1.
1831
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As of the start of 1831, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator, a newspaper, in Boston. February–March – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops, February 2 – Pope Gregory XVI succeeds Pope Pius VIII as the 254th pope. February 5 – Dutch naval lieutenant Jan van Speyk blows up his own gunboat in Amsterdam rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the Belgian Revolution. February 7 – Belgian Constitution of 1831 approved by the National Congress February 14 – Battle of Debre Abbay, Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats, February 20 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska, Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army. March 10 – The French Foreign Legion is founded, march 16 – The Hunchback of Notre-Dame is first published by Victor Hugo. March 29 – The Bosnian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire begins, april 7 – Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years. April 18 – University of Alabama founded, april 27 – Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix. May 26 – Battle of Ostrołęka, The Poles fight another indecisive battle, may–June – Merthyr Rising, Coal miners and others riot in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales for improved working conditions. June 1 – British Royal Navy officer James Clark Ross locates the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula, C. July 15 – The volcanic island of Graham Island briefly emerges in the Mediterranean. July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as first King of the Belgians in Brussels, august 2 – The Dutch Ten Days Campaign against Belgium is halted by a French army. August 7 – American Baptist minister William Miller preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, august 21 – United States, Nat Turners slave rebellion breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia. September 6–September 8 – Battle of Warsaw, The Russians take the Polish capital, september 8 – The coronation of King William IV of the United Kingdom who succeeded his brother George IV. He would reign until 1837 October 9 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, the Greek head of state, October 29 – The Bristol Riots of 1831 took place, in response to the UK parliaments decision not to reform the vote, causing delays to the building of the Clifton Suspension Bridge. November 7 – Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil, november 22 – After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France, beginning the First Canut Revolt. December 27 – Charles Darwin embarks on his voyage aboard HMS Beagle. December 27 – The Christmas Rebellion begins in Jamaica with the setting afire of the Kensington House in St James Parish, at its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 people will be killed. December 31 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City, the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper is first published
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1829 in the United States
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Events from the year 1829 in the United States. President, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson Vice President, John C, june 1 – The Philadelphia Inquirer is founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer. July 23 – William Austin Burt obtains the first patent for a typographer, june 27 – James Smithson, a British mineralogist and chemist, leaves a bequest of £100,000 to fund the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. Undated – The Georgia Gold Rush begins as the countrys first significant gold rush following the discovery of gold on October 27,1828, by Benjamin Parks in the old Hall County, senator from Iowa from 1873 to 1908 April 12 – Daniel Sheldon Norton, U. S. Senator from Minnesota from 1865 to 1870 May 8 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, composer, rogers, surveyor August 6 – James T. Farley, U. S. Senator from Illinois from 1883 to 1913 December 8 – Henry Timrod, poet laureate of the Confederacy January 28 – Ephraim Bateman, U. S. Senator from Mississippi from 1826 to 1827 and in 1829 December 12 – John Lansing, Jr. statesman Media related to 1829 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1830 in the United States
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Events from the year 1830 in the United States. President, Andrew Jackson Vice President, John C, january 12–January 27 – Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress. March 12 – Craig vs. Missouri, The United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional, may 28 – US congress passes the Indian Removal Act. September 27 – Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with Choctaw nation, january 25 – Thomas W. Palmer, United States Senator from Michigan from 1883 till 1889. January 31 – James G. Blaine, United States Senator from Maine from 1876 till 1881 and United States Secretary of State in 1881, march 1 – Alexander Caldwell United States Senator from Kansas from 1871 till 1873. April 26 – Thomas M. Norwood, United States Senator from Georgia from 1871 till 1877, november 26 – Horace Tabor, United States Senator from Colorado in 1883. December 8 – William Pitt Kellogg, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 till 1872, December 10 – Emily Dickinson, poet December 13 – James D. Walker, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1879 till 1885. February 1 – Thomas W. Cobb, United States Senator from Georgia from 1824 till 1828, july 2 – Robert H. Adams, United States Senator from Mississippi in 1830. September 24 – Elizabeth Monroe, wife of James Monroe, First Lady of the United States October 14 – John McClean, United States Senator from Illinois from 1824 till 1825, media related to 1830 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1832 in the United States
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Events from the year 1832 in the United States. President, Andrew Jackson Vice President, John C, march 3 - In Worcester v. Georgia, the United States Supreme Court holds that Cherokee Indians are entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments. March 24 - In Hiram, Ohio a group of men beat, tar, april 6 - The Black Hawk War begins. May 9,1832 - Lafayette College classes begin, may 21–23 -1832 Democratic National Convention held in Baltimore. July 10 - President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States, july 24 - Benjamin Bonneville leads the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains using the South Pass. July–August - The 1829–51 cholera pandemic reaches the Northeastern seaboard, beginning with New York City, august 27 - Black Hawk surrenders to the authorities, ending the Black Hawk War. October 8 - Washington Irving and Henry Leavitt Ellsworth arrive at Fort Gibson and they leave the fort on October 10, with a small company of Rangers who escort them to the camp of Captain Jesse Bean who is waiting for them near the Arkansas River. October 19 – Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity is founded at Hamilton College, november 2–December 5 - Andrew Jackson defeats Henry Clay in the U. S. presidential election. November 14 – Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signatory of the Declaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95, november 24 – Ordinance of Nullification is passed. December 3 – U. S. presidential election,1832, december - Skull and Bones secret society of Yale University established. December 28 - John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign, george Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory. Nullification Crisis Wills Eye Hospital funded by a bequest January 1 – Charles N. Felton, January 13 – Horatio Alger, Jr. American Unitarian minister and author February 3 – Abram Williams, United States Senator from California from 1886 till 1887, February 6 – John Brown Gordon, United States Senator from Georgia from 1873 till 1880 and from 1891 till 1897. February 18 – Nathaniel P. Hill, United States Senator from Colorado from 1879 till 1885, april 10 – Alexander McDonald, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1868 till 1871. April 19 – Lucretia Garfield, wife of James A. Garfield, First Lady of the United States, June 11 Augustus Hill Garland, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1885 till 1889. Lucy Pickens, socialite, known during and after her lifetime as the Queen of the Confederacy September 10 – Randall L. Gibson, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1883 till 1892
6.
1833 in the United States
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Events from the year 1833 in the United States. March 2 – President Andrew Jackson signs the Force Bill, which authorizes him to use troops to enforce Federal law in South Carolina, March 4 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States. May 11 – French-American farmhand Antoine le Blanc murders family of three, June 6 – Andrew Jackson becomes the first U. S. President to ride a railroad train. July 29 – Old State Bank erected in Decatur, Alabama, august 12 – The city of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers. August 20 – Future President of the United States Benjamin Harrison is born in Ohio. From this date until the death of former U. S. President James Madison on June 28,1836, there are a total of 19 living Presidents of the United States, more than any other time period in U. S. history. September 2 – Oberlin College is founded in Oberlin, Ohio by John Shipherd, november 12–13 – Stars Fell on Alabama, A spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed in Alabama. November 24 – Psi Upsilon is founded at Union College, becoming the fifth fraternity in the United States, December American Anti-Slavery Society founded in Philadelphia by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society is founded, founder members include Sarah Mapps Douglass, Charlotte Forten Grimké, nullification Crisis February 6 – J. E. B. Stuart, United States Army officer who became a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War March 9 – Thomas W. Osborn. August 7 – Powell Clayton, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1868 till 1871, august 20 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States from 1889 till 1893. September 21 – James Harvey, United States Senator from Kansas from 1833 till 1873, november 12 – John Martin, United States Senator from Kansas from 1893 till 1895. November 13 – Edwin Booth, actor December 6 – John S, may 19 – Josiah S. Johnston, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1824 till 1833. Media related to 1833 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
John C. Calhoun
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John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832. He is remembered for defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics. He began his career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the Souths secession from the Union in 1860–1861, Calhoun began his political career in the House of Representatives. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority and he served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828. During his terms as president, he made a record of 31 tie-breaking votes in Congress. Calhoun had a relationship with Jackson primarily due to the Nullification Crisis. In 1832, with only a few remaining in his second term, he resigned as vice president. He sought the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1844, but lost to surprise nominee James K. Polk, Calhoun served as Secretary of State under John Tyler from 1844 to 1845. As Secretary of State, he supported the annexation of Texas as a means to extend the slave power and he then returned to the Senate, where he opposed the Mexican–American War, the Wilmot Proviso, and the Compromise of 1850 before his death in 1850. Calhoun often served as a virtual party-independent who variously aligned as needed with Democrats, later in life, Calhoun became known as the cast-iron man for his rigid defense of Southern beliefs and practices. His concept of republicanism emphasized approval of slavery and minority rights, as embodied by the Southern states—he owned dozens of slaves in Fort Hill. Calhoun also asserted that slavery, rather than being an evil, was a positive good. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a concurrent majority whereby the minority could sometimes block proposals that it infringed on their liberties. To this end, Calhoun supported states rights and nullification, through which states could declare null, Calhoun was one of the Great Triumvirate or the Immortal Trio of Congressional leaders, along with his Congressional colleagues Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In 1957, a Senate Committee headed by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Calhoun as one of the five greatest United States Senators of all time
16.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
19.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
20.
Andrew Stevenson
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Andrew Stevenson was a Democratic politician in the United States. He served in the United States House of Representatives representing Virginia, as Speaker of the House, Andrew Stevenson was born in Culpeper County, Virginia on January 21,1784. He was educated at the College of William and Mary, studied law, Stevenson was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1809 to 1816 and 1818 to 1821. He served as Speaker of the House of Delegates from 1812 to 1815, in 1814 and 1816 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. In 1820 Stevenson won election to the United States House of Representatives, from 1827 to 1834 he was the Speaker of the House. Stevenson began his Congressional career as a Democratic-Republican, as the Democratic-Republican Party began to split in the 1820s and 1830s and reorganized as the Democratic Party, he won reelection as a Crawford Republican, and then as a Jacksonian. Stevenson resigned from Congress in June 1834 to accept appointment as Minister to the United Kingdom, in June of that year the United States Senate denied him confirmation by a vote of 23 to 22. In the Anti-Jacksonian view, this amounted to a quid pro quo that allowed executive branch interference with the prerogatives of the legislative branch and he returned to Virginia and resumed the practice of law. In addition, he presided over the 1835 Democratic National Convention, in February 1836 President Andrew Jackson renominated Stevenson for Minister to Great Britain. He was confirmed 26 votes to 19, and served from 1836 to 1841, the Irish statesman Daniel OConnell was reported to have denounced Stevenson in public as a slave breeder, generally thought to be a more serious matter than simply being a slaveowner. Stevenson, outraged, challenged OConnell to a duel, but OConnell, who had an aversion to dueling, refused. Stevenson presided over the 1848 Democratic National Convention, in 1845 he was elected to the board of visitors of the University of Virginia. From 1856 to 1857 he served as the universitys rector and he died at his Blenheim estate on January 21,1857. He was buried at Enniscorthy Cemetery in Keene, Virginia, Stevenson purchased the Blenheim property in Albemarle County in 1846. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In 1809, he married Mary Page White, granddaughter of Carter Braxton, who was the mother of John White Stevenson, a Congressman, U. S. Senator, and who also served as Governor of Kentucky. In 1816 he married his wife, Sarah Coles, who was a cousin of Dolley Madison and a sister of Edward Coles. In 1849 he married Mary Schaff, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
21.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
22.
21st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1829 to March 4,1831, during the first two years of Andrew Jacksons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820, both chambers had a Jacksonian majority. March 4,1829, Andrew Jackson became President of the United States May 28,1830, Indian Removal Act, february 24,1831, Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek proclaimed. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. President, John C. Calhoun President pro tempore, Samuel Smith Speaker, Andrew Stevenson This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Other U. S. government websites, House Document No, 108-222 from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress House History from the U. S. House of Representatives Statistics and Lists from the U. S. Senate
23.
22nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1831 to March 4,1833, during the third and fourth years of Andrew Jacksons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820, both chambers had a Jacksonian majority. December 28,1832, Vice President John C. Calhoun resigned, the first Vice President of the United States to do so. Nullification Crisis July 14,1832, Tariff of 1832, ch,227,4 Stat.583 March 2,1833, Tariff of 1833, ch. 55,4 Stat.629 March 2,1833, Force Bill,57,4 Stat.632 The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, Calhoun, resigned December 28,1832, thereafter vacant. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, durbin, elected December 19,1831 Charles C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
24.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
25.
Gabriel Moore
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Gabriel Moore was a Democratic-Republican politician and fifth Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama. Moore was born in Stokes County, North Carolina of English descent and he moved to Huntsville, Alabama in 1810. Moore served in the legislatures, and was elected to the United States Congress in 1821. He was re-elected to the United States Congress in 1827, Moore was the second Representative of the state of Alabama, and the first Representative of its First Congressional District. In 1831, two years into his four-year Governorship, Moore resigned to seek a Class 3 spot in the Senate, in response to his resignation, Moore was replaced as Governor by Alabama Senate President Samuel B. Gabriels Senate bid was successful, and he served for six years as Class 3 Senator alongside William R. King before losing out to John McKinley in 1837, during his tenure in the Senate, Moore also served as chairman of the House Committee on Revolutionary Claims. Following his loss to McKinley, Moore moved to Caddo Lake, Texas, in 1843, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
26.
Samuel B. Moore
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Samuel B. Moore was the sixth Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from March 3 to November 26,1831. He was president of the Alabama Senate when Governor Gabriel Moore was elected to the United States Senate, Samuel Moore was born in Franklin County, Tennessee, in 1789 but moved to Jackson County, Alabama when he was still young. His political career began in 1823 when he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives and he served as president of the Senate in 1831 when he succeeded Gabriel Moore. Like his predecessor, Samuel Moore continued to survey the Coosa River through The Board of Internal Improvement, build infrastructure, Moore strongly supported the Bank of the State of Alabama. Later, in 1831, Moore was entrenched in an election battle against John Gayle. After his defeat, he served as the judge of the Pickens County Court from 1835 to 1841 and he was re-elected to his State Senate post in 1834, and again served as the Senates president in 1835. He later returned home to Pickens County, Alabama, and served on its county court from 1835 until 1841, Moore died in 1846 at age 57 and is interred at the city cemetery in Carrollton in Pickens County. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography by Thomas M. Owen The Governors of Alabama by John Craig Stewart
27.
John Gayle (Alabama)
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John Gayle was the seventh Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1831 to 1835, and was later a United States district court judge for that state. Gayle was born in 1792 in Sumter, South Carolina, in 1813, he graduated from South Carolina College, where he had been president of the Clariosophic Society. After reading law, he entered the bar in 1818 and opened a private practice. He was a member of the Legislative Council for the Alabama Territory from 1818 to 1819, then became the Solicitor of the First Judicial Circuit of the State of Alabama, from 1819 to 1821. From 1822 to 1823 and again from 1829 to 1830 he was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives, after serving as Governor of Alabama from 1831–35, he returned to private practice in Mobile, Alabama until 1846. During his term as governor, the bank was expanded. The Bell Factory, the states first textile mill, was incorporated in Madison County, Gayle served in the United States House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849. Gayle was confirmed by the Senate on March 13,1849, Gayle was married to Sarah Ann Haynsworth, formerly a resident of South Carolina, from June 11,1819 until her death in 1835 due to lockjaw. In 1837, Gayle married Clarissa Stedman Peck at Gaston, Alabama, Gayle died of ill health and natural causes on July 21,1859 aged 66. During his time on Alabama Supreme Court John Gayle constructed his home in Greensboro, AL then a part of Greene County, Alabama now Hale County. There Sarah gave birth to Amelia Gayle Gorgas, biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Gayle, John, 1792-18591
28.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
29.
Gideon Tomlinson
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Gideon Tomlinson was a United States Senator, United States Representative, and the 25th Governor for the state of Connecticut. Born in Stratford, Tomlinson completed preparatory studies and graduated from Yale College in 1802 and he went to Virginia for a year to be a private tutor and to study law. When he returned to Fairfield he continued his studies and was admitted to the bar in 1807 and that same year he married Sarah Bradley. He received a Master of Arts, in 1808 from Yale and their only child, Jabez Huntington Tomlinson, was born in 1818 but died at the young age of 19 in 1838. In 1846, Gideon married Mrs. Lydia Ann Wells Wright, widow of William Wright of Bridgeport, Tomlinson entered politics in 1817, as clerk of the Connecticut House of Representatives, and was reelected again in 1818, when he served as speaker. He was Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1818, elected to the Sixteenth and to the three succeeding United States Congresses, Tomlinson served as a Representative from March 4,1819 to March 3,1827, and was chairman of the Committee on Commerce. Winning the 1826 gubernatorial nomination, Tomlinson was elected Connecticuts eighth governor and he was reelected to the governors office in 1827,1828,1829, and 1830. During his tenure, prison reform was accomplished in 1827 with the opening of a more civilized penitentiary and his administration advocated educational improvements and fiscal support to the public school system. On March 2,1831, Tomlinson resigned from office to accept an appointment to the U. S. Senate, Tomlinson served in the United States Senate and served from March 4,1831, to March 3,1837. There, he served as chairman of the Committee on Pensions, in 1837, he left the Senate and became the first President of the newly chartered Housatonic Railroad Company. He was a trustee of Trinity College, then retired to private life, Tomlinson died in Fairfield on October 8,1854. He is interred at the Old Congregational Cemetery, Stratford, Fairfield County, the Tomlinson Bridge of Fair Haven Connecticut is named after him. The Tomlinson Middle School in Fairfield is named in his honor, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Connecticut State Library Gideon Tomlinson at Find a Grave The Political Graveyard Govtrack US Congress National Governors Association
30.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
31.
John Samuel Peters
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John Samuel Peters was an American politician, a Whig and the 26th Governor of Connecticut. Peters was born in Hebron, Connecticut on September 21,1772, son of Beneslie, Peters was town clerk for twenty years, judge of probate for the district of Hebron, and frequently a member of the state legislature. He received the votes of one branch of the legislature in 1824. In 1810 he was elected to in the Connecticut House of Representatives and was re-elected in 1816 and 1817 and he was a member of Connecticut Council of Assistants in 1818. He served in the Connecticut Senate from 1818 to 1823, and was a member of Connecticut House of Representatives from Hebron from 1824 to 1825, Peters became the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1827. He became the Governor of Connecticut in March 1831, when Governor Tomlinson resigned from office and he was nominated and elected the Governor of Connecticut later in March 1831, and was re-elected to a second term in 1832. During his term, Connecticuts first railroads were authorized and private enterprise was promoted and he also advocated internal and educational improvements, but he was unsuccessful in securing the appropriate funding. He left office in 1833, after an unsuccessful re-election bid and he was a delegate to the Whig National Convention from Connecticut in 1839, and was the Convention Vice-President. Peters died on March 30,1858 and he is interred at St. Peters Episcopal Cemetery, Hebron, Connecticut. His large stone monument includes a bust of the governor and he was a fellow of the Tolland County Medical society, treasurer, vice-president and president of the State Medical society, and vice president of the Connecticut Historical Society. He received the degree of M. D. from Yale in 1818. He was the nephew of clergyman Samuel Peters and the cousin of Connecticut Supreme Court Justice, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978. ISBN 0-313-28093-2 Ancestry. com National Governors Association The Political Graveyard Connecticut State Library
32.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
33.
David Hazzard
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David Hazzard was an American merchant and politician from Milton, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, then the National Republican Party and he served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware, and as an Associate Justice on the Delaware Superior Court. Hazzard was born at Broadkill Neck in Sussex County, near Milton, the family descended from the 17th century English immigrant, Croad Hazzard. John Hazzard was said to have helped ferry the Continental Army across the Delaware River the night before the Battle of Trenton in 1776 and he later started a store in Milton. David Hazzard married Elizabeth Collins, sister of Governor John Collins on July 12,1804, and they had five children, Ann, Maria, John Alexander, William Asbury and they lived at 327 Union Street in Milton in a home built in the late 18th century. It is now a bed and breakfast and they were members of the Goshen Methodist Church when it was located on Chestnut Street in Milton. Hazzard was appointed a lieutenant of Delaware militia on October 14,1807, but resigned May 28,1808. On July 4,1812, with the coming of the War of 1812 and it was primarily occupied in strengthening the defenses of Lewes, Delaware, and took an active role in its defense in April 1813. On April 4,1814, he was commissioned a Captain, all the while Hazzard was running the family mercantile business in Milton, which now included a granary. Hazzard was a member of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party, a minority in Delaware and he first gained an appointment as justice of the peace and served from 1812 until 1817. In 1823 he sought election as governor, but lost to Samuel Paynter and he ran again in 1826, and lost, this time to Federalist candidate, Charles Polk, Jr. With the realignment of parties that occurred following that election, Hazzard became an Adams-Clay supporter, accordingly, he won the 1829 election for governor, running as a member of Henry Clay’s National Republican Party. He defeated the Jacksonian Democratic Party candidate, Allen Thompson of Wilmington, a large Anti-Jacksonian majority was also elected to the Delaware General Assembly. This was a period of growth and change in Delaware. The new ‘’School Law of 1829, ’’ called for the creation of districts in each hundred throughout the state. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it, roads and bridges were improved, and wooden rails were laid on the old New Castle & Frenchtown Turnpike, making it the New Castle & Frenchtown Railroad. It was one of the first railroads in the country and the quickest route of the day from Baltimore to Philadelphia, a new state constitution was adopted in 1831. This document provided for elections in November, biannual sessions of the Delaware General Assembly, four-year terms for governors and state senators, Governors were not allowed to succeed themselves
34.
George Rockingham Gilmer
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George Rockingham Gilmer was an American statesman and politician. He served two terms as the 34th Governor of Georgia, the first from 1829 to 1831. He also served terms in the United States House of Representatives. Gilmer was born near Lexington, Georgia, in what is present day Oglethorpe County and he served as first lieutenant in the Forty-third Infantry Regiment from 1813 to 1815 in the campaign against the Creek during the War of 1812. He practiced law as a profession, gilmers career consisted of multiple, alternating, elected positions at the state and federal level. He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1818,1819, Gilmer was also elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1820,1826,1828 and 1832. However, he did not serve after the election in 1828 because he failed to accept the position within the time frame. Worcester was arrested in 1831 and sentenced to four years hard labor, the Cherokee Nation hired a lawyer, William Wirt, and sued the state of Georgia in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. This led to the United States Supreme Court decision Worcester v. Georgia, the Cherokee issue was hotly debated in the gubernatorial campaign of 1831. Gilmer lost the election to Wilson Lumpkin, the state seized Cherokee gold mines and set up a land lottery system in 1832 to distribute Cherokee lands. Additional facts of interest concerning George Gilmer, Trustee of the University of Georgia Gilmer County, Gilmer County, Georgia is named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-04-28 This Day in Georgia History, November 15, Ed Jackson and Charly Pou, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, The University of Georgia Portrait and Bio at GeorgiaInfo. com
35.
Wilson Lumpkin
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Wilson Lumpkin was a governor of Georgia, and a United States Representative and Senator. Born near Dan River, Virginia, he moved in 1784 to Oglethorpe County, Georgia with his parents and he attended the common schools, and taught school and farmed, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Athens, Georgia. He was a candidate for reelection, and was the State Indian Commissioner. He was elected Governor of Georgia in November 1831, in that election he received 27,305 votes and the incumbent governor George R. Gilmer received 25,863 votes. He was reelected as governor in 1833 due in part to the nullification crisis, in 1835, he was appointed commissioner under the Cherokee treaty. Lumpkin owned 20 slaves in Athens, Georgia, Lumpkin was a member of the State board of public works, and died in Athens in 1870, interment was in Oconee Hill Cemetery. Lumpkins grandson, Middleton P. Barrow, also served in the U. S. Senate, lumpkins brother Joseph Henry Lumpkin was the first chief justice of the Georgia supreme court. Their nephew John Henry Lumpkin was a U. S, the settlers of Terminus voted to rename their town Lumpkin after Wilson Lumpkin. He instead asked for his young daughter Martha W. Lumpkin, to be the honoree of the citys first true name, the story that the later name Atlanta derives from a nickname Atalanta for Martha is not supported by the historical evidence. Lumpkin County, Georgia, is named for him, the Lumpkin House on the campus of the University of Georgia was built by Lumpkin and is named in his memory. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Wilson Lumpkin at Find a Grave The Removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia By Wilson Lumpkin, Including Speeches & Correspondence, 1827-41, New York,1907
36.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
37.
John Reynolds (U.S. politician)
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John Reynolds was a United States politician from the state of Illinois. He also represented Illinois in the United States House of Representatives, 1834–1837, Reynolds was born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. His father, Robert Reynolds and his mother, née Margaret Moore, were natives of Ireland, from which country they emigrated to the United States in 1785. After experiencing harassment from Native Americans fighting encroachment by white settlers upon their territory and they were poor, and brought up their children to habits of manual industry. In 1800 the family moved to Kaskaskia, Illinois, where Reynolds spent most of his childhood, as part of his upbringing, he adopted the principle and practice of total abstinence from intoxicating liquors. In 1807 the family made another move, this time to the Goshen Settlement, at the age of twenty, Reynolds attended college for two years near Knoxville, Tennessee, where he had relatives, taking courses in classical studies. He then studied law in Knoxville, but health problems forced him to home to Illinois. In the fall of 1812 he was admitted to the bar at Kaskaskia, about this time he also learned the French language, which he regarded as being superior to all others for social intercourse. With the ranks of private and orderly sergeant, Reynolds served as a scout in campaigns against the western Native Americans during the War of 1812, for this service, Reynolds became known as the Old Ranger. In 1814, Reynolds opened a law office in the old French village of Cahokia, in the fall of 1818 he was elected an associate justice of the Illinois Supreme Court by the Illinois General Assembly. In 1818, he was a candidate for election to the United States Senate. In 1826, he was elected a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the first time, although aligning himself with the Jacksonian Democrats, his moderation earned him respect from both pro-Jackson and anti-Jackson factions. In August 1830, Reynolds was elected governor of Illinois and took office on December 6, the most significant event of his administration was the Black Hawk War in 1832. He called out the militia, and was commander, often appearing in person on the battle-grounds. He was recognized by U. S. President Andrew Jackson as Major-General and he was reelected to the Twenty-fourth Congress, serving from December 1,1834 to March 3,1837. He was a candidate for reelection in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress. He was subsequently elected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses, serving from March 4,1839 to March 3,1843, not having the funds to purchase a locomotive, the railroad was operated by horse-power. The next spring, however, the sold out at great loss
38.
Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
39.
James B. Ray
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James Brown Ray was an Indiana politician and the only Indiana Senate president pro tempore to be elevated to governor of the State of Indiana. Ray served during a time when the state transitioned from personal politics to political parties, taking office one week before his 31st birthday, he became the states youngest governor and served from 1825 to 1831, the longest period for an Indiana governor under the state constitution of 1816. During Rays term as governor the state experienced a period of economic prosperity, Ray was known for his eccentricity and early promotion of a large-scale railroad system in the state. His support for new construction and alleged involvement in several scandals caused him to lose popularity among voters. Rays opponents who favored the creation of canals considered railroads to be an impractical, following Rays departure from political office, he continued to advocate for a statewide railroad system until his death in 1848. James Brown Ray was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, on February 19,1794, the son of Rev. William Ray, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and he was one of twelve children. Ray attended local schools and received a basic education. Ray moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when he was still a boy, where he studied law in the office of General Gano, Ray briefly served as deputy clerk of Hamilton County, Ohio. Ray married Mary Riddle of Hamilton County, Ohio, on December 10,1818 and that same year the couple moved to Brookville, Indiana, where they had two children prior to Marys death on July 4,1823. Ray established a law office in Brookville and quickly rose to prominence in the community, Ray was known to be rash and sometimes belligerent. In one incident Ray insulted a Brookville farmer who severely beat him for the insult, in another incident Ray threatened another lawyer with a thrashing before a court session, to which the lawyer replied with a fist in Rays face. Both men had to be restrained before further blows could be thrown, Ray married a widow, Esther Booker, of Centerville, Indiana, in September 1825. Rays outspoken manner helped him gain popularity in his community, in 1821 he served a one-year term in the Indiana House of Representatives. The next year he was elected to the Indiana State Senate, on January 30,1824, the same day Lieutenant Governor Ratliff Boon resigned to take a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives, Ray was elected the Indiana Senates president pro tempore. Ray became the fourth governor on February 12,1825. The lieutenant governors office had remained vacant after Boons departure for the U. S. House of Representatives the previous year and this is the only time this occurred in Indiana history. After a brief debate about his eligibility to become governor because of his young age, Indiana was still a young state during Rays tenure as governor, but it was growing rapidly. The states population increased 45 percent and its finances were strengthened during a period of relative prosperity, Party politics also entered the state during Rays term as governor
40.
Noah Noble
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Noah Noble was the fifth Governor of the U. S. state of Indiana from 1831 to 1837. His two terms focused largely on improvements, culminating in the passage of the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act. His taxing recommendations to pay for the improvements were not fully enacted, after his term as governor he was appointed to the Board of Internal Improvement where he unsuccessfully advocated a reorganization of the projects in an attempt to gain some benefit from them. Noah Noble was born in Berryville, Virginia, on January 15,1794, one of fourteen children of Dr. Thomas Noble, around 1800, his family moved to the frontier where his father opened a medical practice in Campbell County, Kentucky. In 1807, the family moved again to Boone County where his father acquired a 300-acre plantation which was operated by slave labor, Noble moved to Brookville, Indiana, around 1811 at age seventeen, following his brother James Noble, who had moved there some time earlier. James was a prominent lawyer and later United States Senator, in Indiana he made several business ventures with his partner Enoch D. John. Together they operated a hotel in Brookville, became involved in land speculation. Noble also opened a company called N. The company purchased produce from farmers and shipped it to New Orleans to be sold. In 1819 a boating accident destroyed one of his shipments and left him with a debt that took several years to repay. Later that year he married his cousin, Catherin Stull van Swearingen, the two shared the same great-grandfather. They had three children, but only one survived into adulthood, two died as infants, Noble entered politics in 1820, winning an election to become Franklin Countys sheriff. By the time of his 1822 reelection bid he had very popular in the county. He was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Regiment of the Indiana militia in 1817, when his term as sheriff expired, he ran to represent the county in the Indiana House of Representatives, winning overwhelmingly. He was reelected again the year but resigned following the death of his brother Lazarus. Lazarus had been the Receiver of Public Moneys of the Indianapolis Land Office and his brother, Senator James Noble, used his influence to secure the post for Noble, who remained in the position until 1829. The job took him to Indianapolis, where he was responsible for collecting revenue for the federal government, the position brought him into contact with many of the leading men in the state and he was quick to create good relationships with them. Following the election of President Andrew Jackson and the employment of the spoils system, finding himself without a job, Noble launched another business venture
41.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
42.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
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Thomas Metcalfe (Kentucky)
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Thomas Metcalfe, also known as Thomas Metcalf or as Stonehammer, was a U. S. Representative, Senator, and the tenth Governor of Kentucky. He was the first gubernatorial candidate in the history to be chosen by a nominating convention rather than a caucus. He was also the first governor of Kentucky who was not a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, at age 16, Metcalfe was apprenticed to his older brother and became a stonemason. He helped construct the Green County courthouse, known as the oldest courthouse in Kentucky, later, political opponents would mock his trade, giving him the nickname Old Stone Hammer. His political career began with four terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives and his service was interrupted by the War of 1812, in which he commanded a company in the defense of Fort Meigs. At the age of thirty-eight, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives and he held his seat in the House for five terms, then resigned to run for governor. In an election decided by 709 votes, Metcalfe defeated William T, barry in the gubernatorial election of 1828. Metcalfes predecessor, Joseph Desha was so stunned by his partys loss that he threatened not to vacate the governors mansion, ultimately, however, he respected the will of the people, and allowed an orderly transition. Metcalfes primary concern as governor was the issue of internal improvements, among his proposed projects were a road connecting Shelbyville to Louisville and a canal on the Falls of the Ohio. When President Andrew Jackson vetoed funds to construct a turnpike connecting Maysville and Lexington, Metcalfe built it anyway, paying for it entirely with state funds. Following his term as governor, he served in the state senate, after this, he retired to Forest Retreat, his estate in Nicholas County, where he died of cholera in 1855. Metcalfe County, Kentucky was named in his honor, Thomas Metcalfe was born on March 20,1780 to John Metcalfe and his third wife, Sarah Sally Dent Metcalfe in Fauquier County, Virginia. His father served as a captain in the Revolutionary War, in 1784, the Metcalfe family settled near Russells Cave in Fayette County, Kentucky. Some years later, they would move to a farm in Nicholas County, Metcalfe received only a rudimentary education, and at age sixteen, he was apprenticed to his brother and learned the craft of stonemasonry. Three years later, their father died, leaving the brothers to provide for their mother and younger siblings, Metcalfe became one of the most prominent stonemasons and building contractors during the settlement period of Kentucky. A number of his stone houses survive and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, on October 2,1801, Metcalfe enlisted as a lieutenant in the 29th Regiment of the Kentucky Militia. He was promoted to captain on October 12,1802, about 1806, Metcalfe married Nancy Mason of Fairfax, Virginia. Between 1817 and 1820, Metcalfe built a house for his family in Nicholas County, the estate was dubbed Forest Retreat by statesman Henry Clay who, on his first visit to the newly constructed house, told Metcalfe, Tom, you have here a veritable Forest Retreat
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Media related to 1831 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
