1.
1853
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As of the start of 1853, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 6 – Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs the legislation that provides support for the new East Florida Seminary. January 8 – Taiping Rebellion, Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organising a militia force to search for local bandits, January 12 – Taiping Rebellion, The Taiping army occupies Wuchang. January 19 – Giuseppe Verdis opera Il Trovatore premieres in performance at Teatro Apollo in Rome, february 10 – Taiping Rebellion, Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing. February 12 – Puerto Montt is founded in the Reloncaví Sound, february 22 – Washington University in St. Louis is founded as Eliot Seminary. March – The clothing company Levi Strauss & Co. is founded in the United States, march 4 – Franklin Pierce is affirmed as President of the United States. His only child was killed in an accident on January 6. March 20 – Taiping Rebellion, A rebel army of around 750,000 seizes Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial troops. April 16 – Foundation of Indian Railways, opening of first passenger railway in India, from Bombay to Thana, may The worlds first public aquarium opens at the London Zoo. An outbreak of yellow fever kills 7,790 in New Orleans, isambard Kingdom Brunel accepts John Scott Russells tender for construction of the SS Great Eastern passenger steamer. May 12–October 31 – Great Industrial Exhibition held in Dublin, Ireland, may 23 – The first plat for Seattle, Washington is laid out. June 27 – Taiping Rebellion, The Northern Expeditionary Force crosses the Yellow River, june 30 – Georges-Eugène Haussmann is selected as préfect of the Seine to begin the re-planning of Paris. Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Edo Bay, Japan, with a request for a trade treaty, july 25 – Outlaw and bandit Joaquin Murrieta is killed in California. July 27 – Iesada succeeds his father Ieyoshi as Japanese Shogun, august 12 – New Zealand acquires self-government. August 23 – The first true International Meteorological Organization is established in Brussels, august 24 The Royal Norwegian Navy Museum is founded at Karljohansvern in Horten, perhaps the worlds first naval museum. Potato chips are first prepared, by George Crum at Saratoga Springs, New York, september 19 – Hudson Taylor first leaves for China. October 1 – The Bechstein piano company is founded, one of three established in a Golden year in the history of the piano, october 4–5 – Crimean War, The Ottoman Empire starts war with Russia. October 4 – On the east coast of the United States, Donald McKay launches the Great Republic, the worlds biggest sailing ship, october 28 – Crimean War, The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat in Wallachia
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1851 in the United States
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Events from the year 1851 in the United States. President, Millard Fillmore Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, January 23 – The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning. January 28 – The Illinois General Assembly grants a charter to create Northwestern University, april 9 – San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico. April 28 – Santa Clara College is chartered in Santa Clara, may - August – Great Flood of 1851 causes extensive damage in the Midwest, town of Des Moines virtually destroyed. May 15 – Alpha Delta Pi Sorority, the first secret society for women, is founded at Wesleyan College in Macon, july 10 – The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara, California. August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all men have the right to vote. August 22 – The yacht America of the New York Yacht Club wins the first Americas Cup race, september 15 – Saint Josephs University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. September 18 – The New York Times is founded, october 15 – The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded. October – Sojourner Truth delivered her Aint I a Woman, speech in 1851 at the Womens Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle, Washington. December 29 – The first YMCA opens in Boston, Massachusetts, western Union is founded as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company. Stephen Fosters minstrel song Old Folks at Home is first published, California Gold Rush January 24 – Marcus A. Smith, U. S. Senator from Arizona from 1912 to 1921 May 21 – Moses E. Clapp, senator from Minnesota from 1901 to 1917 May 29 – Fred Dubois, U. S. Senator from Idaho from 1891 to 1897 and from 1901 to 1907 August 12 – Frank O. Briggs, senator from New Jersey from 1907 to 1913 August 14 – Doc Holliday, gunfighter and gambler December 9 – Thomas H. Paynter, U. S. S. Navy May 3 – Thomas Hickman Williams, U. S. S, senator from Michigan from 1843 to 1845 November – Willis Buell, politician and portrait painter Media related to 1851 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1852 in the United States
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Events from the year 1852 in the United States. President, Millard Fillmore Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, february 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, is established. February 19 – The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, march 2 – The first American experimental steam fire engine is tested. March 4 – The Phi Mu Fraternity is established at Wesleyan College, march 20 – Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is first published in book form, in Boston. April 23 – More than 150 Wintu people are killed by a militia under the guidance of Trinity County sheriff William H. Dixon in the Bridge Gulch Massacre. July 1 – American statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda, july 4 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech on The Hypocrisy of American Slavery in Rochester, New York. August 3 – The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held, september 15 – Loyola College opens its doors to students in the City of Baltimore, Maryland. November 2 – U. S. presidential election,1852, november 25 – Monticello Convention,44 people from the northern parts of Oregon Territory meet and draft a petition to establish a separate territorial government north of the Columbia River. In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts, giving them 3 dollars per month plus room, Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland. In Medford, Massachusetts, Tufts University is founded, heyburn, United States Senator from Idaho from 1903 till 1912. November 16 – Joseph R. Burton, United States Senator from Kansas from 1901 till 1906, may 18 – Gertrude Käsebier, one of the most influential American photographers of the early 20th century. February 14 – Thomas Carlin, 7th Governor of Illinois from 1838 till 1842, may 6 – William Bellinger Bulloch, United States Senator from Georgia in 1813. June 30 – Henry Clay, United States Senator from Kentucky 1806-1807, 1810-1811, 1831-1842, july 19 – John McKinley, United States Senator from Alabama from 1826 till 1831 and in 1837. Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1837 till 1852, october 24 – Daniel Webster, United States Senator from Massachusetts Media related to 1852 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1854 in the United States
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Events from the year 1854 in the United States. President, Franklin Pierce Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, Linn Boyd Congress, 33rd January 4 – Senator Stephen Douglas introduces a bill to form the Nebraska Territory. The bill sparked major debates related to issues and evolved into the Kansas–Nebraska Act. February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, february 28 – The Black Warrior Affair, A ship destined for New York City is detained in Havana, Cuba. March 20 Anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Ripon, Wisconsin form the Republican Party, the Boston Public Library opens to the public. March 30 – Battle of Cieneguilla, The U. S, First Regiment of Dragoons attacks a larger force of Jicarilla Apache and Ute Native Americans near present-day Pilar, New Mexico. The Americans are forced to retreat after losing more than half their number, march 31 – Commodore Matthew Perry of the U. S. Navy signs the Treaty/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade. April 16 – The American packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the shore of New Jersey with a loss of more than 200 lives, may – Elisha Otis publicly debuts his safety elevator at the New York Worlds Fair. May 27 – Taiping Rebellion, United States minister Robert McLane arrives at Nanjing aboard the U. S. Navy warship USS Susquehanna, june 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland. July 6 – In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the Republican Party is held, july 8 – An anti-Catholic riot in Bath, Maine, destroys a church used by Irish Catholics. July 13 – Bombardment of San Juan del Norte, The USS Cyane attacks San Juan del Norte, August 7–8 – Know Nothings riot against immigrants in St. Louis, Missouri, leading to 10 deaths. August 9 – Walden first published, August 19 – Grattan massacre, A group of U. S. Army soldiers in Nebraska Territory are killed by Lakota Sioux warriors after they killed Chief Conquering Bear, starting the First Sioux War. September 28 or 29 – Sloop USS Albany is lost off the coast of Venezuela with all hands, October 9–11 – The controversial Ostend Manifesto is secretly drafted. The document implies that the U. S. should acquire Cuba from Spain by any means necessary, October 16 – Abraham Lincoln, in his Peoria speech, expresses opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignty, and slavery in the United States. November 29 – Bleeding Kansas, A pro-slavery Democrat, John Wilkins Whitfield, is elected as the Congressional Delegate for Kansas Territory, December 26 – The Treaty of Medicine Creek is signed in Washington Territory. The U. S. acquires land from various Native American tribes, professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr. Thus, petroleum products like gasoline and kerosene are first produced. Waterbury, Connecticut brass manufacturer Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Company create the department and this becomes the predecessor of the modern-day Timex Group USA, manufacturer of timepieces. Achulet Massacre, More than 65 Tolowa people Are killed by American settlers in California, Senator from Mississippi from 1911 to 1923 August 18 – James Paul Clarke, 18th Governor of Arkansas from 1895 to 1897 and U. S
6.
1855 in the United States
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Events from the year 1855 in the United States. President, Franklin Pierce Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, the California State Militia and U. S. Army intervene, ending the war in March. January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, january 26 – The Point No Point Treaty is signed in the Washington Territory. February 12 – Michigan State University is established, february 22 – Pennsylvania State University is founded as the Farmers High School of Pennsylvania. March 3 – The U. S. Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U. S. Camel Corps, March 16 – Bates College is founded by abolitionists in Lewiston, Maine. March 30 – Elections are held for the first Kansas Territory legislature, missourians cross the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body. April – Cincinnati riots of 1855, Tension between nativists and German-American immigrants in Cincinnati breaks out into territorial street fighting on election day, may 17 – The Mount Sinai Hospital is dedicated in New York City, it opens to patients on June 5. June 6 – Portland Rum Riot, A crowd gathers at a storehouse believed to hold alcohol in Portland, the militia is called in and fires on the crowd to disperse the crowd, killing one person. June 28 – The Sigma Chi Fraternity is founded at Miami University in Oxford, july 1 – Quinault Treaty signed, Quinault and Quileute cede their land to the United States. July 2 – The Kansas Territorial Legislature convenes in Pawnee and begins passing proslavery laws, july 4 – Walt Whitmans poetry collection Leaves of Grass is published in Brooklyn. July 6 – The Kansas Territorial Legislature meets for the last time in Pawnee, voting to relocate to Shawnee, july 16 – U. S. Indian commissioner Isaac Stevens signs the Hellgate treaty with Native Americans living in what is present-day western Montana. August 6 – Bloody Monday, Protestant mobs attack Irish Catholics on a day in Louisville, Kentucky. September 3 – First Sioux War – Battle of Ash Hollow, U. S. forces defeat a band of Brulé Lakota in present-day Garden County, Nebraska. October 5 – Yakima War – Battle of Toppenish Creek, In the Yakima River Valley and it is the first battle of the Yakima War. October 28–31 – First Fiji Expedition, The U. S. Navy dispatches the USS John Adams to Viti Levu, Fiji, one American sailor is killed and two Marines are wounded. November 1 –31 people are killed in the Gasconade Bridge train disaster in Missouri, november 9–10 – Yakima War – Battle of Union Gap, American soldiers attack a Yakama village, forcing the village to retreat. November 21 – Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins with events leading to the Wakarusa War between antislavery and proslavery forces, july 29 – Bowman Brown Law, politician September 2 – M. Hoke Smith, United States Senator from Georgia from 1911 till 1920. October 24 – James S. Sherman, 27th Vice President of the United States from 1909 till 1912, november 5 – Eugene V. Debs, United States is born
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Media related to 1853 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
