1.
1812
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As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch enters into force in the Austrian Empire, february 7 The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8. Novelist Charles Dickens is born in Portsmouth, England, february 12 – Napoleon authorizes the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the metric system. February 13 – First Chilean newspaper Aurora de Chile is dealing with political philosophy, february 27 Argentine War of Independence, Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina in the city of Rosario for the first time. English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, March 5 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris March 15 – Luddites attack the wool-processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire. March 16–April 6 – Siege of Badajoz, The Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, besieges Badajoz in Spain, March 19 – The Cádiz Cortes create the first modern Spanish constitution. The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, april 4 – U. S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom. April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U. S. state, may 11 – John Bellingham assassinates British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the British House of Commons. May 16 – Russian Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War, may 25 – Felling mine disaster, A mine explosion at the Felling colliery near Jarrow, England leaves 96 dead. June 1 – War of 1812, U. S. President James Madison asks the U. S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom. June 4 – Following Louisianas admittance as a U. S. state, june 16 – New York State charters City Bank of New York, which later became Citibank. June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins, june 24 – Napoleons Grande Armée crosses the Neman River and invades Russia. July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario, july 18 – Russias Patriotic War – Battle of Klyastitsy, Kulnev defeats Oudinot but sustains a mortal wound. July 22 – Peninsular War – Battle of Salamanca, British forces led by Lord Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca in Spain, august 5 – War of 1812, Tecumsehs Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Hornes 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat. August 12 – Peninsular War, The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid following the Battle of Salamanca, august 15 – War of 1812, Battle of Fort Dearborn – Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory. August 16 – War of 1812, American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army, august 19 – War of 1812, The USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off the Constitutions sides, september 7 – Napoleonic Wars – French invasion of Russia – Battle of Borodino, The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French Grande Armée alone, september 14 – French invasion of Russia, Napoleons troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1810 in the United States
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Events from the year 1810 in the United States. June 4 – The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is founded in Dedham, june 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astors newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a 6-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, september 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida, the first steamboat on the Ohio River sails. Notes of a Visit to Philadelphia, Made by a Moravian Sister in 1810, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.36, No. 3, pp. 346–361 Governor Gerrys Latin Speech,1810, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.59, S. E. Morison. Forcing the Dardanelles in 1810, With Some Account of the Early Levant Trade of Massachusetts, the New England Quarterly, Vol.1, No. On a Collection of Birds from Georgia and Carolina Made about 1810 by John Abbot,2, pp. 113–117 Edward C. Carter II. Birth of a political economist, Mathew Carey and the fight of 1810-1811. 3, pp. 274–288 J. Meredith Neil, plain and Simple Principles for an American Art,1810. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.93,3, pp. 410–416 Richard W. Gronet. United States and the Invasion of Texas, 1810-1814,3, pp. 281–306 Raymond A. Mohl. The Grand Fabric of Republicanism a Scotsman Describes South Carolina 1810-1811, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.71, No. An Overlooked Printed Catalogue of Plants in the Botanick Garden of South-Carolina,1810,2, pp. 365–367 Joanna Bowen Gillespie. Filiopietism as Citizenship,1810, Letters from Martha Laurens Ramsay to David Ramsay Jr, Early American Literature, Vol.29, No. 2, pp. 141–165 Media related to 1810 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1811 in the United States
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Events from the year 1811 in the United States. January 22 – The Casas Revolt begins in San Antonio, Texas, march 22 – The Commissioners Plan of 1811 for Manhattan is presented. July 9 – British explorer David Thompson posts a notice at the confluence of the Columbia, october 11 – Inventor John Stevens boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry. November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe, American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American chief Tecumseh, december 16 – The New Madrid earthquake in Mississippi Valley near New Madrid reverses the course of the river for a while. Other earthquakes along the fault occur on January 23,1812, January 5 – Richard Brodhead, United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1851 to 1857. January 16 – William Alexander Richardson, United States Senator from Illinois from 1863 till 1865, January 17 – George S. Houston, Governor of Alabama from 1874 till 1878 and United States Senator from Alabama in 1879. February 4 – Asa Biggs, United States Senator from North Carolina from 1855 till 1858, February 24 Edward Dickinson Baker, English-born United States Senator from Oregon from 1860 till 1861. Henry Smith Lane, United States Senator from Indiana from 1836 to 1837, august 6 – Judah P. Scott. President Madisons Foreign Policy—The Views of An American Merchant Abroad in 1811, the Journal of Modern History, Vol.16, No. 4, pp. 294–298 D. Fedotoff White, the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.75, No. 1, pp. 3–24 Willard E. Wight, Robert J. Miller, the Journals of the Reverend Robert J. Miller, Lutheran Missionary in Virginia,1811 and 1813. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.61,2, pp. 141–166 Willard E. Wight. Two Lutheran Missionary Journals,1811,1813, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.55, No. 1, pp. 6–14 Florence G. Watts, lieutenant Charles Larrabees Account of the Battle of Tippecanoe,1811. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.57, No,3, pp. 225–247 Donald R. Hickey. The Federalists and the Coming of the War, 1811-1812, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.75, No. 1, pp. 70–88 Raymond W. Champagne Jr. Thomas J. Rueter, jonathan Roberts and the War Hawk Congress of 1811-1812. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.104,4, pp. 434–449 Raymond H. Hammes
5.
1813 in the United States
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Events from the year 1813 in the United States. March 4 – James Madison is sworn in as President of the United States for his second term, march 22 – War of 1812, Col. Richard M. Johnson puts out an order for raising a regiment of mounted volunteers in Kentucky. March 29 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Rosillo Creek, The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in present-day Bexar County, Texas. April 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of York, United States troops raid, destroy, but do not hold York, capital of Upper Canada. May 1–9 – War of 1812, First Siege of Fort Meigs, British allied forces, under General Henry Proctor and Chief Tecumseh, lay siege to the fort but do not capture it. May 5 – War of 1812, Dudleys Massacre, A detachment under Colonel William Dudley attempting to relieve the siege of Fort Meigs is decimated, may 27 – War of 1812, In Canada, American forces capture Fort George. June 6 – War of 1812 – Battle of Stoney Creek, july – War of 1812, Second Siege of Fort Meigs fails to defeat General Green Clay. July 5 – War of 1812, Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, August 30 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre, A force of Creeks belonging to the Red Sticks faction kill hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims in Alabama. September 10 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Erie, An American squadron under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British squadron, capturing six ships. October 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada, William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle. October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of Chateauguay, Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion November 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Cryslers Farm, the Americans are defeated by the British. November 16 – The British announce a blockade of Long Island Sound, December 30 – War of 1812, British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York. The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded, War of 1812 Creek War January 21 – John C. Frémont, soldier, explorer and U. S. Bogy, senator from Missouri from 1873 to 1877 April 23 – Stephen A. Douglas, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1855 to 1873 October 16 – Daniel D. Pratt, senator from Indiana from 1869 to 1875 December 10 – Zachariah Chandler, U. S. Senator from Michigan from 1857 to 1875 and in 1879 December 19 – Joseph P. Comegys, senator from Delaware from 1856 to 1857 December 20 – Samuel J. Kirkwood, U. S. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.6,4, pp. 346–358 Diary of Elbridge Gerry, Jr.1813. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.47, James Morrells Account of a Trip to Ballston and Saratoga Springs in August 1813
6.
1814 in the United States
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Events from the year 1814 in the United States. January 27 – Creek War – Battle of Callabee Creek, Red Sticks unsuccessfully attack Georgia volunteers in present-day Macon County, march 9 – The USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from the Caribbean. March 27 – Creek War – Battle of Horseshoe Bend, In northern Alabama, may 5 – War of 1812 – The British attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York. July 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of Chippawa, American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, July 24 – War of 1812 – General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara Falls, Ontario to halt Jacob Browns American invaders. July 26–August 4 – War of 1812 – Americans fail to recapture Fort Mackinac at the Battle of Mackinac Island. August 24 – War of 1812 – Battle of Bladensburg, British forces defeat the Americans at Bladensburg, Maryland, allowing the British to enter Washington, august 28 – War of 1812 – Alexandria, Virginia offers surrender to the British fleet without a fight. September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain, An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, september 13 – War of 1812 – The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. September 21 – War of 1812 – British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Erie, november 7 – War of 1812 – Andrew Jackson seizes Pensacola, Florida. November 23 – Vice President Elbridge Gerry dies from heart failure, the office remains vacant through the remainder of James Madisons presidency. December 15 – The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party, december 24 – War of 1812 – The Treaty of Ghent is signed, officially ending the war. The treaty is ratified by the Americans on February 16,1815. The worlds first complex machine mass-produced from interchangeable parts, Eli Terrys wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the line in Plymouth. The Harmony Society establishes Harmony, Indiana Territory, War of 1812 Creek War January 1 – William Bigler, United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1856 till 1861. Miller, United States Senator in Georgia from 1871, June 11 – Henry Whitney Bellows, clergyman of the Unitarian Church June 22 – James H. Lane United States Senator from Kansas from 1861 till 1866. July 19 – Samuel Colt, inventor July 22 – Robert Ward Johnson, august 5 – James Dixon, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1857 till 1869. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Second Series, Vol.14, the Negotiations at Ghent in 1814. The American Historical Review, Vol.11, No,1, pp. 68–87 Alfred F. Hopkins. 4, pp. 271–272 Earl S. Pomeroy, the Lebanon Blues in the Baltimore Campaign,1814, Extracts from a Company Orderly Book
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
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Media related to 1812 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
