1.
1817
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As of the start of 1817, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island, january 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru. January 20 – Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found Hindu College, Calcutta, offering instructions in Western languages, february 12 – Battle of Chacabuco, The Argentine/Chilean patriotic army defeats the Spanish. March 3 President James Madison vetoes John C, U. S. Congress passes law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory effective in August. March 4 – James Monroe is sworn in as President of the United States, march 21 – The flag of the Pernambucan Revolt is publicly blessed by the dean of Recife cathedral, Brazil. April – An earthquake strikes Palermo, Sicily, april 3 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England. April 15 – The American School for the Deaf opens in Hartford, april 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed. May – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary while meeting in New York City, june 12 – German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse, the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim. June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison, july 4 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins. July – Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society in Ireland, August 15 – By act of the U. S. August 22 – The town of Araraquara, Brazil is founded. August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths, october 31 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan. November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki, november 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida. November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, december 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U. S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory. First cholera pandemic originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September, a typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow. King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1815 in the United States
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Events from the year 1815 in the United States. As news slowly spread of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812, february – The Hartford Convention arrives in Washington, DC. February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to a John Stevens, the British halt their advance two days later when informed of the Treaty of Ghent. February 15 – War of 1812 – The United States Senate ratifies the Treaty of Ghent, february 17 – War of 1812 ends. September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years. December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the U. S. gives its first performance, the second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins. War of 1812 January 10 – John J. McRae, U. S, senator from Mississippi from 1851 to 1852 January 16 Lemuel J. Bowden, U. S. Senator from Virginia from 1863 to 1864 Henry Halleck, general January 18 Henry P. Haun, senator from California from 1859 to 1860 Richard Yates, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1865 to 1871 January 21 – Horace Wells, dentist, anesthesia pioneer March 9 – David Davis, senator from Illinois from 1877 to 1883 April 1 – Henry B. Senator from Rhode Island from 1859 to 1884 May 10 – Henry Bibb, author, senator from Minnesota from 1863 to 1875 September 19 – Charles B. The American Historical Review, Vol.19, No,4, pp. 813–838 The Embassy to Washington,1815. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.48, some Unpublished Letters of a Roving Soldier-Diplomat, General Winfield Scotts Reports to Secretary of State James Monroe, on conditions in France and England in 1815-1816. The Journal of the American Military History Foundation, Vol.1,4, pp. 165–173 William Bell Wait. 2, pp. 85–86+136 Harold W. Ryan, George Izard, diary of a Journey by George Izard, 1815-1816. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.53, No,2, pp. 67–76 Orville W. Carroll. Mr. Smarts Circular Saw Mill c, bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol.5, No. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.68, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.95, pp. 67–87 Charles E. Kinzer. The Band of Music of the First Battalion of Free Men of Color,3, pp. 348–369 Media related to 1815 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1816 in the United States
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Events from the year 1816 in the United States. April 27 – The Dallas tariff is passed in Congress seeking to protect American manufacturing against an influx of cheaper British goods following the War of 1812, may 11 – The American Bible Society is founded in New York City, New York. August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, November – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U. S. presidential election. December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U. S. state, the Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter. E. Remington and Sons is founded in Ilion, New York, senator from Connecticut from 1875 to 1881 October 20 – James W. Grimes, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1859 to 1869 October 26 – Philip Pendleton Cooke, lawyer and poet November 3 – Jubal Early, Confederate general November 4 – James L. Alcorn, senator from Mississippi from 1871 to 1877 November 29 – Henry Mower Rice, U. S. Senator from Minnesota from 1858 to 1863 December 12 – Thomas C, senator from Kentucky from 1868 to 1871 December 13 – Clement Claiborne Clay, U. S. S. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.12, No,3, pp. 271–280 Otto L. Schmidt. The Mississippi Valley in 1816 Through an Englishmans Diary, the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.14, No. 2, pp. 138–155 Julian P. Boyd, John Sergeants Mission to Europe for the Second Bank of the United States, 1816-1817. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.58,3, pp. 213–231 Charles G. Davis, Ninian Edwards, Wm. Clark, George Graham, Lane K. Newberry, C. J. Bulliet. The Indian Boundary Line under the Treaty of August 24,1816, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.28, No. 1, pp. 26–64 Edwin Adams Davis, John C. L. Andreassen, from Louisville to New Orleans in 1816 Diary of William Newton Mercer. The Journal of Southern History, Vol.2, No,3, pp. 390–402 L. G. Moffatt, J. M. Carrière. A Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg and Orange County,1816, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.53, No. 2, pp. 101–123 Harold W. Ryan, George Izard, Diary of a Journey by George Izard, 1815-1816. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.53, No,2, pp. 67–76 Charles E. Peterson. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.13, annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.48, No
5.
1818 in the United States
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Events from the year 1818 in the United States. April 14 – United States Coast Survey operations suspended until August 9,1832, may 23 – First Seminole War, Andrew Jacksons army enters Pensacola, Florida unopposed as the Spanish forces retreated to Fort Barrancas. May 28 – First Seminole War, Fort Barrancas surrenders to Andrew Jackson, August 1 – The Topographical Bureau of the US War Department is founded. December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U. S. state, First Seminole War Era of Good Feelings January 28 – George S. Boutwell, United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1851 till 1853. March 10 – George W. Randolph, lawyer, planter, Confederate general, 3rd Confederate States Secretary of War March 12 – John S. Hager, september 17 – William Henry Barnum, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1876 till 1879. The Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1818, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.6, No. 3, pp. 327–424 The Diocese of Baltimore in 1818, archbishop Maréchals Account to Propaganda, October 16,1818. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.1, No,4, pp. 439–453 Charles H. Rammelkamp, Thos Lippincott. Thomas Lippincott, a Pioneer of 1818 and His Diary, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.10, No. 2, pp. 237–255 Leona Rostenberg, Timothy Fuller, Diary of Timothy Fuller, In Congress, January 12-March 15,1818. The New England Quarterly, Vol.12, No,3, pp. 521–529 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, J. H. Easterby. Charles Cotesworth Pinckneys Plantation Diary, April 6-December 15,1818, the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.41, No. 4, pp. 135–150 Leo M. Kaiser, Stephen F. Austins Oration of July 4,1818. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.64, No,1, pp. 71–79 Alfred Owen Aldridge. The Character of a North American as Drawn in Chile,1818,3, pp. 489–494 John Faucheraud Grimké, Thomas Smith Grimké, Adrienne Koch. A Family Crisis, Letters from John Faucheraud Grimké and Thomas Smith Grimké to Henry Grimké,1818, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.69, No. 3, pp. 171–192 Stephen W. Stathis, dr. Bartons Case and the Monroe Precedent of 1818. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.32,3, pp. 465–474 Ernest F. Dibble
6.
1819 in the United States
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Events from the year 1819 in the United States. President, James Monroe Vice President, Daniel D, january 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia. January 30 – Romney Literary Society established as the Polemic Society of Romney, february 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri. February 22 – Spain cedes Florida to the United States, March 1 – The U. S. naval vessel USS Columbus is launched in Washington, DC. March 2 – Arkansas Territory is created, March 6 – McCulloch v. Maryland, The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional. May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, the ship arrives at Liverpool, England on June 20. July 4 – Arkansas Territory is effective, august 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States. August 24 – Samuel Seymour sketches a Kansa lodge and war dance at the present location of Manhattan, Kansas and this work is now the oldest drawing known to be made in the state of Kansas. December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U. S. state, the ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii. February 23 – George S. Cook, prominent early American photographer June 30 – William A. Wheeler, september 7 – Thomas A. Hendricks, United States Senator from Indiana from 1863 to 1869 and the 21st Vice President of the United States from March till November 1885. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.43, the American Historical Review, Vol.25, No. 4, pp. 692–695 J. Wilfrid Parsons, the Catholic Church in America in 1819, A Contemporary Account. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.5, No,4, pp. 301–310 Report of Inspection of the Ninth Military Department,1819. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.7, No, the Depression of 1819-1822, A Social History. The American Historical Review, Vol.39, No,1, pp. 28–47 Martin Staples Shockley. The Proprietors of Richmonds New Theatre of 1819, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.19, No. Two accounts of the upper Wabash country, 1819-20, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.37, No. William Jones and His Unsuccessful Steamboat Venture of 1819, bulletin of the Business Historical Society, Vol.21, No
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
10.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
James Madison
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James Madison, Jr. was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution. Madison inherited his plantation Montpelier in Virginia and therewith owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime and he served as both a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and as a member of the Continental Congress prior to the Constitutional Convention. After the Convention, he one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced The Federalist Papers, Madisons political views changed throughout his life. During deliberations on the Constitution, he favored a national government. In 1789, Madison became a leader in the new House of Representatives and he is noted for drafting the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is known also as the Father of the Bill of Rights. He worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government, breaking with Hamilton and the Federalist Party in 1791, he and Thomas Jefferson organized the Democratic-Republican Party. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and Madison drafted the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, as Jeffersons Secretary of State, Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nations size. Madison succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809, was re-elected in 1813, after the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against the United Kingdom, he led the U. S. into the War of 1812. The war was a morass, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system. As a result, Madison afterward supported a national government and military, as well as the national bank. Madison has been ranked in the aggregate by historians as the ninth most successful president, James Madison, Jr. was born on March 16,1751, at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to father James Madison, Sr. and mother Nelly Conway Madison. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children, Nelly and James Sr. had seven more boys and four girls. Three of James Jr. s brothers died as infants, including one who was stillborn, in the summer of 1775, his sister Elizabeth and his brother Reuben died from a dysentery epidemic that swept through Orange County because of contaminated water. His father, James Madison, Sr. was a planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant. He later acquired more property and slaves, and with 5,000 acres, he became the largest landowner, James Jr. s mother, Nelly Conway Madison, was born at Port Conway, the daughter of a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. In these years, the colonies were becoming a slave society, in which slave labor powered the economy
13.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
14.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
15.
James Monroe
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James Monroe was an American statesman who served from 1817 to 1825 as the fifth President of the United States. Monroe was the last president among the Founding Fathers of the United States as well as the Virginian dynasty, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. He took a part in the new government, and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to prominence as a diplomat in France. During the War of 1812, Monroe served in roles as Secretary of State. As president, he sought to ease tensions, embarking on a tour of the country that was well received. As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided, and the Era of Good Feelings ensued, until the Panic of 1819 struck, and a dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Monroe supported the founding of colonies in Africa for freed slaves that would form the nation of Liberia, whose capital. His presidency concluded the first period of American presidential history before the beginning of Jacksonian democracy, following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4,1831 and he has been ranked in the aggregate by scholars as the 16th most successful president. James Monroe was born on April 28,1758, in his parents house located in a area of Westmoreland County. The marked site is one mile from the community known today as Monroe Hall. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and his father Spence Monroe was a moderately prosperous planter who also practiced carpentry. His mother Elizabeth Jones married Spence Monroe in 1752 and they had several children and his paternal great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century. In 1650 he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, also among James Monroes ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700. First tutored at home by his mother Elizabeth, between the ages of 11 and 16, the young Monroe studied at Campbelltown Academy, a run by Reverend Archibald Campbell of Washington Parish
16.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
17.
Daniel D. Tompkins
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Daniel D. Tompkins was an American politician. He was the fourth Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United States, a jurist by background, he was notable as one of the most enterprising governors in the War of 1812. To help organize the militia, he often invested his own capital when the legislature would not approve the necessary funds. After the war, he failed to recover these massive loans, despite endless litigation, which took a toll on his health, Tompkins was frequently absent from Senate meetings and died soon after leaving office. Tompkins was baptized Daniel Tompkins, but added the middle initial D. while a student at Columbia College to distinguish himself from another Daniel Tompkins there, there is controversy as to what the middle initial stood for, some have suggested Decius. The generally accepted conclusion is that it did not stand for anything, Daniel D. Tompkins was born in Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York, at his home, the estate of Fox Meadow. He was the son of Sarah Ann and Jonathan Griffin Tompkins and he graduated from Columbia College in New York City in 1795. Tompkins studied law and in 1797 was admitted to the bar and his brother, Caleb Tompkins, was a United States Representative from New York from 1817 to 1821. On February 20,1798, Daniel Tompkins, a 23-year-old lawyer of the City married 16-year-old Hannah Minthorne, at the time of the marriage, her father Mangle Minthorne was Assistant Alderman on the Common Council, and young Tompkins had designs on a political career. Hannah was ill in the year before her husband became vice president and their children Hannah and Minthorne were named after their mother, and Hannah and Minthorne streets in Staten Island are named for them. Hannah survived her husband by four years, she died on February 18,1829, in Tompkinsville. She and her husband are buried in the Minthorne family vault at St. Marks-in-the-Bouwerie, in lower Manhattan. On April 30,1807, he defeated the incumbent Governor Morgan Lewis – Tompkins received 35,074 votes, Lewis 30,989 – and he was reelected in 1810, defeating Jonas Platt – Tompkins 43,094 votes, Jonas Platt 36,484. In 1813 he defeated Stephen Van Rensselaer – Tompkins 43,324 votes, Van Rensselaer 39,718 – and in 1816, he beat Rufus King – Tompkins 45,412 votes, King 38,647. Tompkins was supported by DeWitt Clinton in his first run for office, during the War of 1812, Tompkins proved to be one of the most effective war governors. He played an important role in reorganizing the militia and promoted the formation of a standing state military force based on select conscription. Tompkins was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, in 1815 Tompkins established a settlement along the eastern shore of Staten Island that came to be called Tompkinsville. He built a dock along the waterfront in the neighborhood in 1817, in 1816 he purchased much of the land later known as Tompkinsville from the Church of St. Andrew, but his financial troubles later led the church to foreclose
18.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
19.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
20.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
21.
Henry Clay
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Henry Clay, Sr. was an American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. Clay ran for the presidency in 1824,1832 and 1844, however, he was unsuccessful in all of his attempts to reach his nations highest office. Despite his presidential losses, Clay remained a dominant figure in the Whig Party, Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. After serving two stints in the Senate, Clay won election to the House of Representatives in 1810 and was elected Speaker of the House in 1811. Clay would remain a prominent public figure until his death 41 years later in 1852, a leading war hawk, Speaker Clay favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation into the War of 1812. In 1814, Clays tenure as Speaker was interrupted when Clay traveled to Europe, Clay ran for president in 1824 and lost, finishing fourth in a four-man contest. No candidate received a majority, and so the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Clay maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who appointed him as Secretary of State. Opposing candidate Andrew Jackson denounced the actions of Clay and Adams as part of a corrupt bargain, Clay returned to the Senate in 1831. He continued to advocate his American System, and become a leader of the opposition to President Andrew Jackson, President Jackson opposed federally-subsidized internal improvements and a national bank as a threat to states rights, and the president used his veto power to defeat many of Clays proposals. In 1832, Clay ran for president as a candidate of the National Republican Party, following the election, the National Republicans united with other opponents of Jackson to form the Whig Party, which remained one of the two major American political parties until after Clays death. In 1844, Clay won the Whig Partys presidential nomination, Clays opposition to the annexation of Texas, partly over fears that such an annexation would inflame the slavery issue, hurt his campaign, and Democrat James K. Polk won the election. Clay later opposed the Mexican–American War, which resulted in part from the Texas annexation, Clay returned to the Senate for a final term, where he helped broker a compromise over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Known as The Great Compromiser, Clay brokered important agreements during the Nullification Crisis, as part of the Great Triumvirate or Immortal Trio, along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and he was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names Harry of the West and The Western Star. As a plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime, Henry Clay was born on April 12,1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. It was a home for a common Virginia planter of that time
22.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
23.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
24.
14th United States Congress
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It met in the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1815, to March 4,1817, during the seventh and eighth years of James Madisons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. November 1816, James Monroe defeated Rufus King in the U. S. presidential election, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of Indiana, during this congress, one House seat was added for the new state of Indiana. President, Vacant President pro tempore, John Gaillard of South Carolina, first elected December 4,1815 Speaker, Henry Clay of Kentucky This list is arranged by chamber, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, lists of committees and their party leaders. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
25.
15th United States Congress
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It met in the Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1817, to March 4,1819, during the first two years of James Monroes presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. February 2,1819, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Supreme Court allowed Dartmouth to keep its charter, april 4,1818, Flag Act of 1818, Sess. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, during this congress, two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Mississippi and Illinois. During this congress, one House seat was added for each of the new states of Mississippi and Illinois. President, Daniel D. Tompkins President pro tempore, John Gaillard, elected March 4,1817 James Barbour, elected February 15,1819 Speaker, Henry Clay This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lists of committees and their party leaders, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
26.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
27.
John Cotton Smith
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John Cotton Smith was a nineteenth-century lawyer, judge and politician from Connecticut. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, as the 7th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, Smith was born in Sharon, Connecticut, the son of Cotton Mather Smith, a Puritan minister who moved from Massachusetts to Connecticut. Smith completed preparatory studies and graduated from Yale College in 1783, after graduation, he studied law and was admitted to the bar. He began the practice of law in Sharon in 1787, Smith married Margaret Evertson and they had one son together. He entered politics as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1793 and he served in the State House in 1793,1796 and 1800. In 1800 he served as speaker of that body, Smith was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jonathan Brace. He was reelected to the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Congresses, Smith was chairman of the Committee on Claims in the Seventh through Ninth Congresses. After serving in Congress, Smith served as a judge of the Superior Court. He served as the 7th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1811 to 1812 and he was the 22nd Governor of Connecticut from October 25,1812 to May 8,1817. Smith was a candidate for Governor on the Federalist ticket in 1817. He was the last Federalist Governor of Connecticut, Smith retired from politics but remained involved in academic and religious organizations. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Connecticut Historical Society and he served as president of the American Bible Society from 1831 until his death in 1845. Smith died on December 7,1845 in Sharon and he is interred in Hillside Cemetery. Smiths home in Sharon is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. us, Rep. John Cotton Smith The Political Graveyard, Smith, John Cotton
28.
Oliver Wolcott Jr.
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Oliver Wolcott, Jr. was an American politician. He was United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800, born in Litchfield, Connecticut, Wolcott was the son of Oliver Wolcott, Sr. and Laura Collins Wolcott. He was able to graduate from Yale University in 1778, despite serving in the Continental Army from 1777 to 1779 and he later read law and studied at Litchfield Law School to be admitted to the bar in 1781. He was a clerk in Connecticuts Office of the Committee on the Pay Table from 1781 to 1782, Wolcott was appointed in 1784 as one of the commissioners to mediate claims between the U. S. and the state of Connecticut. After serving as comptroller of Connecticut from 1788–90, he was named auditor of the federal treasury. He was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington in 1795 to succeed Alexander Hamilton, in 1799, as Secretary of the Treasury, he designed the United States Customs Service flag. He was appointed as a committee member pertaining to the construction of the monument at Groton Heights, commemorating the battle fought there on September 6,1781. Wolcott was one of President John Adams so-called midnight judges, appointed to a new seat as a judge on the United States circuit court for the Second Circuit. 89, almost on the eve of Jeffersons inauguration in 1801, nominated by Adams on February 18,1801, Wolcott was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 20,1801, and received his commission the same day. Wolcotts service was terminated on July 1,1802, due to abolition of the court, from 1803 to 1815 he operated in private business in New York City, afterwards retiring to Litchfield and farming. Wolcott lost a campaign for Governor of Connecticut in 1816, running as a Toleration Republican and he ran again in 1817 and won, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather as governor, and serving ten years in the post. His tenure was noted for the growth and moderate policies that attended it. Additionally, he presided over a convention that created a new constitution in 1818. Nevertheless, he was defeated for reelection as Governor of Connecticut in 1827, whipple met with Oney, discussed why she had escaped and tried to ascertain the facts of the case. In their correspondence, Washington said that he wanted to avoid controversy, Washington made another attempt to apprehend her in 1798. This time he asked his nephew, Burwell Bassett Jr. to convince her to return or to take her by force, wolcotts involvement with this case ended with the first attempt to return Oney Judge to slavery. Wolcott died in New York City and is interred at East Cemetery in Litchfield, Wolcott was the last surviving member of the Washington Cabinet. The town of Wolcott, Connecticut was named in honor of Oliver, Jr. and his father Oliver, about 1798, Fort Washington on Goat Island in Newport, Rhode Island was renamed Fort Wolcott
29.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
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Daniel Rodney
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Daniel Rodney was an American merchant and politician from Lewes in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the National Republican Party, Rodney was born at Lewes, Delaware, son of John and Ruth Hunn Rodney, brother of future Governor Caleb Rodney, and distantly related to President Caesar Rodney. He married Sarah Fisher and they had eight children, Hannah, George Brydges, John, William, Henry Fisher, Nicholas, Susan and they lived at 231 Second Street and were members of St. Peters Episcopal Church in Lewes. Rodney received little schooling, and worked as a sailor and merchant for some years, there is a story that before he was 21 years old he had his own ship and that during the American Revolution he was twice captured by the British. From 1793 to 1806, he served as a Judge in the Court of Common Pleas and he was also a trustee of Wilmington College. His own political career began in 1810, when he ran for Governor of Delaware as a Federalist and he lost to the Democratic candidate, Joseph Haslet, by only 71 votes. His next campaign, in 1813, was against James Riddle of New Castle and he served as Governor of Delaware from January 18,1814, to January 21,1817. The last year of the War of 1812 was as unnerving as the others had been, the British naval presence off the coast was more intermittent, but Indian River received a serious raid in June 1814. The burning of Washington, in August, however, really brought the war home, everyone feared attacks up the coast. In Philadelphia old former President Thomas McKean was brought out of retirement to organize the defenses, fortunately, the progress of the British army was halted at Baltimore and Delaware was not attacked again. Commodore Thomas McDonough of Odessa was one of the hero’s of 1814, defeating the British fleet on Lake Champlain, senator James A. Bayard, Sr. of Wilmington was one of the commissioners to the peace conference that produced the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war. In the U. S. presidential election of 1820, Rodney received 4 electoral votes for Vice President and this was the last virtually uncontested presidential election in U. S. History with incumbent U. S. President James Monroe facing no opposition, the lack of contest documented the complete collapse of the Federalist Party everywhere except Delaware. When Caesar A. Rodney resigned from the U. S. House of Representatives in 1822, Daniel Rodney was elected to replace him, serving in the U. S. House from October 1,1822 to March 3,1823. Several years later Daniel Rodney was appointed to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Nicholas Van Dyke and he served briefly from November 8,1826, to January 12,1827, when the General Assembly chose another replacement. Rodney died at Lewes and is buried there in St. Peters Episcopal Churchyard, Rodney served in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1841 until 1845. Elections were held the first Tuesday of October, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term, the General Assembly chose the U. S
31.
John Clark (governor)
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John Clark was an American farmer and politician from Blackbird Hundred in New Castle County, Delaware, near Smyrna. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Clark was born at New Bristol in what is now Blackbird Hundred, New Castle County, just north of Smyrna, Delaware, son of William Clark. In 1784 he married Sarah Cook Corbit, daughter of Governor John Cook and they lived at Clearfield Farm in what is now Blackbird Hundred in a house since used as an administrative office for the correctional facility located there. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church, Clark was unusual politically in that he was a Federalist and a Presbyterian from New Castle County. The more typical Federalist was an Episcopalian or Methodist and from Kent or Sussex County, the more typical Democratic-Republican was a Presbyterian from New Castle County. Nevertheless, in 1816 he defeated the Federalist candidate, Manaen Bull of Laurel in Sussex County, as Governor he was one of a succession advocating improvements in public education. Carol Hoffecker in Democracy in Delaware relates how he argued that Delaware had a special need to educate its people because the state lacked vacant land for an expanding population. Therefore, he said much reliance must be placed on the talents of our citizens for the support of our power. The General Assembly responded by appropriating a laughable $1,000 to each county for this purpose, medieval sounding punishments, like nailing ears to a pillory post, continued to be meted out in the penal system. The soil was exhausted and, due to the resulting out migration. An immediate, and permanent, consequence was that it lost its seat in the U. S. House of Representatives. Clark died at Smyrna and is buried in the Duck Creek Presbyterian Churchyard, now Holy Hill Cemetery, there is no known portrait of John Clark. Elections were held the first Tuesday in October, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office in the first Tuesday of January. State Representatives had a term of one year, the Governor takes office the third Tuesday in January, and had a three-year term. History of the State of Delaware, history of Delaware Through its Governors. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co
32.
David Brydie Mitchell
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David Brydie Mitchell was an American politician in Georgia who was elected in 1809 as governor of the state, serving two terms. He was elected again in 1815 for one term, Mitchell moved to Georgia at the age of 24. He had earlier elected as mayor of Savannah and was appointed as state attorney general. He also served three terms in the Georgia legislature, two in the General Assembly, and one in the Senate. Mitchell resigned from the governorship in 1817 to accept an appointment by President James Monroe as United States Indian Agent to the Creek Nation in their lands in present-day Georgia and he followed the more than two-decade tenure of Benjamin Hawkins. In 1820 he was prosecuted for being involved in smuggling of American slaves from Spanish Florida and he was replaced in 1821 by President James Madison, who appointed John Crowell. Mitchell was born in Muthill, Perthshire, Scotland, on October 22,1766, as a young man, he inherited land in Georgia from his late uncle. He moved to Georgia in 1782 after the American Revolutionary War to Savannah, enthusiastic about the new country, Mitchell read the law with established attorneys and passed the bar. He was elected as mayor of Savannah and made connections statewide, Mitchell married Jane Mills in 1792, and according to family records the couple had six children, William, John, Sara, Edward, Mary, and David II. Mitchell was appointed as Attorney General of Georgia and he moved to Mount Nebo Plantation, near the state capital of Milledgeville. He served three terms in the Georgia General Assembly, two as a representative and one in the Senate, Mitchell was elected to two consecutive two-year terms as the 27th Governor of Georgia and a third non-consecutive term from 1815 to 1817. He resigned from his term as governor to accept appointment by President James Monroe as the U. S. agent to the Creek Indians. One of Mitchells responsibilities was the negotiation of the Treaty of the Creek Agency and he was erroneously accused in the American Importation Case of 1820 of smuggling slaves into Creek and US territory, in violation of the 1808 law against the American slave trade. His long-time political adversaries, led by Governor John Clark, used the incident to vilify Mitchell, beginning in 1828, Mitchell was appointed to serve as the inferior court judge of Baldwin County, Georgia. He was later elected as Baldwin Countys State Senator in 1836, Fort Mitchell in eastern Alabama was built by the Georgia militia in 1813 on land he donated, and it was named for him. 1987, Fort Mitchell National Cemetery was named for him and opened in Phenix City, Mitchell died at Mount Nebo Plantation, his home in Milledgeville, on April 22,1837. He is buried at Memory Hill Cemetery of the same city. S, department of Veteran Affairs website] Historical Information, Fort Mitchell National Cemetery
33.
William Rabun
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William Rabun was an American politician. He was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives and Georgia Senate in addition to serving as the 29th Governor of Georgia from 1817 to 1819. Rabun was born in Halifax County in the Province of North Carolina and moved with his parents to current-day Hancock County, Rabuns home in Powellton is located ten miles northeast of Sparta. In 1793 he married Mary Battle, and the couple had one son, Rabun was a devout Baptist and a self-educated man. Rabun was a member of both houses of the Georgia General Assembly, in 1805, he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, and in 1810, he was elected to the Georgia senate, serving until 1817 as president of the senate. When Governor David B. Mitchell resigned to accept President James Madisons appointment as U. S. agent to the Creek Nation, Mitchell replaced Benjamin Hawkins, who had recently died. Rabun was elected to a term as governor in November 1817 with the Democratic-Republican Party. During the First Seminole War, Governor Rabun called on the Georgia militia, under the command of General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, to respond to raids in south Georgia. Edward F. Tattnall wrote to Governor Rabun about assisting in the raising of a force in the vicinity of the St. Marys River on March 20,1817, Rabun ordered two villages to be destroyed for their participation in the raids in south Georgia. By mistake, the Creek village of the Chehaws was burned, General Andrew Jackson, future president of the United States, was enraged, and wanted Captain Obed Wright prosecuted for murder. Rabun rejected the authority of the government to intervene in the affairs of a state. Rabun criticized Jackson for failing to protect Georgia from the Seminoles and the Creeks, creating a rift with Jackson, but endear himself to the state of Georgia. Rabun was involved in the American Importation Case of 1820 of smuggling slaves into Creek and US territory, the importation of the Africans and the implication of David Brydie Mitchell caused wide interest in the case. Rabun commented that anti-slave laws were being violated, and that high. Rabun died at his home in Powelton, Hancock County, while home in between legislative sessions, jesse Mercer, the prominent Baptist minister, delivered the eulogy in memory of the late governor at the request of the General Assembly. Two months after Rabuns death, the General Assembly created Rabun County, Georgia State Archives Roster of State Governors Georgia Governors Gravesites Field Guide William Rabun at Find a Grave Luckett, Robert E. William Rabun
34.
Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
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Jonathan Jennings
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Jonathan Jennings was the first governor of Indiana and a nine-term congressman from Indiana. Born in either Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the part of the Indiana Territory and settled near Charlestown. He was elected as the Indiana Territorys delegate to the U. S. Congress by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters, by 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his allies took control of the territorial assembly. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816 and he was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the states first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong branch of government. In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first governor of Indiana at age 32 and he pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the Treaty of St. Marys to open up central Indiana to American settlement. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on internal improvements, Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, Jenningss alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm, when his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and Charlestown farm. Senator John Tipton purchased Jenningss farm and permitted him to living there. After Jenningss death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, historians have offered varied interpretations of Jenningss life and impact on the development of Indiana. More critical historians during the era, such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jenningss importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolens assessment that the state owes him more than she can compute. Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either Readington Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia and he was the sixth of the Jenningss eight children. His father was a doctor, Presbyterian missionary, and a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church
36.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
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Gabriel Slaughter
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Gabriel Slaughter was the seventh Governor of Kentucky and was the first person to ascend to that office upon the death of the sitting governor. His family moved to Kentucky from Virginia when he was very young and he became a member of the Kentucky militia, serving throughout his political career. He received a citation from the legislature in recognition of his service at the Battle of New Orleans. After spending a decade in the legislature, Slaughter was elected the fourth Lieutenant Governor. With the War of 1812 looming at the end of his tenure, Slaughter ran for governor against Isaac Shelby, the states first governor, four years later, Slaughter was again elected as lieutenant governor, serving under George Madison. Madison died a short time into his term, whereupon Slaughter became acting governor and he sought to be sworn in as governor, but public sentiment turned against him when he replaced Shelbys son-in-law with John Pope as Secretary of State. Pope was a figure in Kentucky and, after his appointment. The measure did not pass, but Slaughter was never able to shed the title of acting governor, following his term as governor, Slaughter became a Baptist lay minister and served on the first board of trustees of Georgetown College. He died September 19,1830 and was buried in his familys cemetery, Gabriel Slaughter was born in Culpeper County in the Colony of Virginia on December 12,1767, the son of Robert and Susannah Slaughter. He was educated in the public schools and worked as a farmer. In 1786, Slaughter married a cousin, Sarah Slaughter, Slaughters father visited Kentucky as early as 1776, and moved to Mercer County permanently in 1789. In September 1791, Gabriel Slaughter sold his land in Virginia and he became known for his generosity, and his large mansion on the turnpike to Lexington was nicknamed Wayfarers Rest because of the vast number of travelers that he allowed to stay there. Among his guests was future lieutenant governor Robert B, soon after his arrival in Kentucky, however, his wife Sarah died, leaving Slaughter to care for his two daughters alone. In 1795, Slaughter was appointed justice of the peace in Mercer County by Governor Isaac Shelby, the same year, he was also named a tax commissioner for a district of Mercer County. On a return trip to Virginia in 1797, Slaughter married his second wife, the couple returned to Slaughters home in Mercer County, where they had three children, John Hord Slaughter, Frances Ann Hord Slaughter, and Felix Grundy Slaughter. Slaughters political career began in earnest with his 1797 election to the Kentucky House of Representatives representing Mercer County and he was named to the Committee on Enrollments, and probably served as chair, since he delivered the committees reports to the Assembly. It is unclear whether he did not seek re-election in 1798, whatever the case, he filled the space of his legislative hiatus by serving as trustee of the newly incorporated Harrodsburg Academy. He was re-elected to the state House in 1799, records show that he also served as chairman when the House sat as a committee of the whole on November 25,1799
38.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
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Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
40.
Charles Carnan Ridgely
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Charles Carnan Ridgely was born Charles Ridgely Carnan. He is also known as Charles Ridgely of Hampton and he served as the 15th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1815 to 1818. He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1790 to 1795 and he was the son of John Carnan and Achsah Ridgely, sister of Captain Charles Ridgely. The Maryland Gazette described him as an aristocrat, as a Senator or Delegate, justly appreciating the merits and demerits of the human character, he always avoided visionary schemes and dangerous experiments. Ridgely devoted his tenure to internal improvements and he devoted his attention to the state during the unpopular war with Great Britain. Ridgely passed an act which provided education for the poor in five separate counties, a second act created the Commissioners of the School Fund. The act appropriated a fund to establish schools within the state of Maryland. Carnans uncle, Captain Charles Ridgely, willed his estate, Hampton, to him on the condition that he assume the name Charles Ridgely, when Charless uncle, Captain Ridgely, died in 1790, Ridgely became the second master of Hampton. The concept of Hampton was inspired by Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, England and he had 10,590 feet of irrigation pipes laid in 1799 from a nearby spring to provide water to the Mansion and the surrounding gardens, which he was extensively developing. Prominent artisans of the time were hired to design geometric formal gardens, an avid horseman, Charles Carnan also began raising Thoroughbred horses at Hampton, where he had a racetrack installed. A1799 advertisement promoted the services of his racehorse, Grey Medley. Another of Ridgelys racehorses, Post Boy, won the Washington City Jockey Club cup, under Charles Carnan Ridgely, Hampton reached its peak of 25,000 acres in the 1820s. The mansion overlooked a grand estate of orchards, ironworks, coal mining, marble quarries, mills, the vast farm produced corn, beef cattle, dairy products, hogs, and horses. More than 300 slaves worked the fields and served the household, six parterres were designed on three terraced levels facing the mansion, planted with roses, peonies, and seasonal flowers. In 1820, an orangery was built on the grounds, Charles Carnan served as governor of Maryland between 1816–19. When Governor Ridgely died in 1829, he freed a portion of Hamptons slaves in his will and his ancestral home, Hampton Mansion is now in the care of the National Park Service as Hampton National Historic Site. The only initial building was an elevated platform for the judges. The carriage folk took to the infield for views of the contests, the site of todays Eisenhower Executive Office Building, this first courses history was short lived as it stood in the path of LEnfants city plan
41.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
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