1.
1817
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As of the start of 1817, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island, january 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru. January 20 – Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found Hindu College, Calcutta, offering instructions in Western languages, february 12 – Battle of Chacabuco, The Argentine/Chilean patriotic army defeats the Spanish. March 3 President James Madison vetoes John C, U. S. Congress passes law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory effective in August. March 4 – James Monroe is sworn in as President of the United States, march 21 – The flag of the Pernambucan Revolt is publicly blessed by the dean of Recife cathedral, Brazil. April – An earthquake strikes Palermo, Sicily, april 3 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England. April 15 – The American School for the Deaf opens in Hartford, april 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed. May – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary while meeting in New York City, june 12 – German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse, the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim. June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison, july 4 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins. July – Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society in Ireland, August 15 – By act of the U. S. August 22 – The town of Araraquara, Brazil is founded. August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths, october 31 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan. November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki, november 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida. November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, december 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U. S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory. First cholera pandemic originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September, a typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow. King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1815 in the United States
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Events from the year 1815 in the United States. As news slowly spread of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812, february – The Hartford Convention arrives in Washington, DC. February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to a John Stevens, the British halt their advance two days later when informed of the Treaty of Ghent. February 15 – War of 1812 – The United States Senate ratifies the Treaty of Ghent, february 17 – War of 1812 ends. September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years. December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the U. S. gives its first performance, the second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins. War of 1812 January 10 – John J. McRae, U. S, senator from Mississippi from 1851 to 1852 January 16 Lemuel J. Bowden, U. S. Senator from Virginia from 1863 to 1864 Henry Halleck, general January 18 Henry P. Haun, senator from California from 1859 to 1860 Richard Yates, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1865 to 1871 January 21 – Horace Wells, dentist, anesthesia pioneer March 9 – David Davis, senator from Illinois from 1877 to 1883 April 1 – Henry B. Senator from Rhode Island from 1859 to 1884 May 10 – Henry Bibb, author, senator from Minnesota from 1863 to 1875 September 19 – Charles B. The American Historical Review, Vol.19, No,4, pp. 813–838 The Embassy to Washington,1815. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.48, some Unpublished Letters of a Roving Soldier-Diplomat, General Winfield Scotts Reports to Secretary of State James Monroe, on conditions in France and England in 1815-1816. The Journal of the American Military History Foundation, Vol.1,4, pp. 165–173 William Bell Wait. 2, pp. 85–86+136 Harold W. Ryan, George Izard, diary of a Journey by George Izard, 1815-1816. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.53, No,2, pp. 67–76 Orville W. Carroll. Mr. Smarts Circular Saw Mill c, bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol.5, No. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.68, proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.95, pp. 67–87 Charles E. Kinzer. The Band of Music of the First Battalion of Free Men of Color,3, pp. 348–369 Media related to 1815 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1816 in the United States
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Events from the year 1816 in the United States. April 27 – The Dallas tariff is passed in Congress seeking to protect American manufacturing against an influx of cheaper British goods following the War of 1812, may 11 – The American Bible Society is founded in New York City, New York. August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, November – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U. S. presidential election. December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U. S. state, the Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter. E. Remington and Sons is founded in Ilion, New York, senator from Connecticut from 1875 to 1881 October 20 – James W. Grimes, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1859 to 1869 October 26 – Philip Pendleton Cooke, lawyer and poet November 3 – Jubal Early, Confederate general November 4 – James L. Alcorn, senator from Mississippi from 1871 to 1877 November 29 – Henry Mower Rice, U. S. Senator from Minnesota from 1858 to 1863 December 12 – Thomas C, senator from Kentucky from 1868 to 1871 December 13 – Clement Claiborne Clay, U. S. S. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.12, No,3, pp. 271–280 Otto L. Schmidt. The Mississippi Valley in 1816 Through an Englishmans Diary, the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.14, No. 2, pp. 138–155 Julian P. Boyd, John Sergeants Mission to Europe for the Second Bank of the United States, 1816-1817. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.58,3, pp. 213–231 Charles G. Davis, Ninian Edwards, Wm. Clark, George Graham, Lane K. Newberry, C. J. Bulliet. The Indian Boundary Line under the Treaty of August 24,1816, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.28, No. 1, pp. 26–64 Edwin Adams Davis, John C. L. Andreassen, from Louisville to New Orleans in 1816 Diary of William Newton Mercer. The Journal of Southern History, Vol.2, No,3, pp. 390–402 L. G. Moffatt, J. M. Carrière. A Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg and Orange County,1816, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.53, No. 2, pp. 101–123 Harold W. Ryan, George Izard, Diary of a Journey by George Izard, 1815-1816. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.53, No,2, pp. 67–76 Charles E. Peterson. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.13, annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.48, No
5.
1818 in the United States
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Events from the year 1818 in the United States. April 14 – United States Coast Survey operations suspended until August 9,1832, may 23 – First Seminole War, Andrew Jacksons army enters Pensacola, Florida unopposed as the Spanish forces retreated to Fort Barrancas. May 28 – First Seminole War, Fort Barrancas surrenders to Andrew Jackson, August 1 – The Topographical Bureau of the US War Department is founded. December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U. S. state, First Seminole War Era of Good Feelings January 28 – George S. Boutwell, United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1851 till 1853. March 10 – George W. Randolph, lawyer, planter, Confederate general, 3rd Confederate States Secretary of War March 12 – John S. Hager, september 17 – William Henry Barnum, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1876 till 1879. The Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1818, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.6, No. 3, pp. 327–424 The Diocese of Baltimore in 1818, archbishop Maréchals Account to Propaganda, October 16,1818. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.1, No,4, pp. 439–453 Charles H. Rammelkamp, Thos Lippincott. Thomas Lippincott, a Pioneer of 1818 and His Diary, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol.10, No. 2, pp. 237–255 Leona Rostenberg, Timothy Fuller, Diary of Timothy Fuller, In Congress, January 12-March 15,1818. The New England Quarterly, Vol.12, No,3, pp. 521–529 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, J. H. Easterby. Charles Cotesworth Pinckneys Plantation Diary, April 6-December 15,1818, the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol.41, No. 4, pp. 135–150 Leo M. Kaiser, Stephen F. Austins Oration of July 4,1818. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.64, No,1, pp. 71–79 Alfred Owen Aldridge. The Character of a North American as Drawn in Chile,1818,3, pp. 489–494 John Faucheraud Grimké, Thomas Smith Grimké, Adrienne Koch. A Family Crisis, Letters from John Faucheraud Grimké and Thomas Smith Grimké to Henry Grimké,1818, the South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol.69, No. 3, pp. 171–192 Stephen W. Stathis, dr. Bartons Case and the Monroe Precedent of 1818. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.32,3, pp. 465–474 Ernest F. Dibble
6.
1819 in the United States
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Events from the year 1819 in the United States. President, James Monroe Vice President, Daniel D, january 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia. January 30 – Romney Literary Society established as the Polemic Society of Romney, february 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri. February 22 – Spain cedes Florida to the United States, March 1 – The U. S. naval vessel USS Columbus is launched in Washington, DC. March 2 – Arkansas Territory is created, March 6 – McCulloch v. Maryland, The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional. May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, the ship arrives at Liverpool, England on June 20. July 4 – Arkansas Territory is effective, august 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States. August 24 – Samuel Seymour sketches a Kansa lodge and war dance at the present location of Manhattan, Kansas and this work is now the oldest drawing known to be made in the state of Kansas. December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U. S. state, the ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii. February 23 – George S. Cook, prominent early American photographer June 30 – William A. Wheeler, september 7 – Thomas A. Hendricks, United States Senator from Indiana from 1863 to 1869 and the 21st Vice President of the United States from March till November 1885. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol.43, the American Historical Review, Vol.25, No. 4, pp. 692–695 J. Wilfrid Parsons, the Catholic Church in America in 1819, A Contemporary Account. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.5, No,4, pp. 301–310 Report of Inspection of the Ninth Military Department,1819. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol.7, No, the Depression of 1819-1822, A Social History. The American Historical Review, Vol.39, No,1, pp. 28–47 Martin Staples Shockley. The Proprietors of Richmonds New Theatre of 1819, the William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol.19, No. Two accounts of the upper Wabash country, 1819-20, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol.37, No. William Jones and His Unsuccessful Steamboat Venture of 1819, bulletin of the Business Historical Society, Vol.21, No
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
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The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. In Baltimores preparation for an attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the citys harbor. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time, the smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather. Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90. George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance. Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, the flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congresss Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont, the stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued, the flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet. Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet in diameter, the flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown. The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers, the bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer, being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, the poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled The Star-Spangled Banner, and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts, the flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armisteads grandson, inherited the flag in 1878, in 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914. Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999, in the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration
9.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
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