1.
1837 in art
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Events from the year 1837 in art. January 20 – Death of the neo-classical architect Sir John Soane gives effect to the creation of his London house as Sir John Soanes Museum, june 1 – The Government-funded Normal School of Design, predecessor of the Royal College of Art, begins classes at Somerset House in London. July – Edward Lear leaves Knowsley Hall in England to travel to Rome, marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun publishes the second volume of her memoirs
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1840 in art
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Events from the year 1840 in art. The stamp becomes valid for postage from May 6, september 30 – Foundation of Nelsons Column laid in London, Trafalgar Square being laid out and paved around it during the year
3.
1841 in art
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Events from the year 1841 in art. M. W. Turners painting Peace - Burial at Sea, fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square, London erected to the design of Charles Barry. The planned equestrian statue of King William IV being abandoned due to lack of funds, george Hayter appointed Principal Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria. Rand invents the collapsible zinc oil paint tube, marketed by Winsor & Newton of London, edward Lear publishes Views in Rome and its Environs. John Ruskin publishes The King of the Golden River, with illustrations by Richard Doyle
4.
1842 in art
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Events from the year 1842 in art. David Roberts begins publication of Sketches in the Holy Land, richard Dadd becomes mentally ill during a tour of the Middle East and is thought to be suffering from sunstroke. Construction work resumes on Cologne Cathedral, after a gap of three centuries. William Fox Talbot receives the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society, george R. Lewis records the famous carvings at Kilpeck church, Herefordshire. Dordrechts Museum established in the Netherlands
5.
1845 in art
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Events from the year 1845 in art. February 7 – At the British Museum in London, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase which takes months to repair and it has since been reconstructed three times. March – Honoré Daumier begins publishing the series of drawings Les Gens de justice in the satirical Paris magazine Le Charivari, heinrich Hoffmann anonymously publishes Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit 15 schön kolorierten Tafeln für Kinder von 3–6 Jahren in Germany. Brita Sofia Hesselius opens a studio in Karlstad, making her the first known Swedish female professional photographer
6.
1848 in art
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Events from the year 1848 in art. April 10 – John Ruskin marries Effie Gray in Scotland, september – John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti found the pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in the formers family home in Gower Street. December 10 – The Leipzig Art Association opens the Städtische Museum, in Cambridge, England, the Fitzwilliam Museums Founders Building is opened. In Copenhagen, Denmark, the Thorvaldsen Museum of sculpture is opened
7.
1850 in art
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Events from the year 1850 in art. Controversial exhibition of Pre-Raphaelite paintings by Holman Hunt and Millais at the Royal Academy, james Collinson resigns from the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which then dissolves. Francisco Goyas engravings, Proverbios, are posthumously published, edouard Pingret relocates to Mexico City. Grand Prix de Rome, painting, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Paul Baudry, Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Grand Prix de Rome, music, J. A
8.
1855 in art
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Events from the year 1855 in art. July 3 – John Everett Millais and Effie Gray marry, jean Auguste Dominique Ingres exhibits Venus Anadyomene, which has taken him forty years to complete. William Bell Scott begins painting murals of Northumbrian history at Wallington Hall, the Bavarian National Museum is founded by King Maximilian II of Bavaria. Kelly, American sculptor and illustrator September 8 – William Friese-Greene, English photographer and cinematographer Willis E
9.
1857 in art
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Events from the year 1857 in art. June 22 – The South Kensington Museum, predecessor of the Victoria, lewis Carroll meets John Ruskin and begins to associate with the Pre-Raphaelites. In the same year, Ruskin publishes his Political Economy of Art, may 5 – October 17 – The Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition is held in Manchester, one of the largest such displays of all time. Emily Mary Osborn – Nameless and Friendless O. G. W
10.
1847 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1847. January – Vanity Fair, A Novel without a Hero begins serial publication in Punch magazine, with the author, William Makepeace Thackeray, march–April – Ivan Goncharovs debut novel A Common Story is published in Sovremennik. April – Robert Browning settles with his wife and fellow poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning in Florence, hans Christian Andersen begins his first visit to Britain during which he meets Charles Dickens. June 10 – Fictional date at the end of Anne Brontës The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, july – London publisher Thomas Cautley Newby accepts for publication Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontës Agnes Grey. August 7–24 – Charlotte Brontë completes the manuscript of Jane Eyre at Haworth, september 16 – William Shakespeares birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon in England is bought by the United Shakespeare Company for preservation. October 19 – Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre is published in London by Smith, november – Dmitry Grigorovichs anti-serfdom novel Anton Goremyka is published in Sovremennik with its politically sensitive last scene rewritten by a censor. November 1 – John Maddison Mortons one-act farce Box and Cox opens at the Lyceum Theatre, London with John Pritt Harley and John Baldwin Buckstone in the title rôles. December 14 – Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontës Agnes Grey are published in a 3-volume set under the pen names of Ellis, Wuthering Heights will be Emilys only published novel as she dies aged 30 a year later. London publisher E. Churton brings out the first six of George Sands books to be issued in English, the translations being by Matilda Hays, Eliza Ashurst and Rev. Edmund Larken
11.
William Dyce
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He was born on the 19 September 1806 at 48 Marischal Street in Aberdeen, the son of Dr William Dyce of Fonthill and Cuttlehill FRSE and Margaret Chalmers of Westburn. His uncle was General Alexander Dyce FRSE and his older brother was Prof Robert Dyce FRSE. Dyce began his career at the Royal Academy schools, and then travelled to Rome for the first time in 1825, while he was there, he studied the works of Titian and Poussin. He returned to Rome in 1827, this time staying for a year and a half, after these travels, he settled for several years in Edinburgh. He supported himself by painting portraits at first, but soon took to other subjects of art, before taking up this post in 1838 he and a colleague were sent to visit France and Germany to enquire into design education there and prepare a report. He left the school in 1843, to be able to paint more, the ideas that were turned in the following decade into the South Kensington system that dominated English art education for the rest of the century really have their origin in Dyces work. He is less known for, but nevertheless important as, the founder of the Motett Society and he was noted as an able organist, and is also reputed to have composed some musical works. Dyce died in Streatham in Surrey on 14 February 1864 and he is buried in the churchyard of St Leonards Church in Streatham. He is also memorialised on his parents grave in St Nicholas Churchyard on Union Street in Aberdeen and his most highly thought of painting today is his exceptionally detailed seaside landscape of Pegwell Bay in Kent, now in the Tate Gallery. A rather atypical work, it is fully titled Pegwell Bay, Kent – a Recollection of October 5th 1858, the largest collection of William Dyces work is held at Aberdeen Art Gallery, Scotland. Later in his career, Dyce turned to fresco-painting, and was selected to execute a series of murals at the completed the Palace of Westminster. In preparation for work at Westminster, he returned to Italy in 1845–47 and he was particularly impressed by Pinturicchios frescoes in the Piccolomini Library in Siena, and by the works of Perugino. Dyce was commissioned to decorate the Queens Robing Room in the Palace and he chose as his subject the Arthurian legends, He had some difficulty adapting the Courtly love of Malorys tales to Victorian mores. The Arthurian legend became popular later in the Victorian period, but when Dyce received the commission to decorate the room in 1847, the legend soon became a major problem for Dyce, as it turns on the unfaithfulness of a queen, which causes the fall of a kingdom. After initially experimenting with a sequence in which the tale would unfold in the rooms panels. In their finished form, Dyces frescoes depict scenes from the Arthurian legend that are intended to exemplify the virtues inscribed beneath them, the virtues depicted are Mercy, Hospitality, Generosity, Religion, and Courtesy. Two projected frescoes, Courage and Fidelity, were never executed and he was working on the frescoes in Westminster when he collapsed, and later died at his home in Streatham on 14 February 1864. He was buried at St Leonards Church, Streatham, a nearby drinking fountain, designed in the neo-Gothic style by Dyce, was subsequently dedicated to him by the parishioners
12.
Palace of Westminster
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The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, the building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, part of the New Palaces area of 3.24 hectares was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, an authority on Gothic architecture and style. The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom, Westminster has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, the Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. The Palace of Westminster site was important during the Middle Ages. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster. Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive, the oldest existing part of the Palace dates from the reign of William Is successor, King William II. The Palace of Westminster was the principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis, met in Westminster Hall, simon de Montforts parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, in 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential area of the palace. In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various law courts. Because it was originally a residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, the Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephens Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI
13.
Antoine Wiertz
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Antoine Joseph Wiertz was a Belgian romantic painter and sculptor. Born in Dinant from a poor family, he entered the Antwerp art academy in 1820. Thanks to his protector Pierre-Joseph de Paul de Maibe, a member of the Second Chamber of the States-General, between November 1829 and May 1832, he stayed in Paris, where he studied the old masters at the Louvre. Upon his return, he established himself in Liège with his mother, during his stay in Rome, Wiertz worked on his first great work, Les Grecs et les Troyens se disputant le corps de Patrocle, on a subject borrowed from book XVII of Homers Iliad. It was exhibited in Antwerp in 1837, where it met some success. Wiertz submitted the work for the Paris Salon of 1838, badly hung and lit, his entry elicited indifference on the part of the public, and provoked sarcasm among the critics. This second humiliation led to a profound rancour against art critics and against Paris, as expressed in his virulent pamphlet Bruxelles capitale, in 1844, Wiertz painted a second version of his Patrocles on an even bigger scale than the first. The Rome version is now in the Museum of Walloon Art in Liège, after the Paris disaster, Wiertz veered more and more to the excessive. A fine example is the monumental La Chute des Anges rebelles, the death of his mother in 1844 was a terrible blow to the artist. He left Liège in 1845 to settle in Brussels for good, during this period he painted a confrontation of Beauty and Death, Deux jeunes filles—La Belle Rosine, which remains perhaps his most famous work. Dissatisfied with the effect of oil painting, he developed a new technique combining the smoothness of oil painting with the speed of execution. This technique of mat painting entailed the use of a mixture of colours, turpentine, La Lutte homérique was the first big-scale painting executed in this technique. However, the used in this technique are responsible for the slow decay of the works produced with it. Wiertz was also a portrait painter, who made self-portraits at various ages. Influenced mainly by Rubens and the late Michelangelo, Wiertz monumental painting often moves between classical academism and lurid romanticism, between the grandiose and the ridiculous. After difficult negotiations with the Belgian government, Wiertz was able to realize his dream to turn his last studio into a museum for his works, the Belgian State bought a piece of land and funded the construction of a huge hall to accommodate the painters monumental works. In exchange, Wiertz donated all his works to the Belgian State and his remains were embalmed in accordance with Ancient Egyptian burial rites and buried in a vault in the municipal cemetery of Ixelles. A copy of one of Antoine Wiertzs works, the statue of The Triumph of Light was once prominently located high on San Franciscos Mount Olympus between the Haight-Ashbury and Corona Heights and it had been presented to the city of San Francisco by Adolph Sutro in 1887
14.
James Wilson Carmichael
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James Wilson Carmichael, also known as John Carmichael was an English marine painter. Carmichael was born at the Ouseburn, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, on 9 June 1800, the son of William Carmichael and he went to sea at an early age, and spent three years on board a vessel sailing between ports in Spain and Portugal. On his return, he was apprenticed to a shipbuilding firm, after completing his apprenticeship, he devoted all his spare time to art, and eventually gave up the carpentry business, setting himself up as a drawing-master and miniature painter. His first historical painting to attract public notice was the Fight Between the Shannon and Chesapeake, vincent, painted in collaboration with George Balmer. Another important early commission was for a View of Newcastle for which the city corporation paid him 100 guineas and his name first appears as an exhibitor in 1838, when he contributed an oil painting, Shipping in the Bay of Naples, to the Society of British Artists. He showed both oil paintings and watercolours at the Royal Academy, his contributions including The Conqueror towing the Africa off the Shoals of Trafalgar and he lived in Newcastle until about 1845, when he moved to London, where he was already known as a skilful marine painter. In 1855, during the Crimean War he was sent to the Baltic to make drawings for The Illustrated London News. His painting of the bombardment of Sveaborg, which he witnessed during this assignment, was exhibited at the Royal Academy and is now in the collection of the National Maritime Museum and he later moved to Scarborough, where he died in 1868. He published The Art of Marine Painting in Water-Colours in 1859, works by or about James Wilson Carmichael at Internet Archive Biography from the National Maritime Museum
15.
Thomas Cole
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Thomas Cole was an English-born American artist known for his landscape and history paintings. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, Coles work is known for its romantic portrayal of the American wilderness. Born in Bolton le Moors, Lancashire, in 1801, Coles family emigrated to the United States in 1818, settling in Steubenville, at the age of twenty-two Cole moved to Philadelphia, and later, in 1825, to New York City with his family. Cole found work early on as an engraver and he was largely self-taught as a painter, relying on books and by studying the work of other artists. In 1822 Cole started working as a painter, and later on gradually shifted his focus to landscape. This garnered Cole the attention of John Trumbull, Asher B, among the paintings was a landscape called View of Fort Ticonderoga from Gelyna. Cole was primarily a painter of landscapes, but he also painted allegorical works, there are two versions of the latter, one at the National Gallery in Washington, D. C. the other at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York. Among Coles other famous works are the Oxbow, the Notch of the White Mountains, Daniel Boone at his cabin at the Great Osage Lake and he also painted The Garden of Eden, with lavish detail of Adam and Eve living amid waterfalls, vivid plants, and deer. In 2014, friezes painted by Cole on the walls of his home, Cole influenced his artistic peers, especially Asher B. Durand and Frederic Edwin Church, who studied with Cole from 1844 to 1846, Cole spent the years 1829 to 1832 and 1841 to 1842 abroad, mainly in England and Italy. Thomas Cole is best known for his work as an American landscape artist, however, he also produced thousands of sketches of varying subject matter. Over 2,500 of these sketches can be seen at The Detroit Institute of Arts, in 1842, Cole embarked on a Grand Tour of Europe in an effort to study in the style of the Old Masters and to paint its scenery. Most striking to Cole was Europes tallest active volcano, Mount Etna, Cole was so moved by the volcanos beauty that he produced several sketches and at least six paintings of it. The most famous of these works is A View from Mount Etna from Taormina which is a 78-by-120-inch oil on canvas. Cole also produced a detailed sketch View of Mount Etna which shows a panoramic view of the volcano with the crumbling walls of the ancient Greek theatre of Taormina on the far right. After 1827 Cole maintained a studio at the farm called Cedar Grove in the town of Catskill and he painted a significant portion of his work in this studio. In 1836 he married Maria Bartow of Catskill, a niece of the owner, Thomas Cole had a sister, Sarah, who was also a landscape painter. Additionally, Thomas Cole held many friendships with important figures in the art world including Daniel Wadsworth, with whom he shared a close friendship, proof of this friendship can be seen in the letters that were unearthed in the 1980s by the Trinity College, Watkinson Library
16.
Thomas Couture
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Thomas Couture was an influential French history painter and teacher. He taught such later luminaries of the art world as Édouard Manet, Henri Fantin-Latour, John La Farge, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Karel Javůrek, Couture was born at Senlis, Oise, France. When he was 11, his family moved to Paris, where he would study at the arts school. He failed the prestigious Prix de Rome competition at the six times. Couture finally did win the prize in 1837, in 1840, he began exhibiting historical and genre pictures at the Paris Salon, earning several medals for his works, in particular for his masterpiece, Romans During the Decadence. Shortly after this success, Couture opened an independent atelier meant to challenge the École des Beaux-Arts by turning out the best new history painters, coutures innovative technique gained much attention, and he received Government and Church commissions for murals during the late 1840s through the 1850s. He never completed the first two commissions, and the third met with mixed criticism. Upset by the reception of his murals, in 1860 he left Paris, for a time returning to his hometown of Senlis. In 1867, he thumbed his nose at the establishment by publishing a book on his own ideas. It was also translated to Conversations on Art Methods in 1879, asked by a publisher to write an autobiography, Couture responded, Biography is the exaltation of personality—and personality is the scourge of our time. In 1879, he died at Villiers-le-Bel, Val-dOise, and was interred in Père Lachaise Cemetery, romanticism and The School of Nature, Nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, media related to Thomas Couture at Wikimedia Commons Thomas Couture at Find a Grave Article on Thomas Couture
17.
Solomon Hart
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Solomon Alexander Hart RA was a British painter and engraver. He was the first Jewish member of the Royal Academy in London and was probably the most important Jewish artist working in England in the 19th century and he was born at Plymouth, the son of Samuel Hart, a Jewish engraver and teacher of Hebrew. After completing his education, he was apprenticed to a local engraver. Later, he became the first Jew to enroll at the Royal Academy, while there, he worked in a variety of styles from genre to historical scenes and practiced several engraving and sketching techniques. In 1826, He débuted at one of the Academys exhibitions with a portrait of his father, by 1840, he was successful enough to be accepted as a member of the Academy. The following year, he embarked on a trip to Italy. In 1854, he was appointed a Professor at the Academy, although his early works were largely Jewish-themed, his exposure to Italian art added motifs from church and monastery paintings. He also regularly provided illustrations for such as The Athenaeum. He never married and, in his years, gradually lost his eyesight. This Day in Jewish History, An Artist Who Sought to Connect the English With the Jewish Dies @ Haaretz
18.
John Rogers Herbert
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John Rogers Herbert RA was an English painter who is most notable as a precursor of Pre-Raphaelitism. John Rogers Herbert was born in Maldon, Essex, in 1826, he moved to London to study at the Royal Academy Schools. However, after the death of his father in 1828, Herbert was forced to leave the Academy Schools and began painting professionally — mostly book illustrations and he was successful in his early career, even painting a portrait of Princess Victoria in 1834. However, he was not satisfied with mere money-making portraits and illustrations and his early sketches predict his later interest in larger historical subjects with challenging moral themes and complex compositions. His early subjects were romantic, and many are taken from Venetian history and his work exhibited at the British Institution and the Royal Society of British Artists had titles such as, The Plain Gold Ring, A Lady Watching the Stars and Guilt and Innocence. Herberts first major success was The Appointed Hour, depicting a scene in which a Venetian man lies murdered at the place appointed for a tryst with his lover. The work became a popular engraving, Herbert followed it with other dramatic subjects such as Captives Detained for a Ransom, by Condottieri and Death of Haidee. Herbert had been friends with architect A. W. Pugin. Pugin, who was co-architect for the New Palace of Westminster, was a convert to Catholicism and had an influence on Herberts decision to join the Catholic Church, which happened around 1840. It was in 1840 that Herbert painted his first Catholic picture, Boar Hunters, Herberts conversion to the Catholic faith is a defining point in his career. His art gains a deeper purpose and becomes more personal. Herbert was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1841, Herberts work influenced the newly formed Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood — who asked him to sponsor their publication The Germ, and whose artistic goal was to out-Herbert Herbert. The two paintings, Hunts A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary and Millais Christ in the House of His Parents were exhibited at the RA in 1850 to great controversy, Herbert used his position within the RA to help the young artists. When the old Palace of Westminster was destroyed by fire in 1834, in 1845 Herbert was commissioned, along with several other artists, to paint scenes from English literature in the Poets Hall in the Palace of Westminster. The commission followed several cartoon competitions and much national coverage, and Herbert was assigned a subject from Shakespeare, Lear Disinheriting Cordelia is the first work of Heberts to show the overt influence of the Nazarenes. The fresco, and related oil works, were critically and publicly acclaimed, however, the fresco itself began to deteriorate almost immediately. Modern restoration has discovered the problem to have been a combination of fire and gas pollution and the use of lime plaster. After the success of Lear, Herbert was commissioned in 1850 to paint nine more frescoes in the Peers Robing Room, on the theme of Justice on Earth, Herbert began on Moses in 1858
19.
Edward Hicks
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Edward Hicks was an American folk painter and distinguished religious minister of the Society of Friends. He became a Quaker icon because of his paintings, Edward Hicks was born in his grandfathers mansion at Attleboro, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Isaac Hicks, his father, was a Loyalist who was left without any money after the British defeat in the Revolutionary War. After young Edwards mother died when he was eighteen months old, Matron Elizabeth Twining – a close friend of his mothers – raised him as one of her own at their farm and he apparently also resided at the David Leedom Farm. She also taught him the Quaker beliefs, which had an effect on the rest of his life. At the age of thirteen Hicks began an apprenticeship to coach makers William and he stayed with them for seven years, during which he learned the craft of coach painting. In 1800 he left the Tomlinson firm to earn his living independently as a house and coach painter, at this stage of his life Hicks was, as he later wrote in his memoirs, in my own estimation a weak, wayward young man. Exceedingly fond of singing, dancing, vain amusements, and the company of young people, dissatisfied with his life, he started to attend Quaker meetings regularly, and in 1803 he was accepted for membership in the Society of Friends. Later that same year he married a Quaker woman named Sarah Worstall, in 1812 his congregation recorded him as a minister, and by 1813 he began traveling throughout Philadelphia as a Quaker preacher. To meet the expenses of traveling, and for the support of his family, Hicks decided to expand his trade to painting household objects. His painting trade was lucrative, but it upset some in the Quaker community and his financial difficulties only increased, as utilitarian painting was less remunerative, and Hicks did not have the experience he needed to cultivate the land, or run a farm primarily on his own. By 1816, his wife was expecting a fifth child, after a relative of Hicks, at the urging of Hicks close friend John Comly, talked to him about painting again, Hicks resumed decorative painting. This friendly suggestion saved Hicks from financial disaster, and preserved his livelihood not as a Quaker Minister, around 1820, Hicks made the first of his many paintings of The Peaceable Kingdom. Hicks easel paintings were made for family and friends, not for sale. In 1827 a schism formed within the Religious Society of Friends, nonetheless, in his lifetime Hicks was better known as a minister than as a painter. Quaker beliefs prohibited a lavish life or having excessive quantities of objects or materials, unable to maintain his work as a preacher and painter at the same time, Hicks transitioned into a life of painting, and he used his canvases to convey his beliefs. He was unconfined by rules of his congregation, and able to express what religion could not. Although it is not considered an image, Hicks Peaceable Kingdom exemplifies Quaker ideals
20.
Theodor Sockl
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Theodor Benedikt Sockl was an Austrian painter and photographer. He was born in Vienna on 15 April 1815, the son of the master cabinet-maker and inventor, Johann Gottlieb Sockl and Sophie, née Shurer von Waldheim. In 1834–1836, Sockl studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, first as a student of sculpture, from around 1846, he lived in Transylvania, appearing in the artistic circle of Theodor Glatz, who recommends him locally as a talented painter. He teaches painting in Hermannstadt, at the Brukenthal Art Gallery and this copy is now in the Brașov County Museum of History. Theodor and Clara started to live out of wedlock, much to the displeasure of her widowed mother. Theodor Sockl wrote a subsequent public letter, accusing her of Protestant convictions, in her turn, she invalidated her brothers arguments in a public reply. In the summer of 1850, together with his wife and his son, he returned to Hermannstadt, here they had a daughter, Ottilie Clara Sophie, born in 1851. In this time Theodor painted another portrait of Clara Adelheid, as well as members of the Soterius von Sachsenheim family. He also painted, two panels of a man and a woman commissioned by a chemist Molnaush in Heltaurgasse, Sibiu. 1852, a portrait of Kaiser Franz Joseph as a young man c,1852, the founder of the Hermannstadt general savings bank Michael Fr. Herbert, a business man from Hermannstadt. In the Benignis folk calendar of 1853 we find an advertisement for ‘Theodor Sockl as academic portrait, in the meantime Clara gave lessons in painting and drawing. In 1853 in Bucharest, Sockl buys some photographic equipment to try to earn a living form this new form, in 1854, he moves the photographic studio to Hermannstadt, where Clara would colour in some of the photographs as was the fashion of this developing form. But over the years they have to travel round the whole country to earn a living form photography. In 1857, living in Oravița in the Hungarian Banat, another son, Sockl was however, unable to prevent a section of his possessions from being pawned. Finally he decided to move with his family from Orşova on the Danube to Vienna, Austria and he painted fourteen pictures in oil for the cloister at the Ursuline Convent there, for which he received 210 fl. Where they first lived is not known, but in October 1859 the family moved into a flat in Fünfhaus,231, where they also set up a photographic studio. Clara, who was suffering from a complaint, died on 25 July 1861
21.
Camille Doncieux
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Camille Doncieux was the first wife of French painter Claude Monet. She was the subject of a number of paintings by Monet, as well as Pierre-Auguste Renoir and she was mother to two sons with Monet. Camille-Léonie Doncieux was born in the town of La Guillotiere, now part of Lyons, France and her father, Charles Claude Doncieux, was a merchant. He moved with his wife and daughter to Paris, near the Sorbonne, a few years after the birth of her sister, Geneviève-François in 1857, the family moved to Batignolles, now a part of the northwestern section of Paris. While in her teens, Doncieux began work as a model and she met Monet, seven years her senior, in 1865 and became his model posing for numerous paintings. She was Monets mistress, living in poverty at the beginning of his career and his aunt and father did not approve of the relationship with Camille. She was left behind in Paris without funds for her care, in Paris on 8 August 1867, Camille Doncieux gave birth to Jean, her first son with Claude Monet. He returned to Paris at the end of the year for the holidays, in 1868 Monet went to live with Camille and Jean in Paris, hiding the fact from his father and aunt who thought he abandoned his mistress and child. To escape his creditors and live in an expensive place. They were thrown out of the inn they were staying in for non-payment, Camille and Jean were able to stay with someone in the country, while Monet tried to obtain monies for survival. Camille and Monet were married on 28 June 1870 in the 8th arrondissement of Paris during a civil ceremony, painter Gustave Courbet was a witness. Although Monets father was not present because he did not approve of his marriage, upon her marriage, Camille received a 1,200 franc dowry, which represented two years interest on a principal investment that she would receive upon her fathers death. Her parents stipulated that the money should be kept in a separate account in Camilles name. This was done to protect the money from Claude Monets creditors, the couple took their son Jean with them on their honeymoon to Trouville-sur-Mer and stayed at the Hotel Trivoli. Continuing to avoid creditors, Monet also sought to avoid being drafted to serve during the Franco-Prussian War. He left his bride and son to go to Le Havre, France to visit his father and then on to England. Camille and Jean met up with him in England in October 1870 and they lived at Bath Place, now Kensington High Street, by early 1871. It was here that Monet made the painting of Camille that he made in London
22.
1879 in art
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Events from the year 1879 in art. April 10–May 11 – Fourth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, arranged by Gustave Caillebotte at 28 avenue de lOpéra, ford Madox Brown begins painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall. Chicago Academy of Fine Arts established, guimet Museum of Asian art established in Lyon, France. Museum of Fine Arts Berne established in Switzerland, kate Greenaways first book, with her own colour illustrations, Under the Window, Pictures & Rhymes for Children, is published in London
23.
Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart
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Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Duchess of Uzès, was a wealthy French aristocrat. She inherited a fortune from the founder of the Veuve Clicquot Champagne house. She was known for her involvement in feminist causes and charities, politics, sport hunting, automobiles and the arts, Marie Adrienne Anne Victurnienne Clémentine de Rochechouart de Mortemart was the daughter of Louis de Rochechouart, Count of Mortemart, and Marie Clémentine de Chevigné. She was born on 10 February 1847, Anne inherited the chateau on Madame Clicquots death in 1866. Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart married Emmanuel de Crussol, 12th Duke of Uzès on 10 May 1867 and he was elected to the legislature in 1871, sat on the right and voted against creation of the Republic. Their children were Jacques Marie Géraud, who became the 13th duke, Simone Louise Laure, Louis Emmanuel, on her husbands death in 1878 Anne remained dowager Duchess of Uzès. Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemarts eldest son Jacques dUzès lost his life in 1893 during an expedition that he was leading in Africa. She became a sportswoman, an author, an artist, a sculptor, a chauffeuse, an angel to the poor, a grande mondaine. The Duchess of Uzès was a supporter of the conservative and royalist politician Georges Ernest Boulanger. She convinced Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 1838–94) to support Boulanger in the hope of a restoration of the monarchy, the Duchess of Uzès provided support to the Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France. The Jaune movement was organized to break union strikes. She also financed several antisemitic newspapers, later she dropped her opposition to the Republican administration. She became a friend of the anarchist Louise Michel, the Duchess of Uzès was active in Paris society, and participated in many charities. She also became involved in feminist and suffragist causes, the campaign aimed to mobilize middle- and upper-class women who had moderate and conservative views. The Duchess of Uzès was president of the National League for Improving Rural and Agricultural Industries and she founded a child care school. During World War I she let the army use her chateau at Bonnelles, at the age of 70 she took the examinations to become head nurse. She played a role in organizing care for the wounded. She became a member of the Anti-Cancer League, and helped gain support for the league from her wide network of influential people, the Duchess of Uzès was keen on sport hunting, and led the Rallye Bonnelles in the Rambouillet forest from the 1880s until her death
24.
1933 in art
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January 12 – George Grosz emigrates from Nazi Germany to the United States. February/March – Käthe Kollwitz is forced by the Nazi Party in Germany to resign from the faculty of the Academy of Arts, april – Closure of the Bauhaus. July – New Midland Hotel, Morecambe, on the Lancashire coast of England, designed by Oliver Hill, is opened incorporating sculpture by Eric Gill and murals by Eric Ravilious and Edward Bawden. September/October – Henri Cartier-Bresson and an Exhibition of Anti-Graphic Photography staged at Julien Levys gallery in New York City, september – Artists Union formed in the United States as the Emergency Work Bureau Artists Group. Black Mountain College founded by John Andrew Rice, the mural, Man at the Crossroads, by Diego Rivera, is removed from the Rockefeller Center in New York because it contains a portrait of Lenin. While he has been working on it, he has joined in the United States by Frieda Kahlo who begins her painting My Dress Hangs There. Hans Bellmer produces his first Doll sculpture, barbara Hepworth and John Skeaping are divorced, Hepworth is already in a relationship with Ben Nicholson. Paul Nash and other young British artists form the group Unit One to promote modernism in Britain, kenneth Clark appointed Director of the National Gallery, London, at age 30, taking up his post in January 1934
25.
Albert Pinkham Ryder
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Albert Pinkham Ryder was an American painter best known for his poetic and moody allegorical works and seascapes, as well as his eccentric personality. While his art shared an emphasis on subtle variations of color with tonalist works of the time, Ryder was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts. New Bedford, a whaling port during the 19th century, had an intimate connection with the sea that probably supplied artistic inspiration for Ryder later in life. He was as the youngest of four sons, little else is known of his childhood and he began to paint landscapes while in New Bedford. The Ryder family moved to New York City in 1867 or 1868 to join Ryders elder brother and his brother also managed the Hotel Albert, which became a Greenwich Village landmark. Ryder took his meals at this hostelry for many years, but it was named for the owner, Albert Rosenbaum. Ryders first training in art was with the painter William Edgar Marshall in New York, from 1870 to 1873, and again from 1874 to 1875, Ryder studied art at the National Academy of Design. He exhibited his first painting there in 1873 and met artist Julian Alden Weir, also in 1877, he became a founding member of the Society of American Artists. Ryder exhibited with this group from 1878 to 1887 and his early paintings of the 1870s were often tonalist landscapes, sometimes including cattle, trees and small buildings. The 1880s and 1890s are thought of as Ryders most creative, during the 1880s, Ryder exhibited frequently and his work was well received by critics. His art became more poetic and imaginative, and Ryder wrote poetry to accompany many of his works and his paintings sometimes depicted scenes from literature, opera, and religion. Ryders signature style is characterized by broad, sometimes ill-defined shapes or stylized figures situated in a land or seascape. His scenes are often illuminated by dim sunlight or glowing moonlight cast through eerie clouds, the shift in Ryders art from pastoral landscapes to more mystical, enigmatic subjects is believed to have been influenced by Robert Loftin Newman, with whom Ryder shared a studio. After 1900, around the time of his fathers death, Ryders creativity fell dramatically, for the rest of his life he spent his artistic energy on occasionally re-working existing paintings, some of which lay scattered about his New York apartment. He was shy and did not seek the company of others and he gained a reputation as a loner, but he maintained social contacts, enjoyed writing letters, and continued to travel on occasion to visit friends. While Ryders creativity fell after the turn of the century, his fame grew, by 1915 Ryders health deteriorated, and he died on March 28,1917, at the home of a friend who was caring for him. He was buried at the Rural Cemetery in his birthplace of New Bedford, a memorial exhibition of his work was held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1918. Ryder was—along with Thomas Hart Benton, David Siqueiros and Pablo Picasso—an important influence on Jackson Pollocks paintings, Ryder completed fewer than two hundred paintings, nearly all of which were created before 1900
26.
1917 in art
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January – A drunken Amedeo Modigliani is ejected from a party for Georges Braque, by the hostess, Marie Vassilieff. January 29 – Rodin marries his mistress, Rose Beuret, she dies two weeks later, eric Kennington, William Orpen, C. R. W. Nevinson, Paul Nash and William Rothenstein are sent as war artists to the Western Front from England. De Stijl artistic movement is established by Theo van Doesburg, the Allen Memorial Art Museum is established at Oberlin College in Ohio. The Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. Max Beckmann – Deposition Lovis Corinth – Portrait of Julius Meier-Graefe Marcel Duchamp – Fountain Jacob Epstein – An American Soldier Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven – God J. W. S. R. W. T. C
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