1.
1838 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1838. January 28 – The second night of Henrik Wergelands satirical musical play Campbellerne in Christiania provokes a riot, march – The Monthly Chronicle, a national journal of politics, literature, science, and art, begins publication by Longman in London. October 19 – Poet Alfred de Musset is appointed librarian of the Ministry of the Interior in France, november 3 – The Times of India is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce by Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar in Bombay. Anna Maria Bunns Gothic fiction The Guardian, a tale is published in Sydney and it is the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first by a woman. George Palmer Putnam and John Wiley form the publishing and retail firm of Wiley & Putnam in New York City. It is the forerunner of G. P. Putnams Sons, lady Charlotte Guest begins publication of her translation into English of the Welsh traditional tales known as the Mabinogion. Diane Glancys novel Pushing the Bear opens on the Trail of Tears during this year, jason Goodwins detective novel The Snake Stone is set in Constantinople during this year
2.
1841 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1841. January – Poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning is given her golden cocker spaniel Flush by writer Mary Russell Mitford, april 10 – Horace Greeley begins publication of the New-York Tribune. April 20 – Edgar Allan Poes short story The Murders in the Rue Morgue is published in Grahams Magazine, the story will be recognized as the first significant work of detective fiction. July 17 – Punch magazine is founded in London by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells, edited by Mayhew, London publisher Edward Moxon is convicted of blasphemous libel for issuing an edition of Shelleys poem Queen Mab with its atheistic passages restored. Anthony Panizzi and his staff at the British Museum Library in London devise the Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules, London Library founded in Pall Mall, London on the initiative of Thomas Carlyle. Khachatur Abovian – Wounds of Armenia W. Harrison Ainsworth – Old St. K
3.
1847 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1847. January – Vanity Fair, A Novel without a Hero begins serial publication in Punch magazine, with the author, William Makepeace Thackeray, march–April – Ivan Goncharovs debut novel A Common Story is published in Sovremennik. April – Robert Browning settles with his wife and fellow poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning in Florence, hans Christian Andersen begins his first visit to Britain during which he meets Charles Dickens. June 10 – Fictional date at the end of Anne Brontës The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, july – London publisher Thomas Cautley Newby accepts for publication Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontës Agnes Grey. August 7–24 – Charlotte Brontë completes the manuscript of Jane Eyre at Haworth, september 16 – William Shakespeares birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon in England is bought by the United Shakespeare Company for preservation. October 19 – Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre is published in London by Smith, november – Dmitry Grigorovichs anti-serfdom novel Anton Goremyka is published in Sovremennik with its politically sensitive last scene rewritten by a censor. November 1 – John Maddison Mortons one-act farce Box and Cox opens at the Lyceum Theatre, London with John Pritt Harley and John Baldwin Buckstone in the title rôles. December 14 – Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontës Agnes Grey are published in a 3-volume set under the pen names of Ellis, Wuthering Heights will be Emilys only published novel as she dies aged 30 a year later. London publisher E. Churton brings out the first six of George Sands books to be issued in English, the translations being by Matilda Hays, Eliza Ashurst and Rev. Edmund Larken
4.
1849 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1849. March–November – La Tribune des Peuples, a romantic nationalist periodical, is published by Adam Mickiewicz. April 22 – Fyodor Dostoyevsky and fellow members of the literary Petrashevsky Circle are arrested for their progressive views. Sentenced to death on November 16 and facing a firing squad on December 23 he and some others are reprieved at the last moment, may 1 – Charles Dickenss Bildungsroman David Copperfield begins serial publication. May 10 – The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors, the American Edwin Forrest and the Englishman William Macready, may 28 – Anne Brontë dies of tuberculosis at Scarborough, aged 29. September 20 – Honoré de Balzac travels to Poland to meet Eveline Hanska, october 3 – Edgar Allan Poe is found on the streets of Baltimore delirious, in great distress, and. in need of immediate assistance. October–December – Thomas De Quinceys essay The English Mail-Coach appears in issues of Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine, November – The English scholarly correspondence magazine Notes and Queries is first published. November 14 – A public festival is held in Denmark to celebrate the 70th birthday of Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, J. A. Leipzig publisher B. G. Teubner begins publishing the Bibliotheca Teubneriana series of editions of the Classics. Whos Who is published for the first time in the United Kingdom, philip Massingers play Believe as You List receives its first publication,218 years after its theatrical première
5.
1852 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1852. February 2 – Alexandre Dumas, filss stage adaptation of his 1848 novel La Dame aux caméllias is premièred at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris. February 24 – Nikolai Gogol burns some of his manuscripts, including most of the part of Dead Souls. He takes to his bed and dies a few days later, march – Serialization of Charles Dickens novel Bleak House begins, the September installment introduces the first detective in an English novel. The first dramatic adaptations appear on the New York stage from Autumn, april – Samuel Orchart Beeton launches The Englishwomans Domestic Magazine, the first British magazine aimed at a middle-class female readership. April 16 – Ivan Turgenev is imprisoned and exiled to his estate over an obituary praising Gogol. April 24 – Wilkie Collins first contribution to Household Words, The travellers story of a strange bed, is an early example of crime fiction involving the police. August 5 – Exiled French novelist Victor Hugo moves to Saint Helier on Jersey in the Channel Islands, September 2 – The public library in Campfield, Manchester, England, is the first to offer free lending under the U. K. Public Libraries Act 1850, Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Charles Dickens are present at the opening ceremony, november – Leo Tolstoys debut novel, Childhood, is published under the initials L. N. in this months issue of the Saint Petersburg literary journal Sovremennik. Pierre Larousse founds his publishing house in Paris, hanah Mullens Karuna O Phulmonir Bibaran is the first Bengali novel. M. Reynolds – Mary Price Caroline Rush – The North and the South, or, Slavery and Its Contrasts William L
6.
1854 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1854. April 1–August 12 – Charles Dickenss novel Hard Times is serialised in his magazine Household Words, from September 2, it is followed in the magazine by Elizabeth Gaskells North and South, another social novel based in the Lancashire manufacturing district. July – Publication begins of Anthony Trollopes novel Barchester Towers, november – Crimean War, Future novelist Leo Tolstoy arrives to take part as a defending soldier in the Siege of Sevastopol. Off-duty he is reading Thackerays novels in French translation, john Rollin Ridges The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, The Celebrated California Bandit is the first novel by a Native American in the United States, although concerning a Mexican immigrant. The Polyglotta Africana, a classification of African languages based on field work under freed slaves in Freetown. 1, Dogme Theodor Mommsen – History of Rome, vol, morrow, American writer, noted for his stories of horror and suspense
7.
1846 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. May 22 – The Brontë sisters first published work, the collection Poems by Currer, Ellis and it sells just two copies in the first year. September 12 – Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning marry privately in St Marylebone Parish Church, London, departing for the continent a week later
8.
1846 in architecture
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The year 1846 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. December 23 - The Nizamat Imambara, in Murshidabad, India built by Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, January 16 - Shree Govindajee Temple in Imphal, Manipur, commissioned by Raja Nara Singh. March 7 - Grace Church, New York City, United States, designed by James Renwick, may 12 - Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral holds its first service. May 21 - Trinity Church in Wall Street, New York City, july 30 - Albert Dock in Liverpool, England, officially opened by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. August 4 - Dublin Kingsbridge railway station in Ireland, designed by Sancton Wood, august 31 - St Giles Catholic Church, Cheadle in England, designed by Augustus Pugin, is concsecrated. September 1 - Pasig River Light, the first lighthouse erected in the Philippines, is lit, september 22 - Lancaster Castle railway station in England, designed by William Tite. December 24 - Needham, Stowmarket and Thurston railway stations in Suffolk, England, macau Government House, built as a private home by Macanese architect Thomaz de Aquino. Notre-Dame de Bon-Port, Nantes, France, designed by Seheult, llandinam Bridge in Montgomeryshire, Wales, designed by Thomas Penson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Alfred-Nicolas Normand, september 4 - Daniel Burnham, American architect and urban designer January 22 - Louis Baltard, French architect and engraver
9.
1846 in science
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The year 1846 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. February 20 – Francesco de Vico discovers comet 122P/de Vico, june 1 – Urbain Le Verrier predicts the existence and location of Neptune from irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. August 8 – Neptune observed but not recognised by James Challis, august 31 – Urbain Le Verrier publishes full details of the predicted orbit and the mass of the new planet. September 23 – Johann Galle discovers Neptune, october 10 – William Lassell discovers Triton, Neptunes largest moon. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, established in Australia, abraham Pineo Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale. December 21 – British surgeon Robert Liston carries out the first operation under anesthesia in Europe, dr J. Collis Browne formulates his laudanum-based pain-relieving Chlorodyne compound while serving in the British Indian Army. January 13 – Opening of the Milan–Venice railways 3.2 km bridge over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice in Italy, the worlds longest since 1151, june 28 – Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone. September 10 – Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a machine using a lockstitch design. Scottish-born engineer Robert William Thomson is granted his first patent for a pneumatic tyre, William Armstrongs first hydraulic crane is erected at Newcastle upon Tyne in England. Squire Whipple introduces the trapezoidal Whipple truss for bridges in the United States, copley Medal, Urbain Le Verrier Wollaston Medal, William Lonsdale September 16 – Anna Kingsford, English physician, anti-vivisectionist and vegetarian. December 12 – Eugen Baumann, German chemist, january 30 – Joseph Carpue English surgeon. March 17 – Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician, october 2 – Benjamin Waterhouse, American physician. John Bostock, English physician and geologist
10.
Edgar Allan Poe
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Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and he is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the countrys earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a difficult life. Poe was born in Boston, the child of two actors. His father abandoned the family in 1810, and his mother died the following year, thus orphaned, the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but Poe was with them well into young adulthood, tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts, including those incurred by gambling, and the cost of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money, Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name. It was at time that his publishing career began, albeit humbly, with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems. With the death of Frances Allan in 1829, Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement, however, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declaring a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan. Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the several years working for literary journals and periodicals. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, in Richmond in 1836, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem The Raven to instant success and his wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication. For years, he had been planning to produce his own journal The Penn, Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, a number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre. He was born Edgar Poe in Boston on January 19,1809 and he had an elder brother William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister Rosalie Poe. Their grandfather David Poe Sr. had emigrated from Cavan, Ireland to America around the year 1750, Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeares King Lear, a play that the couple were performing in 1809
11.
Broadway Journal
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The Broadway Journal was a short-lived New York City-based newspaper founded by Charles Frederick Briggs and John Bisco in 1844 and was published from January 1845 to January 1846. In its first year, the publication was bought by Edgar Allan Poe, becoming the only periodical he ever owned, though it failed after only a few months under his leadership. Briggs, previously known as a satire novelist under the pseudonym Harry Franco, wrote a letter to James Russell Lowell on December 7,1844, announcing his intentions to start a journal. The name will be, for the sake of individuality and a-part-from-other-peopleness, upon its founding as the Broadway Journal, Briggs handled the editorial duties and solicited for contributors while his business partner John Bisco handled the publishing and financial concerns. On February 21,1845, Edgar Allan Poe signed a contract to become an editor of the publication. He also agreed to write at least one page worth of material per week. He received one-third of the profits as well, soon, however, Poes caustic reputation as a critic began to bother Briggs and he intended to get rid of both Poe and Bisco. He was, however, unsuccessful in finding new financial backers when Bisco raised his price, Poe, for a time, considered selling his own portion of the journal to Evert Augustus Duyckinck or Cornelius Mathews. Briggs tried to buy out Bisco, who asked for money than Briggs was willing to pay. By June, however, Briggs resigned due to difficulties and, in October. Poe, then, had full control and ownership of the Broadway Journal. Poe published new versions of many of his works, including The Masque of the Red Death, The Oval Portrait and he also continued his role as a literary critic, including accusations of plagiarism against Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He also used the Broadway Journal for a public flirtation with Frances Sargent Osgood. Poe was unable to keep the publication financially successful, though he had hoped to turn it around, a loan of $50 from Rufus Wilmot Griswold in October 1845 helped sustain it for a short time. In a November 15,1845, letter to friend and poet Thomas Holley Chivers he vowed, -Edgar A. Poe After taking over full control of the Journal, Poe had asked for the support of friends. Because of this, it had an audience and was less financially successful. It emphasized literary reviews but also featured criticism of Art, theater, and music as well as poetry and articles on politics
12.
The Philosophy of Composition
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The Philosophy of Composition is an 1846 essay written by American writer Edgar Allan Poe that elucidates a theory about how good writers write when they write well. He concludes that length, unity of effect and a method are important considerations for good writing. He also makes the assertion that the death, of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world. Poe uses the composition of his own poem The Raven as an example, the essay first appeared in the April 1846 issue of Grahams Magazine. It is uncertain if it is a portrayal of Poes own method. Generally, the essay introduces three of Poes theories regarding literature, Poes explanation of the process of writing is so rigidly logical, however, that some have suggested the essay was meant as a satire or hoax. The three central elements of Poes philosophy of composition are, Poe believed that all works should be short. There is, he writes, a distinct limit, to all works of literary art - the limit of a single sitting. He especially emphasized this rule with regards to poetry, but also noted that the story is superior to the novel for this reason. Poe dismissed the notion of artistic intuition and argued that writing is methodical and analytical and he writes that no other author has yet admitted this because most writers would positively shudder at letting the public take a peep behind the scenes. At the fully matured fancies discarded in despair, at the cautious selections and rejections. Once this effect has been determined, the writer should decide all matters pertaining to the composition of the work, including tone, theme, setting, characters, conflict. In this case, Poe logically decides on the death, of a beautiful woman as it is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world, and equally is it beyond doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover. Some commentators have taken this to imply that pure poetry can only be attained by the eradication of female beauty. In the essay, Poe traces the progression of his creation of The Raven as an attempt to compose a poem that should suit at once the popular. He claims that he considered every aspect of the poem, for example, he purposely set the poem on a tempestuous evening, causing the raven to seek shelter. He purposefully chose a pallid bust to contrast with the plume of the bird. The bust was of Pallas in order to evoke the notion of scholar, no aspect of the poem was an accident, he claims, but is based on total control by the author
13.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
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Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky, sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist and philosopher. He began writing in his 20s, and his first novel and his most acclaimed works include Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, Demons and The Brothers Karamazov. Dostoyevskys oeuvre consists of 11 novels, three novellas,17 short stories and numerous other works, many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest psychologists in world literature. His 1864 novella Notes from Underground is considered to be one of the first works of existentialist literature, born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoyevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends, and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 when he was 15, and around the time he left school to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute. After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, in the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into St. Petersburgs literary circles. Arrested in 1849 for belonging to a group that discussed banned books critical of Tsarist Russia, he was sentenced to death. He spent four years in a Siberian prison camp, followed by six years of military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoyevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writers Diary and he began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he became one of the most widely read. His books have been translated more than 170 languages. Dostoyevskys parents were part of a multi-ethnic and multi-denominational Lithuanian noble family from the Pinsk region, branches of the family included Russian Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics and Eastern Catholics. Dostoyevskys immediate ancestors on his mothers side were merchants, the line on his fathers side were priests. His father, Mikhail, was expected to join the clergy but instead ran away from home, in 1809, the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoyevsky enrolled in Moscows Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there he was assigned to a Moscow hospital, where he served as military doctor, in 1819 he married Maria Nechayeva. The following year, he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor, Dostoyevskys parents subsequently had six more children, Varvara, Andrei, Lyubov, Vera, Nikolai and Aleksandra. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, born on 11 November 1821, was the child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoyevsky. He was raised in the home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor
14.
Poor Folk
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Poor Folk, sometimes translated as Poor People, is the first novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, written over the span of nine months between 1844 and 1845. The novel showcases the life of people, their relationship with rich people. A deep but odd friendship develops between them until Dobroselova loses her interest in literature, and later in communicating with Devushkin after a rich widower Mr. Bykov proposes to her, Contemporary critics lauded Poor Folk for its humanitarian themes. While Vissarion Belinsky dubbed the novel Russias first social novel and Alexander Herzen called it a major socialist work, other critics detected parody, the novel uses a complicated polyphony of voices from different perspectives and narrators. Initially offered by Dostoyevsky to the liberal-leaning magazine Fatherland Notes, the novel was published in the almanac and it became a huge success nationwide. Parts of it were translated into German by Wilhelm Wolfsohn and published in an 1846/1847 magazine, the first English translation was provided by Lena Milman in 1894, with an introduction by George Moore, cover art design by Aubrey Beardsley and publication by Londons Mathews and Lane. Varvara Dobroselova and Makar Devushkin are second cousins twice-removed and live across from each other on the street in terrible apartments. Devushkin and Dobroselova exchange letters attesting to their living conditions. The reader progressively learns their history, Dobroselova originally lived in the country, but moved to St. Petersburg when her father lost his job. Her father becomes violent and her mother severely depressed. Her father dies and they move in with Anna Fyodorovna, a landlady who was cruel to them. Dobroselova is tutored by a student named Pokrovsky, whose drunken father occasionally visits. She eventually falls in love with Pokrovsky, Pokrovsky falls ill soon after, and his dying wish is to see the sun and the world outside. Dobroselova obliges by opening the blinds to reveal grey clouds and dirty rain, in response Pokrovsky only shakes his head and then passes away. Dobroselovas mother dies shortly afterwards, and Dobroselova is left in the care of Anna for a time, Devushkin works as a lowly copyist, frequently belittled and picked on by his colleagues. His clothing is worn and dirty, and his living conditions are perhaps worse than Dobroselovas and he considers himself a rat in society. He and Dobroselova exchange letters, and eventually they begin to exchange books. Devushkin becomes offended when she sends him a copy of The Overcoat, Dobroselova considers moving to another part of the city where she can work as a governess
15.
The Daily News (UK)
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The Daily News was a national daily newspaper in the United Kingdom. The News was founded in 1846 by Charles Dickens, who served as the newspapers first editor. It was conceived as a rival to the right-wing Morning Chronicle. The paper was not at first a commercial success, Dickens edited 17 issues before handing over the editorship to his friend John Forster, who had more experience in journalism than Dickens. Forster ran the paper until 1870, in 1870, the News absorbed the Morning Star. In 1876, Daily News and its correspondent Edwin Pears, and later Januarius MacGahan, in 1901, Quaker chocolate manufacturer George Cadbury bought the Daily News and used the paper to campaign for old age pensions and against sweatshop labour. As a pacifist, Cadbury opposed the Boer War – and the Daily News followed his line, in 1906, the News sponsored an exhibition on sweated labour at the Queens Hall. This exhibition was credited with strengthening the womens suffrage movement, in 1909, H. N. Brailsford and H. W. Nevinson resigned from the paper when it refused to condemn the force feeding of suffragettes. In 1912, the News merged with the Morning Leader, and was for a known as the Daily News. In 1928, it merged with The Westminster Gazette, and in 1930, the chairman from 1911 to 1930 was Edward Cadbury, eldest son of George Cadbury
16.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
18.
John Forster (biographer)
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John Forster, was an English biographer and critic and a friend of author Charles Dickens. He was born at Newcastle upon Tyne and his father, a Unitarian who belonged to the junior branch of a Northumberland family, was a cattle-dealer. He contributed to The True Sun, The Morning Chronicle and The Examiner, of which he was literary and dramatic critic, Lives of the Statesmen of the Commonwealth appeared partly in Lardners Cabinet Cyclopaedia. Forster published the work separately in 1840 with a Treatise on the Popular Progress in English History, Forster is said to have been engaged to Letitia Landon, but the engagement was broken off, and she married George Maclean. In 1843, Forster was called to the Bar, but he never practised as a lawyer, in 1855, Forster had been appointed secretary to the Lunacy Commission and, from 1861 to 1872, held the office of a Commissioner in Lunacy. His valuable collection of manuscripts, including the original copies of Charles Dickenss novels, together with his books and pictures, was bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. For some years he edited the Foreign Quarterly Review, in 1846, on the retirement of Charles Dickens, he took over the Daily News, in 1848 appeared his admirable Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith. These were followed by his Sir John Eliot, a Biography, in 1868 appeared his Life of Landor. On the death of his friend Alexander Dyce, Forster undertook the publication of his edition of Shakespeare. For several years he had been collecting materials for a life of Jonathan Swift and he had long been intimate with the novelist, and it is by this work that John Forster is now chiefly remembered. The first volume appeared in 1872, and the biography was completed in 1874, towards the close of 1875 the first volume of his Life of Swift was published, and he had made some progress in the preparation of the second at the time of his death. Forster has been fictionalised in several recent neo-Victorian novels which centre on Charles Dickens and this includes The Last Dickens by Matthew Pearl, Wanting by Richard Flanagan, Girl in a Blue Dress by Gaynor Arnold and Drood by Dan Simmons. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Forster
19.
Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell
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Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell was a volume of poetry published jointly by the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne in 1846, and their first work to ever go in print. To evade contemporary prejudice against female writers, the Brontë sisters adopted masculine first names, all three retained the first letter of their first names, Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton Bell, and Emily became Ellis Bell. The book was printed by Aylott and Jones, from London, the first edition failed to attract interest, with only two copies being sold. However, the decided to continue writing for publication and began work on their first novels. It is believed there are fewer than ten copies in existence with the Aylott. List of Brontë poems Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell by Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë
