1.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
2.
Charles XIV John of Sweden
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Charles XIV & III John, also known as Carl John, was King of Sweden and King of Norway from 1818 until his death and served as de facto regent and head of state from 1810 to 1818. He was also the Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo, in south-central Italy and he was born Jean Bernadotte in France and served a long career in the French Army. He subsequently acquired the name of Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte. He was appointed as a Marshal of France by Napoleon, though the two had a turbulent relationship and his candidacy was advocated by Baron Carl Otto Mörner, a Swedish courtier and obscure member of the Riksdag of the Estates. Upon his Swedish adoption, he assumed the name Carl and he did not use the name Bernadotte in Sweden, but founded the royal dynasty there of that name. Bernadotte was born in Pau, France, as the son of Jean Henri Bernadotte, prosecutor at Pau, the family name was originally du Poey, but was changed to Bernadotte – a surname of an ancestress at the beginning of the 17th century. Soon after his birth Baptiste was added to his name, to him from his elder brother Jean Évangeliste. Bernadotte himself added Jules to his first names as a tribute to the French Empire under Napoleon I, at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a local attorney. The early death of his father, however, would stop him following in his fathers career, Bernadotte joined the army as a private in the Régiment de Royal-Marine on 3 September 1780, and first served in the newly conquered territory of Corsica. Subsequently, the Régiment stationed in Besançon, Grenoble, Vienne and he reached to the rank of Sergeant in August 1785 and was nicknamed Sergeant Belle-Jambe, for his smart appearance. In early 1790 he was promoted to Adjutant-Major, the highest rank for noncommissioned officers in the Ancien Régime, following the outbreak of the French Revolution, his eminent military qualities brought him speedy promotion. By 1794 he was promoted to brigadier, attached to the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, after Jourdans victory at Fleurus he the became a divisional general. At the Battle of Theiningen, Bernadotte contributed, more than anyone else, at the beginning of 1797 he was ordered by the Directory to march with 20,000 men as reinforcements to Napoleon Bonapartes army in Italy. His successful crossing of the Alps through the storm in midwinter was highly praised, upon receiving insult from Dominique Martin Dupuy, the commander of Milan, Bernadotte was to arrest him for insubordination. However, Dupuy was a friend of Louis-Alexandre Berthier and this started a long-lasting feud between Bernadotte and Napoleons Chief of Staff. He had his first interview with Napoleon in Mantua and was appointed the commander of the 4th division. During the invasion of Friuli and Istria, Bernadotte distinguished himself greatly at the passage of the Tagliamento where he led the vanguard, and at the capture of the fortress of Gradisca. Paul Barras, one of five directors, was cautious that Napoleon would overturn the Republic, Bernadotte was pleased with this appointment but Napoleon lobbied Talleyrand-Périgord, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to appoint him the embassy to Vienna instead
3.
1899 in Norway
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Events in the year 1899 in Norway. Monarch – Oscar II Prime Minister – Johannes Steen 1 April – The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions established,27 June – The paperclip is patented by Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor. 10 August – Viking FK football club is founded, the sports club Kongsberg IF is founded. The gymnastics club Volda TI is founded,23 July - Johan Trandem, shot putter and discus thrower 25 July – Olav Svendsen, jurist. 6 August – Lillebil Ibsen, dancer and actress 6 August – Torstein Børte, politician 6 August – Finn Nagell, military officer, Milorg pioneer, economist and businessperson
4.
Georg Ossian Sars
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Georg Ossian Sars was a Norwegian marine and freshwater biologist. He grew up in Manger, Hordaland, where his father was the local priest and he studied from 1852 to 1854 at Bergen Cathedral School, from 1854 at Christiania Cathedral School, and joined the university at Christiana in 1857. Georg Ossian Sars had a memory and excellent drawing skills. Sars was an investigator of ichthyoplankton. In 1864, he was commissioned by the Norwegian government to investigate fisheries around the Norwegian coast, one of his first discoveries was that the eggs of cod are pelagic, that is, they inhabit the open water column. He continued to receive the patronage of the government throughout his career, Sars primary research focus was on crustaceans and their systematics. He described many new species in his career, including in his magnum opus and he was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1910. Georg Ossian Sars never married, and died on April 9,1927 in Oslo. He is remembered in the names of a number of marine invertebrates, as well as the journal Sarsia, and the flagship of the Norwegian research fleet. The RV G. O. Sars Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology G. O. Sars Open Library BHL Online works by G. O. Sars
5.
1907 in Norway
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Events in the year 1907 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Prime Minister - Christian Michelsen 14 June – Norway adopts female suffrage, norsk Hydro, having been founded in 1905, opens up its first plant at Notodden. Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country, the construction of the Bergen Line is completed. 25 December - Kristian Johansson, ski jumper and World Champion 30 December - Sigmund Ruud, ski jumper, Olympic silver medallist and World Champion
6.
Christiania Theatre
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Christiania Theatre, or Kristiania Theatre, was Norways finest stage for the spoken drama from October 4,1836 to September 1,1899. It was located at Bankplassen by the Akershus Fortress in central Christiania and it was the first lasting public theatre in Norway and the national stage of Norway and of Oslo during the 19th century. Christiania Theatre was the first long term public theatre in Oslo, the first public theatre was instead to be the theatre of the Swedish theatre director Johan Peter Strömberg, who opened in 1827. This was also to be the beginning of the Christiania Theatre, due to the lack of native actors, Strömberg was forced to hire Danish actors and became unpopular when he performed a play about the Union between Sweden and Norway, he went bankrupt in 1828. The theatre was renamed Christiania Danish Theatre and became a Danish theatre, the first opera performed in public in Norway, Deux mots by French composer Nicolas Dalayrac, was performed here in 1831, directed by August Schrumpf with Augusta Smith in the main role. After the building burnt down on 5 November 1835, it was reinstated with the name Christiania Theatre in 1837, over next few years an avid debate developed with strong criticism of the Danish dominancy of the arts. Christiania Theatre only employed Danish actors during its first history for which it was criticized, the reason given was that there was not an acting school in Norway and that the Norwegian actors were therefore not good enough. The Norwegian language conflict often centering on Norwegian writers who gradually adopted distinctly Norwegian vocabulary in their work, henrik Wergeland may have been the first to do so. Art critic Johan Sebastian Welhaven was one of the conservatives who took out against the theories of the extreme nationalists, the Danish troupe was eventually mixed up with Norwegian actors after the employment of Norwegian actress and prima donna Laura Gundersen in 1849. The foundation of the first Norwegian theatre in Oslo, Christiania Norwegian Theatre in 1852, was but a temporary rival, the theatre was a result of the controversy surrounding the Norwegian and Danish languages and was created as a counterpoint to the Danish language dominated Christiania Theatre. Henrik Ibsen was artistic director of the Christiania Norwegian Theatre from the autumn of 1857, from 1856, the Christiania Theatre promised to employ native actors. In 1872, Norwegian became the stage language, during the continued run of Peer Gynt a fire started on the performing night of January 15,1877 that heavily damaged the theatre, but luckily the theatre could later be repaired
7.
1927 in Norway
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Events in the year 1927 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Norsk Hydro forms a companionship with the German company IG Farben in order to access to the newly developed Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing artificial fertilizer. By 1945 IG Farben has become majority shareholder, the 1927 Parliamentary election takes place. The avant-garde theatre Balkongen is started by Agnes Mowinckel,11 December - Stein Eriksen, alpine skier, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion 11 December - Trygve Moe, journalist 15 December - Ole N
8.
Ole Herman Johannes Krag
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Ole Herman Johannes Krag was a Norwegian officer and firearms designer. Ole H. J. Krag was born in Vågå, in Oppland county, Krag grew up in various locations where his father, Hans Peter Schnitler Krag, served as pastor, including Vågå, Fredrikshald and Christiania. Krag was a student at Hartvig Nissens skole in Oslo and he started his military career in January 1854. He became a Second Lieutenant in 1857 and a full Lieutenant in 1861, in 1866 he was ordered to Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, the most important Norwegian weapons factory of its day. Ole H J Krag constructed his first repeating rifle in 1868 and he designed a wide range of firearms during his lifetime, but only two – the Krag–Petersson and the Krag–Jørgensen – were adopted by any armed forces. Fewer than 1,000 Krag–Petersson rifles were made for the Royal Norwegian Navy, while hundreds of thousands Krag–Jørgensen rifles were made for the Danish, Norwegian. In 1880 he was named director of the armoury, after the Krag–Jørgensen was accepted as the main rifle of the Norwegian Army, he was made a Lieutenant Colonel in 1894. He married in 1870 with Karen Elise Theodora Collett and they were the parents of lawyer Herman Anton Johan Krag, and were the grandparents of Norwegian architect Herman Krag. He is honored in Kongsberg with a street named Krags gate and he died in Paris in December 1916 and was buried in Oslo during January 1917. Norske Militærgeværer etter 1867, by Karl Egil Hanevik, ISBN 82-993143-1-3 Krags gate
9.
Hans Mustad
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Hans Mustad was a Norwegian businessperson. He was instrumental in shaping the company O. Mustad & Søn and he was born in Vardal as the son of Ole Hovelsen Mustad. He was a brother of Kristian Mauritz Mustad and uncle of Sigbjørn Mustad, Ole Hovelsen Mustad was a politician and businessperson who ran the company O. Mustad, inherited from Hans Mustads grandfather Hans Schikkelstad in 1843. Hans Mustad married Marie Heyerdahl in 1865 and she was a granddaughter of Hieronymus Heyerdahl, Hans Mustad started his working career in 1857, when hired in his fathers company. They specialized in production of wire and nails, and also ran a foundry. In 1874 Hans Mustad became co-owner, and the name was changed to O. Mustad & Søn. Under the involvement of Hans Mustad, the production was diversified, first, new products such as horse shoes, axe heads and fish hooks were introduced. In addition, the company expanded to other cities, in 1875 the company bought property at Lilleaker in Kristiania, adjacent to the Lysaker river. With a nearby waterfall at Fåbrofossen, this location had a history of industry stretching back to the works owned by poet Christian Braunmann Tullin. From 1874 the lot was vacant, due to the explosion, in 1876 the production of nails and some other iron- and steelware was moved from Vardal to Lilleaker. In 1886 a factory was established in Finland, in 1889 the foundry was moved to Lilleaker, and the same year a margarine factory was established, entering a new branch of business. In addition, the factory at Vardal started production of fishing flies, in the meantime, Ole Hovelsen Mustad had died, leaving Hans Mustad as the single owner. His five sons became co-owners in 1905, Hans Clarin Hovind Mustad, Halfdan Magnus Mustad, Wilhelm Martin Christie Mustad and Nicolai Christian Mustad. They subsequently inherited the company upon Hans Mustads death in 1918, by that time, O. Mustad & Søn was the largest industrial company in Norway, with 2,000 domestic employees as well as several factories abroad. The company eventually became the worlds largest producer of fish hooks, despite the ownership change, the name O. Mustad & Søn was kept. However, not long after its 1970 conversion to a limited company,1977 saw the split into Mustad Industrier AS and Mustad International Group BV, whereas the former was split into Mustad AS, Mustad Industrier AS and Mustad Eiendom AS in 1997
10.
1918 in Norway
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Events in the year 1918 in Norway. Monarch - Haakon VII Norsk Hydros artificial fertilizer production at Glomfjord is bought by the Norwegian government, in 1947 it is leased back to Hydro. This activity is today Yara International, the 1918 Parliamentary election takes place. 19 August - Bjørn Egge, military officer 8 September - Kjølv Egeland, politician 18 September – Berit Brænne, actress,8 October - Halfdan Hegtun, radio personality, comedian, writer and former politician 15 October – Rolf Schjerven, politician
