1.
1814
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As of the start of 1814, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 14 – Denmark cedes Norway into personal union with Sweden in exchange for west Pomerania, Sweden never again takes part in war. January 29 – Battle of Brienne, Emperor Napoleon I of France is victorious against von Blücher, January 31 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina. February – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon, February 1 Lord Byrons semi-autobiographical tale in verse The Corsair is published by John Murray in London and sells 10,000 copies on this day. Mount Mayon eruption the 2nd time, Cagsawa Church is destroyed is devastated, February 11 – Norways independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union. February 12 – A fire destroys the Custom House, London, February 14 – Battle of Vauchamps, Napoleon I of France is victorious against von Blücher. February 18 – Battle of Montereau, Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces, February 21 – Great Stock Exchange Fraud in London. March 7 – Battle of Craonne, Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher, march 8 – Napoleonic Wars, A night attack by the British under Sir Thomas Graham on the French fortress of Bergen op Zoom ends in failure. March 9 – American naval schooner USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, march 10 – Battle of Laon, von Blücher defeats Napoleon. March 12 – Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême enters Bordeaux, march 25 – De Nederlandsche Bank is established. March 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend, In northern Alabama, march 30 – Napoleonic Wars, Battle of Paris. March 31 – Anti-Napoleonic troops occupy Paris, april 6 – Bourbon Restoration, Louis XVIII is invited to occupy the restored French throne. April 10 – The Duke of Wellington wins the Battle of Toulouse, april 11 – Napoleon abdicates unconditionally as Emperor of the French. April 12 – The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established, april 18/19 – Genoa surrenders to the British Royal Navy. April 28 – Ligurian Republic revived, may 3 – The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris. May 4 – Ferdinand VII of Spain abolishes the Spanish Constitution of 1812, may 5 – British-American War, British forces attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York. May 17 The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly, the occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands. May 30 – The First Treaty of Paris is signed returning Frances borders to their 1792 extent, Napoleon is exiled to Elba on the same day
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1812 in the United States
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The following is a partial list of events from the year 1812 in the United States. After years of increasing tensions, the United States declares war on the British Empire, February 2 – Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross, California. February 7 – The last of four major New Madrid earthquakes strike New Madrid, Missouri, april 4 – U. S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom. April 20 – George Clinton, Vice President of the United States, dies in office, april 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U. S. state. June 1 – War of 1812, U. S. President James Madison asks the U. S. Congress to declare war on Great Britain. June 4 – Following Louisianas admittance as a U. S. state, june 18 – The War of 1812 begins between the United States and the British Empire. July 12 – Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario, august 5 – War of 1812, Tecumsehs Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Hornes 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat. August 15 – War of 1812, Battle of Fort Dearborn – Potawatomi warriors overrun the U. S. fort in Illinois Territory, august 16 – War of 1812, American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army. August 19 – War of 1812, USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere, the British shot is said to have bounced off the Constitutions sides, earning her the nickname Old Ironsides. October – The capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg, october 9 – War of 1812, American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, HMS Detroit and HMS Caledonia. November 5 – James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton in the U. S. presidential election, december 7 – Missouri Territory is effective. December 29 – War of 1812, The USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Java off the coast of Brazil, the Bishop James Madison Society is founded at the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. The City Bank of New York is founded, the General Land Office becomes an independent agency of the U. S. government, responsible for land in the public domain. The Williamsport Academy for the Education of Youth is founded in Pennsylvania, the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery, the oldest Kentucky Bourbon distillery, is established along Glenns Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky. Baptist Training Union now Wayland Baptist Theological Seminary is founded by Escaped, princeton Theological Seminary is founded in New Jersey. War of 1812 January 2 – Augustus C, weller, United States Senator from California from 1852 to 1857 February 15 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, founder of Tiffany & Co. Senator from Michigan from 1875 to 1879 March 13 – James E, october 6 – Lazarus W. Powell, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1859 to 1865
4.
1813 in the United States
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Events from the year 1813 in the United States. March 4 – James Madison is sworn in as President of the United States for his second term, march 22 – War of 1812, Col. Richard M. Johnson puts out an order for raising a regiment of mounted volunteers in Kentucky. March 29 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Rosillo Creek, The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in present-day Bexar County, Texas. April 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of York, United States troops raid, destroy, but do not hold York, capital of Upper Canada. May 1–9 – War of 1812, First Siege of Fort Meigs, British allied forces, under General Henry Proctor and Chief Tecumseh, lay siege to the fort but do not capture it. May 5 – War of 1812, Dudleys Massacre, A detachment under Colonel William Dudley attempting to relieve the siege of Fort Meigs is decimated, may 27 – War of 1812, In Canada, American forces capture Fort George. June 6 – War of 1812 – Battle of Stoney Creek, july – War of 1812, Second Siege of Fort Meigs fails to defeat General Green Clay. July 5 – War of 1812, Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, August 30 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre, A force of Creeks belonging to the Red Sticks faction kill hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims in Alabama. September 10 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Erie, An American squadron under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British squadron, capturing six ships. October 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada, William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle. October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of Chateauguay, Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion November 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Cryslers Farm, the Americans are defeated by the British. November 16 – The British announce a blockade of Long Island Sound, December 30 – War of 1812, British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York. The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded, War of 1812 Creek War January 21 – John C. Frémont, soldier, explorer and U. S. Bogy, senator from Missouri from 1873 to 1877 April 23 – Stephen A. Douglas, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1855 to 1873 October 16 – Daniel D. Pratt, senator from Indiana from 1869 to 1875 December 10 – Zachariah Chandler, U. S. Senator from Michigan from 1857 to 1875 and in 1879 December 19 – Joseph P. Comegys, senator from Delaware from 1856 to 1857 December 20 – Samuel J. Kirkwood, U. S. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.6,4, pp. 346–358 Diary of Elbridge Gerry, Jr.1813. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.47, James Morrells Account of a Trip to Ballston and Saratoga Springs in August 1813
5.
1815 in the United States
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Events from the year 1815 in the United States. As news slowly spread of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812, february – The Hartford Convention arrives in Washington, DC. February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to a John Stevens, the British halt their advance two days later when informed of the Treaty of Ghent. February 15 – War of 1812 – The United States Senate ratifies the Treaty of Ghent, february 17 – War of 1812 ends. September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years. December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the U. S. gives its first performance, the second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins. War of 1812 January 10 – John J. McRae, U. S, senator from Mississippi from 1851 to 1852 January 16 Lemuel J. Bowden, U. S. Senator from Virginia from 1863 to 1864 Henry Halleck, general January 18 Henry P. Haun, senator from California from 1859 to 1860 Richard Yates, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1865 to 1871 January 21 – Horace Wells, dentist, anesthesia pioneer March 9 – David Davis, senator from Illinois from 1877 to 1883 April 1 – Henry B. Senator from Rhode Island from 1859 to 1884 May 10 – Henry Bibb, author, senator from Minnesota from 1863 to 1875 September 19 – Charles B. The American Historical Review, Vol.19, No,4, pp. 813–838 The Embassy to Washington,1815. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.48, some Unpublished Letters of a Roving Soldier-Diplomat, General Winfield Scotts Reports to Secretary of State James Monroe, on conditions in France and England in 1815-1816. The Journal of the American Military History Foundation, Vol.1,4, pp. 165–173 William Bell Wait. 2, pp. 85–86+136 Harold W. Ryan, George Izard, diary of a Journey by George Izard, 1815-1816. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.53, No,2, pp. 67–76 Orville W. Carroll. Mr. Smarts Circular Saw Mill c, bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol.5, No. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.68, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.95, pp. 67–87 Charles E. Kinzer. The Band of Music of the First Battalion of Free Men of Color,3, pp. 348–369 Media related to 1815 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
6.
1816 in the United States
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Events from the year 1816 in the United States. April 27 – The Dallas tariff is passed in Congress seeking to protect American manufacturing against an influx of cheaper British goods following the War of 1812, may 11 – The American Bible Society is founded in New York City, New York. August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, November – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U. S. presidential election. December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U. S. state, the Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter. E. Remington and Sons is founded in Ilion, New York, senator from Connecticut from 1875 to 1881 October 20 – James W. Grimes, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1859 to 1869 October 26 – Philip Pendleton Cooke, lawyer and poet November 3 – Jubal Early, Confederate general November 4 – James L. Alcorn, senator from Mississippi from 1871 to 1877 November 29 – Henry Mower Rice, U. S. Senator from Minnesota from 1858 to 1863 December 12 – Thomas C, senator from Kentucky from 1868 to 1871 December 13 – Clement Claiborne Clay, U. S. S. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.12, No,3, pp. 271–280 Otto L. Schmidt. The Mississippi Valley in 1816 Through an Englishmans Diary, the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.14, No. 2, pp. 138–155 Julian P. Boyd, John Sergeants Mission to Europe for the Second Bank of the United States, 1816-1817. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.58,3, pp. 213–231 Charles G. Davis, Ninian Edwards, Wm. Clark, George Graham, Lane K. Newberry, C. J. Bulliet. The Indian Boundary Line under the Treaty of August 24,1816, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.28, No. 1, pp. 26–64 Edwin Adams Davis, John C. L. Andreassen, from Louisville to New Orleans in 1816 Diary of William Newton Mercer. The Journal of Southern History, Vol.2, No,3, pp. 390–402 L. G. Moffatt, J. M. Carrière. A Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg and Orange County,1816, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.53, No. 2, pp. 101–123 Harold W. Ryan, George Izard, Diary of a Journey by George Izard, 1815-1816. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.53, No,2, pp. 67–76 Charles E. Peterson. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.13, annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.48, No
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
10.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
James Madison
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James Madison, Jr. was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution. Madison inherited his plantation Montpelier in Virginia and therewith owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime and he served as both a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and as a member of the Continental Congress prior to the Constitutional Convention. After the Convention, he one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced The Federalist Papers, Madisons political views changed throughout his life. During deliberations on the Constitution, he favored a national government. In 1789, Madison became a leader in the new House of Representatives and he is noted for drafting the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is known also as the Father of the Bill of Rights. He worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government, breaking with Hamilton and the Federalist Party in 1791, he and Thomas Jefferson organized the Democratic-Republican Party. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and Madison drafted the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, as Jeffersons Secretary of State, Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nations size. Madison succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809, was re-elected in 1813, after the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against the United Kingdom, he led the U. S. into the War of 1812. The war was a morass, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system. As a result, Madison afterward supported a national government and military, as well as the national bank. Madison has been ranked in the aggregate by historians as the ninth most successful president, James Madison, Jr. was born on March 16,1751, at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to father James Madison, Sr. and mother Nelly Conway Madison. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children, Nelly and James Sr. had seven more boys and four girls. Three of James Jr. s brothers died as infants, including one who was stillborn, in the summer of 1775, his sister Elizabeth and his brother Reuben died from a dysentery epidemic that swept through Orange County because of contaminated water. His father, James Madison, Sr. was a planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant. He later acquired more property and slaves, and with 5,000 acres, he became the largest landowner, James Jr. s mother, Nelly Conway Madison, was born at Port Conway, the daughter of a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. In these years, the colonies were becoming a slave society, in which slave labor powered the economy
13.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
14.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
15.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
16.
Elbridge Gerry
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Elbridge Thomas Gerry was an American statesman and diplomat. As a Democratic-Republican he was selected as the fifth Vice President of the United States, born into a wealthy merchant family, Gerry vocally opposed British colonial policy in the 1760s, and was active in the early stages of organizing the resistance in the American Revolutionary War. Elected to the Second Continental Congress, Gerry signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and he was one of three men who attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787 but refused to sign the United States Constitution because it did not then include a Bill of Rights. Gerry was at first opposed to the idea of political parties and he was a member of a diplomatic delegation to France that was treated poorly in the XYZ Affair, in which Federalists held him responsible for the breakdown in negotiations. Gerry thereafter became a Democratic-Republican, running unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts several times before winning the office in 1810, chosen by Madison as his vice presidential candidate in 1812, Gerry was elected, but died a year and a half into his term. He is the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who is buried in Washington, Elbridge Gerry was born on July 17,1744, in Marblehead, Massachusetts. His father, Thomas Gerry, was a merchant operating out of Marblehead. Gerrys first name came from John Elbridge, one of his mothers ancestors, Gerrys parents had eleven children in all, although only five survived to adulthood. Of these, Elbridge was the third and he was first educated by private tutors, and entered Harvard College shortly before turning fourteen. After receiving a B. A. in 1762 and an M. A. in 1765, by the 1770s the Gerrys numbered among the wealthiest Massachusetts merchants, with trading connections in Spain, the West Indies, and along the North American coast. Gerrys father, who had migrated from England in 1730, was active in politics and had a leading role in the local militia. Gerry was from a time an vocal opponent of Parliamentary efforts to tax the colonies after the French. In 1770 he sat on a Marblehead committee that sought to enforce bans on taxed British goods. He frequently communicated with other Massachusetts opponents of British policy, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, Mercy Otis Warren, in May 1772 he won election to the General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. There he worked closely with Samuel Adams to advance colonial opposition to Parliamentary colonial policies and he was responsible for establishing Marbleheads committee of correspondence, one of the first to be set up after that of Boston. However, an incident of mob action prompted him to resign from the committee the next year, Gerry reentered politics after the Boston Port Act closed that citys port in 1774, and Marblehead became a port to which relief supplies from other colonies could be delivered. He was elected as a representative to the First Continental Congress in September 1774, Gerry was elected to the provincial assembly, which reconstituted itself as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress after Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the body in October 1774. He was assigned to its committee of safety, responsible for assuring that the limited supplies of weapons
17.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
18.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
19.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
20.
Henry Clay
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Henry Clay, Sr. was an American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. Clay ran for the presidency in 1824,1832 and 1844, however, he was unsuccessful in all of his attempts to reach his nations highest office. Despite his presidential losses, Clay remained a dominant figure in the Whig Party, Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. After serving two stints in the Senate, Clay won election to the House of Representatives in 1810 and was elected Speaker of the House in 1811. Clay would remain a prominent public figure until his death 41 years later in 1852, a leading war hawk, Speaker Clay favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation into the War of 1812. In 1814, Clays tenure as Speaker was interrupted when Clay traveled to Europe, Clay ran for president in 1824 and lost, finishing fourth in a four-man contest. No candidate received a majority, and so the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Clay maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who appointed him as Secretary of State. Opposing candidate Andrew Jackson denounced the actions of Clay and Adams as part of a corrupt bargain, Clay returned to the Senate in 1831. He continued to advocate his American System, and become a leader of the opposition to President Andrew Jackson, President Jackson opposed federally-subsidized internal improvements and a national bank as a threat to states rights, and the president used his veto power to defeat many of Clays proposals. In 1832, Clay ran for president as a candidate of the National Republican Party, following the election, the National Republicans united with other opponents of Jackson to form the Whig Party, which remained one of the two major American political parties until after Clays death. In 1844, Clay won the Whig Partys presidential nomination, Clays opposition to the annexation of Texas, partly over fears that such an annexation would inflame the slavery issue, hurt his campaign, and Democrat James K. Polk won the election. Clay later opposed the Mexican–American War, which resulted in part from the Texas annexation, Clay returned to the Senate for a final term, where he helped broker a compromise over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Known as The Great Compromiser, Clay brokered important agreements during the Nullification Crisis, as part of the Great Triumvirate or Immortal Trio, along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and he was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names Harry of the West and The Western Star. As a plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime, Henry Clay was born on April 12,1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. It was a home for a common Virginia planter of that time
21.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
22.
Langdon Cheves
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Langdon Cheves was an American politician, lawyer and businessman from South Carolina. He was a U. S. Representative from 1810 to 1815, served as Speaker of the House in 1814–1815, Langdon Cheves was born at Bull Town Fort, on the Rocky River in South Carolina. His father, Alexander, was a native of Scotland, his mother, at the age of ten he went to Charleston to earn a living, and at sixteen had become confidential clerk in a large mercantile house. In spite of the advice of his friends, who thought him born to be a merchant, in 1797 he was admitted to the bar, and soon became eminent in his profession. Before 1808 his yearly income from his practice exceeded $20,000, in 1808 he became Attorney General of South Carolina, serving until 1810. In 1806 he married Mary Elizabeth Dulles, of Charleston, the couple had ten children, among them proslavery essayist Louisa S. McCord. In 1810 he was elected U. S, Representative as a Republican, winning both a special election to the remainder of the 10th Congress and a regular election to a full term in the 11th Congress. He was re-elected to the 12th Congress in 1812 and the 13th Congress in 1814, chevess speech on the merchants bonds in 1811 was especially remarkable for its learning and eloquence. Washington Irving, who was present, said it gave him for the first time an idea of the manner in which the great Greek, Cheves was a zealous supporter of the War of 1812. He was chairman of the Naval Committee in 1812, and of the Committee of Ways, when Speaker of the House Henry Clay was sent as commissioner to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, Cheves succeeded him, defeating Felix Grundy. Cheves became the ninth Speaker on January 19,1814, and served until March 4,1815, when his congressional term ended. When Vice President Elbridge Gerry died on November 23,1814, the office of President pro tempore of the Senate was vacant and this ended two days later, when Senator John Gaillard was chosen president pro tempore. Cheves most memorable action as Speaker was the defeat of the re-charter of the First Bank of the United States, with the war coming to end, Cheves declined to be a candidate for re-election in 1814. He devoted himself exclusively to his law practice in Charleston bar and he was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. In 1815, he was made a judge of the court of South Carolina. In 1816 the Bank of the United States was rechartered, in 1819 Cheves was elected president of its board of directors, and during the next three years succeeded in restoring its credit. In 1822 he resigned this post and was succeeded by Nicholas Biddle, Cheves was appointed chief commissioner of claims under the Treaty of Ghent. Cheves had moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania while heading the Bank and he remained there and later in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, until 1829
23.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
24.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
25.
13th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1813, to March 4,1815, during the fifth and sixth years of James Madisons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. The first two sessions were held at the Capitol building while the third, convened after the Burning of Washington, took place in the First Patent Building. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, following the 1810 census, the size of the House was increased to 182 seats from 142. President, Elbridge Gerry, until November 23,1814, thereafter vacant, president pro tempore, William H. Crawford, March 4,1813 – March 23,1813 Joseph B. Senators are listed by seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Otis Charles Cutts, elected October 11,1814 Sergeant at Arms, Mountjoy Bayly Chaplain, Jesse Lee, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
26.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
27.
John Cotton Smith
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John Cotton Smith was a nineteenth-century lawyer, judge and politician from Connecticut. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, as the 7th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, Smith was born in Sharon, Connecticut, the son of Cotton Mather Smith, a Puritan minister who moved from Massachusetts to Connecticut. Smith completed preparatory studies and graduated from Yale College in 1783, after graduation, he studied law and was admitted to the bar. He began the practice of law in Sharon in 1787, Smith married Margaret Evertson and they had one son together. He entered politics as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1793 and he served in the State House in 1793,1796 and 1800. In 1800 he served as speaker of that body, Smith was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jonathan Brace. He was reelected to the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Congresses, Smith was chairman of the Committee on Claims in the Seventh through Ninth Congresses. After serving in Congress, Smith served as a judge of the Superior Court. He served as the 7th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1811 to 1812 and he was the 22nd Governor of Connecticut from October 25,1812 to May 8,1817. Smith was a candidate for Governor on the Federalist ticket in 1817. He was the last Federalist Governor of Connecticut, Smith retired from politics but remained involved in academic and religious organizations. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Connecticut Historical Society and he served as president of the American Bible Society from 1831 until his death in 1845. Smith died on December 7,1845 in Sharon and he is interred in Hillside Cemetery. Smiths home in Sharon is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. us, Rep. John Cotton Smith The Political Graveyard, Smith, John Cotton
28.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
29.
Joseph Haslet
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Joseph Haslet was an American planter and politician from Cedar Creek Village in Cedar Creek Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served twice as Governor of Delaware, Haslet was born in Milford, Delaware, son of Colonel John Haslet and Jemima Molleston Brinkle Haslet. Colonel John Haslet was the commander of the Delaware Regiment in the Continental Army and was killed at the Battle of Princeton in January 1777, Jemima Haslet died a month later of an inflammation in the throat and lungs. Chief Justice William Killen became guardian for the children and eventually Joseph was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wilmington, after he came of age he bought a farm in Cedar Creek Hundred in Sussex County. He first married Mary Draper, with whom he had one child and he later married Rachel Hickman and they had at least three children. Haslet ran for governor in 1804, losing to the Federalist candidate, Nathaniel Mitchell, finally, in 1810 he squeaked out a victory against Federalist candidate Daniel Rodney and began his first term as Governor of Delaware, serving from January 15,1811 until January 18,1814. The War of 1812 was the event of Haslets tenure as governor. Entry into the War of 1812 was not met with approval from Federalist Delaware. Carol Hoffecker in Democracy in Delaware describes him saying, Without your aid, the militia was in shambles, he said, without arms or organization. But he was certain that Delaware would rise to the challenge, in this state it is not a question of whether the authority of the United States is to be respected. The State of Delaware will never hesitate to cooperate with her sister states in defending the rights of the nation. The General Assembly then voted to create a 1,000 man militia, at first, there were several exciting naval victories, including the capture of the British ship Frolic by Captain Jacob Jones of Smyrna, Delaware. He was brother-in-law of former Governor James Sykes, by February 1813, however, the British sent fleets into both the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. Lewes was completely exposed and, as expected, received repeated demands for supplies by the British fleet, Haslet and the militia rushed to Lewes defense. Having refused the demands, on April 6,1813 Lewes was subjected to an all day bombardment. The bombardment actually did little damage, scharfs account reports one chicken was killed and one pig wounded, but over 300 cannonballs were picked up, including 40 or 50 that were 32 pounders. The landing the day was beaten off as well. By June the British simply landed at Milford and took what they needed, meanwhile, the other British fleet was sailing the Chesapeake, raiding Havre de Grace, Georgetown, and Frenchtown, keeping everyone in New Castle County very nervous
30.
Daniel Rodney
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Daniel Rodney was an American merchant and politician from Lewes in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the National Republican Party, Rodney was born at Lewes, Delaware, son of John and Ruth Hunn Rodney, brother of future Governor Caleb Rodney, and distantly related to President Caesar Rodney. He married Sarah Fisher and they had eight children, Hannah, George Brydges, John, William, Henry Fisher, Nicholas, Susan and they lived at 231 Second Street and were members of St. Peters Episcopal Church in Lewes. Rodney received little schooling, and worked as a sailor and merchant for some years, there is a story that before he was 21 years old he had his own ship and that during the American Revolution he was twice captured by the British. From 1793 to 1806, he served as a Judge in the Court of Common Pleas and he was also a trustee of Wilmington College. His own political career began in 1810, when he ran for Governor of Delaware as a Federalist and he lost to the Democratic candidate, Joseph Haslet, by only 71 votes. His next campaign, in 1813, was against James Riddle of New Castle and he served as Governor of Delaware from January 18,1814, to January 21,1817. The last year of the War of 1812 was as unnerving as the others had been, the British naval presence off the coast was more intermittent, but Indian River received a serious raid in June 1814. The burning of Washington, in August, however, really brought the war home, everyone feared attacks up the coast. In Philadelphia old former President Thomas McKean was brought out of retirement to organize the defenses, fortunately, the progress of the British army was halted at Baltimore and Delaware was not attacked again. Commodore Thomas McDonough of Odessa was one of the hero’s of 1814, defeating the British fleet on Lake Champlain, senator James A. Bayard, Sr. of Wilmington was one of the commissioners to the peace conference that produced the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war. In the U. S. presidential election of 1820, Rodney received 4 electoral votes for Vice President and this was the last virtually uncontested presidential election in U. S. History with incumbent U. S. President James Monroe facing no opposition, the lack of contest documented the complete collapse of the Federalist Party everywhere except Delaware. When Caesar A. Rodney resigned from the U. S. House of Representatives in 1822, Daniel Rodney was elected to replace him, serving in the U. S. House from October 1,1822 to March 3,1823. Several years later Daniel Rodney was appointed to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Nicholas Van Dyke and he served briefly from November 8,1826, to January 12,1827, when the General Assembly chose another replacement. Rodney died at Lewes and is buried there in St. Peters Episcopal Churchyard, Rodney served in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1841 until 1845. Elections were held the first Tuesday of October, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term, the General Assembly chose the U. S
31.
Peter Early
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Peter Early was an American lawyer, jurist and politician. He was born near Madison in the Colony of Virginia, in 1773 and his cousin, Jubal Early, was the grandfather of Confederate General Jubal Anderson Early. Peter Early graduated from the Lexington Academy and he later graduated from Princeton College, in 1792. His family moved to Wilkes County, Georgia, that year, however. After finishing his studies, Peter Early joined his family in Wilkes County, married Ann Adams Smith in 1793. Sister Lucy Early married Charles Lewis Mathews, Early did not seek re-election in 1806. After his congressional service, Early was elected by the Georgia General Assembly as judge of the Superior Court, Ocmulgee Circuit, the respect and popularity he gained from his service on the bench propelled him to be elected the 28th Governor of Georgia in 1813. Early moved to Greene County after his term, where he was elected to the Georgia Senate. In 1914, his family had his remains reinterred in the Greensboro City Cemetery, Early County, Georgia, and Fort Early were named in his honor. Communication of His Excellency the Governor to the Legislature of Georgia, milledgeville, Ga. S. & F. Grantland. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Georgia State Archives Roster of State Governors Georgia Governors Gravesites Field Guide Governor Peter Early historical marker
32.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
33.
Isaac Shelby
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Isaac Shelby was the first and fifth Governor of Kentucky and served in the state legislatures of Virginia and North Carolina. He was also, a soldier in Lord Dunmores War, the American Revolutionary War, while governor, he led the Kentucky militia in the Battle of the Thames, an action, that was rewarded with a Congressional Gold Medal. Counties in nine states, and several cities and military bases, have named in his honor. His fondness for John Dickinsons The Liberty Song is believed to be the reason Kentucky adopted the state motto United we stand, divided we fall. Issac Shelbys military service began, when he served as second-in-command to his father at the Battle of Point Pleasant and he gained the reputation of an expert woodsman and surveyor and spent the early part of the Revolutionary War gathering supplies for the Continental Army. Later in the war he and John Sevier led expeditions over the Appalachian Mountains against the British forces in North Carolina and he played a pivotal role in the British defeat at the Battle of Kings Mountain. For his service, Shelby was presented with a sword and a pair of pistols, by the North Carolina legislature. Following the war, Isaac Shelby relocated to Kentucky, on lands awarded to him for his military service and his heroism made him popular with the states citizens and the Kentucky electoral college unanimously elected him governor in 1792. He secured Kentucky, from Indian attacks and organized its first government and he used the Citizen Genet affair to convince the Washington administration to make an agreement with the Spanish for free trade on the Mississippi River. At the end of his term, Isaac Shelby retired from public life. Kentuckians urged Shelby to run for governor again and lead them through the anticipated conflict and he was elected easily, and at the request of General William Henry Harrison, commanded troops from Kentucky at the Battle of the Thames. After the war, he declined President James Monroes offer to become Secretary of War, in his last act of public service, Shelby and Andrew Jackson acted as commissioners to negotiate the Jackson Purchase from the Chickasaw Indian tribe. Isaac Shelby died, at his estate in Lincoln County, Kentucky, Isaac Shelby was born in the Province of Maryland on December 11,1750, near Hagerstown in Frederick County. He was the child and second son of Evan and Letitia Shelby. Though the family had been loyal to the Church of England, they became Presbyterians after coming to British America, Shelby was educated at the local schools in his native colony. He worked on his fathers plantation and occasionally work as a surveyor. At age eighteen he was appointed deputy sheriff of Frederick County, Shelbys father lost a great deal of money when Pontiacs Rebellion disrupted his lucrative fur trade business, and two years later, the business records were destroyed in a house fire. Consequently, in December 1770 the family moved to the area near Bristol, Tennessee, where they built a fort, here, Shelby and his father worked for three years herding cattle
34.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
35.
William C. C. Claiborne
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William Charles Cole Claiborne was a United States politician, best known as the first non-colonial Governor of Louisiana. He also has the distinction of possibly being the youngest Congressman in U. S. history and he won the first election for Louisianas state Governor and served through 1816, for a total of thirteen years as Louisianas executive administrator. William C. C. Claiborne was born in Sussex County, the date is unknown, but has been variously quoted as being 13 August 1773, or between 23 November 1773 and 23 November 1774, or in August 1775. His parents were Colonel William Claiborne and Mary Leigh Claiborne and he was a descendant of Colonel William Claiborne, who was born in Crayford, Kent, England and settled in the Colony of Virginia. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then Richmond Academy. At the age of 16 he moved to New York City, where he worked as a clerk under John Beckley, the clerk of the United States House of Representatives and he moved to Philadelphia with the Federal Government. He then began to study law, and moved to Tennessee in 1794 to start a law practice, Governor John Sevier appointed Claiborne to the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1796. In 1797, Claiborne resigned to run for a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives and he won, and succeeded Andrew Jackson, though he apparently was not yet twenthy-five years of age as required by the United States Constitution. Earlier in 1797, he described his age to George Washington vaguely, Born Sir at a period and he took his seat in the House on November 23,1797. State records apparently indicate that, when he took his seat, other sources speculate he was 22. His gravestone says he was 23 and he served in the House through 1801. The United States presidential election of 1800 was decided in the House of Representatives, due to a tie in the Electoral College, Claiborne was appointed governor and superintendent of Indian affairs in the Mississippi Territory, from 1801 through 1803. Although he favored acquiring some land from the Choctaw and Chickasaw, Claiborne was generally sympathetic and he worked long and patiently to iron out differences that arose, and to improve the material well-being of the Indians. Claiborne was also, partly successful in promoting the establishment of law and order, from 1803-1804, he offered a two-thousand dollar reward, to eliminate, once and for all, a gang of outlaws headed by the notorious Samuel Mason. His position on issues indicated a national rather than regional outlook, Claiborne expressed the philosophy of the Republican Party and helped that party defeat the Federalists. When a smallpox epidemic broke out in the spring of 1802, Claibornes actions resulted in the first recorded mass vaccination in the territory, Claiborne moved to New Orleans and oversaw the transfer of Louisiana to U. S. control after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. He governed what would become the state of Louisiana, then termed the Territory of Orleans, relations with Louisianas Créole population were initially rather strained, Claiborne was young, inexperienced, and unsure of himself, and at the time of his arrival spoke no French. Claiborne bestowed a ceremonial flag and colors on the battalion, an act which would enmesh him in a three years later
36.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
37.
Levin Winder
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During the Revolutionary War, he was appointed major of the 4th Maryland Regiment, finally attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel at wars end. After the war, he served with the Maryland Militia at the rank of brigadier general, Winder served as the 14th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1812 to 1816. He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1789 to 1793, levin Winder was born in Somerset County on September 4,1757, the son of William and Esther Winder, and a descendant of John Winder, who had emigrated from England in 1665. As a young man, he prepared to practice law until the outbreak of the war prevented him doing so. Instead, he joined the army and on January 2,1776, on December 10 of the same year, he was promoted to captain, while on April 17,1777 he became a major in the Fourth Regiment. He became a lieutenant colonel in the Second Regiment on June 3,1781, subsequently transferring to the First Regiment, after his return home, he became a farmer on a large scale on his estate near Princess Anne. He never again resumed his law practice, even though he did many years of his life to public service. For the next ten years, Winder devoted his attention to the operation of his plantation, on May 13,1790, he married Mary Staughton Sloss. They had three children, all of whom survived their father, in 1794, following the reorganization of the militia, Governor Lee appointed Winder a major general. The Governor, consequently, ordered the militia to march to Western Maryland to prevent the insurrection from spilling over into Maryland from Pennsylvania. By the time the troops arrived, the rebellion had been quelled, in 1796, Winder made his first attempt at public office. In that year Somerset County chose him as one of its senatorial electors and he seems to have been inactive politically for several years. In 1801,1806, and 1811, he represented his county as a senatorial elector. In November 1806, his county elected him to the House of Delegates, during the session of 1808, the Federalist majority chose him as its speaker. As a Federalist, Winder opposed the declaration of war against Great Britain and he qualified as an anti-war governor on November 23,1812, bringing to the office with him an overwhelming majority of Federalist delegates. The Senate, however, was controlled by the Republicans, Winder, after the British fleet had commenced its depredations in the Chesapeake Bay, attempted unsuccessfully to obtain help from the national government for the defense of the State. Winder hoped, although in vain, that the government would have given Maryland some assurance of future protection. He defined the State’s relationship to Washington as one in which the government would “protect each state against invasion
38.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
39.
Caleb Strong
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Caleb Strong was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807, and again from 1812 until 1816. A leading member of the Massachusetts Federalist Party, his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts, a successful Northampton lawyer prior to 1774, Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the American Revolutionary War. He played a role in the development of the United States Constitution at the 1788 Philadelphia Convention. He also played a role in the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governors race and he refused United States Army requests that state militia be placed under army command, and in 1814 sought to engage Nova Scotia Governor John Coape Sherbrooke in peace talks. The state and federal governments weak defense of Massachusetts northern frontier during Strongs tenure contributed to the drive for Maines statehood. Caleb Strong was born on January 9,1745, in Northampton and he received his early education from Rev. Samuel Moody, and entered Harvard College in 1760, graduating four years later with high honors. He was shortly thereafter afflicted with smallpox, which blinded him. He studied law with Joseph Hawley, was admitted to the bar in 1772, Hawley was also a political mentor, shaping Strongs views on relations between the colonies and Great Britain. Strong and Hawley were both elected to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774, when the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Strong was unable to serve in the military because of his damaged sight, but he was otherwise active in the Patriot cause. He served on the Northampton Committee of Safety and in local offices. He was a delegate to the 1779 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, and was elected to the committee drafted the state constitution. He then served on the first governors council and in the senate from 1780 to 1789. Strongs legal practice thrived during the war years, and was one of the most successful in Hampshire County. He became a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1775, and was appointed county attorney of Hampshire County the following year, on more than one occasion he was offered a seat on the states supreme court, but rejected the position on account of its inadequate salary. Strong was described by a contemporary as meticulously detailed in his preparation of legal paperwork, in 1781 Strong was one of the lawyers who worked on a series of legal cases surrounding Quock Walker, a former slave seeking to claim his freedom. One of the cases, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Nathaniel Jennison, Strong was elected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the U. S. A committed Federalist, Strong opposed the idea of the Electoral College as a means of electing the president, although he initially opposed proposals that the number of senators should be equal for all states, he eventually changed his mind, enabling passage of the Connecticut Compromise
40.
Governor of New Hampshire
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The Governor of the State of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshires state government. The governor is elected at the state general election in November of even-numbered years. New Hampshire is one of two states, along with bordering Vermont, to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four. Currently, the states 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu, who has served since January 5,2017, in New Hampshire, the governor has no term limit of any kind. No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century with the exception of John Lynch, who won an unprecedented fourth term on November 2,2010. John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years, unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory, the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governors power. The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor, the governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service. To be qualified to be governor, one must be 30 years of age, a registered voter, starting in 1679, the colonial governors had been known as President of New Hampshire. From 1786 to 1791, President of the State of New Hampshire was the style of the position. The New Hampshire Constitution was amended in 1791 to replace President with Governor, list of Governors of New Hampshire New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu New Hampshire State Constitution - EXECUTIVE POWER – GOVERNOR A New Nation Votes, American Election Returns, 1787-1825
41.
John Taylor Gilman
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John Taylor Gilman was a farmer, shipbuilder and statesman from Exeter, New Hampshire. He represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress in 1782–1783 and was Governor of New Hampshire for 14 years, from 1794 to 1805, Gilman was born in Exeter, in the Province of New Hampshire. His family had settled in Exeter since its earliest days and he lived in the Ladd-Gilman house, now a part of the American Independence Museum. He received an education before he entered into the family shipbuilding. Aged 22, he read aloud a Dunlap Broadside brought to New Hampshire on July 16,1776 to the city of Exeter, the American Independence Museum commemorates his brave act every year at their American Independence Festival, where a role-player reads the Declaration in its entirety to festival-goers. Gilman was one of the Minutemen of 1775 and a selectman in 1777 and 1778, Gilman served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1779 and 1781 and was a delegate to the Convention of the States in Hartford, Connecticut, in October 1780. He served as a member of the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783 and he was the New Hampshire Treasurer in 1791 and moderator in 1791–1794,1806,1807, 1809–1811,1817,1818, and 1820–1825. Gilman served a Governor of New Hampshire between 1794 and 1805 and was a candidate for re-election in 1805. He was again a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1810 and 1811 and he was elected Governor and served from 1813 to 1816 and declined to be a candidate for renomination for Governor in 1816. He was an ex officio trustee of Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire and he was president of the board of trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, 1795–1827, and donor of the oldest property, the Yard, upon which the older buildings stand. Gilman was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, Gilman was married to Deborah Gilman, the daughter of Major General Nathaniel Folsom of Exeter. He died in Exeter on September 1,1828 and he is the first Governor of New Hampshire not to have a place in the state named after him. The town of Gilmanton, settled by 24 members of the extended Gilman clan, was named for the family as a whole, gilmans Congressional Biography Gilman, John Taylor, 1753–1828, Guide to Research Collections
42.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
43.
William Sanford Pennington
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William Sanford Pennington was the sixth Governor of New Jersey, serving from 1813 to 1815. From 1815 to 1826 he served as a United States federal judge, Pennington was born in 1757 to Mary Sanford and Samuel Pennington in Newark in the Province of New Jersey. He joined the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, in 1777 he was promoted to a sergeant in the Second Regiment of Artillery. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1780. At the end of the war he was brevetted a captain by an Act of Congress, Pennington married Phoebe Wheeler around 1786. They had ten children including William Pennington who became Governor of New Jersey, after the death of his wife in 1804, he married Elizabeth Pierson on July 13,1805. After leaving the army, he read law in the Newark and he served in the New Jersey General Assembly in 1797,1798, and 1799. He was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council in 1801, in 1802 he was admitted to the New Jersey State Bar. From 1803 to 1804 he served as the clerk for Essex County and he also served as U. S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1803 to 1804. In 1805 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the New Jersey Supreme Court, in 1812, Pennington was the Republican candidate for Governor of New Jersey and the following year won the gubernatorial election, becoming governor from 1813 to 1815. On June 19,1815, Pennington received an appointment from James Madison to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The position had been filled by Robert Morris and he was officially nominated on January 8,1816 and confirmed by the United States Senate on January 9,1816. He was seated as a judge on January 16,1816 and he died on September 17,1826 in Newark, New Jersey. His papers are archived with The New Jersey Historical Society in Newark, Pennington, New Jersey is named for him. List of Governors of New Jersey William Sanford Pennington at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
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Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
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Media related to 1814 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
