1.
1814 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1814. January 14 – The Imperial Public Library in Saint Petersburg opens to the public, january 26 – Actor Edmund Kean makes his London début in an adult leading rôle as Shylock at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. His Lara sells 6,000 copies on publication in the summer, walter Scott is to say of Byrons poetry He beat me out of the field in description of the stronger passions and in deep-seated knowledge of the human heart. September 12–15 – Battle of Baltimore, American lawyer Francis Scott Key, witnessing the bombardment of Baltimore, Maryland, from a British ship, in 1931 as The Star-Spangled Banner it is officially adopted at the national anthem of the United States. November 29 – In London, The Times newspaper is printed using a steam press for the first time at a rate of 1100 copies per hour. Late – Publication of the Brothers Grimms Grimms Fairy Tales, first edition, the earliest known printed Arabic language version of One Thousand and One Nights begins publication in Calcutta by the British East India Company. Alfred de Vigny enrolls as an officer in the Maison du Roi, or, Anecdotes of Felix and his Sister Serena. M. S. Forester – Lord Hornblower
2.
1819 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1819. January 30 – Romney Literary Society established as the Polemic Society of Romney, on April 3, Charles Wentworth Dilke lets his house, next door to Keats, to Mrs Brawne, whose daughter Fanny would become the love of Keats life. In the summer he writes Lamia, on September 19 he writes his ode To Autumn at Winchester, and on October 19 proposes marriage to Fanny. April 1 – In London The New Monthly Magazine publishes John Polidoris Gothic fiction The Vampyre and it is first published in book form later in the year. August 16 – The Peterloo Massacre takes place in England, inspiring Percy Bysshe Shelley, in Italy, October – In Britain, Richard Carlile is convicted of blasphemy and sent to prison for publishing The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine. Joseph Perls epistolary novel Megalleh Temirim, written under the name Obadiah ben Pethahiah, the publisher Collins is founded as a printer of religious literature in Glasgow by William Collins. W. & R. Chambers, established by brothers William Chambers of Glenormiston and Robert Chambers in Edinburgh, edward Ball – The Black Robber Ann Hatton – The Oath of Vengeance Thomas Hope – Anastasius Washington Irving – The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. E. T. A. D. E. N. J. Urquhart Honoré de Balzac – Le Père Goriot
3.
1824 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1824. January 24 – First issue of the radical quarterly founded by Jeremy Bentham, February 9 – Because of his familys dire financial straits, Charles Dickens, just turned 12, begins work in a blacking factory in London. On February 23 his father, John Dickens, is committed to the Marshalsea prison as a debtor, February 15 – Lord Byron falls ill at Missolonghi while taking part in the Greek War of Independence, dying of fever on April 19. April – The United States Literary Gazette, a semi-monthly, begins publication and it publishes poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and William Cullen Bryant, among many others. May 7 – Première of Beethovens Symphony No.9 at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna, opposed only by Thomas Moore, the two volumes of memoirs are dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at the John Murray s office,50 Albemarle Street in London. June 21 – The Vagrancy Act in England provides for the prosecution of every Person wilfully exposing to view, or public Place, any obscene Print, Picture, or other indecent Exhibition. Julia Catherine Beckwiths St. Ursula’s Convent or, The Nun of Canada, the periodicals The Childrens Friend and The Childs Companion both publish their first issues
4.
1819 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. He has been inspired by a series of recent lectures by Hazlitt on English poets, in the summer he writes Lamia and on September 19 he writes his ode To Autumn at Winchester. Percy Bysshe Shelley, in Italy, also has one of his most productive years, william Wordsworth begins another major revision of The Prelude. This version is completed in 1820 and his first version, in two parts, was done in 1798 and 1799. A second major revision occurred in 1805 and 1806, the book is not published in any form until shortly after his death in 1850. H. Reynolds, Peter Bell, A lyrical ballad, writing under the pen name W. W. B, new York, Philadelphia, Published by Inskeep & Bradford, and Bradford & Inskeep John Howard Payne, Brutus, or, The Fall of Tarquin. An Historical Tragedy in Five Acts, London, T
5.
1820 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. On the suggestion of his doctors, he leaves London for Italy with his friend Joseph Severn and moves into a house on the Spanish Steps in Rome, william Wordsworth completes another major revision of The Prelude. This revision was begun in 1819 and his first version, in two parts, was done in 1798 and 1799. A second major revision, bringing the work to 13 parts, the book is not published in any form until shortly after his death in 1850, in a 14-part version. The revisions do not just add text but remove and rearrange passages as well, many of Wordsworths friends read the book in manuscript during his lifetime. First translation of the Old English epic poem Beowulf into a language, Danish, Bjovulfs Drape. Or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue
6.
1824 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. March – Samuel Taylor Coleridge elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in Britain, february 15 – Lord Byron falls ill at Missolonghi while taking part in the Greek War of Independence, dying of fever on April 19. May 7 – Première of Beethovens Symphony No.9 at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna, opposed only by Thomas Moore, the two volumes of memoirs are dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at the John Murray s office,50 Albemarle Street in London. The United States Literary Gazette, a semi-monthly, begins publication and it publishes poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and William Cullen Bryant, among many others. E. L
7.
The Saturday Evening Post
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The Saturday Evening Post is a bimonthly American magazine. It was published weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, the magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication in 1971. It now appears six times a year, the magazine was redesigned in 2013. The Saturday Evening Post was founded in 1821 and grew to become the most widely circulated magazine in America. The magazine gained prominent status under the leadership of its longtime editor George Horace Lorimer, the editors claimed it had historical roots in the Pennsylvania Gazette, which was first published in 1728 by Samuel Keimer and sold to Benjamin Franklin in 1729. It was known for commissioning lavish illustrations and original works of fiction, illustrations were featured on the cover and embedded in stories and advertising. Some Post illustrations became popular and continue to be reproduced as posters or prints, Curtis Publishing Co. stopped publishing the Post in 1969 after the company lost a landmark defamation suit and was ordered to pay over $3 million in damages. The Post was revived in 1971 as a limited circulation quarterly publication, as of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. In 1916, Saturday Evening Post editor George Horace Lorimer discovered Norman Rockwell, Lorimer promptly purchased two illustrations from Rockwell, using them as covers, and commissioned three more drawings. Rockwells illustrations of the American family and rural life of a bygone era became icons, during his 50-year career with the Post, Rockwell painted more than 300 covers. He produced 120 covers for the Post between 1943 and 1968, ceasing only when the magazine began displaying photographs on its covers, another prominent artist was Charles R. Chickering, a freelance illustrator who went on to design numerous postage stamps for the U. S. Other popular cover illustrators include the artists George Hughes, Constantin Alajalov, John Clymer, W. H. D. Koerner, J. C. Leyendecker, Charles Archibald MacLellan, John E. Sheridan, Douglass Crockwell, the magazines line-up of cartoonists included Bob Barnes, Irwin Caplan, Tom Henderson, Al Johns, Clyde Lamb, Jerry Marcus, Frank ONeal, B. Tobey, Pete Wyma and Bill Yates, the magazine ran Ted Keys cartoon panel series Hazel from 1943 to 1969. Each issue featured several original stories and often included an installment of a serial appearing in successive issues. Most of the fiction was written for mainstream tastes by popular writers, the opening pages of stories featured paintings by the leading magazine illustrators. Lincoln, John P. Marquand, Edgar Allan Poe, Sax Rohmer, William Saroyan, John Steinbeck and Rex Stout and it also published poetry by such noted poets as Carl Sandburg, Ogden Nash, Dorothy Parker and Hannah Kahn. Jack Londons best-known novel The Call of the Wild was first published, in serialized form, emblematic of the Posts fiction was author Clarence Budington Kelland, who first appeared in 1916–17 with stories of homespun heroes, Efficiency Edgar and Scattergood Baines
8.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
9.
James Ballantyne
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James Ballantyne was an editor and publisher who worked for his friend Sir Walter Scott. His brother John Ballantyne was also with the firm, which is noted for the publication of the Novelists Library. Scott nicknamed both brothers after characters in Henry Careys burlesque Chrononhotonthologos, the brothers ran the firm of Ballantyne & Co from Pauls Works on the Canongate in Edinburgh. James home address at the end of his life was 1 Hill Street in the centre of the city and he is buried in Canongate Kirkyard with his brother John, to the north-east of the church. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 and this article incorporates text from The Modern World Encyclopædia, Illustrated, out of UK copyright as of 2005
10.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
11.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as most influential, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, and his own second wife, Mary Shelley. Shelley is perhaps best known for such poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud. Shelleys close circle of friends included some of the most important progressive thinkers of the day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin and Leigh Hunt. Though Shelleys poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers, Shelley became a lodestone to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. Henry David Thoreaus civil disobedience was apparently influenced by Shelleys non-violence in protest, Shelleys popularity and influence has continued to grow in contemporary poetry circles. Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest legitimate son of Sir Timothy Shelley, a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–92 and he had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. He received his education at home, tutored by the Reverend Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham. His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby and it was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in country pursuits such as fishing and hunting. In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, in 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents Shelley-baits. Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and this daily misery could be attributed to Shelleys refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards games and other youthful activities. Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname Mad Shelley, Shelley possessed a keen interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible. Shelley would often use an electric machine to charge the door handle of his room. His friends were particularly amused when his tutor, Mr Bethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks. His mischievous side was again demonstrated by his last bit of naughtiness at school, despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W. H. Merie, recalled that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success
12.
Queen Mab (poem)
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Queen Mab, A Philosophical Poem, With Notes, published in 1813 in nine cantos with seventeen notes, is the first large poetic work written by Percy Bysshe Shelley, the English Romantic poet. After substantial reworking, an edition of a portion of the text was published in 1816 under the title The Daemon of the World. This poem was written early in Shelleys career and serves as a foundation to his theory of revolution and it is his first major poem. In this work, he depicts a two-pronged revolt involving necessary changes, Shelley took William Godwins idea of necessity and combined it with his own idea of ever-changing nature, to establish the theory that contemporary societal evils would dissolve naturally in time. This was to be coupled with the creation of a mentality in people who could envision the ideal goal of a perfect society. The ideal was to be reached incrementally, because Shelley, believed that the society could not be obtained immediately through violent revolution. Instead it was to be achieved through evolution and ever-greater numbers of people becoming virtuous. He set the press and ran 250 copies of this radical, Queen Mab is infused with scientific language and naturalising moral prescriptions for an oppressed humanity in an industrialising world. He intended the poem to be private and distributed it among his close friends, about 70 sets of the signatures were bound and distributed personally by Shelley, and the rest were stored at William Clarks bookshop in London. A year before his death, in 1821, one of the shopkeepers caught sight of the remaining signatures, the shopkeeper bound the remaining signatures, printed an expurgated edition, and distributed the pirated editions through the black market. The copies were–in the words of Richard Carlisle– pounced upon, by the Society for the Prevention of Vice. Shelley was dismayed upon discovering the piracy of what he considered to be not just a juvenile production and he sought an injunction against the shopkeeper, but since the poem was considered illegal, he was not entitled to the copyright. William Clark was imprisoned for 4 months for publishing and distributing Queen Mab, the British bookseller Richard Carlile issued a new edition of the poem in the 1820s. Between 1821 and the 1830s over a dozen pirated editions of Queen Mab were produced and distributed among and by the labouring classes fuelling, when Shelleys widow, Mary Shelley, published her husbands Poetical Works in 1839, several atheistic passages of the poem were removed. After they were restored in an edition, the publisher. The poem is written in the form of a tale that presents a future vision of a utopia on earth, consisting of nine cantos. Queen Mab, a fairy, descends in a chariot to a dwelling where Ianthe is sleeping on a couch, Queen Mab detaches Ianthes spirit or soul from her sleeping body and transports it on a celestial tour to Queen Mabs palace at the edge of the universe. Queen Mab interprets, analyses, and explains Ianthes dreams and she shows her visions of the past, present, and the future
13.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
14.
Fanny Hill
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Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure is an erotic novel by English novelist John Cleland first published in London in 1748. Written while the author was in prison in London, it is considered the first original English prose pornography. One of the most prosecuted and banned books in history, it has become a synonym for obscenity, the novel was published in two installments, on 21 November 1748 and February 1749, respectively, by G. Fenton, actually Fenton Griffiths and his brother Ralph. In court, Cleland renounced the novel and it was officially withdrawn, however, as the book became popular, pirate editions appeared. In the 19th century, copies of the book sold underground in the UK, the book eventually made its way to the United States. In 1821, in the first known obscenity case in the United States, the publisher, Peter Holmes, was convicted for printing a lewd and obscene novel. Holmes appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Court and he claimed that the judge, relying only on the prosecutions description, had not even seen the book. The state Supreme Court wasnt swayed, the police became aware of the 1963 edition a few days before publication, after spotting a sign in the window of the Magic Shop in Tottenham Court Road in London, run by Ralph Gold. An officer went to the shop and bought a copy and delivered it to the Bow Street magistrate Sir Robert Blundell, who issued a search warrant. At the same time, two officers from the vice squad visited Mayflower Books in Vauxhall Bridge Road to determine quantities of the book were kept on the premises. They interviewed the publisher, Gareth Powell, and took away the only five copies there, the police returned to the Magic Shop and seized 171 copies of the book, and in December Ralph Gold was summonsed under section 3 of the Obscenity Act. By then, Mayflower had distributed 82,000 copies of the book, the trial took place in February 1964. The defence argued that Fanny Hill was a source book. The prosecution countered by stressing one atypical scene involving flagellation, in 1963, Putnam published the book in the United States under the title John Clelands Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. This edition was also banned for obscenity in Massachusetts, after a mother complained to the state’s Obscene Literature Control Commission. The publishers challenge to the ban went up to the Supreme Court, in a landmark decision in 1966, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Memoirs v. Massachusetts that Fanny Hill did not meet the Roth standard for obscenity. The art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann recommended the work in a letter for its delicate sensitivities, editions of the book have frequently featured illustrations, but they have often been of poor quality. An exception to this is the set of mezzotints, probably designed by the artist George Morland, the book is written as a series of letters from Frances Fanny Hill to an unknown woman, with Fanny justifying her life-choices to this individual
15.
Sunthorn Phu
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Phra Sunthorn Vohara, known as Sunthorn Phu, is Thailands best-known royal poet. He wrote during the Rattanakosin period, Phus career as a royal poet began in the reign of King Rama II, and when the king died, he resigned from the role and became a monk. Twenty years later, in the reign of King Rama III, he returned to court as a royal scribe, Phu was renowned for composing verse, and his epic poetry is popular in Thailand to the present day. His works include Nirat Phukaothong, a collection of poems recounting his journey to the Golden Mountain, Nirat Suphan, his journey to Suphanburi Province, Sunthorn Phu was born in the reign of King Rama I, on 26 June 1786. His familys house was behind the palace, near the present day Bangkok Noi train station. His father was from Klaeng District in Rayong Province, at the time the poet was born, Bangkok had been established as the Thai capital just four years earlier, founding the Rattanakosin era which continues to the present day. His father became a monk at Bangrum temple and his mother became a wet nurse for the royal family. Phu had an opportunity to work in the palace with his mother, where he fell in love with a lady in the palace named Jun, the couple were arrested and punished as their relationship violated the traditional social order, but they were pardoned on the kings death. Phu later returned to Rayong to visit his father, and wrote a poem about the journey called Nirat Muang Grang which became one of his most famous poems and he wrote the poem for his fiancée, Jun. After he returned to the palace in Bangkok he married Jun and it was at this time that King Rama II appointed him court poet. However, the couple were not married long, divorcing after Phu had an affair with another woman and this was the first of many marriages ending in divorce, although he later professed that the wife he had loved the most was Jun. Phu became an alcoholic, and, around 1821, was jailed after a fight and he began the epic poem, Phra Aphai Mani in prison, and published it in installments over the next twenty years. The epic tale follows the character, Prince Aphai Mani. King Rama II was so pleased with Phus poetry that he awarded him the title of Khun, during the reign of King Rama III, however, Phu made the grave mistake of publicly correcting one of the kings poems, and was stripped of his title as punishment. After this disgrace, he entered the Buddhist priesthood. King Rama IVs daughter read his unfinished work Phra Aphai Mani, King Rama IV appointed Phu Director of Royal Scribes, and awarded him the title of Phra. Suthorn left behind a legacy of poems that have become famous over time because of their description of Thai history, in 1986, the 200th anniversary of his birth, Suthorn was honored by UNESCO as a great world poet. His Phra Aphai Mani poems describe a world, where people of all races and religions live
16.
Epic poetry
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An epic poem, epic, epos, or epopee is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have argued that the Homeric epics and these works form the basis of the epic genre in Western literature. Nearly all Western epic self-consciously presents itself as a continuation of the tradition begun by these poems, classical epic employs dactylic hexameter and recounts a journey, either physical or mental or both. Epics also tend to highlight cultural norms and to define or call into question cultural values, another type of epic poetry is epyllion, which is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The term, which means little epic, came into use in the nineteenth century, the most famous example of classical epyllion is perhaps Catullus 64. The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral history poetic traditions, in these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Early twentieth-century study of living oral traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry. What they demonstrated was that oral epics tend to be constructed in short episodes, each of equal status, interest and this facilitates memorization, as the poet is recalling each episode in turn and using the completed episodes to recreate the entire epic as he performs it. Parry and Lord also contend that the most likely source for written texts of the epics of Homer was dictation from an oral performance, poets in literate societies have sometimes copied the epic format. The earliest surviving European examples are the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes and Virgils Aeneid, other obvious examples are Nonnus Dionysiaca, Tulsidas Sri Ramacharit Manas. In his work Poetics, Aristotle defines an epic as one of the forms of poetry, contrasted with lyric poetry, an attempt to delineate ten main characteristics of an epic, Begins in medias res. The setting is vast, covering many nations, the world or the universe, Begins with an invocation to a muse. Begins with a statement of the theme, contains long lists, called an epic catalogue. Shows divine intervention on human affairs, features heroes that embody the values of the civilization. Often features the tragic heros descent into the Underworld or hell, the hero generally participates in a cyclical journey or quest, faces adversaries that try to defeat him in his journey and returns home significantly transformed by his journey. The epic hero illustrates traits, performs deeds, and exemplifies certain morals that are valued by the society the epic originates from, many epic heroes are recurring characters in the legends of their native culture. Conventions of epics, Preposition, Opens by stating the theme or cause of the epic and this may take the form of a purpose, of a question, or of a situation. Invocation, Writer invokes a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus, the poet prays to the Muses to provide him with divine inspiration to tell the story of a great hero
17.
Phra Aphai Mani
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Phra Aphai Mani is a 30, 000-line epic written by Thailands best-known poet, Sunthorn Phu. It is also part of Thai folklore and has adapted into films. The main protagonists are Prince Aphai Mani, a mermaid, Phra Aphai Mani and his brother, Sisuwan, are Thai princes. Their father sent them away to study with the hope that they would gain knowledge to help rule the country. Sisuwan learned to fight and Phra Aphai Mani learned to play a magical flute that could put people to sleep or kill them. When they returned home, their father was angered by what they had learned, one day while Aphais companions were lulled to sleep by the sound of his pipe, a female ogress named Nang Phisua Samut, came and took Aphai away to her cave. She disguised herself as a maiden and Aphai fell in love with her. They lived together until she bore a son, Sinsamut, when Aphai found out that his wife was really an ogress, he fled with his son. He was assisted by a family of mermaids, a father, mother, the father and mother were caught and eaten by the ogress. The mermaid daughter took Aphai and Sinsamut to Kokaew Phitsadan where a hermit saved them from the ogress, Aphai married the mermaid daughter and they had a son, named Sutsakhon. One day, a ship, carrying King Silarat and Princess Suwwanmali of Phleuk, the princess was engaged to marry the European Prince Usaren of Lanka. Aphai and Sinsamut asked to join the ship, but the ogress saw them, Nang Phisua Samut attacked them and killed King Silarat. Aphai escaped to the shore, where he played his magic flute, afterwards, he met Prince Usaren, who was looking for his fiancée. Meanwhile, Sinsamut swam with the princess to an island and met Sisuwan and his daughter, together, they went in search of Phra Aphai. When they found Phra Aphai and Usaren, Princess Suwwanmali refused to leave with Usaren, the two parties fought and Prince Usaren fled to his homeland of Lanka. Phra Aphai continued on to Phleuk where the queen asked him to rule the country, angry at Phra Aphai for daring to give her up to Usaren, Princess Suwwanmali fled to become a nun. But later with the trick of a maid, Nang Wali, Suwanmali abandoned the nunhood to marry Phra Aphai and she bore him twin daughters named Soisuwan and Chantasuda. Years later, Usaren and his father returned to attack Phleuk, the father was killed and Usaren died heart-broken
18.
James Fenimore Cooper
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James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a form of American literature. He lived most of his life in Cooperstown, New York, Cooper was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church and, in his later years, contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society, but was expelled for misbehavior. Before embarking on his career as a writer, he served in the U. S. Navy as a Midshipman, the novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about counterespionage set during the Revolutionary War and published in 1821. He also wrote numerous sea stories, and his works are five historical novels of the frontier period known as the Leatherstocking Tales. Among naval historians, Coopers works on the early U. S. Navy have been well received, among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth Cooper and he was descended from James Cooper of Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England, who emigrated to the American colonies in 1679. James and his wife were Quakers who purchased plots of land in New Jersey, seventy-five years after his arrival in America, his great-grandson William was born on December 2,1754. Shortly after James first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, later, his father was elected as a United States Congressman from Otsego County. Their town was in a area of New York that had previously been occupied by the Iroquois of the Six Nations. The Iroquois were forced to cede their territory after British defeat in the Revolutionary War, shortly after the American Revolutionary War, the state opened up these former Iroquois lands for sale and development. Coopers father purchased several acres of land in upstate New York along the head-waters of the Susquehanna River. By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established and he erected a home on the shore of Otsego lake and moved his family there in the autumn of 1790. He soon began construction of the mansion that would be known as Otsego Hall and it was completed in 1799 when James was ten. At age 13, Cooper was enrolled at Yale, but he incited a dangerous prank that involved blowing up another students door — after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room, Cooper was expelled in his third year without completing his degree. Disenchanted with college, he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and, at age 17, by 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him on an officers warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson. At 20, Cooper inherited a fortune from his father and he married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1,1811 at age 21
