1.
1835
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As of the start of 1835, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 7 – HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her voyage with Charles Darwin on board as naturalist. January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero for the time in history. January 26 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon, january 30 – An assassination is attempted against United States President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol. February 1 – Slavery is abolished in Mauritius, february 20 – Concepción, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake. March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria, march 23 – The Mexican Academy of Language is established. April 18 – Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, may 5 Rail transport in Belgium, a railway is opened between Brussels and Mechelen, the first in continental Europe. Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica, may 8 – Hans Christian Andersens Fairy Tales Told for Children. May 11 – Matua, High Priest of the Polynesian island of Mangareva, is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church, may 23 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed by decree of President Santa Anna. June 1 – Kingston Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario opens, june 8 – The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner. July – Bertelsmann is founded by Carl Bertelsmann as a printer and publisher in Prussia. July 14 – Organisation of the universal Catholic Apostolic Church, initially in the U. K, july 28 – In Paris, the assassination of King Louis Philippe I of France is attempted by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi using a home-made volley gun. Ten are killed but the King escapes with a minor wound, august – H. Fox Talbot exposes the worlds first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England. The New York Sun prints the first of six installments of the Great Moon Hoax, august 28 – St. Vincents Ecclesiastical Seminary, a predecessor of Castleknock College, is founded by the Vincentian community in Dublin, Ireland. August 30 – European settlers landing on the banks of the Yarra River in southeastern Australia found the city of Melbourne. September 7 – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galápagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle, september 19 – William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimkés anti-slavery letter in The Liberator. September 20 – The Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul, October 3 – The Staedtler company is founded by J. S. Staedtler in Nuremberg, Germany. October 28 United Tribes of New Zealand founded at Waitangi with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand, in the first major engagement of the Texas Revolution, Battle of Concepción, the Texian Army defeats the Mexicans
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1833 in the United States
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Events from the year 1833 in the United States. March 2 – President Andrew Jackson signs the Force Bill, which authorizes him to use troops to enforce Federal law in South Carolina, March 4 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States. May 11 – French-American farmhand Antoine le Blanc murders family of three, June 6 – Andrew Jackson becomes the first U. S. President to ride a railroad train. July 29 – Old State Bank erected in Decatur, Alabama, august 12 – The city of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers. August 20 – Future President of the United States Benjamin Harrison is born in Ohio. From this date until the death of former U. S. President James Madison on June 28,1836, there are a total of 19 living Presidents of the United States, more than any other time period in U. S. history. September 2 – Oberlin College is founded in Oberlin, Ohio by John Shipherd, november 12–13 – Stars Fell on Alabama, A spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed in Alabama. November 24 – Psi Upsilon is founded at Union College, becoming the fifth fraternity in the United States, December American Anti-Slavery Society founded in Philadelphia by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society is founded, founder members include Sarah Mapps Douglass, Charlotte Forten Grimké, nullification Crisis February 6 – J. E. B. Stuart, United States Army officer who became a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War March 9 – Thomas W. Osborn. August 7 – Powell Clayton, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1868 till 1871, august 20 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States from 1889 till 1893. September 21 – James Harvey, United States Senator from Kansas from 1833 till 1873, november 12 – John Martin, United States Senator from Kansas from 1893 till 1895. November 13 – Edwin Booth, actor December 6 – John S, may 19 – Josiah S. Johnston, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1824 till 1833. Media related to 1833 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1834 in the United States
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Events from the year 1834 in the United States. March 11 – United States Survey of the Coast transferred to the Department of the Navy, march 28 – The United States Senate censures President Andrew Jackson for his actions in defunding the Second Bank of the United States. April 14 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay, june 30 – the 6th Indian Trade and Intercourse Act is updated and renewed Indian Territory is effective. July 7–10 – Anti-abolitionist riots in New York City, july 29 – Office of Indian Affairs organized. August 11–12 – Ursuline Convent Riots, A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston, november 4 – Delta Upsilon fraternity founded at Williams College. November 11 – The rare 1804 dollar coin is struck by the United States Mint Worcester Academy is founded as the Worcester County Manual Labor High School, Franklin College is founded in Franklin, Indiana. The Medical College of Louisiana is founded in New Orleans, which later becomes Tulane University, Wake Forest College is founded in Wake Forest, which later becomes Wake Forest University. The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina, january 9 – Wilkinson Call, United States Senator from Florida from 1879 till 1897. March 4 – James W. McDill, United States Senator from Iowa from 1881 till 1883, june 28 – Samuel Pasco, British-born United States Senator from Florida from 1887 till 1899. July 19 – Benjamin F. Jonas, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1879 till 1885, eustis, United States Senator from Louisiana from 1876 till 1879 and from 1885 till 1891. September 5 – John G. Carlisle, United States Senator from Kentucky from 1890 till 1893. September 6 – Samuel Arnold, conspirator involved in the plot to kidnap U. S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1865 October 9 – Rufus Blodgett, december 6 – Henry W. Blair, United States Senator from New Hampshire from 1879 till 1891. December 24 – Charles W. Jones, Ireland-born United States Senator from Florida from 1875 till 1887, february 28 – Isaac D. Barnard, United States Senator from 1827 till 1831. Media related to 1834 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1836 in the United States
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Events from the year 1836 in the United States. Exceptionally, this page covers not only the history of the United States of America, President, Andrew Jackson Vice President, Martin Van Buren Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, James K. Polk Congress, 24th January 5 – Davy Crockett arrives in Texas, January 18 – Dade County, Florida, is formed. February 3 – United States Whig Party holds its first convention in Albany, February 5 – Henry Roe Campbell builds the first 4-4-0, a steam locomotive type that will soon become the most common on all railroads of the United States. February 23 – Battle of the Alamo, The siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, February 25 – Samuel Colt receives an American patent for the Colt revolver, the first practical adaptation of the revolving flintlock pistol. March 1 – At the Convention of 1836, delegates from 57 Texas communities convene in Washington-on-the-Brazos to deliberate independence from Mexico, march 2 – At the Convention of 1836, the Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico. March 6 – The Battle of the Alamo ends,189 Texans are slaughtered by about 1,600 Mexicans, march 17 – Texas abolishes the slave trade. March 27 Texas Revolution, Goliad massacre - Antonio López de Santa Anna orders the Mexican army to kill about 400 Texans at Goliad, survey of the Coast returned to U. S. Treasury Department as the U. S. March 31 – Marshall College, named for John Marshall, opens in Mercersburg and it later merges with Franklin College to become Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. April 20 - U. S. Congress passes act creating the Wisconsin Territory, april 21 - Texas Revolution, Battle of San Jacinto - Republic of Texas forces under Sam Houston defeat troops under Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna. April 22 – Texas Revolution, A day after the Battle of San Jacinto, may 4 – The Ancient Order of Hibernians, an Irish Catholic fraternal organization, is founded in New York City. May 19 – Fort Parker massacre, Among those captured by Native Americans is 9-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker, she gives birth to a son named Quanah. June 15 - Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U. S. state, june 28 – James Madison, the fourth President of the United States and United States Secretary of State, dies in Montpelier, Virginia. July 3 – Wisconsin Territory is effective, july 11 – President Andrew Jackson issues the Specie Circular, beginning the failure of the land speculation economy that will lead to the Panic of 1837. July 13 – U. S. patent #1 is granted after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents, july 30 – The first English language newspaper is published in Hawaii. August 1 – Abolition Riot of 1836 in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, august 30 – The city of Houston, Texas, is founded. September 1 – Narcissa Whitman, one of the first white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, september 5 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas. September 8 – Transcendental Club founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, october 22 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the Republic of Texas
6.
1837 in the United States
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Events from the year 1837 in the United States. President, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren Vice President, Martin Van Buren, Richard Mentor Johnson Chief Justice, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, James K. Polk Congress, 24th, 25th January 1 - Dons Rok founded. January 10 - DePauw University founded in Greencastle, Indiana, January 26 - Michigan is admitted as the 26th U. S. state. February 4 - Seminoles attack Fort Foster, february 8 - Richard Johnson becomes the only Vice President of the United States chosen by the United States Senate. February 15 - Knox College founded in Galesburg, Illinois, february 25 In Philadelphia, The Institute for Colored Youth is founded as the first institution for the higher education of coloreds. Thomas Davenport obtains the first United States patent on an electric motor, march - Victor Séjours short story Le Mulâtre, the earliest known work of African American fiction, is published in the French abolitionist journal Revue des Colonies. March 4 Martin Van Buren succeeds Andrew Jackson as President of the United States, chicago is granted a city charter by Illinois. May 10 - Panic of 1837, New York City banks fail, june 5 - Houston, Texas, is granted a city charter. June 11 - The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, july - Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire, October - First publication of the The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. October 21 - General Thomas Jessup captures Osceola in pretext of negotiations, November 7 - In Alton, Illinois, abolitionist printer Elijah P. Lovejoy is shot and killed by a pro-slavery mob while he attempts to protect his printing shop from being destroyed a third time. November 8 - Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which later become Mount Holyoke College. The Little, Brown and Company publishing house opens its doors in Boston, john Greenleaf Whittiers first poetry book, Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question in the United States, is published by Boston abolitionists. Second Seminole War January 9 – Julius C, senator from Connecticut from 1905 to 1911 George Dewey, U. S. Admiral of the Navy September 28 – David Barton, U. S. Senator from Missouri from 1821 to 1831 October 1 – Robert Clark, politician October 9 – Oliver H. Prince, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1828 to 1829 November 7 – Elijah P. Lovejoy, abolitionist November 11 – Thomas Green Fessenden, poet Media related to 1837 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Martin Van Buren
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Martin Van Buren was an American politician who served as the eighth President of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in a number of senior roles, including eighth Vice President and tenth Secretary of State. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to follow through on Jacksons policies, during his half-century of public service, he built, perfected, and defended a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level. In New York he reorganized the Democratic-Republican Party and established the Albany Regency to keep it in power and he then moved on Washington where he did more than anyone to construct the modern Democratic Party which dominated American politics down to the American Civil War. A delegate to a convention at age 18, he quickly moved from local to state politics. Elected to the Senate by the New York State Legislature in 1821, Van Buren supported William H. Crawford for president in the 1824 election, but by 1828 had come to support Jackson. Van Buren was a supporter and organizer for Jackson in the 1828 election. Jackson and Van Buren were elected, and after serving as governor for two months, Van Buren resigned to become Jacksons Secretary of State. During Jacksons eight years as president, Van Buren was a key advisor, in 1831, following his resignation as Secretary of State, which aided Jackson in resolving the Petticoat affair, Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as American minister to Britain. Van Burens nomination was rejected by the Senate, cutting short his service in London, Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention, and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election. Van Buren was the first president to be born a United States citizen, of Dutch ancestry, he is the only president who spoke English as a second language, and was the first not to have a university degree or a military commission. As president, Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837 and he attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury—rather than in state banks—but Congress would not approve of this until 1840. Additionally, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War, in the 1840 election, Van Buren was voted out of office, losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren was the candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844, but lost to James K. Polk. In the 1848 election Van Buren ran unsuccessfully as the candidate of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party and he returned to the Democratic fold to endorse Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. However, his increasingly abolitionist views and support for the Union led him to support Abraham Lincolns policies after the start of the American Civil War, Van Burens health began to fail in 1861, and he died in July 1862 at the age of 79. Martin Van Buren was born on December 5,1782, in the village of Kinderhook, Van Buren was the first President not born a British subject, or even of British ancestry. His father, Abraham van Buren, was an inn–tavern keeper, Abraham Van Buren supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution as a captain in the Albany County Militias 7th Regiment, and later joined the Jeffersonian Republicans
16.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
John Marshall
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John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and he was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that courts are obligated to exercise judicial review. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, in particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. Some of his decisions were unpopular, nevertheless, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government, and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution, and the rule of law. John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry, though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well, the oldest of fifteen, John had eight sisters and six brothers. Also, several cousins were raised with the family, from a young age, he was noted for his good humor and black eyes, which were strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good nature. Marshall loved his home, built in 1790, in Richmond, Virginia, for approximately three months each year, Marshall lived in Washington during the Courts annual term, boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold-Carroll House. Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the court in Raleigh. He also maintained the D. S. Tavern property in Albemarle County, Marshall himself was not religious, and although his grandfather was a priest, never formally joined a church. He did not believe Jesus was a divine being, and in some of his opinions referred to a deist Creator of all things. He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794–1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, while in Richmond, Marshall attended St. The Marshall family occupied Monumental Churchs pew No.23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824, Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax, which provided Marshall with a substantial income. In the early 1760s, the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles miles to Leeds Manor on the slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the banks of Goose Creek, Thomas Marshall built a frame house. Thomas Marshall was not yet established, so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee. The Marshalls called their new home the Hollow, and the ten years they resided there were John Marshalls formative years, in 1773, the Marshall family moved once again. Thomas Marshall, by then a man of means, purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane
19.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
20.
John Bell (Tennessee politician)
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John Bell was an American politician, attorney, and planter. One of Tennessees most prominent antebellum politicians, he served in the House of Representatives from 1827 to 1841 and he was Speaker of the House for the 23rd Congress, and briefly served as Secretary of War during the administration of William Henry Harrison. In 1860, he ran for president as the candidate for the Constitutional Union Party, initially an ally of Andrew Jackson, Bell turned against Jackson in the mid-1830s and aligned himself with the Whig Party, a shift which earned him the nickname, The Great Apostate. He consistently battled Jacksons allies, namely James K. Polk, over such as the national bank. Following the death of Hugh Lawson White in 1840, Bell became the leader of Tennessees Whigs. After the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Bell abandoned the Union cause, John Bell was born in Mill Creek, a hamlet near Nashville, Tennessee. He was one of nine children of farmer and blacksmith Samuel Bell. His paternal grandfather, Robert Bell, had served in the American Revolution under Nathanael Greene and he graduated from Cumberland College in 1814 and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1816 and established a practice in Franklin. Entering politics, he ran for the Tennessee Senate in 1817. As a state senator, he supported judicial and state constitutional reform, after serving a single term, Bell declined to run for reelection and instead moved to Nashville, where he established a law partnership with Henry Crabb. In 1827, Bell ran for Tennessees 7th District seat in the U. S. House of Representatives, Bell and his opponent, Felix Grundy, engaged in a bitter campaign in which both claimed to support the initiatives of Andrew Jackson. Although Jackson eventually endorsed Grundy, Bell was more popular with younger voters, like many southern congressmen, Bell opposed the Tariff of 1828. He also opposed funding for improvements to the Cumberland Road. Congressmen from eastern states rejected this, however, stating that Tennessees mismanagement of its land resources was not the governments fault. During Bells second term, he was chairman of the House Committee on Indian Affairs, as such, he wrote the Indian Removal Act, which was submitted by the committee in February 1830, and signed by President Jackson later that year. This act led to the removal of the Cherokee and other tribes to Oklahoma, via the Trail of Tears, one of the bills most vocal opponents was Massachusetts congressman Edward Everett, Bells future running mate. Following the shake-up of Jacksons cabinet in the wake of the Petticoat affair in 1831, Senator Hugh Lawson White recommended Bell for Secretary of War, Bell nevertheless remained a staunch Jackson ally through his third term, opposing nullification and supporting the Force Bill
21.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
22.
James K. Polk
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James Knox Polk was the 11th President of the United States. Polk was born in Pineville, North Carolina, and moved to Tennessee to study law, after building a successful law practice, he was elected to the Tennessee legislature and then to the United States House of Representatives in 1825. He left Congress to serve as Governor of Tennessee from 1839 to 1841, after losing re-election as governor in 1840, and losing in another gubernatorial election in 1842, Polk was a dark horse candidate for president in 1844. Though he entered the convention hoping to be nominated for vice president, in the general election, he defeated Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party in large part due to his promise to annex the Republic of Texas. True to his pledge to serve only one term as President, Polk left office in March 1849. He died of cholera three months later, scholars have ranked him favorably on lists of greatest presidents for his ability to promote, obtain support for, and achieve all of the major items on his presidential agenda. However, he has also criticized for leading the country into war against Mexico. Polk has been called the least known consequential president, James Knox Polk, the first of ten children, was born on November 2,1795 in a log house in what is now Pineville, North Carolina in Mecklenburg County, just outside Charlotte. His father, Samuel Polk, was a slaveholder, successful farmer and his mother, Jane Polk, was a descendant of a brother of the Scottish religious reformer John Knox. She named her firstborn after her father James Knox, like many early Scots-Irish settlers in the North Carolina mountains, the Knox and Polk families were Presbyterian. While Polks mother Jane remained a devout Presbyterian her entire life, when the parents took the young James to a Presbyterian church to be baptized, the father Samuel refused to declare his belief in Christianity, and the minister refused to baptize the child. In 1803, most of Polks relatives moved to the Duck River area in what is now Maury County, Middle Tennessee, the family grew prosperous, with Samuel Polk turning to land speculation and becoming a county judge. His health was problematic and in 1812 his pain became so unbearable that he was taken to Dr. Ephraim McDowell of Danville, Kentucky, Polk was awake during the operation with nothing but brandy available for anesthetic, but it was successful. The surgery may have left Polk sterile, as he did not sire any children, when Polk recovered, his father offered to bring him into the mercantile business, but Polk refused. In July 1813, Polk enrolled at the Zion Church near his home, a year later he attended an academy in Murfreesboro, where he may have met his future wife, Sarah Childress. At Murfreesboro, Polk proved a promising student, in January 1816, Polk was admitted into the University of North Carolina as a second-semester sophomore. The Polk family had connections with the university, then a school of about 80 students, Sam Polk was their land agent for Tennessee. While there, Polk joined the Dialectic Society where he took part in debates
23.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
24.
23rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1833 to March 4,1835, during the fifth and sixth years of Andrew Jacksons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fifth Census of the United States in 1830, the Senate had an Anti-Jacksonian or National Republican majority, and the House had a Jacksonian or Democratic majority. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. For the beginning of this congress, the size of the House was increased from 213 seats to 240 seats, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, hatch Clerk, Walter S. Franklin Sergeant at Arms, Thomas B. Randolph Doorkeeper, Overton Carr Postmaster, William J. McCormick Chaplain, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress
25.
24th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1835 to March 4,1837, during the seventh and eighth years of Andrew Jacksons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fifth Census of the United States in 1830, both chambers had a Jacksonian majority. December 28,1835, The Second Seminole War began, Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack government agent Thompson outside Fort King in central Florida. 1835, Toledo War fought between Ohio and Michigan Territory over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip, february 3,1836, United States Whig Party held its first convention in Albany, New York. February 23,1836, Siege of the Alamo began in San Antonio, july 11,1836, President Andrew Jackson issued the Specie Circular, beginning the failure of the land speculation economy that would lead to the Panic of 1837. July 13,1836, U. S. patent #1 was granted after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents, December 4,1836, Whig Party held its first national convention, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Patent Office burned in Washington, DC, february 8,1837, Richard Mentor Johnson became the first and only Vice President of the United States elected by the United States Senate. The Senate was required to choose between Richard Johnson and Francis Granger as the next vice-president,50 January 26,1837, Michigan admitted as the 26th state 5 Stat. During this congress one House seat was added for each of the new states of Arkansas, President, Martin Van Buren President pro tempore, William R. King Speaker, James K. Polk This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, comstock, elected December 5,1836 Clerk, Walter S. Franklin Doorkeeper, Overton Carr Sergeant at Arms, Roderick Dorsey, elected December 15,1835 Postmaster, William J. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
26.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
27.
John Gayle (Alabama)
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John Gayle was the seventh Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1831 to 1835, and was later a United States district court judge for that state. Gayle was born in 1792 in Sumter, South Carolina, in 1813, he graduated from South Carolina College, where he had been president of the Clariosophic Society. After reading law, he entered the bar in 1818 and opened a private practice. He was a member of the Legislative Council for the Alabama Territory from 1818 to 1819, then became the Solicitor of the First Judicial Circuit of the State of Alabama, from 1819 to 1821. From 1822 to 1823 and again from 1829 to 1830 he was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives, after serving as Governor of Alabama from 1831–35, he returned to private practice in Mobile, Alabama until 1846. During his term as governor, the bank was expanded. The Bell Factory, the states first textile mill, was incorporated in Madison County, Gayle served in the United States House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849. Gayle was confirmed by the Senate on March 13,1849, Gayle was married to Sarah Ann Haynsworth, formerly a resident of South Carolina, from June 11,1819 until her death in 1835 due to lockjaw. In 1837, Gayle married Clarissa Stedman Peck at Gaston, Alabama, Gayle died of ill health and natural causes on July 21,1859 aged 66. During his time on Alabama Supreme Court John Gayle constructed his home in Greensboro, AL then a part of Greene County, Alabama now Hale County. There Sarah gave birth to Amelia Gayle Gorgas, biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Gayle, John, 1792-18591
28.
Clement Comer Clay
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Clement Comer Clay was the eighth Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1835 to 1837. An attorney, judge and politician, he also was elected to the legislature, as well as to the House of Representatives. Clay was born in Halifax County, Virginia and his father, William Clay, was an officer in the American Revolutionary War, who moved to Grainger County, Tennessee. Clay attended the schools and graduated from East Tennessee College in 1807. He was admitted to the bar in 1809 and moved to Huntsville, Alabama, Clay married Susannah Claiborne Withers on April 4,1815. They had three sons, Clement Claiborne Clay, John Withers Clay, and Hugh Lawson Clay, Clay served in the Alabama Territorial Legislature in 1817–1818. He was a court judge and served in the Alabama House of Representatives. In 1828 he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, serving from March 4,1829 and through re-elections until March 3,1835, in 1835 Clay was elected Governor. Clays term as governor ended early when he was appointed by the legislature to the United States Senate in 1837. In 1836, Governor Clay signed an act which chartered Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama. The college resulted from the strong French Catholic traditions in the city, Clay’s term in office was dominated by the Creek War of 1836 arising from resistance to Indian Removal, which had taken place in the Southeast since 1830. During Clay’s administration, the United States Army removed the Creek Indians from Southeastern Alabama under the terms of the 1832 Treaty of Cusseta, the Creek were relocated to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. Confrontations between Indians and white settlers occurred, during the Panic of 1837, the United States suffered a financial crisis brought on by speculative fever. This crisis caused a run on the Bank of the State of Alabama, Clay ordered the bank to provide a detailed report of its finances, but it was unable to do so. After election by the legislature, Clay served in the United States Senate from June 19,1837 until his resignation on November 15,1841. In the year after the end of the Civil War, Clement died of causes in September 1866. His wife Susanna had died earlier the same year, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Alabama Department of Archives & History, Alabama Department of Archives & History
29.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
30.
Samuel A. Foot
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Samuel Augustus Foot was the 28th Governor of Connecticut as well as a United States Representative and Senator. Born November 8,1780 in Cheshire, Connecticut, to John & Abigail Foot, having entered Yale College at the age of thirteen, was the youngest student in the graduating class of 1797. He attended the Litchfield Law School when he was seventeen, and he then moved to New Haven, Connecticut, became a West India Trader and made many voyages for his health. He married Eudocia Hull in 1803 and they had seven children, when the War of 1812 Embargo Act ruined his business, Foot returned to his fathers farm in Cheshire in 1813, engaged in agricultural pursuits and politics. Foot was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1817 and 1818 and he was elected by the General Assembly to the U. S. Senate as an Adams man within the splintering Democratic Republican Party. He served in the Senate from March 4,1827, to March 4,1833, in the Senate he is most noted for the Foot Resolution of December 29,1829 to limit the sale of public lands. It was during debate on this resolution that Daniel Webster gave his Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now, Foot was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1832, while in the United States Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Pensions. He was elected to the Twenty-third Congress, and served from March 4,1833, to May 9,1834, when he resigned to become Governor of Connecticut and he was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor in 1836. Foot later served as an elector on the Clay-Frelinghuysen ticket in 1844. Foot died in Cheshire on September 15,1846 and he is interred at Hillside Cemetery Cheshire, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Litchfield Historical Society National Governors Association The Political Graveyard Govtrack US Congress Samuel A. Foot at Find a Grave
31.
Henry W. Edwards
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Henry Waggaman Edwards was an American lawyer, a Democrat, and the 27th and 29th Governor of the U. S. state of Connecticut. Edwards was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Pierpont Edwards and he graduated from Princeton University in 1797, and earned a law degree from the Litchfield Law School. He married Lydia Miller on October 4,1801, and they had seven children, Edwards became a lawyer, was active in Democratic politics, and was the United States Representative from Connecticut at-large from 1819 to 1823. He was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Elijah Boardman as a United States Senator and he served as a member of Connecticut Senate at-large from 1828 to 1829. Member of Connecticut state house of representatives from New Haven, in 1830, and he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1832, but was deprived of the office by a divided Assembly. Elected in 1833, Edwards served as Governor of Connecticut from May 1,1833 to May 7,1834, unsuccessful in his bid for the office in 1834, He was elected continuously and served again from May 6,1835 to May 2,1838. During his tenure, an education law was enacted, the railroad expanded. When he did not win the Democratic partys nomination in 1838, Edwards died in New Haven, Connecticut, and is interred at Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut. Henry W. Edwards at Find a Grave United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Political Graveyard National Governors Association Litchfield Historical Society
32.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
33.
Caleb P. Bennett
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Caleb Prew Bennett was an American soldier and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Bennett was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, son of Joseph & Elizabeth Prew Willey Bennett. They moved to Wilmington when he was 3 years old and his father was a ship captain who sailed to the West Indies. They lived at 841 Market Street in Wilmington and were members of the Wilmington Friends Meeting, Bennett served as a lieutenant in the 1st Delaware Regiment, a unit of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He enlisted as a 17-year-old in 1775, and served throughout the war, present at Valley Forge and the battles of Staten Island, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Camden, and Yorktown, he was wounded three times. After the disastrous Battle of Camden in August 1780, when the 1st Delaware Regiment was decimated, on our arrival at Annapolis we embarked also, on board the Marquis Lafayette. We passed the mouth of the York River, where lay two or three French frigates blockading the entrance and we lay that night at anchor with the fleet. Early next morning the transports proceeded up the James River until we arrived in the neighborhood of Williamsburg, Virginia, where we landed and joined the troops assembled there. ”After the surrender Bennett’s orderly book noted that on “November 4,1781 we joined General Gist’s Brigade, and began our march to join General Greene’s army in South Carolina. ”Bennett served for two more years in South Carolina, finally returning home January 17,1783. During the War of 1812 he was Captain of the Artillery, according to Scharf, Bennett “was placed in control of measures to be taken at New Castle and the battery that was erected close to the town. He was made colonel of the militia and soon had a force of infantry and artillery. ”But all did not go well for the veteran soldier. Brigadier General and Whig political rival John Stockton brought Bennett to a courts martial for failing to perform his duty, the charges were not proved, and the ever popular Bennett was acquitted. In the mid 19th century politics in Delaware were divided between the majority Whigs and minority Democrats, the Whigs were the party in opposition to U. S. President Andrew Jackson, his political successors and their policies. They were for a strong Union, good banks and a protective tariff, as the primary heirs to the old Federalist Party in Delaware, their greatest strength was among the old stock, rural, agricultural population in Kent and Sussex County. Conversely, the Democrats were in support of Jacksonian policies, and found their strength in New Castle County and among Quakers, Ulster-Scots and he also served as treasurer of New Castle County from 1806 to 1832. Having never sought political office previously, he was drafted by the Democrats, in spite of his venerable veteran status, he was elected Governor in 1832 by only 54 votes, defeating U. S. Senator Arnold Naudain, the Whig candidate, serving from January 15,1833 until his death in office on July 11,1836, Bennett was the oldest person ever to start a term as governor in Delaware. He was also the first Governor elected under the Delaware Constitution of 1831 and, therefore, for years Delawares Governors had pleaded with the General Assembly to reform the states penal system. Regardless of his efforts, nothing was changed, hoffecker also describes how, in the increasingly highly charged national debate over the tariff and states rights, Bennett denounced South Carolinas attempt to nullify a federal tariff
34.
Wilson Lumpkin
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Wilson Lumpkin was a governor of Georgia, and a United States Representative and Senator. Born near Dan River, Virginia, he moved in 1784 to Oglethorpe County, Georgia with his parents and he attended the common schools, and taught school and farmed, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Athens, Georgia. He was a candidate for reelection, and was the State Indian Commissioner. He was elected Governor of Georgia in November 1831, in that election he received 27,305 votes and the incumbent governor George R. Gilmer received 25,863 votes. He was reelected as governor in 1833 due in part to the nullification crisis, in 1835, he was appointed commissioner under the Cherokee treaty. Lumpkin owned 20 slaves in Athens, Georgia, Lumpkin was a member of the State board of public works, and died in Athens in 1870, interment was in Oconee Hill Cemetery. Lumpkins grandson, Middleton P. Barrow, also served in the U. S. Senate, lumpkins brother Joseph Henry Lumpkin was the first chief justice of the Georgia supreme court. Their nephew John Henry Lumpkin was a U. S, the settlers of Terminus voted to rename their town Lumpkin after Wilson Lumpkin. He instead asked for his young daughter Martha W. Lumpkin, to be the honoree of the citys first true name, the story that the later name Atlanta derives from a nickname Atalanta for Martha is not supported by the historical evidence. Lumpkin County, Georgia, is named for him, the Lumpkin House on the campus of the University of Georgia was built by Lumpkin and is named in his memory. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Wilson Lumpkin at Find a Grave The Removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia By Wilson Lumpkin, Including Speeches & Correspondence, 1827-41, New York,1907
35.
William Schley
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William Schley was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician. Schley was born on December 15,1786 in Frederick, Maryland, with others of the family he migrated to Augusta, Georgia, in the early 19th century, where he was educated at the academies of Louisville and Augusta, Georgia. He later studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, from 1825 through 1828 he was a Superior Court judge of the Middle District in Georgia. In 1830 William Schley became a member of the Georgia House of Representatives, in 1832 and again in 1834, he was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives. He resigned from position to become the 36th Governor of Georgia from 1835 until 1837. During his gubernatorial term, Schley initiated the creation of the Western and he also advocated the establishment of a lunatic asylum and a geological survey of the state. Schley published a Digest of the English Statutes in Force in Georgia and he was an ardent Democrat and strict constructionist. He died in Augusta in 1858 and was buried in that city in the Schley family cemetery. Schley County, Georgia is named his honor, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. William Schley at Find a Grave
36.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
37.
Joseph Duncan (politician)
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Joseph Duncan was an Illinois politician. He served as the sixth Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838, before becoming governor he served four terms in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat. Duncan was born in Paris, Kentucky and he served in the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War as a soldier. He moved to Illinois in the year of its statehood,1818 and he moved to Jacksonville in 1830. Before becoming governor, he had a political career. He served a term in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1825 to 1829 and he was elected to represent Illinoiss At-large congressional district in Congress in 1826, defeating long-term Congressman Daniel Pope Cook. Jacksonian Democrats were ascendant in Illinois politics, and Cook had fallen out of favor with them when he voted against Andrew Jackson in the contingent election of 1825, Duncan successfully ran as a Jacksonian, winning 6,322 votes to Cooks 5,619. He was re-elected twice to the district and in 1832 won a fourth term representing the newly created 3rd district. Duncan first went to Congress as a Jacksonian Democrat, but his relationship with President Jacksons party worsened during his career in Congress, by 1834 he voted more often with the opposition Whigs. His final break with the Democrats occurred in June 1834, when he voted to recharter the Bank of the United States, with the help of Democrats unaware of Duncans change in politics, Duncan was elected governor that year without campaigning or even visiting Illinois. Attempting to deal with the national economic Panic of 1837 and seeing the costs of internal improvements piling up, legislators ignored the governor, adding even more projects to the program. While the number of improvements were few, the accumulated debt that almost forced the state into bankruptcy. The first bill for the $15 million that had borrowed to pay for the program was more than double the states annual revenue. It was also during Duncans tenure that the capital was moved from Vandalia, Fayette County, Illinois, to its current location, Springfield, Sangamon County. This was controversially done in part by the successful leadership skills of Springfields representatives. Lincoln and the eight members of his delegation won the capital by trading their votes to win the capital for Springfield for projects for other representatives districts. This led to the internal improvements program. Interment is at Diamond Grove Cemetery there, Duncans home in Jacksonville, the Joseph Duncan House, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places
38.
Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
39.
Noah Noble
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Noah Noble was the fifth Governor of the U. S. state of Indiana from 1831 to 1837. His two terms focused largely on improvements, culminating in the passage of the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act. His taxing recommendations to pay for the improvements were not fully enacted, after his term as governor he was appointed to the Board of Internal Improvement where he unsuccessfully advocated a reorganization of the projects in an attempt to gain some benefit from them. Noah Noble was born in Berryville, Virginia, on January 15,1794, one of fourteen children of Dr. Thomas Noble, around 1800, his family moved to the frontier where his father opened a medical practice in Campbell County, Kentucky. In 1807, the family moved again to Boone County where his father acquired a 300-acre plantation which was operated by slave labor, Noble moved to Brookville, Indiana, around 1811 at age seventeen, following his brother James Noble, who had moved there some time earlier. James was a prominent lawyer and later United States Senator, in Indiana he made several business ventures with his partner Enoch D. John. Together they operated a hotel in Brookville, became involved in land speculation. Noble also opened a company called N. The company purchased produce from farmers and shipped it to New Orleans to be sold. In 1819 a boating accident destroyed one of his shipments and left him with a debt that took several years to repay. Later that year he married his cousin, Catherin Stull van Swearingen, the two shared the same great-grandfather. They had three children, but only one survived into adulthood, two died as infants, Noble entered politics in 1820, winning an election to become Franklin Countys sheriff. By the time of his 1822 reelection bid he had very popular in the county. He was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Regiment of the Indiana militia in 1817, when his term as sheriff expired, he ran to represent the county in the Indiana House of Representatives, winning overwhelmingly. He was reelected again the year but resigned following the death of his brother Lazarus. Lazarus had been the Receiver of Public Moneys of the Indianapolis Land Office and his brother, Senator James Noble, used his influence to secure the post for Noble, who remained in the position until 1829. The job took him to Indianapolis, where he was responsible for collecting revenue for the federal government, the position brought him into contact with many of the leading men in the state and he was quick to create good relationships with them. Following the election of President Andrew Jackson and the employment of the spoils system, finding himself without a job, Noble launched another business venture
40.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
41.
James Turner Morehead (Kentucky)
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James Turner Morehead was a United States Senator and the 12th Governor of Kentucky. He was the first native-born Kentuckian to hold the governorship of the state, a member of Henry Clays National Republican Party, Morehead entered politics just as his party was beginning to challenge the Democratic Partys dominance in the state. Morehead was nominated for lieutenant governor at his partys nominating convention in Baltimore, Maryland in 1831 and he ascended to the governorship upon Breathitts death in 1834. Saddled with a term, Morehead was not able to formulate a significant legislative agenda. Following his term as governor, Morehead returned to the state legislature, an opponent of abolitionism, he accompanied John Speed Smith to Ohio to secure the return of slaves owned by Kentuckians. He was later appointed to the U. S. Senate, in 1847, he retired to Covington, Kentucky, practicing law until his death in 1854. The city of Morehead, Kentucky is named in honor of Governor Morehead, James Turner Morehead was born on May 24,1797 near Shepherdsville, Kentucky in Bullitt County. His parents, Armistead and Lucy Morehead, moved to Russellville, Kentucky when he was very young and he attended Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky from 1813 to 1815. He then returned to Russellville, where he studied law under circuit court judge H. P. Broadnax and he was admitted to the bar in 1818, and commenced practice in Bowling Green, Kentucky. On May 1,1823, Morehead married Susan A. Roberts and he was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives representing Warren County from 1828 to 1831. While there, he served on the Committee on Internal Improvements, in 1831, Morehead was also a delegate to the National Republican Party Convention in Baltimore, Maryland that nominated Henry Clay for president. During the convention, he was nominated for the office of lieutenant governor, though his National Republican running mate, Richard A. Buckner, was defeated by Democrat John Breathitt, Morehead was elected the ninth Lieutenant Governor. Governor Breathitt died of tuberculosis on February 21,1834, later that year, the National Republican party began to re-brand itself as the Whig Party, a name that first appeared in the Lexington Intelligencer on April 25,1834. On July 4,1834, Governor Morehead hosted the partys first convention in Frankfort, Kentuckians flocked to the new party en masse, and the legislative elections of August 1834 saw the party garner majorities in both houses of the state legislature. In his first address to the legislature, Morehead recommended a plan of expanded internal improvements, the legislature responded by creating a state board of internal improvements, and named Morehead the ex-officio president of the board. In this role, he authorized many surveys of Kentuckys rivers and formulated plans for improvements. One improvement that did proceed was construction of the Lexington and Ohio Railroad, though education was not a high priority for Governor Morehead, the Kentucky Common School Society and the Kentucky Association of Professional Teachers were formed during his term. Following his service as governor, Morehead resumed his practice in Frankfort
42.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
43.
Andre B. Roman
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André Bienvenue Roman was Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives and the ninth U. S. Born near Opelousas, the son of Jacques Étienne Roman of Opelousas, Louisiana, in 1815, Roman graduated from St. Mary College in Baltimore, Maryland. The following year he married Aimée Françoise Parent, the couple would have eight children. A. B. was a member of an aristocratic French Creole family, in 1818, Roman was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives at the age of 23, and he was elected Speaker of the House in 1822, serving until 1826. He was elected Parish Judge in St. James Parish, in 1826 and he was again elected to the Louisiana House and was Speaker during the constitutional crisis following the death of Governor Pierre Derbigny in 1828. In 1830, Roman was elected governor as a Whig candidate, at various points in the race his opponents include the flamboyant Bernard de Marigny, Martin Duralde, son-in-law of Henry Clay and relation of Governor William C. C. Claiborne, and former Governors Jacques Villeré and Armand Beauvais, who resigned his position of Acting Governor to run, Governor Roman is credited with establishing the state penitentiary system. The College of Jefferson opened in St. James Parish, the Louisiana Agricultural Society was organized with Governor Roman as its first president. The South Carolina nullification controversy moved Roman and most of Louisiana to back President Andrew Jackson’s stand on national authority over state nullification, when his term was ending, Governor Roman sought re-election, but he was defeated by Edward Douglass White Sr. another Whig. In 1836, Roman opted to run for the United States Senate, in 1838, Roman again sought election as governor. His opponent this time was Denis Prieur, the Jacksonian Mayor of New Orleans who lived openly with his quadroon mistress, Roman beat Prieur 7,590 votes to 6,782. On February 4,1839, Roman resumed the governor’s office stressing education, appropriations allowed copying of parish archives on Louisiana colonial history. Roman created the Office of State Engineer and advocated opening the passes at the mouth of the Mississippi River for better shipping, Governor Roman served as the President of the New Orleans Drainage Company which drained the swamps behind the city. The Clinton and Port Hudson Railroad, which aided the cotton industry, was established, during Governor Romans second term, the state abolished imprisonment for debt. With economic crises and panics looming, Roman struggled to maintain calm and he vetoed several new bank charters during the most volatile economic period in antebellum Louisiana. The Bank Act of 1842 replaced the earlier easy credit system with a sounder, after his second term in office, Governor Roman returned to his St. James Parish home but remained politically active. He was again elected Delegate to the constitutional convention of 1852. In 1861, with the Civil War looming, Roman as a delegate to the Louisiana Secession convention opposed secession, during the war Roman lost all his wealth and property
44.
Edward Douglass White Sr.
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Edward Douglass White Sr. was the tenth Governor of Louisiana and a member of the United States House of Representatives. He served five terms in Congress, as an adherent of Henry Clay of Kentucky. White was born in Maury County, Tennessee, the son of James White. James White was a delegate to the Continental Congress, while a young boy, Edward moved with his father to Louisiana. In 1815, White graduated from the former University of Nashville, afterward beginning a law practice in Donaldsonville, Louisiana, the seat of Ascension Parish, south of Baton Rouge. Ten years later, he was appointed by Governor Henry S. Johnson, also of Donaldsonville, in 1834 he married Catherine Sidney Lee Ringgold, daughter of Tench Ringgold, long the US Marshal in the District of Columbia. Their children included Edward Douglass White Jr, elected to the 21st United States Congress in 1828, White served three terms from 1829 until his resignation in 1834 after being elected as governor. He served a term as governor. Afterward, he was elected to the US Congress again, serving two terms from 1839 until 1843. White was among the survivors of the steamboat Lioness explosion that occurred on the Red River south of Natchitoches on May 19,1833 and he died in New Orleans and was buried at St. Josephs Catholic Cemetery in Thibodaux, Louisiana. His home in Thibodaux is now operated by the Louisiana State Museum as the Edward Douglass White Historic Site, whites son Edward Douglass White Jr. was elected by the state legislature as a United States senator from Louisiana. He was appointed as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Edward Douglass White Sr. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Political Graveyard State of Louisiana - Biography Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries Edward Douglass White Sr. at Find a Grave
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Media related to 1835 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
