1.
1830 in art
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Events from the year 1830 in art. David Wilkie appointed Principal Painter in Ordinary to King William IV of the United Kingdom following the death of Sir Thomas Lawrence, clarkson Stanfields panorama The Military Pass of the Simplon is featured in a Christmas pantomime in London. Edward Lear commences publication of the lithographed Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, approximate beginning of the Barbizon school of painters. Agustín Esteve, Spanish portraitist and royal court painter Jean-Baptiste Giraud, French sculptor
2.
1835 in art
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Events from the year 1835 in art. June 6 – Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin is received into the Roman Catholic Church, june – Caspar David Friedrich suffers his first stroke, which restricts his ability to paint in oils. August – H. Fox Talbot exposes the worlds first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England, victor Cousin introduces the expression Lart pour lart. Marie Tussaud establishes the first permanent Madame Tussauds wax museum in London
3.
1837 in art
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Events from the year 1837 in art. January 20 – Death of the neo-classical architect Sir John Soane gives effect to the creation of his London house as Sir John Soanes Museum, june 1 – The Government-funded Normal School of Design, predecessor of the Royal College of Art, begins classes at Somerset House in London. July – Edward Lear leaves Knowsley Hall in England to travel to Rome, marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun publishes the second volume of her memoirs
4.
1841 in art
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Events from the year 1841 in art. M. W. Turners painting Peace - Burial at Sea, fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square, London erected to the design of Charles Barry. The planned equestrian statue of King William IV being abandoned due to lack of funds, george Hayter appointed Principal Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria. Rand invents the collapsible zinc oil paint tube, marketed by Winsor & Newton of London, edward Lear publishes Views in Rome and its Environs. John Ruskin publishes The King of the Golden River, with illustrations by Richard Doyle
5.
1842 in art
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Events from the year 1842 in art. David Roberts begins publication of Sketches in the Holy Land, richard Dadd becomes mentally ill during a tour of the Middle East and is thought to be suffering from sunstroke. Construction work resumes on Cologne Cathedral, after a gap of three centuries. William Fox Talbot receives the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society, george R. Lewis records the famous carvings at Kilpeck church, Herefordshire. Dordrechts Museum established in the Netherlands
6.
1845 in art
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Events from the year 1845 in art. February 7 – At the British Museum in London, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase which takes months to repair and it has since been reconstructed three times. March – Honoré Daumier begins publishing the series of drawings Les Gens de justice in the satirical Paris magazine Le Charivari, heinrich Hoffmann anonymously publishes Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit 15 schön kolorierten Tafeln für Kinder von 3–6 Jahren in Germany. Brita Sofia Hesselius opens a studio in Karlstad, making her the first known Swedish female professional photographer
7.
1848 in art
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Events from the year 1848 in art. April 10 – John Ruskin marries Effie Gray in Scotland, september – John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti found the pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in the formers family home in Gower Street. December 10 – The Leipzig Art Association opens the Städtische Museum, in Cambridge, England, the Fitzwilliam Museums Founders Building is opened. In Copenhagen, Denmark, the Thorvaldsen Museum of sculpture is opened
8.
1850 in art
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Events from the year 1850 in art. Controversial exhibition of Pre-Raphaelite paintings by Holman Hunt and Millais at the Royal Academy, james Collinson resigns from the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which then dissolves. Francisco Goyas engravings, Proverbios, are posthumously published, edouard Pingret relocates to Mexico City. Grand Prix de Rome, painting, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Paul Baudry, Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Grand Prix de Rome, music, J. A
9.
1840 in architecture
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The year 1840 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 27 April - The foundation stone of the new Palace of Westminster in London is laid as its reconstruction to a design by Charles Barry following a fire in 1834 begins. 30 September - Foundation of Nelsons Column, designed by William Railton, laid in London, Trafalgar Square being laid out,11 May - Wingfield railway station in England, designed by Francis Thompson, is opened. 31 August - Bristol Temple Meads railway station in England, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, is opened, old Patent Office Building, Washington D. C. United States completed by Robert Mills, forglen House, Scotland, designed by John Smith, is completed at about this date. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Théodore Ballu
10.
Broadway (Manhattan)
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Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
11.
Penny Black
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The Penny Black was the worlds first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It first was issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840 and it features a profile of Queen Victoria. In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous, to simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet, by contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to 1⁄2 ounce to be delivered at a flat rate of one penny, regardless of distance. Postal delivery systems using what may have been adhesive stamps existed before the Penny Black, the idea had at least been suggested earlier in the Austrian Empire, Sweden, and possibly Greece. On 13 February 1837, Sir Rowland Hill proposed to a government enquiry both the idea of a stamp and a pre-paid envelope, a separate sheet folded to form an enclosure for carrying letters. Hill was given a contract to run the new system. There were some 2,600 entries, but none was considered suitable, instead a rough design endorsed by Hill was chosen, Hill believed this would be difficult to forge. An envelope bearing a reproduction of a created by the artist William Mulready was also issued. The portrait of Victoria was engraved by Charles Heath and his son Frederick, corboulds sketch was in turn based on the 1834 cameo-like head by William Wyon, which was used on a medal to commemorate the Queens visit to the City of London in 1837. This portrait of Victoria remained on British stamps until her death in 1901, all British stamps still bear a portrait or silhouette of the monarch somewhere on the design. They are the only postage stamps in the world that do not indicate a country of origin, initially, Hill specified that the stamps should be 3/4 inch square, but altered the dimensions to 3/4 inch wide by 7/8 inch tall to accommodate the writing at the bottom. The background to the portrait consists of finely engraved engine turnings, the sheets, printed by Perkins Bacon, consisted of 240 stamps in 20 rows of 12 columns. One full sheet cost 240 pence or one pound, one row of 12 stamps cost a shilling, as the name suggests, the stamp was printed in black ink. A two penny stamp printed in blue and covering the double-letter rate was issued on 8 May 1840, although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in Bath sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and an example is known on cover dated 1 May 1840. All London post offices received official supplies of the new stamps but other offices throughout the United Kingdom did not, the Penny Black lasted less than a year. A red cancellation was hard to see on the black design, in February 1841, the Treasury switched to the Penny Red and began using black ink for cancellations instead, which was more effective and harder to remove
12.
Postage stamp
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Postage stamp may also refer to a formatting artifact in the display of film or video, Windowbox. A postage stamp is a piece of paper that is purchased and displayed on an item of mail as evidence of payment of postage. Typically, stamps are printed on special paper, show a national designation and a denomination on the front. They are sometimes a source of net profit to the issuing agency, stamps are usually rectangular, but triangles or other shapes are occasionally used. The stamp is affixed to an envelope or other postal cover the customer wishes to send, the item is then processed by the postal system, where a postmark, sometimes known as a cancellation mark, is usually applied in overlapping manner to stamp and cover. This procedure marks the stamp as used to prevent its reuse, in modern usage, postmarks generally indicate the date and point of origin of the mailing. The mailed item is delivered to the address the customer has applied to the envelope or parcel. Postage stamps have facilitated the delivery of mail since the 1840s, before then, ink and hand-stamps, usually made from wood or cork, were often used to frank the mail and confirm the payment of postage. The first adhesive postage stamp, commonly referred to as the Penny Black, was issued in the United Kingdom in 1840, there are varying accounts of the inventor or inventors of the stamp. The postage stamp resolved this issue in a simple and elegant manner, concurrently with the first stamps, the UK offered wrappers for mail. S. Postal service for priority or express mailing, the postage stamp afforded convenience for both the mailer and postal officials, more effectively recovered costs for the postal service, and ultimately resulted in a better, faster postal system. With the conveniences stamps offered, their use resulted in greatly increased mailings during the 19th and 20th centuries, as postage stamps with their engraved imagery began to appear on a widespread basis, historians and collectors began to take notice. The study of stamps and their use is referred to as philately. Stamp collecting can be both a hobby and a form of study and reference, as government-issued postage stamps. The postage for the item was prepaid by the use of a hand-stamp to frank the mailed item. Though this stamp was applied to a letter instead of a piece of paper it is considered by many historians as the worlds first postage stamp. Rowland Hill The Englishman Sir Rowland Hill began interest in postal reform in 1835, in 1836, a Member of Parliament, Robert Wallace, provided Hill with numerous books and documents, which Hill described as a half hundred weight of material. Hill commenced a study of these documents, leading him to the 1837 publication of a pamphlet entitled Post Office Reform its Importance
13.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
14.
Engraving
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Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it. Wood engraving is a form of printing and is not covered in this article. Engraving was an important method of producing images on paper in artistic printmaking, in mapmaking. Other terms often used for printed engravings are copper engraving, copper-plate engraving or line engraving, hand engraving is a term sometimes used for engraving objects other than printing plates, to inscribe or decorate jewellery, firearms, trophies, knives and other fine metal goods. Traditional engravings in printmaking are also engraved, using just the same techniques to make the lines in the plate. Each graver is different and has its own use, engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin, or graver, to cut the design into the surface, most traditionally a copper plate. Modern professional engravers can engrave with a resolution of up to 40 lines per mm in high grade work creating game scenes, dies used in mass production of molded parts are sometimes hand engraved to add special touches or certain information such as part numbers. In addition to engraving, there are engraving machines that require less human finesse and are not directly controlled by hand. They are usually used for lettering, using a pantographic system, there are versions for the insides of rings and also the outsides of larger pieces. Such machines are used for inscriptions on rings, lockets. Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types, the burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. The angle tint tool has a curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines incised into them, ring gravers are made with particular shapes that are used by jewelry engravers in order to cut inscriptions inside rings. Flat gravers are used for work on letters, as well as wriggle cuts on most musical instrument engraving work, remove background. Knife gravers are for line engraving and very deep cuts, round gravers, and flat gravers with a radius, are commonly used on silver to create bright cuts, as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. Square or V-point gravers are typically square or elongated diamond-shaped and used for cutting straight lines, V-point can be anywhere from 60 to 130 degrees, depending on purpose and effect. These gravers have very small cutting points, other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulets and burnishers are used for texturing effects. Burnishing tools can also be used for stone setting techniques
15.
Charles Heath
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Charles Theodosius Heath was an English engraver, currency and stamp printer, book publisher and illustrator. Heath was the son of James Heath, a successful engraver who enjoyed the patronage of King George III. He received his first training in the art from his father and it was from his father that he learnt how to produce small plates suitable for book illustration. Early in life he became a fellow of the Society of British Artists, an entrepreneur who first mass-produced steel engravings in Britain for the purpose of illustration, he was a driving force behind, and contributor to, the new genre of the literary annual. His business ventures were the first English publications to use the new method of steel etching printing patented by Jacob Perkins, Charles Heath established his own literary annual, The Keepsake, in 1827, and tried to persuade Sir Walter Scott to become its editor. His productions were successful, but he often had difficulty managing his finances. Heath owned a studio, and a great deal of the work signed Heath is not actually by him. He was related by marriage to Henry Corbould, with whom he also had a business relationship, Charles Heath, George Heath and Henry Corbould printed money and various stamps for multiple governments. Heaths published books are still being reprinted today, Heath married his cousin Elizabeth Petch. Two of Heaths sons, Frederick and Alfred, were engravers and one, Henry Charles Heath, was a painter who portrayed Queen Victoria. Among Heaths pupils were George Thomas Doo, William Henry Mote, Charles Heath believed that custom entitled engravers to make and keep a limited number of impressions of their work. When he was sued by the publisher, John Murray, in 1826, as a result of having made and kept such impressions, he relied on that supposed custom, but, in 1830, a jury denied its existence. Then, in 1831, the judges of the Court of Kings Bench held that his conduct had been unlawful at common law, the government disapproved when the same concept was applied to stamps, and punished the company Perkins Bacon by stopping their printing of the stamps briefly. Keppel Richard Craven & Charles Heath, a tour through the southern provinces of the Kingdom of Naples Auguste Pugin & Charles Heath. Paris and its environs, displayed in a series of two hundred picturesque views, from drawings, Volume 1, Volume 2. The Shakespeare gallery, containing the female characters in the plays of the great poet. The heroines of Shakespeare, comprising the female characters in the plays of the great poet
16.
Henry Corbould
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Henry Corbould was an English artist. The third son of Richard Corbould, he was born in London and he studied painting with his father, and was at an early age admitted as a student of the Royal Academy, under Fuseli, where he gained the silver medal for a study from the life. While at the Academy he made the friendship of Flaxman, Stothard, West, Chantrey, in 1808 he exhibited a painting of Coriolanus, in the following year The Parting of Hector and Andromache, and Thetis comforting Achilles, &c. Those of the Woburn Abbey Marbles, made for the Duke of Bedford, were engraved and this was also the case with those executed for the Earl of Egremont. The collection of Ancient Marbles in the British Museum, on which he was engaged for thirty years, was in course of publication at the time of his death. He was also employed in making drawings for the Dilettanti and Antiquarian Societies. He died at Robertsbridge, in 1844, of an attack of apoplexy, supposed to have been brought on by exposure to cold
17.
Cameo (carving)
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Cameo is a method of carving an object such as an engraved gem, item of jewellery or vessel made in this manner. It nearly always features a relief image, contrast with intaglio. Today the term may be used loosely for objects with no colour contrast. This derives from another generalized meaning that has developed, the cameo as an image of a head in a frame in any medium. In cheaper modern work, shell and glass are more common, glass cameo vessels, such as the famous Portland Vase, were also developed by the Romans. Modern cameos can be produced by setting a carved relief, such as a portrait and this is called an assembled cameo. Sometimes dyes are used to enhance these colours, sir Wallis Budge alleged that the noun Cameo apparently comes from Kameo, a word used in kabbalistic slang to signify a magical square, i. e. A kind of talisman whereupon magical spells was carved, stone cameos of great artistry were made in Greece dating back as far as the 3rd century BC. The Farnese Tazza is the oldest major Hellenistic piece surviving and they were very popular in Ancient Rome, especially in the family circle of Augustus. Roman Cameos became less common around in the leading up to 300AD although production continued at a much reduced rate right through the Middle Ages. The technique has since enjoyed periodic revivals, notably in the early Renaissance, the Neoclassical revival began in France with Napoleons support of the glyptic arts, and even his coronation crown was decorated with cameos. In 1852 Théophile Gautier titled a collection of his highly polished, during the Roman period the cameo technique was used on glass blanks, in imitation of objects being produced in agate or sardonyx. Cameo glass objects were produced in two periods, between around 25 BC and 50/60 AD, and in the later Empire around the mid-third and mid-fourth century. Roman glass cameos are rare objects, with only two hundred fragments and sixteen complete pieces known, only one of which dates from the later period. Blanks could be produced by fusing two separately cast sheets of glass, or by dipping the base glass into a crucible of molten overlay glass during blowing, the most famous example of a cameo from the early period is the Portland Vase. Although occasionally used in Roman cameos, the earliest prevalent use of shell for carving was during the Renaissance. Before that time, cameos were carved from hardstone, the Renaissance cameos are typically white on a grayish background and were carved from the shell of a mussel or cowry, the latter a tropical mollusk. In the mid 18th century, explorations revealed new shell varieties, helmet shells from the West Indies, and queen conch shells from the Bahamas and West Indies, arrived in Europe
18.
William Wyon
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William Wyon RA, was official chief engraver at the Royal Mint from 1828 until his death. Wyon was born in Birmingham and was apprenticed to his father, in 1816, he went to London. He studied the works of John Flaxman, attended the schools of the Royal Academy, and gained a medal from the Society of Arts for a copy of the head of Ceres. In 1816 he was appointed assistant engraver to the mint, in 1831 he was elected associate and in 1838 full member of the Royal Academy. Wyon is buried under a simple rectangular York stone slab at West Norwood Cemetery and he was the father of engraver Leonard Charles Wyon. Under the influence of Flaxman, a master of relief sculpture, in 1834 he modelled the head of Princess Victoria, who was 15 years of age at the time. The name of William Wyon is well known among coin and medal collectors because of his prodigious output and he also designed the Naval General Service Medal, of which 20,933 were issued. Notable among his work are the obverse designs for the prize, juror and other medals for The Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace in 1851. The primary die used for the issue was engraved by Wyon. His design also influenced the surface-printed stamps first printed in 1855, nicholas Carlisle, A memoir of the life and works of William Wyon, privately printed
19.
Mulready stationery
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Mulready stationery describes the postal stationery letter sheets and envelopes that were introduced as part of the British Post Office postal reforms of 1840. They went on sale on 1 May 1840, and were valid for use from 6 May, the Mulready illustration was printed such that it appeared on the face of the sheets when folded. The Mulready illustration was effectively a very elaborate frank indicating that postage had been pre-paid, in the same way that the first postage stamps were issued in two values both the letter sheets and envelopes were issued in sheets of twelve, called Formes. The one penny and two penny values were in the black and blue colours as the same value postage stamps. Rowland Hill expected the Mulready stationery to be more popular than the postage stamps, many caricatures were produced by stationers whose livelihood was threatened by the new letter sheet. As a result of the uproar the Mulreadys were replaced with a design which is commonly known as the Penny Pink. The Penny Pinks were issued on 10 February 1841, contrary to often published accounts, the Mulreadys were not withdrawn at that time. Supplies in post offices were eventually exhausted, large supplies remained in the hands of Stamp Distributors and Sub Distributors. In November 1842, the Inland Revenue decided that those stocks should be withdrawn, the withdrawal notice was sent gradually over a period of time so that the store keepers at Inland Revenue would not be overwhelmed with the volume of returned Mulreadys. The withdrawal period lasted several years, the returned Mulreadys were stored at a warehouse until it was decided to destroy them. The first attempt was to burn them, eventually a machine was designed and built to destroy them by punching out the center of the design. The destroyed Mulready remains were sold as waste paper to a paper maker, the Mulready stationery suffered an inglorious demise. The design was to write on the inside or to enclose a letter written on ordinary paper, the Mulready letter sheet was fundamentally akin to the present-day aerogram. Pre-gummed envelopes as we know today did not exist. The diamond-shaped sheet and the more complex short-arm cross-shaped sheet remain essentially the staple designs to this day. Great Britain, The Mulready Postal Stationery, British Pictorial Envelopes of The 19th Century. A Description of the Mulready Envelope and of Various Imitations and Caricatures of Its Design, with an account of other illustrated envelopes of 1840, the Mulready Postal Stationery Its Genesis, Production and Usage. Sutton Coldfield, GB Philatelic Publications Ltd on behalf of The Great Britain Philatelic Society, may Dates, A survey of Penny Blacks, Twopenny Blues, Mulreadys and caricatures used during May 1840
20.
Nelson's Column
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Nelsons Column is a monument in Trafalgar Square in central London built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson, who died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The monument was constructed between 1840 and 1843 to a design by William Railton at a cost of £47,000 and it is a column of the Corinthian order built from Dartmoor granite. The Craigleith sandstone statue of Nelson is by E. H, Baily, and the four bronze lions on the base, added in 1867, were designed by Sir Edwin Landseer. The pedestal is decorated with four relief panels, each 18 feet square. They depict the Battle of Cape St Vincent, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Copenhagen, the sculptors were Musgrave Watson, William F. Woodington, John Ternouth, and John Edward Carew, respectively. It was refurbished in 2006 at a cost of £420,000, at time it was surveyed. The whole monument is 169 ft 3 in tall from the bottom of the pedestal to the top of Nelsons hat, a competition was held for designs with an estimated budget of between £20,000 and £30,000. The deadline for submissions was 31 January 1839, flights of steps would lead up between the lions to the pedestal of the column. Several other entrants also submitted schemes for columns, the second prize was won by Edward Hodges Baily who suggested an obelisk surrounded by sculptures. Criticism of the organisation of the competition caused it to be re-run, Railton submitted a slightly revised design, and was once again declared the winner, with the stipulation that the statue of Nelson should be made by EH Baily. The original plan was for a column 203 feet high, including the base and statue, the base was to have been of granite and the shaft of Craigleith sandstone, but before construction began it was decided that the shaft should also be of granite. Excavations for the foundations had begun by July 1840. Construction of the monument, by the contractors Grissell and Peto, progressed slowly, and the stonework, ready for the installation of the statue, was not completed until November 1843. In 1844 the Nelson Memorial Committee ran out of money, having only raised £20,485 in public subscriptions, and the Government, in the form of the Office of Woods and Forests took over the project. Installation of the reliefs on the pedestal did not begin until late 1849. This was followed early the year by William F. Woodingtons relief of the Battle of the Nile on the opposite side. Carews relief was cast by Adams, Christie and Co. of Rotherhithe, the other three were cast by Moore, Fressange and Moore. The last to be made, The Battle of Cape St Vincent became the subject of legal action, the partners in the company were jailed for fraud and the relief was completed by Robinson and Cottam
21.
Trafalgar Square
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Trafalgar Square is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain. The site of Trafalgar Square had been a significant landmark since the 13th century, after George IV moved the mews to Buckingham Palace, the area was redeveloped by John Nash, but progress was slow after his death, and the square did not open until 1844. The 169-foot Nelsons Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues, a number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square, but the Fourth Plinth, left empty since 1840, has been host to contemporary art since 1999. The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations, including Bloody Sunday, the first Aldermaston March, anti-war protests, a Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas Day. The square is a centre of celebrations on New Years Eve. It was well known for its feral pigeons until their removal in the early 21st century, the square contains a large central area with roadways on three sides and a terrace to the north, in front of the National Gallery. The roads around the square part of the A4, a major road running west of the City of London. The square was surrounded by a one-way traffic system, but works completed in 2003 reduced the width of the roads. At the top of the column is a statue of Horatio Nelson who commanded the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, surrounding the square are the National Gallery on the north side and St Martin-in-the-Fields Church to the east. To the south west is The Mall leading towards Buckingham Palace via Admiralty Arch, while Whitehall is to the south, Charing Cross Road passes between the National Gallery and the church. London Undergrounds Charing Cross tube station on the Northern and Bakerloo lines has an exit in the square, other nearby tube stations are Embankment connecting the District, Circle, Northern and Bakerloo lines, and Leicester Square on the Northern and Piccadilly lines. London bus routes 3,6,9,11,12,13,15,23,24,29,53,87,88,91,139,159,176,453 pass through Trafalgar Square. Building work on the side of the square in the late 1950s revealed deposits from the last interglacial. Among the findings were the remains of cave lion, rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant, the site of Trafalgar Square has been a significant location since the 13th century. During Edward Is reign, the area was the site of the Kings Mews, running north from the original Charing Cross, from the reign of Richard II to that of Henry VII, the mews was at the western end of the Strand. The name Royal Mews comes from the practice of keeping hawks here for moulting, after a fire in 1534, the mews were rebuilt as stables, and remained here until George IV moved them to Buckingham Palace. After 1732, the Kings Mews were divided into the Great Mews and the smaller Green Mews to the north by the Crown Stables and its site is occupied by the National Gallery
22.
July Column
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The July Column is a monumental column in Paris commemorating the Revolution of 1830. It was built between 1835 and 1840, the circular basin in which its socle stands was realised during the Empire as part of the Elephant of the Bastille, a fountain with an elephant in its centre. Its low base has been retained to support the socle of the column, the Colonne de Juillet was constructed by Alavoines partner in the project, Joseph-Louis Duc. It was inaugurated 28 July 1840, jean-Pierre Montagny issued commemorative medals on the occasion. In the foundation, a columbarium was arranged to receive the remains of 615 victims of the July Revolution, a further 200 victims of the Revolution of 1848 were later interred in the space, the throne of Louis-Philippe was symbolically burned in the square, in July 1848. The roosters at the corners are also by Barye, the column is engraved in gold with the names of those who died during the July 1830 revolution. Over the Corinthian capital is a gallery 4.9 metres wide, surmounted with a globe, on which stands a colossal gilded figure. Perched on one foot in the manner of Giambolognas Mercury, the star-crowned nude brandishes the torch of civilisation, formerly, the figure also appeared on French ten-franc coins. Gustave Flaubert, in Sentimental Education, compares the statue to a golden star shining in the east. Images of the Column Génie de la Liberté Histoire en-ligne, Colonne de Juillet
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Jean-Antoine Alavoine
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Jean-Antoine Alavoine was a French architect best known for his column in the Place de la Bastille, Paris, the July Column to memorialize those fallen in the Revolution of 1830. This monument was intended for the same Place, to be constructed with a cast-bronze skin over a framework. The statue, in a pool, complete with a bronze mahout on its shoulders. The monument was erected, but in staff, a moderately weather-resistant plaster. Alavoines hothouse for the garden of M. situés, aux environs de Paris. Plate XLVII, as well as a bridge for M. Hypolitte, in the early stages of the Gothic Revival in France, he produced a design for the spire of Rouen Cathedral in 1823, based upon the spire of Salisbury Cathedral. 1812 Glaser, Stephanie The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism The Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion Alavoines 1813 watercolor design for the elephant monument, watercolor of the elephant project, Louvre, inv. no.23521 Bronze portrait medalion of J. -A
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Joseph-Louis Duc
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Joseph-Louis Duc was a French architect. Duc came to early, with his very well received work at the July Column in Paris, and spent much of the rest of his career on a single building complex. Born in Paris, Duc was educated at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Duc took the Prix de Rome in 1825 for a design of a proposed Paris City Hall. During his three-year stay at the Villa de Medici in Rome his associates there included Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, upon his return from Rome Ducs first significant commission was the decoration for the July Column, built from 1831 to 1840. Appointed as assistant to Jean-Antoine Alavoine, Duc took over the project on Alavoines death in 1834. The foundation of the column is Alavoines work, the column itself is acknowledged as solely Ducs work, with the appointment Duc simultaneously was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor. Duc would spend his remaining thirty-nine years renovating and extending the Palais de Justice, almost completed at the time of the Paris Commune, the complex was burned on May 24,1871 and partially destroyed. Ducs other commissions, though rare, include the 1862 chapel of the small college Louis-le-Grand, now the Lycée Michelet, in Vanves. Duc received the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1867, was elevated to Commander of the Legion of Honor and he is buried at Montmartre Cemetery
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Place de la Bastille
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No vestige of the prison remains. The square straddles 3 arrondissements of Paris, namely the 4th, 11th and 12th, the square and its surrounding areas are normally called simply Bastille. The July Column which commemorates the events of the July Revolution stands at the center of the square, other notable features include the Bastille Opera, the Bastille subway station and a section of the Canal Saint Martin. Prior to 1984, the former Bastille railway station stood where the house now stands. The square is home to concerts and similar events, the north-eastern area of Bastille is busy at night with its many cafés, bars, night clubs, and concert halls. As a consequence of its significance, the square is often the site or point of departure of political demonstrations. At that time it housed political prisoners, but also religious prisoners, seditious writers. The prisoners were held within the 5-7 story towers, each having a room around 4.6 m across and containing various articles of furniture. The governor of the prison was given an allowance per prisoner. In terms of standards, there were many worse prisons in France, including the dreaded Bicêtre, however, in terms of popular literary accounts, the Bastille was a place of horror and oppression, a symbol of autocratic cruelty. The confrontation between the commoners and the Ancien Régime ultimately led to the people of Paris storming the Bastille on July 14,1789, following several days of disturbances. At this point, the prison was empty, with only seven inmates, four counterfeiters. The regular garrison consisted of about 80 invalides under Governor Bernard-René de Launay and they had however been reinforced by a detachment of 32 grenadiers from one of the Swiss mercenary regiments summoned to Paris by the Monarchy shortly before 14 July. A crowd of around 600 people gathered outside around mid-morning, calling for the surrender of the prison, the removal of the guns, two people chosen to represent those gathered were invited into the fortress and slow negotiations began. In the early afternoon, the broke into the undefended outer courtyard. A spasmodic exchange of gunfire began, in mid-afternoon the crowd was reinforced by mutinous Gardes Françaises of the Royal Army, de Launay ordered a ceasefire, despite his surrender demands being refused, he capitulated and the victors swept in to liberate the fortress at around 5,30. On 16 June 1792, the occupied by the Bastille was turned into a square celebrating liberty. The first stone was laid by Palloy, however, construction never took place, in 1808, as part of several urban improvement projects for Paris, Napoléon planned to have a monument in the shape of an elephant built here, the Elephant of the Bastille
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Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
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Augustin-Alexandre Dumont
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Augustin-Alexandre Dumont, known as Auguste Dumont was a French sculptor. He was one of a line of famous sculptors, the great-grandson of Pierre Dumont, son of Jacques-Edme Dumont. In 1818, he started studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, in 1823, he was awarded the Prix de Rome for his sculptures, and went to study at the French Academy in Rome. In 1830, he returned to France, in 1853 he became a teacher at the École des Beaux-Arts. A disease kept him from working after 1875, histoire, doctrines, catalogue, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris,2003, p.146 Media related to Augustin-Alexandre Dumont at Wikimedia Commons
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Relief
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Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise, to create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the form from the field. There is also sunk relief, which was restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only used to discuss most work. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, works in the technique are described as in relief, and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is a relief. Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of settings. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with figures and very active poses, such as battles. Most ancient architectural reliefs were painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. Rock reliefs are carved into solid rock in the open air. This type is found in cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stele is a standing stone, many of these carry reliefs. The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are often combined in a single work. In particular, most later high reliefs contain sections in low relief, a low relief or bas-relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. Other versions distort depth much less and it is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required
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