1.
1835 in architecture
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The year 1835 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 2–December 1 - Competition for the design of a new Palace of Westminster in London, june 6 - Augustus Pugin is received into the Roman Catholic Church in a chapel in Salisbury, England, restored by himself. Late - The Sharpe, Paley and Austin architectural practice is established by Edmund Sharpe in Lancaster, robert Mills starts to construct the Old Patent Office Building, Washington, D. C. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc is commissioned by Prosper Merimée to restore Vézelay Abbey, royal Manchester Institution, England, by Charles Barry. Redesign of Buckingham Palace, London, by John Nash, New Hurley Reformed Church, New York. Warehouse at Ellesmere Port, England, by Thomas Telford, st Maries Grange, Salisbury, England, a house by Augustus Pugin for himself. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Charles Victor Famin
2.
1836 in architecture
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The year 1836 in architecture involved some significant events. January - Charles Barry wins the competition for the design of a new Palace of Westminster in London in Gothic Revival style, january 26 - Lansdowne Bridge in Lansdowne, New South Wales, Australia, designed by David Lennox, is opened. May 5 - St Ignatius Church, Preston, Lancashire, England, july 29 - The Arc de Triomphe in Paris, completed by Jean Chalgrin following the death of Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury, is inaugurated. October 4 - Rebuilt Christiania Theatre opens in Norway, fleetwood Customs House in England, designed by Decimus Burton, is completed. Mexican Hothouse in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, by Charles Rohault de Fleury, is completed, glynnwood Plantation is built in Glynn, near Pointe Coupee, Louisiana. Inverness Castle, Scotland, designed by William Burn, is built, august 4 - A. W. N. Pugin publishes his Contrasts, a treatise on the morality of Catholic Gothic architecture. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, François-Louis-Florimond Boulanger and Jean-Jacques Clerget, March 2 - E. R. Robson, English architect specialising in schools March 20 - James Cubitt, English architect specialising in nonconformist chapels June 7 - Henry A. Baker, Irish architect
3.
1837 in architecture
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The year 1837 in architecture involved some significant events. June 10 - Galerie des Batailles at the Palace of Versailles in France, july 13 - Christ Church, St Pancras, London, designed by James Pennethorne, is consecrated. July 20 - Euston railway station, the first main line station in London, is opened, great Stove or Conservatory at Chatsworth House in England, designed by Joseph Paxton, is begun, it is the largest glass building in the world at this time. Major reconstruction of Penrhyn Castle in North Wales by Thomas Hopper is largely completed, Rock Park, Rock Ferry, England, laid out by Jonathan Bennison. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jean-Baptiste Guenepin, January 11 - The Royal Institute of British Architects in London is granted its royal charter. January 20 - Death of English neo-classical architect Sir John Soane gives effect to the creation of his London house as Sir John Soanes Museum,28 May - George Ashlin, Irish architect 4 June - Jean-Louis Pascal, French architect 15 December - George B. Post, American architect January 20 - Sir John Soane, English architect
4.
1838 in architecture
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The year 1838 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April 8 - The British National Gallery first opens to the public in the building purpose-designed for it by William Wilkins in Trafalgar Square, palazzo Gavazzi, Milan, Italy, designed by Luigi Clerichetti. Rideau Hall, Ottawa, Canada, built by Scottish architect Thomas McKay, walton Hall, Cheshire, England, designed for Sir Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baronet, possibly by Edmund Sharpe. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Toussaint Uchard, january 23 - John James Clark, Australian architect April 13 - J. D
5.
1840 in architecture
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The year 1840 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 27 April - The foundation stone of the new Palace of Westminster in London is laid as its reconstruction to a design by Charles Barry following a fire in 1834 begins. 30 September - Foundation of Nelsons Column, designed by William Railton, laid in London, Trafalgar Square being laid out,11 May - Wingfield railway station in England, designed by Francis Thompson, is opened. 31 August - Bristol Temple Meads railway station in England, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, is opened, old Patent Office Building, Washington D. C. United States completed by Robert Mills, forglen House, Scotland, designed by John Smith, is completed at about this date. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Théodore Ballu
6.
1841 in architecture
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The year 1841 in architecture involved some significant events. April 13 — Original Semperoper in Dresden, designed by Gottfried Semper, september 2 — Leeds Parish Church reconsecrated after reconstruction. Pori Old Town Hall in Finland, designed by Carl Ludvig Engel, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Alexis Paccard
7.
1842 in architecture
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The year 1842 in architecture involved some significant events. March 28 - The Teatr Skarbkowski in Lviv, designed by Jan Salzmann and Ludwig Pichl, october 18 - The Walhalla memorial in Bavaria, designed by Leo von Klenze, is inaugurated. Treasury Building, designed by Robert Mills, central and east wings completed, Construction of Berry Hill, near Halifax, iglesia de la Matriz, Valparaíso, Chile, completed. Kawaiahaʻo Church, Honolulu, Hawaii, designed by Rev. Hiram Bingham, st Marys Church, Wreay, Cumberland, England, designed by Sara Losh, consecrated. Circular church of the Holy Sepulchre, Cambridge, England, restored by Anthony Salvin, andrew Jackson Downing - Cottage Residences Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Philippe-Auguste Titeux
8.
1843 in architecture
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The year 1843 in architecture involved some significant events. March 25 - The Thames Tunnel in London, constructed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Marc Isambard Brunel, nelsons Column in London, designed by William Railton, is completed. McGill Universitys original building, later known as the Arts Building, is completed in Montreal by architect John Ostell, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jacques-Martin Tétaz. July 6 - Robert S. Roeschlaub, German-born architect working in Colorado November 29 - Gertrude Jekyll, English garden designer January 13 - Peter Atkinson, English-born architect
9.
1844 in architecture
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The year 1844 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 12 - Abingdon Road railway station near Culham on the line to Oxford in England, august 21 - St Marys Church, Newcastle upon Tyne in England, designed by Augustus Pugin. August 27 - St Barnabas Church, Nottingham in England, designed by Augustus Pugin, october - The Grange, Ramsgate, designed for himself by Augustus Pugin. Autumn - The Scott Monument in Edinburgh, Scotland, designed by George Meikle Kemp, berkshire County Gaol, Reading, England, designed by George Gilbert Scott with William Bonython Moffatt. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Prosper Desbuisson, april 15 - Charles Bulfinch, first native-born American to practice architecture as a profession
10.
1846 in architecture
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The year 1846 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. December 23 - The Nizamat Imambara, in Murshidabad, India built by Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, January 16 - Shree Govindajee Temple in Imphal, Manipur, commissioned by Raja Nara Singh. March 7 - Grace Church, New York City, United States, designed by James Renwick, may 12 - Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral holds its first service. May 21 - Trinity Church in Wall Street, New York City, july 30 - Albert Dock in Liverpool, England, officially opened by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. August 4 - Dublin Kingsbridge railway station in Ireland, designed by Sancton Wood, august 31 - St Giles Catholic Church, Cheadle in England, designed by Augustus Pugin, is concsecrated. September 1 - Pasig River Light, the first lighthouse erected in the Philippines, is lit, september 22 - Lancaster Castle railway station in England, designed by William Tite. December 24 - Needham, Stowmarket and Thurston railway stations in Suffolk, England, macau Government House, built as a private home by Macanese architect Thomaz de Aquino. Notre-Dame de Bon-Port, Nantes, France, designed by Seheult, llandinam Bridge in Montgomeryshire, Wales, designed by Thomas Penson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Alfred-Nicolas Normand, september 4 - Daniel Burnham, American architect and urban designer January 22 - Louis Baltard, French architect and engraver
11.
1848 in architecture
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The year 1848 in architecture involved some significant events. April 8 - Newmarket railway station in Suffolk, England is opened, may 1 - Stamford railway station in Lincolnshire, England, designed by Sancton Wood, is opened. June 19 - Monkwearmouth railway station in north-east England, designed by Thomas Moore, is opened, october 9 - Stoke-on-Trent railway station in north Staffordshire, England, designed by H. A. Hunt, is opened. October 12 - Gobowen railway station in Shropshire, England, designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson, is opened, november 1 - Mortimer railway station in Berkshire, England, designed by I. K. Brunel, is opened. November 20 - St. Michaels Cathedral is completed, the Palm house at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, designed by architect Decimus Burton and iron-founder Richard Turner, is completed and opened. The Thorvaldsen Museum of sculpture in Copenhagen, designed by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll, is opened, the Sofiensaal in Vienna, converted into a ballroom by Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg, is inaugurated. Construction of Cisternoni of Livorno in Italy, designed by Pasquale Poccianti, joseph-Louis Lambot develops ferrocement, the forerunner of reinforced concrete. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Robert Cockerell, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Charles Garnier. William Frame, English architect working in Wales Luigi Manini, Italian architect and set designer working in Portugal Thomas Duff, Irish ecclesiastical architect
12.
1849 in architecture
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The year 1849 in architecture involved some significant events. March 1 - Ashby railway station, Leicestershire, England, probably designed by Robert Chaplin, may 1 - Stone railway station, Staffordshire, England, designed by H. A. Hunt, opened. September 2 - Gare de lEst railway station in Paris, designed by François Duquesnay, october 30 - London Coal Exchange opened. December 1 - Gothenburg City Hall, designed by Pehr Johan Ekman, church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street, central London, designed by Joseph John Scoles, completed. All Saints, Ennismore Gardens, south London, designed by Lewis Vulliamy, boston Custom House, designed by Ammi B. March - The Journal of Design and Manufactures is established by Henry Cole, may - The Seven Lamps of Architecture by John Ruskin is published. Royal Gold Medal - Luigi Canina, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Denis Lebouteux. American architect working in Baltimore John Pinch the younger, English architect working in Bath
13.
1850 in architecture
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The year 1850 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Britannia Bridge in north Wales, engineered by Robert Stephenson, is opened, newcastle railway station in the north-east of England, designed by John Dobson, is opened. Sainte-Geneviève Library in Paris, designed by Henri Labrouste, is completed, château de Boursault, France, designed by Jean-Jacques Arveuf-Fransquin. Vĩnh Tràng Temple, Mỹ Tho, Vietnam
14.
1851 in architecture
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The year 1851 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February 5 - Saint Thomas Episcopal Church and Rectory, Smithfield, Rhode Island, USA, may 1 The Crystal Palace, home of the Great Exhibition, erected in Hyde Park, London to the design of Joseph Paxton. Permanent Windsor Riverside railway station in England completed to the design of William Tite, may 31 - Madonna dellArchetto, Rome Italy. July 25 - Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore, India, october 1 - Alabama State Capitol, Montgomery, Alabama. Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, England, designed by Prince Albert in consultation with builder Thomas Cubitt, wat San Chao Chet, Bangkok, Thailand. St. Stephens Basilica in Budapest, Hungary, designed by Miklós Ybl, muhammad Amin Khan Madrasa in Khiva, Uzbekistan. Hurstpierpoint College in England, designed by Richard Cromwell Carpenter, gottfried Semper - The Four Elements of Architecture, part 1 Edmund Sharpe - The Seven Periods of English Architecture. Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Leverton Donaldson, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Gabriel-Auguste Ancelet
15.
1852 in architecture
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The year 1852 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February - Augustus Pugin suffers a breakdown and is admitted to an asylum, Kensington House, London. June - Augustus Pugin is transferred to the Royal Bethlem Hospital, date unknown - Thomas M. Penson restores a house at 22 Eastgate Street, Chester, England, in black-and-white Revival style. January 1 - Battle railway station, East Sussex, designed by William Tress, is opened, february 3 - The House of Commons of the United Kingdom in the Palace of Westminster, London designed by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin, is opened. May 15 - Teatro Comunale Alighieri in Ravenna, designed by Tommaso, october 14 - London Kings Cross railway station, designed by Lewis Cubitt, is opened. Helsinki Cathedral, Finland, designed by Carl Ludvig Engel, is completed, chapel of St Edmunds College, Ware, England, designed by Augustus Pugin in 1845, is completed. Rolle Mausoleum, Bicton, Devon, England, reconstructed by Augustus Pugin, is completed, siegestor in Munich, Bavaria, designed by Friedrich von Gärtner, is completed by Eduard Mezger. Åmodt bro suspension bridge, Oslo, Norway, philippi Covered Bridge, West Virginia, United States. Royal Gold Medal - Leo von Klenze, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - P. R. L. June 25 - Antoni Gaudí, Catalan Modernist architect July 4 - E. S
16.
1853 in architecture
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The year 1853 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 30 - Georges-Eugène Haussmann is selected as préfect of the Seine to begin the re-planning of Paris, fastnet Rock Lighthouse is completed at the most southerly point of Ireland. The New York Crystal Palace is constructed for the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City, the New York Cotton Exchange building is completed in New York City. Rhode Island Tool Company building is completed in Providence, Rhode Island, charlbury railway station in Oxfordshire, England, designed by I. K. Brunel, is opened. Royal Gold Medal - Robert Smirke, grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Arthur-Stanislas Diet
17.
1854 in architecture
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The year 1854 in architecture involved some significant events and new buildings. Pena National Palace in Sintra, Portugal, designed by Baron Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege, church of St. Walburge, Preston, Lancashire, England, designed by Joseph Hansom. St Georges Hall, Liverpool, England, completed by Charles Robert Cockerell to the design of Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, the Kościuszko Mound in Kraków, Poland, erected in commemoration of Tadeusz Kościuszko, a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and the United States. The Semper Gallery in Dresden, Germany, designed by Gottfried Semper, royal Gold Medal - Philip Hardwick Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer
18.
1855 in architecture
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The year 1855 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. October 15 - The second of the Prussia Columns is inaugurated, on the 60th birthday of their instigator, the Palais de lIndustrie for the Exposition Universelle in Paris, France, mainly designed by the architect Jean-Marie-Victor Viel and the engineer Alexis Barrault. Église Saint-Eugène-Sainte-Cécile in Paris, designed by Louis-Auguste Boileau, is completed, Church of St John the Evangelist, Preston, Lancashire, England, designed by E. H. Shellard, is completed. The Old Stone Church in the United States, designed by Charles Heard, Church of Saint Bartholomew, Brugherio in Italy, rebuilt to the design of Giacomo Moraglia, is completed. St Marys Cathedral, Killarney, Ireland, to the design of Augustus Pugin following his death, the Victoria Tower of the Palace of Westminster in London, England, as The Kings Tower, designed by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin. The original Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D. C. to the 1846 design of James Renwick, Jr. Fremantle Prison in Western Australia, royal Gold Medal - Jacques Ignace Hittorff. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Honoré Daumet
19.
1845 in art
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Events from the year 1845 in art. February 7 – At the British Museum in London, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase which takes months to repair and it has since been reconstructed three times. March – Honoré Daumier begins publishing the series of drawings Les Gens de justice in the satirical Paris magazine Le Charivari, heinrich Hoffmann anonymously publishes Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit 15 schön kolorierten Tafeln für Kinder von 3–6 Jahren in Germany. Brita Sofia Hesselius opens a studio in Karlstad, making her the first known Swedish female professional photographer
20.
1845 in music
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March 13 – Felix Mendelssohns Violin Concerto is premièred in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. April 21 – Albert Lortzings opera Undine debuts in Magdeburg, june 4 – William Frys opera Leonora debuts in Philadelphia. July – Pas de Quatre is premièred in London, bringing together four of the greatest ballerinas of the time, Lucile Grahn, Carlotta Grisi, Fanny Cerrito, and Marie Taglioni. July 19 – The National Anthem of Uruguay is first performed with music composed by Francisco José Debali with the collaboration of Fernando Quijano, october 19 – Richard Wagners opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Hoftheater. Composer Henry Hugo Pierson goes to live in Germany, the Hutchinson Family Singers tour England with Frederick Douglass. Robert Schumann – Piano Concerto in A minor Louis Moreau Gottschalk - Bamboula, A Fantasy for solo piano
21.
Clergy house
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A clergy house is the residence, or former residence, of one or more priests or ministers of religion. Clergy houses are owned and maintained by a church, as a benefit to its clergy. The practice exists in many denominations because of the tendency of clergy to be transferred from one church to another at relatively frequent intervals, catholic clergy houses in particular may be lived in by several priests from a parish. Clergy houses frequently serve as the office of the local parish as well as a residence, they are normally located next to, or at least close to. Partly because of the general conservationism of churches, many houses are of historic interest or even importance. In the United Kingdom the 14th-century Alfriston Clergy House was the first property to be acquired by the National Trust and it was purchased in a state of near ruin in 1896 for £10, the vicarage having moved elsewhere long before. In some countries where the houses were often rather grand they have now been sold off by the churches. In England the Old Vicarage or Old Rectory is very common in villages, as a home for the upper middle-classes. Others are now offices or used for various functions, there are a number of more specific terms whose use depends on the rank of the occupant, the denomination and the locality. Above the parish level, traditionally a bishops house was called a Bishops Palace, a dean lives in a deanery, other titles may have different names for their houses. A rectory is the residence, or former residence, of an ecclesiastical rector, in North American Anglicanism a far greater proportion of parish clergy were and are titled rectors than in Britain, so the rectory is more common there. The names used for homes of the parish clergy vary considerably, and generalization is difficult, In the Anglican Communion vicarage or parsonage. Roman Catholics use priory, clergy house, parochial house, chapel house, in the Philippines, the term convent is used, a direct calque of the Spanish convento. Manse is a Scottish term, used in Scottish Presbyterianism, and general in other parts of the British Isles by Non-conformist Churches such as the Methodists and this word is also commonly used by Baptists in the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries. Pastorium is the term in the Southern United States, especially among Baptists. Parish house is used by many denominations Clergy housing allowance
22.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
23.
Rampisham
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Rampisham is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated in the West Dorset administrative district approximately 11 miles northwest of the county town Dorchester. The village is sited on greensand in a surrounded by the chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. The parish includes the hamlet of Uphall northwest of the main village, Dorset County Councils 2013 mid-year estimate for the population of Rampisham parish is 110. The principal means of making a living is agricultural, mainly grain production, in the Domesday Book in 1086 Rampisham was recorded as Ramesham. It was in the hundred of Tollerford, had seventeen households, rampishams parish church, dedicated to St Michael and All Saints, has a medieval south tower which was built in phases in the early 14th and 15th centuries. The rest of the building was rebuilt in two bouts of Victorian restoration, first in 1845–7 and then in 1858–60. Augustus Pugin was involved in the first restoration, designing a new east window and he also built a school and rectory for the village, though both these are now private houses. The second restoration involved an extension to the tower and a rebuilding of the nave, a quarter of a mile northnortheast of the church is the base and part of the shaft of a 15th-century wayside cross. Rampisham village is sited on greensand at an altitude of 125 to 145 metres in a valley of the River Frome. It is surrounded by the hills of the Dorset Downs. Measured directly, the village is 8 miles northeast of Bridport,11 miles northwest of Dorchester and 8.5 miles south of Yeovil in Somerset, in November 1939 the BBC acquired 189 acres of land on Rampisham Down, a hill southwest of the village. It became the location of one of the transmitters of the BBC World Service in Europe until it was shut in 2011. There were 26 transmitter pylons on the down, mb21 - BBCWS Transmitter Site Image of Merlin - BBCWS Relay Station Signage - http, //tx. mb21. co. uk/gallery/rampisham/rampisham-mc-04. jpg
24.
Augustus Pugin
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Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin was an English architect, designer, artist, and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, Pugin designed many churches in England and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby and Peter Paul Pugin, Augustus was born at his parents house in Bloomsbury, London, England. As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish Presbyterian preacher Edward Irving, at his chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, Camden, London, Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended Christs Hospital. After leaving school he worked in his fathers office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to France, in 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet. Anne died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter and he had a further six children, including the architect Edward Welby Pugin, with his second wife, Louisa Button, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugins death. Their son was Peter Paul Pugin, following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to Salisbury, Wilshire, England with his wife, and in 1835 bought half an acre of land in Alderbury, circa one and a half miles outside the town. On this he built a Gothic Revival style house for his family, of it, Charles Locke Eastlake said he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home. In 1834, Pugin converted to the Roman Catholic Church and was received into it the following year, a number of reforms in the early 19th century relieved these restrictions, the most important of which was the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which specifically abolished the restrictions. After 1829 it became, at least theoretically, possible for Roman Catholics to have a successful career, however, his conversion also acquainted him with new patrons and employers. Shrewsbury commissioned him to build St, in 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages. Each plate in the book selected a type of urban building, each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity, Christianity versus Utilitarianism. Pugins biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote, The drawings were all calculatedly unfair, but the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous. In 1841 he published his illustrated The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture and he conceived of Christian architecture as synonymous with medieval, Gothic, or pointed, architecture. In the work he wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods. In 1841 he left Salisbury, having found it an inconvenient base for his architectural practice. He sold St. Maries Grange at a financial loss
25.
Coalpit Heath
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Coalpit Heath is a small village in the parish of Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire, England, south of Yate and east of Frampton Cotterell in South Gloucestershire. Due to the expansion of Coalpit Heath and the villages in the late 20th century. The village contains three Pubs, one post office, a 27-hole golf course and numerous local stores, the village also includes a parish church, and a local primary school. It was founded as a mining settlement. One pit was on Frog Lane at ST685815, other mines operated between Mays Hill and Nibley to the north and at Ram Hill and Henfield to the south. These were served by a line, closed some decades ago. In 1949 the coal ran out, and since then it has become a sought after place to live, with fields, the South Gloucestershire Mines Research Group has done a lot of research into the history of mining in the area. When the Kendleshire golf course was built, the remains of bell pits were found. Frampton Cotterell lies along the northwest border, but the rest of the village is surrounded by the rolling Cotswold countryside, stocked full of wildlife, st. Saviours Church lies within the village. It was designed by William Butterfield in 1844 and was his first Anglican Church, amenities used and supported by the village include Bitterwell Lake at Henfield and Coalpit Heath Cricket Club at Ram Hill. A number of sources, including Frank Barretts book Where Was Wonderland, a Travellers Guide to the Settings of Classic Childrens Books, cite Coalpit Heath as the setting for the Dick King Smith childrens book The Sheep-Pig, later adapted for film as Babe. The South Gloucestershire Mines Research Group have written two books on Coalpit Heath and the surrounding area, details of these can be found on their website. Currently available are, Frog Lane £12 ISBN 978-1-899889-33-4 and Kingswood Coal ISBN 978-0-9553464-2-2, st Saviours Church, Coalpit Heath The Manor C of E Primary School, Coalpit Heath The South Gloucestershire Mines Research Group Review of Frank Barretts Where Was Wonderland
26.
William Butterfield
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William Butterfield was a Gothic Revival architect and associated with the Oxford Movement. He is noted for his use of polychromy, william Butterfield was born in London in 1814. His parents were strict non-conformists who ran a shop in the Strand. He was one of nine children and was educated at a local school, at the age of 16, he was apprenticed to Thomas Arber, a builder in Pimlico, who later became bankrupt. He studied architecture under E. L. Blackburne, from 1838 to 1839, he was an assistant to Harvey Eginton, an architect in Worcester, where he became articled. He established his own practice at Lincolns Inn Fields in 1840. From 1842 Butterfield was involved with the Cambridge Camden Society, later The Ecclesiological Society and he contributed designs to the Societys journal, The Ecclesiologist. His involvement influenced his architectural style and he also drew religious inspiration from the Oxford Movement and as such, he was very high church despite his non-conformist upbringing. He was a Gothic revival architect, and as such he reinterpreted the original Gothic style in Victorian terms, many of his buildings were for religious use, although he also designed for colleges and schools. Butterfields church of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, was, in the view of Henry-Russell Hitchcock and it was designed in 1850, completed externally by 1853 and consecrated in 1859. Flanked by a house and school, it was intended as a model church by its sponsors. The church was built of red-brick, a long out of use in London, patterned with bands of black brick. The interior was more richly decorated, with marble and tile marquetry. In 1849, just before Butterfield designed the church, John Ruskin had published his Seven Lamps of Architecture, in which he had urged the study of Italian Gothic and the use of polychromy. Many contemporaries perceived All Saints as Italian in character, though in fact it combines fourteenth century English details, also in 1850 he designed, without polychromy, St Matthias in Stoke Newington, with a bold gable-roofed tower. At St Bartholomews, Yealmpton in the year, Butterfield used a considerable amount of marquetry work for the interior. At Oxford, Butterfield designed Keble College, in a radically divergent from the Universitys existing traditions of Gothic architecture. Intended for clerical students, it was built in 1868–70, on a fairly domestic scale
27.
Government House, Sydney
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Government House is located in Sydney alongside the Royal Botanic Gardens, overlooking Sydney Harbour, just south of the Sydney Opera House. The property was returned as the Governors residence in October 2011 and was managed by the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales from March 1996 to December 2013. In 1845 the British government agreed that a new Government House in Sydney had become a necessity, construction commenced in 1837 and was supervised by colonial architect Mortimer Lewis and Colonel Barney of the Royal Engineers. Stone, cedar, and marble for the construction were obtained from areas of New South Wales. A ball in honour of the birthday of Queen Victoria was held in the new building in 1843, the first resident, Governor George Gipps, did not move in until 1845. Government House, with its setting on Sydney Harbour, has an area of 5 hectares and is located south of the Sydney Opera House. It was designed in a romantic Gothic revival style—castellated, crenellated, turreted and is decorated with oil portraits, additions have included a front portico in 1873, an eastern verandah in 1879 and extensions to the ballroom and governors study in 1900–01. From 1845 until 1901, the served as the Governors residence, office. Between 1901 and 1914, the building was used to house the new role of Governor-General of Australia, created by the Federation of Australia. During this period, three Governors of New South Wales occupied Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill, namely Harry Rawson, Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford and Gerald Strickland, in 1913, the decision was taken to establish a residence for the Governor-General at Admiralty House, Kirribilli. From 1914 to 1996, the building served as the residence, office. On 16 January 1996 Carr announced that the next Governor, Gordon Samuels, on these changes, Carr said The Office of the Governor should be less associated with pomp and ceremony, less encumbered by anachronistic protocol, more in tune with the character of the people. The states longest-serving governor, Sir Roden Cutler, was reported as saying. For the life of me I cannot understand the logic of having a Governor who is part-time and it is such a degrading of the office and of the Governor. This move generated controversy, as the proclaimed cost savings of over $2 million never materialised. The Auditor-General found it cost $600,000 more to maintain the building without a resident Governor, on the day before Gordon Samuels swearing-in, a petition bearing 55,000 signatures was handed in, calling on the Premier to reconsider. Thats what it was built for, T some stage a rural or regional governor will be appointed and we will need to provide accommodation at Government House so it makes sense to provide appropriate living areas. From December 2013, management of Government House was returned to the Office of the Governor from the managers since 1996, the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales
28.
Trafalgar Square
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Trafalgar Square is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain. The site of Trafalgar Square had been a significant landmark since the 13th century, after George IV moved the mews to Buckingham Palace, the area was redeveloped by John Nash, but progress was slow after his death, and the square did not open until 1844. The 169-foot Nelsons Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues, a number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square, but the Fourth Plinth, left empty since 1840, has been host to contemporary art since 1999. The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations, including Bloody Sunday, the first Aldermaston March, anti-war protests, a Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas Day. The square is a centre of celebrations on New Years Eve. It was well known for its feral pigeons until their removal in the early 21st century, the square contains a large central area with roadways on three sides and a terrace to the north, in front of the National Gallery. The roads around the square part of the A4, a major road running west of the City of London. The square was surrounded by a one-way traffic system, but works completed in 2003 reduced the width of the roads. At the top of the column is a statue of Horatio Nelson who commanded the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, surrounding the square are the National Gallery on the north side and St Martin-in-the-Fields Church to the east. To the south west is The Mall leading towards Buckingham Palace via Admiralty Arch, while Whitehall is to the south, Charing Cross Road passes between the National Gallery and the church. London Undergrounds Charing Cross tube station on the Northern and Bakerloo lines has an exit in the square, other nearby tube stations are Embankment connecting the District, Circle, Northern and Bakerloo lines, and Leicester Square on the Northern and Piccadilly lines. London bus routes 3,6,9,11,12,13,15,23,24,29,53,87,88,91,139,159,176,453 pass through Trafalgar Square. Building work on the side of the square in the late 1950s revealed deposits from the last interglacial. Among the findings were the remains of cave lion, rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant, the site of Trafalgar Square has been a significant location since the 13th century. During Edward Is reign, the area was the site of the Kings Mews, running north from the original Charing Cross, from the reign of Richard II to that of Henry VII, the mews was at the western end of the Strand. The name Royal Mews comes from the practice of keeping hawks here for moulting, after a fire in 1534, the mews were rebuilt as stables, and remained here until George IV moved them to Buckingham Palace. After 1732, the Kings Mews were divided into the Great Mews and the smaller Green Mews to the north by the Crown Stables and its site is occupied by the National Gallery
29.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Charles Barry
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He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses. Born on 23 May 1795 in Bridge Street, Westminster, he was the son of Walter Edward Barry, a stationer. He was baptised at St Margarets, Westminster, into the Church of England and his father remarried shortly after Frances died and Barrys stepmother Sarah would bring him up. He was educated at schools in Homerton and then Aspley Guise, before being apprenticed to Middleton & Bailey, Lambeth architects and surveyors. Barry exhibited drawings at the Royal Academy annually from 1812 to 1815 and he visited France and, while in Paris, spent several days at the Musée du Louvre. In Rome he sketched antiquities, sculptures and paintings at the Vatican Museums and other galleries, before carrying on to Naples, Pompeii, Bari, while in Italy, Barry met Charles Lock Eastlake, an architect, William Kinnaird and Francis Johnson and Thomas Leverton Donaldson. From Constantinople he visited the Troad, Assos, Pergamon and back to Smyrna, on 18 June 1819, Barry parted from Baillie at Tripoli, Lebanon. Over this time, Barry created more than 500 sketches, Barry then travelled on to Cyprus, Rhodes, Halicarnassus, Ephesus and Smyrna from where he sailed on 16 August 1819 for Malta. Barry then sailed from Malta to Syracuse, Sicily, then Italy and his travels in Italy exposed him to Renaissance architecture and after arriving in Rome in January 1820, he met architect John Lewis Wolfe, who inspired Barry himself to become an architect. Their friendship continued until Barry died, the building that inspired Barrys admiration for Italian architecture was the Palazzo Farnese. Over the following months, he and Wolfe together studied the architecture of Vicenza, Venice, Verona and Florence, where the Palazzo Strozzi greatly impressed him. While in Rome he had met Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, through whom he met Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland and their London home, Holland House, was the centre of the Whig Party. Barry remained a supporter of the Liberal party, the successor to the Whig Party. Barry was invited to the gatherings at the house, and there met many of the prominent members of the group, Barry set up his home and office in Ely Place in 1821. In 1827 he moved to 27 Foley Place, then in 1842 he moved to 32 Great George Street and finally to The Elms, now 29 Clapham Common Northside, the Georgian house of five bays and three stories was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell as his own home. Probably thanks to his fiancées friendship with John Soane, Barry was recommended to the Church Building Commissioners and these were in the Gothic Revival architecture style, including two in Lancashire, St. Matthew, Campfield, Manchester, and All Saints Church, Whitefield. Barry designed three churches for the Commissioners in Islington, Holy Trinity, St. Johns and St. Pauls, all in the Gothic in style and built between 1826 and 1828. His final church for the Commissioners was the Gothic St Peters Church, Brighton, the Gothic Hurstpierpoint church, with its tower and spire, unlike his earlier churches was much closer to the Cambridge Camden Societys approach to church design
31.
John Nash (architect)
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John Nash was a British architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London under the patronage of the Prince Regent, and during his reign as George IV. Nash was also a pioneer in the use of the Picturesque in architecture and his best-known buildings are the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, and Buckingham Palace. Many of his buildings were built by the property developer James Burton, in return, Nash promoted the career of Burtons son, Decimus Burton, who assisted him with several of his designs and later became a famous architect in his own right. Nash was born during 1752 in Lambeth, south London, the son of a Welsh millwright also called John, from 1766 or 67, John Nash trained with the architect Sir Robert Taylor, the apprenticeship was completed in 1775 or 1776. On 28 April 1775, at the now demolished church of St Mary Newington, Nash married his first wife Jane Elizabeth Kerr, initially he seems to have pursued a career as a surveyor, builder and carpenter. This gave him an income of around £300 a year, the couple set up home at Royal Row Lambeth. He established his own practice in 1777 as well as being in partnership with a timber merchant. The couple had two children, both were baptised at St Mary-at-Lambeth, John on 9 June 1776 and Hugh on 28 April 1778. The claim that Jane had faked her pregnancies and then passed babies she had acquired off as her own was brought before the Consistory court of the Bishop of London. His wife was sent to Aberavon to lodge with Nashs cousin Ann Morgan, in an attempt at reconciliation Jane returned to London in June 1779, but she continued to act extravagantly so he sent her to another cousin, Thomas Edwards of Neath. She gave birth just after Christmas, and acknowledged Charles Charles as the father, in 1781 Nash instigated action against Jane for separation on grounds of adultery. The case was tried at Hereford in 1782, Charles who was guilty was unable to pay the damages of £76. The divorce was finally read 26 January 1787 and his career was initially unsuccessful and short-lived. After inheriting £1000 in 1778 from his uncle Thomas, he invested the money in building his first known independent works, 15–17 Bloomsbury Square, but the property failed to let and he was declared bankrupt on 30 September 1783. His debts were £5000, including £2000 he had been lent by Robert Adam, a blue plaque commemorating Nash was placed on 66 Great Russell Street by English Heritage in 2013. Nash left London in 1784 to live in Carmarthen, to where his mother had retired, in 1785 he and a local man Samuel Simon Saxon re-roofed the towns church for 600 Guineas. Nash and Saxon seem to have worked as building contractors and suppliers of building materials, Nashs London buildings had been standard Georgian terrace houses, and it was in Wales that he matured as an architect. He went on to design the prisons at Cardigan and Hereford and it was at Hereford that Nash met Richard Payne Knight, whose theories on the picturesque as applies to architecture and landscape would influence Nash
32.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
33.
Edward Blore
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Edward Blore was a 19th-century British landscape and architectural artist, architect and antiquary. He was born in Derby, the son of the antiquarian writer Thomas Blore, Blores background was in antiquarian draughtsmanship rather than architecture, in which he had no formal training. Charles Locke Eastlake, writing in 1872, believed that he had apprenticed to an engraver. In around 1822 Blore supplied the illustrations to Thomas Frognall Dibdins Aedes Althorpianæ, in 1823 he toured Northern England, making drawings for a work called the Monumental Remains of Noble and Eminent Persons. It was issued in parts with text by the Rev. Philip Bliss, Blore engraved many of the plates himself. In 1826, he was appointed surveyor to Westminster Abbey, the following year he was engaged to furnish plans for the chancel fittings of Peterborough Cathedral. Shortly afterwards he was employed to restore Lambeth Palace, then in a state of near ruin and his work there included the construction of a fire-proof room for the preservation of manuscripts and archives. Eastlake praised Blores careful detail in his work at Westminster Abbey, adding this was, in short and he had studied and drawn detail so long and zealously that its design came quite naturally to him, and in this respect he was incomparably superior to his contemporaries. Blore is most notable for his completion of John Nashs design of Buckingham Palace and he completed the palace in a style similar to but plainer than that intended by Nash. In 1847, Blore returned to the palace and designed the facade facing The Mall thus enclosing the central quadrangle. He also worked St James Palace in London, and a number of other designs in both England and Scotland, including restoring Salisbury Tower at Windsor Castle. Blore was a friend of Sir Walter Scott, having been introduced by Daniel Terry. This led to Prince Vorontsovs suggestion to design his extensive Vorontsovs Palace in Alupka, the Alupka palace was built between 1828 and 1846, in a mixture of styles ranging from Gothic Revival to Moorish Revival. The palaces guidebook describes the building as Blores tribute to Muslim architecture, the structure features two facades, contrasting the starkness of Scottish Baronial on its landward side with Arabian fantasy facing the sea. Such designs were unusual and display a more side to Blores work than can be seen from his work in London. Around 1840 he was responsible for alterations at Wythenshawe Hall. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1841, Blore died in London on 4 September 1879, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery, Highgate, London. The architects Philip Charles Hardwick and Frederick Marrable and Henry Clutton were his pupils, william Mason worked for him before going to Australia and New Zealand
34.
The Hub, Edinburgh
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The Hub, at the top of Edinburghs Royal Mile, is the home of the Edinburgh International Festival, and a central source of information on all the Edinburgh Festivals. Its gothic spire - the highest point in central Edinburgh - towers over the buildings below the castle. The building design was the result of a collaboration between Edinburgh architect J Gillespie Graham and the famous gothic revivalist Augustus Pugin and it was constructed between 1842 and 1845. The Parliament returned to the Hub for two following the collapse of a beam in its debating chamber on 2 March 2006. What is now The Hub was built for the Church of Scotland both as a church and as a purpose-built General Assembly Hall. It was originally known as the Victoria Hall, the congregation had been notable for its services in Gaelic as well as English. The building was virtually unused until becoming The Hub. Old Town, Edinburgh The Hubs home page A J Youngson on The Hub
35.
James Gillespie Graham
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James Gillespie Graham was a Scottish architect, prominent in the early 19th century. He was born in Dunblane on 11 June 1776, the son of Malcolm Gillespie, however, he also worked successfully in the neoclassical style as exemplified in his design of Blythswood House near Glasgow. Graham designed principally country houses and churches and he is also well known for his interior design, his most noted work in this respect being that at Taymouth Castle and Hopetoun House. Some of his principal churches include St Andrews Cathedral in Glasgow, and St Marys Roman Catholic Cathedral and his houses include Cambusnethan House in Lanarkshire. He was also responsible for laying out the Drumsheugh area of Edinburghs New Town, according to the writer Frank Arneil Walker he may have been responsible for the remodelling of Johnstone Castle, Renfrewshire. In the 1830s he is recorded as living at 34 Albany Street in the eastern New Town in Edinburgh and he died in Edinburgh on 11 March 1855 after a four-year illness. He is buried in the sealed south-west section of Greyfriars Kirkyard generally called the Covenanters Prison together with his wife, in 1815 he married Margaret Ann Graham, daughter of a wealthy landowner, William Graham of Orchill in Perthshire. On 1825, on the death of his wifes father, they inherited his country estate. James had two daughters by Margaret who died in 1826, soon after the inheritance, James secondly married Elizabeth Campbell, daughter of Major John Campbell of the 76th Regiment of Foot. James Gillespie Graham retrieved 8 October 2007
36.
Church of Scotland
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The Church of Scotland, known informally by its Scots language name, the Kirk, is the national church of Scotland. Protestant and Presbyterian, its decision to respect liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith. Means it is tolerant of a variety of theological positions, including those who would term themselves conservative and liberal in their doctrine, ethics. The Church of Scotland traces its roots back to the beginnings of Christianity in Scotland, while the Church of Scotland traces its roots back to the earliest Christians in Scotland, its identity was principally shaped by the Scottish Reformation of 1560. At that point, many in the church in Scotland broke with Rome, in a process of Protestant reform led, among others. It reformed its doctrines and government, drawing on the principles of John Calvin which Knox had been exposed to living in Geneva. The 1560 Reformation Settlement was not ratified by the crown, as the monarch, Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic, refused to do so, and the question of church government also remained unresolved. In 1572 the acts of 1560 were finally approved by the young King James VI, the son of Queen Mary, melville and his supporters enjoyed some temporary successes—most notably in the Golden Act of 1592, which gave parliamentary approval to Presbyterian courts. By the time he died in 1625, the Church of Scotland had a panel of bishops and archbishops. General Assemblies met only at times and places approved by the Crown, Charles I inherited a settlement in Scotland based on a balanced compromise between Calvinist doctrine and episcopal practice. Lacking the political judgement of his father, he began to upset this by moving into dangerous areas. Disapproving of the plainness of the Scottish service he, together with his Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, the centrepiece of this new strategy was the Prayer Book of 1637, a slightly modified version of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Although this was devised by a panel of Scottish bishops, Charles insistence that it be drawn up in secret, when the Prayer Book was finally introduced at St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh in mid-1637 it caused an outbreak of rioting, which spread across Scotland. In November 1638, the General Assembly in Glasgow, the first to meet for twenty years, not only declared the Prayer Book unlawful, the Church of Scotland was then established on a Presbyterian basis. Charles attempt at resistance to these developments led to the outbreak of the Bishops Wars, in the ensuing civil wars, the Scots Covenanters at one point made common cause with the English parliamentarians—resulting in the Westminster Confession of Faith being agreed by both. This document remains the standard of the Church of Scotland. Episcopacy was reintroduced to Scotland after the Restoration, the cause of discontent, especially in the south-west of the country. To reduce their influence the Scots Parliament guaranteed Presbyterian governance of the Church by law, controversy still surrounded the relationship between the Church of Scotlands independence and the civil law of Scotland
37.
Wilton, Wiltshire
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Wilton is a town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, with a rich heritage dating back to the Anglo-Saxons. Carpets have been manufactured at Wilton since the 18th century, today it is overshadowed by its larger neighbour, Salisbury, but still has a range of notable shops and attractions, including Wilton House. The confluence of the rivers Wylye and Nadder is at Wilton, the history of Wilton dates back to the Anglo-Saxons in the 8th century AD, and by the late 9th century it was the capital of Wiltunscire, a shire of the Kingdom of Wessex. It remained the centre of Wiltshire until the 11th century. Wilton was of significant importance to the church, with the founding of Wilton Abbey in AD771, in AD871 Alfred the Great fought and lost an important battle there against the Danish armies, leaving him in retreat for several years. Despite further attacks, Wilton remained a town, as recorded in the Domesday book. Carpet weaving prospered until 1815, when following the Napoleonic Wars introduced European competition. Machinery to produce Axminster carpets was installed in 1835, the Wilton Royal Carpet Factory was founded at the turn of the century, with the help of the then Lord Pembroke, to rescue the previous carpet factory that had fallen into financial difficulty. The carpet factory continued to operate until 1995, when it closed temporarily after a takeover, the factory re-opened, although it was unable to retain the Wilton Royal prefix. An outbreak of smallpox in 1737 killed 132 people, local folklore claims that the outbreak was believed to be associated with the witchcraft of the four Handsel sisters, who were summarily murdered and buried in Grovely Wood. The arrival of the led to increased prosperity. The railway stations closed in 1955 and 1966 respectively, the nearest station is now at Salisbury, the headquarters of Land Forces was at Erskine Barracks, northeast of Wilton, from 1949 to 2010. After the headquarters moved to Marlborough Lines near Andover the site was sold for housing, the boundaries of the modern civil parish originate with the Borough of Wilton defined in 1885. The parish includes the villages of Bulbridge and Ditchampton, in 1894 Wilton absorbed the western part of the neighbouring parish of Fugglestone St Peter, the rest going into a new parish of Bemerton. The parish elects a town council and it is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions. Wilton is in the Wilton and Lower Wylye electoral ward and this ward stretches north from Wilton to South Newton. The total ward population taken at the 2011 census was 4,806, for a small town, the church is enormous, representing the wealth of its benefactors. The most notable feature of the church is the 105 feet campanile
38.
Thomas Henry Wyatt
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Thomas Henry Wyatt was an Anglo-Irish architect. He had a prolific and distinguished career, being elected President of the Royal Institute of British Architects 1870–73, Wyatt was born at Lough-Glin House, County Roscommon. His father was Matthew Wyatt a barrister and police magistrate for Roscommon, Wyatt is presumed to have moved to Lambeth with his father in 1825 and then initially embarked on a career as a merchant sailing to the Mediterranean, particularly Malta. He married his first cousin Arabella Montagu Wyatt and she was the second daughter of his uncle Arthur who was agent to the Duke of Beaufort. This consolidated his practice in Wales and he lived at and practised from 77 Great Russell Street. He died there on 5 August 1880 leaving an estate of £30,000 and he is buried at St Lawrences Church, Weston Patrick. The Wyatts had been a significant architectural dynasty across the eighteenth and nineteenth century, Wyatts early training was in the office of Philip Hardwick where he worked until 1832, and was involved in work on Goldsmiths Hall, Euston Station and the warehouses at St Katharine Docks. He began practice on his own account in 1832 when he was appointed District Surveyor for Hackney, by 1838 he had acquired substantial patronage from the Duke of Beaufort, the Earl of Denbigh and Sidney Herbert and David Brandon joined him as partner. Wyatts son Matthew became his fathers partner in 1860, large mansion in the Elizabethan style, built on a dissolution site. Once again an abbey, in possession of the Sisters of St. Joseph, the Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Monmouth was renovated by Wyatt
39.
Prague
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Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
40.
Cambridge railway station
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Cambridge railway station serves the city of Cambridge in eastern England. It stands at the end of Station Road, off Hills Road,1 mile south-east of the city centre and it is the busiest railway station in the East of England, used by almost 11 million passengers in 2015/16. These routes are electrified at 25 kV AC overhead, except for the Ipswich to Ely and Cambridge to Norwich lines, the station has the third-longest platform in England on the national rail network. The following year, an act was passed, extending the rights to build a railway through to Cambridge itself. In 1844, the Northern and Eastern Railway was leased by the Eastern Counties Railway, the 1844 act also covered an extension of the line north of Cambridge to Brandon in Suffolk forming an end on connection to the line through to Norwich. Robert Stephenson was appointed engineer and on 29 July 1845, the station opened with services operating from Bishopsgate station in London via Stratford, in the years following the opening of the main line from Cambridge through to Norwich in 1845, other railways were built to Cambridge. Initially, some of these planned to have separate stations but opposition from the university saw them all using the same station. The first line to arrive was the St Ives to Huntingdon line which opened in 1847 and was built by the East Anglian Railway. The following year, the Eastern Counties Railway opened a line between St Ives and March which saw passenger services although the coal traffic was then diverted onto this route. In 1851, a line from Newmarket to Cambridge was opened which partly used the alignment of the Newmarket. In 1854, the Newmarket line was extended eastwards to meet the Eastern Union Railway line at Bury St Edmunds, a parliamentary act in 1848 was granted to the Royston and Hitchin Railway to extend their line from Royston. Although Cambridge was its goal, Parliament sanctioned only an extension as far as Shepreth, the line was completed in 1851 and initially the GNR, who had leased the Royston and Hitchin Railway in the interim, ran a connecting horse-drawn omnibus service. In 1862, the Bedford and Cambridge Railway opened, originally a local undertaking, it was soon acquired by the London & North Western Railway and saw services between Oxford and Cambridge introduced. Thus Cambridge became a GER station in 1862, the University of Cambridge helped block later 19th-century attempts to create a central station. The GER opened the line from Marks Tey via Sudbury. The Midland Railway built a line from Kettering to Huntingdon which opened in 1866, in 1866 the Great Northern Railway again applied to run services from Kings Cross as the lease on the line to Hitchin was ending. Initially the GER opposed this but eventually agreement was reached and from 1 April 1866 services started operating between Cambridge and Kings Cross from a platform at Cambridge station. In 1882 the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway was opened, as well as becoming the major route for coal traffic from the north east to East Anglia it saw the introduction of direct services between London, Cambridge and York
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Oundle railway station
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Oundle railway station is a former railway station in Oundle, Northamptonshire on the former Northampton and Peterborough Railway line which connected Peterborough and Northampton. In 1846 the line, along with the London and Birmingham, became part of the London, at grouping in 1923 it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. The stations on line were probably the most extravagant of any. They were designed by John William Livock and constructed in the Jacobean style from local stone, originally the line was single and the Station house was of two stories with three gable ends facing on to the platform. The line was doubled in 1846 and a second platform contained simply a waiting room, in common with stations built on this line at this time the sidings on either side were accessed by wagon turntables connected by a line across the running lines at right angles to them. The platforms were offset and this ran between them, with a large goods shed adjacent to the main building. Since the station lay outside the town an omnibus or post horse could be hired from the Talbot Hotel, at grouping in 1923 it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. Oundle was also the location of a boarding school and special trains ran even after regular timetabled services finished in 1964. British Railways finally closed the line in November 1972, the section from Yarwell Junction to Wansford was taken over by the Nene Valley Railway but unfortunately Oundle was not included and the rails were lifted in the 1970s
