County, North Carolina. His family moved to Burke County, Georgia when he was young, Irwin fought in the American Revolution, in which he entered the army as a private. During the war, he demonstrated leadership and was promoted to the rank of colonel and he was a member of the state convention that adopted the Constitution of 1789. Soon after the end of the war, Georgia and other states rapidly tried to develop their frontier lands and it was an environment ripe for scandal and speculation, which took place in Georgia and other states. Because of public outrage about millions of acres of lands being sold for low prices to insider speculators. On February 13,1796, less than two months after taking office, Irwin signed the bill nullifying the Yazoo Act, to make a public statement, he burned a copy of the Yazoo Act on the grounds of the capital. The legislature had just moved the capital to Louisville in response to the scandal, during his second term, Irwin administered the states second land lottery, as land sales and development were still a priority for the state. After some negotiation, Clarke agreed to surrender, provided that he, Clarke and his followers departed, and the militia burned down the new settlements and fortifications. Irwin died on March 1,1818, aged approximately 68 years, a resident of Washington County, Irwin was buried near Ohoopee Baptist Church. The towns of Irwinville and Irwinton, and the county of Irwin were named after him, obituary Jared Irwin at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard
30.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
31.
Christopher Greenup
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Christopher Greenup was an American politician who served as a U. S. Representative and the third Governor of Kentucky, after his service in the war, Greenup helped settle the trans-Appalachian regions of Virginia. He became involved in politics, and played a role in three of the ten statehood conventions that secured the separation of Kentucky from Virginia in 1792. He became one of the states first representatives, and served in the Kentucky General Assembly before being elected governor in a race where, due to his immense popularity, following his term as governor, he became less active in the political arena. He died on April 27,1818, Greenup County, Kentucky and its county seat were both named in his honor. Christopher Greenup was most likely born in Fairfax County, Virginia around 1750 and his parents were John and Elizabeth Greenup. His early education was attained at the schools of the area. He learned surveying and studied law under Colonel Charles Binns at Charles City County, during the Revolutionary War, he first served as a lieutenant on the Continental Line and later attained the rank of colonel in the Virginia militia. In 1781, Greenup helped settle the area now known as Lincoln County, Kentucky where he spent time as a surveyor and he was admitted to practice law in the county court in 1782. Following Virginias creation of Kentucky County in 1783, he was admitted to the bar of the court of Harrodsburg. In 1783, he one of the original trustees of Transylvania Seminary He purchased two lots of land in Lexington and served as the clerk of the towns trustees. In 1785, Greenup was elected to represent Fayette County for a term in the Virginia House of Delegates. During his service, he was appointed to a committee with Benjamin Logan, the committee was also responsible for revising acts and surveys related to land and water surveys in the area. The committee ultimately recommended the creation of three new counties – Bourbon, Madison, and Mercer, when Mercer County was created later that year, Greenup was appointed a justice there. During this time, Greenup continued to practice law in Fayette County and he was a founding member of the Danville Political Club and in 1787, he joined the Kentucky Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Future Kentucky Governors Isaac Shelby and James Garrard, as well as future Supreme Court justice Thomas Todd were also members of the Society, in 1789, he helped organize the Kentucky Manufacturing Society. Later, he was appointed to the Kentucky River Company, a dedicated to improving infrastructure on the Kentucky River. On July 9,1787, during a return to Virginia, Greenup married Mary Catherine Pope of Hanover County, Virginia
32.
Charles Scott (governor)
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Charles Scott was an 18th-century American soldier who was elected the fourth governor of Kentucky in 1808. Orphaned at an age, Scott enlisted in the Virginia Regiment in October 1755 and served as a scout and escort during the French. He quickly rose through the ranks to become a captain, in August 1776, he was promoted to colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia Regiment. The 5th Virginia joined George Washington in New Jersey later that year, Scott commanded Washingtons light infantry, and by late 1778 was also serving as his chief of intelligence. Furloughed at the end of the Philadelphia campaign, Scott returned to service in March 1779 and was ordered to South Carolina to assist General Benjamin Lincoln in the southern theater. He arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, just as Henry Clinton had begun his siege of the city, Scott was taken as a prisoner of war when Charleston surrendered. Paroled in March 1781 and exchanged for Lord Rawdon in July 1782, after the war, Scott visited the western frontier in 1785 and began to make preparations for a permanent relocation. He resettled near present-day Versailles, Kentucky, in 1787, confronted by the dangers of Indian raids, Scott raised a company of volunteers in 1790 and joined Josiah Harmar for an expedition against the Indians. After Harmars Defeat, President Washington ordered Arthur St. Clair to prepare for an invasion of Indian lands in the Northwest Territory. In the meantime, Scott, by now holding the rank of general in the Virginia militia, was ordered to conduct a series of preliminary raids. In July 1791, he led the most notable and successful of these raids against the village of Ouiatenon, St. Clairs main invasion, conducted later that year, was a failure. Shortly after the separation of Kentucky from Virginia in 1792, the Kentucky General Assembly commissioned Scott as a major general and gave him command of the 2nd division of the Kentucky militia. Scotts division cooperated with Mad Anthony Waynes Legion of the United States for the rest of the Northwest Indian War, having previously served in the Virginia House of Delegates and as a presidential elector, the aging Scott now ran for governor. His 1808 campaign was managed by his step-son-in-law, Jesse Bledsoe. A fall on the icy steps of the governors mansion early in his term confined Scott to crutches for the rest of his life, and left him reliant on Bledsoe. After his term expired, Scott returned to his Canewood estate and his health declined rapidly, and he died on October 22,1813. Scott County, Kentucky, and Scott County, Indiana, are named in his honor, as are the cities of Scottsville, Kentucky, Charles Scott was born in 1739, probably in April, in the part of Goochland County, Virginia, that is now Powhatan County. His father, Samuel Scott, was a farmer and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and his mother, whose name is not known, died most likely around 1745
33.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
34.
Robert Wright (politician)
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Robert Wright was an American politician. Wright was born at Narborough, near Chestertown, attended the schools. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1773 and he served in the Maryland militia during the American Revolutionary War as private, lieutenant, and later as captain. After the war, he served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1784 to 1786, in 1800, Wright was elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate on November 19,1801, for the term commencing March 4,1801. In the Senate, Wright served as delegate to the Farmers’ National Convention in 1803 and he resigned from the Senate on November 12,1806, having been elected the 12th Governor of Maryland, a position he served in from 1806 to 1809. He was re-elected to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses and served from November 29,1810 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1816 to the Fifteenth Congress, but was elected to the Seventeenth Congress, serving from March 4,1821 to March 3,1823. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1822, in his later life, Wright served as district judge of the lower Eastern Shore district of Maryland from 1823 until his death at Blakeford in Queen Annes County. He is interred in the burying ground of the DeCourcy family at Cheston-on-Wye in Queen Annes County. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, a picture of the Historical Marker commemorating Governor Robert Wright A picture of the Cheston-on-Wye Historical Marker, where Wright was buried
35.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
36.
James Sullivan (governor)
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James Sullivan was a lawyer and politician in Massachusetts. He was an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, served as the states attorney general for many years. Sullivan was born and raised in Berwick, Maine, and studied law with his brother John and he was involved in drafting the state constitution and the states ratifying convention for the United States Constitution. After resigning from the bench in 1782 he returned to private practice, during his years as judge and attorney general he was responsible for drafting and revising much of the states legislation as part of the transition from British rule to independence. While attorney general he worked with the commission established the border between Maine and New Brunswick, and prosecuted several high-profile murder cases. Sullivan was a partisan, supporting the Democratic-Republican Party and subscribing to Jeffersonian republican ideals. He supported John Hancock and Samuel Adams in their political careers and he ran unsuccessfully for governor several times before finally winning the office in 1807. He died in office during his second term, in addition to his political pursuits Sullivan engaged in charitable and business endeavors. He was a proponent of the Middlesex Canal and the first bridge between Boston and Cambridge, and was instrumental in the development of Bostons first public water supply. He was the president of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He wrote one of the first histories of his native Maine, Legal historian Charles Warren calls him one of the most important legal figures of the time in Massachusetts. James Sullivan was born on April 22,1744, the son of John Sullivan and Margery Brown Sullivan, in Berwick. Sullivans father was from County Limerick, and his mother was a child aboard the ship on which they came over, when she was older he wooed and wed her. The elder Sullivan was a schoolteacher and farmer in Berwick, Sullivan was educated at home, and any prospects for military service were dashed when his foot was crushed in a childhood accident. He was also afflicted with epilepsy while relatively young, and suffered generally mild seizures for the rest of his life, while convalescing from his foot injury he read a great deal, learning Latin and the classics. His elder brother John, who was studying law, was instructed to supply his brother with law books, Sullivan studied law in his brothers law practice in Durham, New Hampshire, and was eventually admitted to the bar in Massachusetts. He established a practice first in Georgetown, then afterward in Biddeford. In 1768 he married Hetty Odiorne, the daughter of a successful Portsmouth, Sullivans law practice flourished, and by the time he was 30, he was one of York Countys leading citizens
37.
Levi Lincoln Sr.
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Levi Lincoln Sr. was an American revolutionary, lawyer, and statesman from Massachusetts. A Democratic-Republican, he most notably served as Thomas Jeffersons first Attorney General and he served two terms as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, acting as Governor for the remainder of Governor James Sullivans term after his death in December 1808. Lincoln was unsuccessful in his bid to be elected governor in his own right in 1809, born in Hingham, Massachusetts, Lincoln was educated at Harvard, and studied law with Joseph Hawley before establishing a law practice in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was active in politics, and participated in the convention that drafted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1779. He supported Quock Walker, a former slave seeking confirmation of his freedom under that constitution in 1783 and he entered national politics with his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1800, but was immediately tapped by Jefferson to become Attorney General. Lincoln served Jefferson as a consultant on the politics of New England and he served on a commission that resolved claims emanating from the Yazoo land scandal in Georgia, and advised Jefferson on matters related to the Louisiana Purchase. He returned to Massachusetts, where he remained active in the state. He established Republican dominance in Worcester, even though the state was dominated by Federalists and he was elected lieutenant governor under James Sullivan in 1807, but failed to win election in his own right in 1809 in a highly partisan election. He retired from politics in 1811, declining nomination to the Supreme Court because of his health and his descendants were a major influence in Worcester for much of the 19th century. Lincoln was born in Hingham, on May 15,1749, to Enoch and his father first apprenticed him to a local blacksmith, but the boys lack of interest in that business and clear interest in reading led to his eventual enrollment in Harvard College. He graduated in 1772, and studied law under Joseph Hawley in Northampton, Lincoln did not stay long, and soon returned to Northampton, where he passed the bar. He established a practice in Worcester in 1775, where his business flourished because most of the Worcester lawyers had been Loyalist and had fled to Boston. From 1775 to 1781, he served as clerk of the court and probate judge of Worcester County and he was elected in 1779 to the state convention that drafted the state constitution. During these years, Lincoln rose in prominence to one of the largest landowners in Worcester. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts. In 1781, Lincoln was one of the lawyers who worked on a series of legal cases surrounding Quock Walker, one of the cases, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Nathaniel Jennison, firmly established that slavery was incompatible with the new state constitution. He was also elected to the Continental Congress in 1781, Lincoln was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1796, and to both the House and State Senate in 1797, he chose to sit in the Senate. At first a weak Federalist, Lincoln became more associated with the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party
38.
Governor of New Hampshire
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The Governor of the State of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshires state government. The governor is elected at the state general election in November of even-numbered years. New Hampshire is one of two states, along with bordering Vermont, to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four. Currently, the states 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu, who has served since January 5,2017, in New Hampshire, the governor has no term limit of any kind. No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century with the exception of John Lynch, who won an unprecedented fourth term on November 2,2010. John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years, unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory, the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governors power. The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor, the governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service. To be qualified to be governor, one must be 30 years of age, a registered voter, starting in 1679, the colonial governors had been known as President of New Hampshire. From 1786 to 1791, President of the State of New Hampshire was the style of the position. The New Hampshire Constitution was amended in 1791 to replace President with Governor, list of Governors of New Hampshire New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu New Hampshire State Constitution - EXECUTIVE POWER – GOVERNOR A New Nation Votes, American Election Returns, 1787-1825
39.
John Langdon (politician)
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John Langdon was a politician from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and a Founding Father of the United States. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, signed the United States Constitution, as a member of the Continental Congress Langdon was an early supporter of the Revolutionary War. He later served in United States Congress for 12 years, including as the first president pro tempore of the Senate and he turned down a nomination for Vice Presidential candidate in 1812. Langdons father was a farmer and local ship builder whose family had emigrated to America before 1660 from Sheviock, Caradon. The Langdons were among the first to settle near the mouth of the Piscataqua River, Langdon attended the local grammar school run by a veteran of the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg against the French at Fortress Louisbourg in New France. After finishing his education, he served an apprenticeship as a clerk. He and his brother, Woodbury Langdon, rejected the opportunity to join in their fathers successful agricultural livelihood. By age 22, Langdon was captain of a ship called the Andromache. Four years later he owned his first merchantman, and would continue over time to acquire a fleet of vessels engaging in the triangle trade between Portsmouth, the Caribbean, and London. His older brother was more successful in international trade. British control of the shipping industries greatly hurt Langdons business, motivating him to become a vigorous and he served on the New Hampshire Committee of Correspondence and a nonimportation committee, and also attended various Patriot assemblies. In 1774, he participated in the seizure and confiscation of British munitions from Fort William, Langdon served as a member of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776. In 1777, he equipped an expedition against the British, participating in the Battle of Bennington and commanding Langdons Company of Light Horse Volunteers at Saratoga, in 1784 he built at Portsmouth the mansion now known as the Governor John Langdon House. Langdon was elected to two terms as President of New Hampshire, once between 1785 and 1786 and again between 1788 and 1789. He was a member of the Congress of the Confederation in 1787 and became a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Langdon was elected to the U. S. Senate and served from March 4,1789, to March 3,1801. He was elected the first President pro tempore of the Senate on April 6,1789, in 1798, Langdon assisted Oney Judge to evade Burwell Bassett, the nephew of George and Martha Washington, who had intended to kidnap Judge and return her to slavery with the Washingtons. Langdon later served as a member of the New Hampshire Legislature, in 1808, his niece, Catherine Whipple Langdon, married Edmund Roberts. Langdon declined the nomination to be a candidate for Vice President with James Madison in 1812 and he died in Portsmouth in 1819 and was interred at the Langdon Tomb in the North Cemetery
40.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
41.
Joseph Bloomfield
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Joseph Bloomfield was the fourth Governor of New Jersey. The township of Bloomfield, New Jersey is named for him, Joseph Bloomfield was born in Woodbridge in the Province of New Jersey to Moses Bloomfield, a physician, and Sarah Ogden on October 18,1753. Moses Bloomfield was a surgeon and an abolitionist, Joseph was educated at Reverend Enoch Green’s school in Deerfield Township, New Jersey, where Enoch was the pastor of the local Presbyterian Church. Bloomfield studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1775 and began his law practice in Bridgeton and he entered the Continental Army as captain of the 3rd New Jersey Regiment on February 9,1776. He attained the rank of major on November 28,1776 and he was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777. He resigned from the Continental Army on October 28,1778, from 1795 to 1800 he served as Mayor of Burlington, New Jersey. At the start of the War of 1812 he was commissioned as a general in the United States Army on March 13,1812. He served until June 15,1815 along the Canada–US border, Joseph married Mary McIlvaine, the daughter of William McIlvaine, a physician from Burlington, New Jersey. Her brother, Col. Joseph McIlvaine, was the father of Joseph McIlvaine, after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella Ramsey, the daughter of John Ramsey. He practiced law in Burlington, New Jersey and was the registrar of the admiralty court from 1779 to 1783 and he served as the New Jersey Attorney General from 1783 to 1792 and as a trustee of Princeton College from 1793 until his death. He was elected Governor of New Jersey as a Democratic-Republican and served in office from 1801–1802, in 1814, Bloomfield was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Bloomfield ran for, but was not elected to, the Seventeenth Congress, in 1796, what had been known as the Old First Church was formed and was named the Presbyterian Society of Bloomfield in honor of Joseph Bloomfield. When the Township of Bloomfield was formed, the name was taken from the name of the church, Bloomfield died in Burlington, New Jersey on October 3,1823, and was buried in Saint Marys Episcopal Churchyard in Burlington. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, biography of Joseph Bloomfield, New Jersey State Library New Jersey Governor Joseph Bloomfield, National Governors Association Joseph Bloomfield at Find a Grave
42.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
43.
Daniel D. Tompkins
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Daniel D. Tompkins was an American politician. He was the fourth Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United States, a jurist by background, he was notable as one of the most enterprising governors in the War of 1812. To help organize the militia, he often invested his own capital when the legislature would not approve the necessary funds. After the war, he failed to recover these massive loans, despite endless litigation, which took a toll on his health, Tompkins was frequently absent from Senate meetings and died soon after leaving office. Tompkins was baptized Daniel Tompkins, but added the middle initial D. while a student at Columbia College to distinguish himself from another Daniel Tompkins there, there is controversy as to what the middle initial stood for, some have suggested Decius. The generally accepted conclusion is that it did not stand for anything, Daniel D. Tompkins was born in Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York, at his home, the estate of Fox Meadow. He was the son of Sarah Ann and Jonathan Griffin Tompkins and he graduated from Columbia College in New York City in 1795. Tompkins studied law and in 1797 was admitted to the bar and his brother, Caleb Tompkins, was a United States Representative from New York from 1817 to 1821. On February 20,1798, Daniel Tompkins, a 23-year-old lawyer of the City married 16-year-old Hannah Minthorne, at the time of the marriage, her father Mangle Minthorne was Assistant Alderman on the Common Council, and young Tompkins had designs on a political career. Hannah was ill in the year before her husband became vice president and their children Hannah and Minthorne were named after their mother, and Hannah and Minthorne streets in Staten Island are named for them. Hannah survived her husband by four years, she died on February 18,1829, in Tompkinsville. She and her husband are buried in the Minthorne family vault at St. Marks-in-the-Bouwerie, in lower Manhattan. On April 30,1807, he defeated the incumbent Governor Morgan Lewis – Tompkins received 35,074 votes, Lewis 30,989 – and he was reelected in 1810, defeating Jonas Platt – Tompkins 43,094 votes, Jonas Platt 36,484. In 1813 he defeated Stephen Van Rensselaer – Tompkins 43,324 votes, Van Rensselaer 39,718 – and in 1816, he beat Rufus King – Tompkins 45,412 votes, King 38,647. Tompkins was supported by DeWitt Clinton in his first run for office, during the War of 1812, Tompkins proved to be one of the most effective war governors. He played an important role in reorganizing the militia and promoted the formation of a standing state military force based on select conscription. Tompkins was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, in 1815 Tompkins established a settlement along the eastern shore of Staten Island that came to be called Tompkinsville. He built a dock along the waterfront in the neighborhood in 1817, in 1816 he purchased much of the land later known as Tompkinsville from the Church of St. Andrew, but his financial troubles later led the church to foreclose
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Governor of North Carolina
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The Governor of North Carolina is the head of the executive branch of North Carolinas state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Roy Cooper who took office on January 1,2017, among other responsibilities, the governor heads the Council of State. The Governor of North Carolina was the last state chief executive to receive veto power, the Governor of North Carolina has extensive powers of appointment of executive branch officials, some judges, and members of boards and commissions. Nevertheless, the office has an amount of institutional power compared to governors in other states. Originally, under the first North Carolina Constitution, the office was very weak, dudley became the first governor elected by the people in 1836. Governors served two-year terms from 1836 until a new constitution was adopted in 1868, since then, well into the twentieth century, the North Carolina state constitution made the states governor one of the weakest in the nation. Until an amendment was added to the constitution in 1971, North Carolina Governors could only serve a single four-year term. After the amendment was passed, in 1980 James B. Hunt became the first governor in history to be elected to a second term. Governors are still limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but they may run for further non-consecutive terms. Governor Hunt did just that, winning election to a third, the Lieutenant Governor is also limited to two consecutive four-year terms. North Carolina was also the last state in the Union to give its governors veto power over legislation, after the state gained its independence from Britain, the state constitution deliberately weakened the executive branch of state government and strengthened the legislative branch. Since the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s the overwhelming majority of the governors have been Democrats. The only Republican to be elected Governor between 1876 and 1972 was Daniel L. Russell, who served 1897–1901, even so, Republicans have still had difficulty in winning gubernatorial elections in North Carolina, and the office has usually remained in Democratic hands. The Governor lives in the North Carolina Executive Mansion, a Queen Anne style Victorian house in downtown Raleigh and his or her principal office is located in the North Carolina State Capitol. com North Carolina Encyclopedia
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Media related to 1808 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
