1.
1799 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1799. Premieres of the second and third parts of Friedrich Schillers dramatic trilogy Wallenstein at the Weimarer Hoftheater directed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, april 20 – Wallensteins Tod as Wallenstein. April 13 – The father of Charles and Mary Lamb dies, Charles becomes guardian of his sister, december 20 – William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy first take up residence at Dove Cottage, Grasmere. William completes the first version of The Prelude this year, new edition of Edward Youngs Night Thoughts, illustrated by Thomas Stothard. The Monthly Magazine and American Review starts publication in the United States, edited by Charles Brockden Brown
2.
1805 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1805. January–September – Samuel Taylor Coleridge serves as Acting Public Secretary in Malta, early – Jacob Grimm is invited to Paris as an assistant to Friedrich Karl von Savigny. New Theatre Royal, Bath, opens in England, replacing the Old Orchard Street Theatre, henry Thomas Colebrooke makes the first translation into English of the Aitareya Upanishad. Leo Tolstoys novel War and Peace, entitled The Year 1805 in an earlier version, opens in this year
3.
1814 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1814. January 14 – The Imperial Public Library in Saint Petersburg opens to the public, january 26 – Actor Edmund Kean makes his London début in an adult leading rôle as Shylock at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. His Lara sells 6,000 copies on publication in the summer, walter Scott is to say of Byrons poetry He beat me out of the field in description of the stronger passions and in deep-seated knowledge of the human heart. September 12–15 – Battle of Baltimore, American lawyer Francis Scott Key, witnessing the bombardment of Baltimore, Maryland, from a British ship, in 1931 as The Star-Spangled Banner it is officially adopted at the national anthem of the United States. November 29 – In London, The Times newspaper is printed using a steam press for the first time at a rate of 1100 copies per hour. Late – Publication of the Brothers Grimms Grimms Fairy Tales, first edition, the earliest known printed Arabic language version of One Thousand and One Nights begins publication in Calcutta by the British East India Company. Alfred de Vigny enrolls as an officer in the Maison du Roi, or, Anecdotes of Felix and his Sister Serena. M. S. Forester – Lord Hornblower
4.
1819 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1819. January 30 – Romney Literary Society established as the Polemic Society of Romney, on April 3, Charles Wentworth Dilke lets his house, next door to Keats, to Mrs Brawne, whose daughter Fanny would become the love of Keats life. In the summer he writes Lamia, on September 19 he writes his ode To Autumn at Winchester, and on October 19 proposes marriage to Fanny. April 1 – In London The New Monthly Magazine publishes John Polidoris Gothic fiction The Vampyre and it is first published in book form later in the year. August 16 – The Peterloo Massacre takes place in England, inspiring Percy Bysshe Shelley, in Italy, October – In Britain, Richard Carlile is convicted of blasphemy and sent to prison for publishing The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine. Joseph Perls epistolary novel Megalleh Temirim, written under the name Obadiah ben Pethahiah, the publisher Collins is founded as a printer of religious literature in Glasgow by William Collins. W. & R. Chambers, established by brothers William Chambers of Glenormiston and Robert Chambers in Edinburgh, edward Ball – The Black Robber Ann Hatton – The Oath of Vengeance Thomas Hope – Anastasius Washington Irving – The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. E. T. A. D. E. N. J. Urquhart Honoré de Balzac – Le Père Goriot
5.
1812 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. January 15 – Lord Byron takes his seat in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, summer – English painter J. M. W. He continues to quote from it until the last year he exhibits, the publication of these first two cantos is received with acclamation, and Byron wrote, I awoke one morning and found myself famous. The title comes from the term childe, a title for a young man who was a candidate for knighthood. The Curse of Minerva H. F. G. Lewis, Poems Eliza Macauley, Effusions of Fancy Thomas Love Peacock, The Genius of the Thames, Palmyra, the Works, in Verse and Prose, of the Late Robert Treat Paine, Jun. To which are prefixed, sketches of his life, character and writings, contains Philenia to Menander by Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton, Boston, Printed and published by J
6.
1809 in architecture
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The year 1809 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Gordon House, Chelsea, London, England, designed by Thomas Leverton for Colonel James Willoughby Gordon, nelsons Column, Montreal, Canada, designed and built by Coade & Sealy of London. Nelsons Pillar, Dublin, Ireland, design by William Wilkins amended by Francis Johnston, armagh Courthouse, Ireland, designed by William Wilkins, completed. Portsmouth Academy building, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States, second Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London, designed by Robert Smirke, opened. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, André Chatillon
7.
Jane Austen's House Museum
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Jane Austens House Museum is a small private museum in the village of Chawton near Alton in Hampshire. It is a house museum occupying the 18th-century house in which novelist Jane Austen spent the last eight years of her life. The museum has been a Grade I listed building since 1963, previously home to local farmers, the house was briefly a public house, The New Inn, between 1781 and 1787. The pub was the site of two murders, and after the murder the house was let by Edward Austen Knight to a Bailiff Bridger Seward. The former stewards cottage was a gift of Janes brother Edward Austen Knight to allow his mother and she died in Winchester on 18 July 1817, though her mother and sister continued to live in the house until their deaths in 1827 and 1845 respectively. When she arrived at Chawton, Austen had written three novels in draft form, these were Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey and it is possible that she revised these novels at the house before getting them published. In addition, it was here that she wrote Mansfield Park, Emma, following Cassandras death, the house was divided into small apartments for labourers, before part of the building becoming a workmans club by the dawn of the twentieth century. The remainder of the house was split into cottages for estate workers, the house was sold by Edward Knight to Thomas Edward Carpenter for £3,000 in 1948. The museum opened in July 1949 and is visited by approximately 30,000 people each year, JAMT became a Charitable Incorporated Organisation in 2014. The Museums collection includes eight music books owned by Jane Austen, in addition, among the items of Jane Austens furniture on display in Chawton Cottage are a Clementi pianoforte and a Hepplewhite bureau-bookcase containing several of her works. The museum also has a collection of other Austen family items, the museum owns the only three pieces of jewellery known to have been owned by Austen, a turquoise beaded bracelet, a topaz cross, and a turquoise and gold ring. The gold ring had remained in Austens family until its 2013 sale at auction to the American singer Kelly Clarkson, the ring was placed on display at the museum in February 2014. Regular events are held at the museum, both to further appreciation of Jane Austen, and to new writers. There are also using the Clementi pianoforte and performances based on her works. Chawton House Jane Austen Centre, Bath Timeline of Jane Austen Jane Austens House Museum website Hampshire County Council, Chawton - Janes literary home Jane Austen Society of the United Kingdom
8.
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
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The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, commonly known as Drury Lane, a West End theatre, is a Grade I listed building in Covent Garden, London. The building faces Catherine Street and backs onto Drury Lane, the building is the most recent in a line of four theatres which were built at the same location, the earliest of which dated back to 1663, making it the oldest theatre site in London still in use. According to the author Peter Thomson, for its first two centuries, Drury Lane could reasonably have claimed to be Londons leading theatre. For most of time, it was one of a handful of patent theatres. The first theatre on the site was built at the behest of Thomas Killigrew in the early 1660s, when theatres were allowed to reopen during the English Restoration. Initially known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, the proprietors hired a number of prominent actors who performed at the theatre on a regular basis, including Nell Gwyn. In 1672 the theatre caught fire and Killigrew built a theatre on the same plot, renamed the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. This building lasted nearly 120 years, under the leaderships of Colley Cibber, David Garrick and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, in 1791, under Sheridans management, the building was demolished to make way for a larger theatre which opened in 1794. This new Drury Lane survived for 15 years before burning down in 1809, the building that stands today opened in 1812. It has been the residency of a number of known actors including, Edmund Kean, comedian Dan Leno. From the Second World War, the theatre has primarily hosted long runs of musicals and my Fair Lady, 42nd Street and Miss Saigon, the theatres longest-running show. The theatre is owned by the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, soon after, Charles issued Letters Patent to two parties licensing the formation of new acting companies. One of these went to Thomas Killigrew, whose company became known as the Kings Company, the new playhouse, architect unknown, opened on 7 May 1663 and was known from the placement of the entrance as the Theatre Royal in Bridges Street. It went by names as well, including the Kings Playhouse. The building was a wooden structure,112 feet long and 59 feet wide. Set well back from the streets, the theatre was accessed by narrow passages between surrounding buildings. The King himself frequently attended the productions, as did Samuel Pepys. The day after the Theatre Royal opened, Pepys attended a performance of Francis Beaumont, performances usually began at 3 pm to take advantage of the daylight, the main floor for the audience, the pit, had no roof in order to let in the light
9.
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
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Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan was an Irish satirist, a playwright and poet, and long-term owner of the London Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He is known for his plays such as The Rivals, The School for Scandal, The Duenna and he was also a Whig MP for 32 years in the British House of Commons for Stafford, Westminster, and Ilchester. He is buried at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey and his plays remain a central part of the canon and are regularly performed worldwide. RB Sheridan was born in 1751 in Dublin, Ireland, where his family had a house on then fashionable Dorset Street, while in Dublin Sheridan attended the English Grammar School in Grafton Street. The family moved permanently to England in 1758 when he was aged seven and he was a pupil at Harrow School from 1762 to 1768. His mother, Frances Sheridan, was a playwright and novelist and she had two plays produced in London in the early 1760s, though she is best known for her novel The Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddulph. In 1772 Sheridan fought two duels with Captain Thomas Mathews, who had written a newspaper article defaming the character of Elizabeth Ann Linley, the woman Sheridan intended to marry. In the first duel, they agreed to fight in Hyde Park, far from its romantic image, the duel was short and bloodless. Mathews lost his sword and, according to Sheridan, was forced to beg for his life, the apology was made public and Mathews, infuriated by the publicity the duel had received, refused to accept his defeat as final and challenged Sheridan to another duel. Sheridan was not obliged to accept this challenge, but could have become a social pariah if he had not, the second duel, fought in July 1772 at Kingsdown near Bath, was a much more ferocious affair. This time both men broke their swords but carried on fighting in a struggle for life and honour. His remarkable constitution pulled him through, and eight days after this affair the Bath Chronicle was able to announce that he was out of danger. Mathews escaped in a post chaise, the young couple entered the fashionable world and apparently held up their end in entertaining. In 1775 Sheridans first play, The Rivals, was produced at Londons Covent Garden Theatre and it was a failure on its first night. Sheridan cast a more capable actor in the lead for its performance, and it was a smash which immediately established the young playwrights reputation. It has gone on to become a standard of English literature, shortly after the success of The Rivals, Sheridan and his father-in-law Thomas Linley the Elder, a successful composer, produced the opera, The Duenna. This piece was accorded such a reception that it played for seventy-five performances. In the next year,1776, Sheridan, his father-in-law and one other partner bought a half-interest in the Drury Lane theatre and, Sheridan was the manager of the theatre for many years, and later became sole owner with no managerial role
10.
The History of Cardenio
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The History of Cardenio, often referred to as merely Cardenio, is a lost play, known to have been performed by the Kings Men, a London theatre company, in 1613. The play is attributed to William Shakespeare and John Fletcher in a Stationers Register entry of 1653, thomas Sheltons translation of the First Part of Don Quixote was published in 1612, and would thus have been available to the presumed authors of the play. Two existing plays have been put forward as being related to the lost play, also, a song, Woods, Rocks and Mountains, set to music by Robert Johnson, has been linked to it. Although there are records of the play having been performed, there is no information about its authorship earlier than a 1653 entry in the Stationers Register, the entry was made by Humphrey Moseley, a bookseller and publisher, who was thereby asserting his right to publish the work. Moseley is not necessarily to be trusted on the question of authorship and it may be that he was using Shakespeares name to increase interest in the play. However, some modern scholarship accepts Moseleys attribution, placing the lost work in the category of collaboration between Fletcher and Shakespeare as The Two Noble Kinsmen. Fletcher based several of his plays on works by Cervantes. After a few together, Don Quixote and Sancho discover a bag full of gold coins along with some papers. Don Quixote and Sancho search for the person to whom the gold and they find him, it is Cardenio, a strange bare-footed character who leaps about from rock to rock like a mountain goat and whose clothes are in shreds. Cardenio, who lives in the formed in a cork tree, rants. Don Fernando has recently seduced and agreed to marry a woman named Dorotea. To do this, he sends Cardenio away on an errand, Luscinda then writes a letter to Cardenio to alert him to the fact that he is being double-crossed, and that her father has agreed to have her marry the wealthy Don Fernando. She tells Cardenio that she is in her gown. She secretly has a knife hidden in the folds of her dress, Cardenio arrives and hides behind a tapestry to watch the nuptials. When it comes time to exchange the vows, Luscinda pauses, the bridegroom goes to kiss his bride, but she swoons. Cardenio, upset, hops on his donkey, leaves town, Luscinda runs away to flee her new husband. Cardenio is reunited with Luscinda, and Don Fernando is reunited with Dorotea, Double Falshood has the plot of the Cardenio episode in Don Quixote. It has been suggested that Theobald was unable to publish the original script, the fate of Theobalds three alleged manuscripts is unknown
11.
Quarterly Review
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The Quarterly Review was a literary and political periodical founded in March 1809 by the well known London publishing house John Murray. Initially, the Quarterly was set up primarily to counter the influence on public opinion of the Edinburgh Review and its first editor, William Gifford, was appointed by George Canning, at the time Foreign Secretary, later Prime Minister. Under Gifford, the journal took the Canningite liberal-conservative position on matters of domestic and foreign policy and it opposed major political reforms, but it supported the gradual abolition of slavery, moderate law reform, humanitarian treatment of criminals and the insane, and the liberalizing of trade. In a series of brilliant articles in its pages, Southey advocated a philosophy of social reform. Because two of his key writers, Scott and Southey, were opposed to Catholic emancipation, Gifford did not permit the journal to take a position on that issue. Reflecting divisions in the Tory party itself, under its editor, John Gibson Lockhart. While Croker continued to represent the Canningites and Peelites, the liberal wing. During its early years, reviews of new works were sometimes remarkably long and that of Henry Kosters Travels in Brazil ran to forty-three pages. Typical of early nineteenth-century journals, reviewing in the Quarterly was highly politicized, writers and publishers known for their Unitarian or radical views were among the early journals main targets. In an 1817 article, John Wilson Croker attacked John Keats in a review of Endymion for his association with Leigh Hunt, shelley blamed Crokers article for bringing about the death of the seriously ill poet, snuffed out, in Byrons ironic phrase, by an article. The Quarterly Review stopped publication in 1967, a publication taking this name was founded in 2007. Other members of the Editorial Board include philosophers Antony Flew and Thomas Molnar, ecologist Edward Goldsmith, economist Ezra Mishan, columnists include socialite Taki Theodoracopulos, ecologist Rev John Papworth and Roy Kerridge. The deputy editor is Dr Leslie Jones, and the editor is Luise Hemmer Pihl. Each issue of the new Quarterly Review includes an article from the original publication, in 2007, the archive was purchased by the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. The Quarterly Review Archive This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Wood, James. London and New York, Frederick Warne
12.
John Murray (publisher)
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Since 2004, it has been owned by conglomerate Lagardère under the Hachette UK brand. The business was founded in London in 1768 by John Murray I, an Edinburgh-born Royal Marines officer, John Murray the elder was one of the founding sponsors of the London evening newspaper The Star in 1788. He was succeeded by his son, John Murray II, who made the house one of the most important. He was a friend of leading writers of the day. He was the publisher of Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, Washington Irving, George Crabbe and his home and office at 50 Albemarle Street in Mayfair was the centre of a literary circle, fostered by Murrays tradition of Four oclock friends, afternoon tea with his writers. Murrays most notable author was Lord Byron, who became a close friend, Murray published many of his major works, paying him over £20,000 in rights. On 10 March 1812 Murray published Byrons second book, Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, on 17 May 1824 Murray participated in one of the most notorious acts in the annals of literature. Byron had given him the manuscript of his memoirs to publish later on. Together with five of Byrons friends and executors, he decided to destroy Byrons manuscripts because he thought the scandalous details would damage Byrons reputation, with only Thomas Moore objecting, the two volumes of memoirs were dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at Murrays office. It remains unknown what they contained, John Murray III also started the Murray Handbooks in 1836, a series of travel guides from which modern-day guides are directly descended. The rights to these guides were sold around 1900 and subsequently acquired in 1915 by the Blue Guides and his successor Sir John Murray IV was publisher to Queen Victoria. Among other works, he published Murrays Magazine from 1887 until 1891, competitor Smith, Elder & Co. was acquired in 1917. His son Sir John Murray V, grandson John Murray VI, in 2002, John Murray was acquired by Hodder Headline, which was itself acquired in 2004 by the French conglomerate Lagardère Group. Since then, it has been an imprint under Lagardère brand Hachette UK, on 26 January 2005, it was announced that the National Library was to be given £17. 7m by the Heritage Lottery Fund towards the £31. 2m price offered by John Murray. The Scottish Executive agreed to make a contribution of £8. 3m,1768 – John MacMurray, a former lieutenant of the Marines, buys a bookselling business at 32 Fleet Street. He changes his name to Murray and uses his contacts to build up a thriving business 1807 – The first bestseller. 1858-1864 by David and Charles Livingstone published 1912 – June, Published Behind The Night Light by Nancy Price, a Publisher and His Friends, Memoir and Correspondence of the Late John Murray. The first John Murray, and the late eighteenth-century London book trade, the Seven Lives of John Murray, The Story of a Publishing Dynasty
13.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan and his critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was an influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and American transcendentalism. Throughout his adult life Coleridge had crippling bouts of anxiety and depression, it has been speculated that he had bipolar disorder and he was physically unhealthy, which may have stemmed from a bout of rheumatic fever and other childhood illnesses. He was treated for these conditions with laudanum, which fostered a lifelong opium addiction, Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772 in the town of Ottery St Mary in Devon, England. He had previously been Master of Hugh Squiers School in South Molton, Devon, John Coleridge had three children by his first wife. Samuel was the youngest of ten by the Reverend Mr. Coleridges second wife, Anne Bowden, probably the daughter of John Bowden, Mayor of South Molton, Devon, Coleridge suggests that he took no pleasure in boyish sports but instead read incessantly and played by himself. At that school Coleridge became friends with Charles Lamb, a schoolmate, in fancy I can almost hear him now, exclaiming Harp. Pen and ink, boy, you mean, oh aye. the cloister-pump, I suppose. Be this as it may, there was one custom of our masters and he would often permit our theme exercises. To accumulate, till each lad had four or five to be looked over, throughout his life, Coleridge idealised his father as pious and innocent, while his relationship with his mother was more problematic. His childhood was characterised by attention seeking, which has linked to his dependent personality as an adult. He was rarely allowed to return home during the term. He later wrote of his loneliness at school in the poem Frost at Midnight, With unclosed lids, from 1791 until 1794, Coleridge attended Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1792, he won the Browne Gold Medal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade, afterwards, he was rumoured to have had a bout of severe depression. His brothers arranged for his discharge a few months later under the reason of insanity and he was readmitted to Jesus College, at Jesus College, Coleridge was introduced to political and theological ideas then considered radical, including those of the poet Robert Southey. Coleridge joined Southey in a plan, soon abandoned, to found a utopian society, called Pantisocracy
14.
Jane Austen
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Jane Austen was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Austens plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of social standing. Her works critique the novels of sensibility of the half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century literary realism. With the publications of Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park and Emma and she wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818, and began another, eventually titled Sanditon, but died before its completion. Her novels have rarely been out of print, although they were published anonymously, a significant transition in her posthumous reputation occurred in 1869, fifty-two years after her death, when her nephews publication of A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider audience. Austen has inspired a number of critical essays and literary anthologies. Her novels have inspired many films, from 1940s Pride and Prejudice to more recent productions, Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austens use of biting irony, along with her realism and social commentary have earned her great and historical importance to critics and scholars. The Bank of England has confirmed that the face of the new plastic £10 note will be Austen, the notes are expected to be released in summer 2017. There is little information about Jane Austens life except the few letters that survive. During her lifetime Austen wrote approximately 3,000 letters but only about 160 survive, many of the letters were written to Austens older sister Cassandra, who in 1843 burned the greater part of them and cut pieces out of those she kept. Cassandra believed that in the interest of tact and Janes penchant for forthrightness, the paucity of record of Austens life leaves modern biographers little to work with. The situation was compounded as successive generations of the family expunged and sanitized the already opaque details of Austens biography, Jane Austen was born in Steventon, Hampshire, on 16 December 1775. She was born a month later than her parents expected, her father wrote of her arrival in a letter that her mother certainly expected to have brought to bed a month ago. He added that her arrival was particularly welcome as a companion to her sister. The winter of 1776 was particularly harsh and it was not until 5 April that she was baptised at the church with the single name Jane. For much of Janes life, George Austen served as the rector of the Anglican parishes at Steventon, and he came from an old, respected, and wealthy family of wool merchants. Over the centuries as each generation of eldest sons received inheritances their wealth was consolidated and he and his two sisters were orphaned as children and had to be taken in by relatives. His sister Philadelphia went to India to find a husband and George entered St Johns College, Oxford on a fellowship and she came from the prominent Leigh family, her father was rector at All Souls College, Oxford, where she grew up among the gentry
15.
Chawton
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Chawton is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. The village lies within the South Downs National Park and is famous as the home of Jane Austen for the last eight years of her life, in 2000, Chawton had a population of around 380. It is within the area of Downland which has 2,149 people. Chawtons recorded history begins in the Domesday survey of 1086, in the 13th century, there was a royal manor house. The owner, John St John, served as deputy to Edward I in Scotland, henry III visited the manor on over forty occasions. The descendants of John Knight, who built the present Chawton House at the time of the Armada, added to it and modified the landscape in ways that reflect changes in politics, religion and taste. One of those descendants was Elizabeth Knight, whose progresses were marked by the ringing of church bells, later in the 18th century, Jane Austens brother Edward Austen Knight succeeded, and in 1809 was able to move his mother and sisters to a cottage in the village. Chawton Cottage, Jane Austens house and garden are open to the public and it houses a collection of over 9,000 volumes, together with some related manuscripts. Visitors can see the relationship between the library, the house, the estate and a farm of the 18th. In 1992 a 125-year lease on the house was purchased for £1.25 million by a foundation established by Sandra Lerner, co-founder of Cisco Systems, Chawton has a single church, St Nicholas. A church has stood on the site in Chawton since at least 1270 when it was mentioned in a diocesan document, the church suffered a disastrous fire in 1871 which destroyed all but the chancel. The rebuilt church was designed by Sir Arthuer Blomfield and is now listed Grade 2*, the churchyard was reserved for burial for the Knight family, and the graves include that of Jane Austens mother and sister, both called Cassandra. Chawton C of E Primary School is the school in Chawton. It is within the Diocese of Winchester and accepts children from four to eleven. There has been a school on the site since about 1840, there are no retail stores in Chawton. On Winchester Road, which runs through the village, there is a tea shop opposite Jane Austens house called Cassandras Cup, which is named after Jane Austens sister. Just down the road from this is a Fullers pub called The Greyfriar which has an oak beamed traditional bar, a beer garden. Also on Winchester Road is the Village Hall, adjacent to Gosport Road lies a green containing a cricket pitch and the home of Chawton Cricket Club, a newly refurbished playground and a set of allotments
16.
Alton, Hampshire
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Alton is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is located across a valley on the source of the River Wey, according to the 2011 census, it has a population of 17,816. The town is famous for its connection with Sweet Fanny Adams, the town was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 under the name Aoltone and was notable for having the most valuable market recorded therein. The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War, the town contains three secondary schools and its own railway station. The Alton Hoard of Iron Age coins and jewellery was found in the vicinity of the town in 1996 and is now in the British Museum. A Roman road ran from Chichester to Silchester and there is evidence of a Roman posting station at Neatham near Alton, probably called Vindomis, centuries later, an Anglo-Saxon settlement was established in the area and a large 7th century cemetery has been discovered during building excavations. The buckle was found in the grave of a warrior, and has a body, set with garnets. The River Wey has a source in the town, and the name Alton comes from an Anglo-Saxon word aewielltun meaning farmstead at the source of the river, in 1001 Danish forces invaded England during the First Battle of Alton. When they reached Alton, the forces of Wessex came together, about 81 Englishman were killed, including Ethelwerd the Kings high-steward, Leofric of Whitchurch, Leofwin the Kings high-steward, Wulfhere a bishops thane, and Godwin of Worthy, Bishop Elfsys son. Danish casualties were higher, but the Danes won the battle, Alton is listed as having the most valuable recorded market in the Domesday Book under the name Aoltone in the Odingeton Hundred — Hantescire. The Treaty of Alton was an agreement signed in 1101 between William the Conquerors eldest son Robert, Duke of Normandy and his brother Henry I of England, Henry had seized the throne while his elder brother was away on the first crusade. Robert returned to claim the throne, landing in Portsmouth, the two brothers met in Alton and agreed terms which formed the Treaty of Alton. Part of the street through Alton is called Normandy Street. The first recorded market in Alton was in 1232, although the market at Neatham first recorded in the Domesday Book may also have been in the town. Blome wrote in 1673 of a market on Saturdays, which is great for provisions. The correct date for the grant seems to be 22 November 1320, the grant was for a 9-day fair - the vigil and feast of Whitsuntide and seven days after. The two main manors in Alton - Alton Eastbrook and Alton Westbrook - had a fair each and that of Alton Eastbrook has no extant charter, and may never have had one. It was originally held on St Lawrence’s Day and so its origin was, presumably, the religious aspect would have ceased when the country was no longer Roman Catholic
17.
Royal Opera House
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The Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden, central London. The large building is referred to as simply Covent Garden. It is the home of The Royal Opera, The Royal Ballet, originally called the Theatre Royal, it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history. In 1734, the first ballet was presented, a year later, Handels first season of operas began. Many of his operas and oratorios were written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there. The current building is the theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1856. The façade, foyer, and auditorium date from 1858, the main auditorium seats 2,256 people, making it the third largest in London, and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery. The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high, the main auditorium is a Grade I listed building. The letters patent remained in the possession of the patentees heirs until the 19th century, in 1728, John Rich, actor-manager of the Dukes Company at Lincolns Inn Fields Theatre, commissioned The Beggars Opera from John Gay. In addition, a Royal Charter had created a fruit and vegetable market in the area, at its opening on 7 December 1732, Rich was carried by his actors in processional triumph into the theatre for its opening production of William Congreves The Way of the World. Despite the frequent interchangeability between the Covent Garden and Drury Lane companies, competition was intense, often presenting the plays at the same time. Rich introduced pantomime to the repertoire, himself performing and a tradition of seasonal pantomime continued at the modern theatre, in 1734, Covent Garden presented its first ballet, Pygmalion. Marie Sallé discarded tradition and her corset and danced in diaphanous robes, george Frideric Handel was named musical director of the company, at Lincolns Inn Fields, in 1719, but his first season of opera, at Covent Garden, was not presented until 1734. His first opera was Il pastor fido followed by Ariodante, the première of Alcina, there was a royal performance of Messiah in 1743, which was a success and began a tradition of Lenten oratorio performances. From 1735 until his death in 1759 he gave regular seasons there and he bequeathed his organ to John Rich, and it was placed in a prominent position on the stage, but was among many valuable items lost in a fire that destroyed the theatre on 20 September 1808. In 1792 the architect Henry Holland rebuilt the auditorium, within the shell of the building but deeper and wider than the old auditorium. Rebuilding began in December 1808, and the second Theatre Royal, the Old Price Riots lasted over two months, and the management was finally forced to accede to the audiences demands. During this time, entertainments were varied, opera and ballet were presented, kemble engaged a variety of acts, including the child performer Master Betty, the great clown Joseph Grimaldi made his name at Covent Garden
