1.
1853
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As of the start of 1853, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 6 – Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs the legislation that provides support for the new East Florida Seminary. January 8 – Taiping Rebellion, Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organising a militia force to search for local bandits, January 12 – Taiping Rebellion, The Taiping army occupies Wuchang. January 19 – Giuseppe Verdis opera Il Trovatore premieres in performance at Teatro Apollo in Rome, february 10 – Taiping Rebellion, Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing. February 12 – Puerto Montt is founded in the Reloncaví Sound, february 22 – Washington University in St. Louis is founded as Eliot Seminary. March – The clothing company Levi Strauss & Co. is founded in the United States, march 4 – Franklin Pierce is affirmed as President of the United States. His only child was killed in an accident on January 6. March 20 – Taiping Rebellion, A rebel army of around 750,000 seizes Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial troops. April 16 – Foundation of Indian Railways, opening of first passenger railway in India, from Bombay to Thana, may The worlds first public aquarium opens at the London Zoo. An outbreak of yellow fever kills 7,790 in New Orleans, isambard Kingdom Brunel accepts John Scott Russells tender for construction of the SS Great Eastern passenger steamer. May 12–October 31 – Great Industrial Exhibition held in Dublin, Ireland, may 23 – The first plat for Seattle, Washington is laid out. June 27 – Taiping Rebellion, The Northern Expeditionary Force crosses the Yellow River, june 30 – Georges-Eugène Haussmann is selected as préfect of the Seine to begin the re-planning of Paris. Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Edo Bay, Japan, with a request for a trade treaty, july 25 – Outlaw and bandit Joaquin Murrieta is killed in California. July 27 – Iesada succeeds his father Ieyoshi as Japanese Shogun, august 12 – New Zealand acquires self-government. August 23 – The first true International Meteorological Organization is established in Brussels, august 24 The Royal Norwegian Navy Museum is founded at Karljohansvern in Horten, perhaps the worlds first naval museum. Potato chips are first prepared, by George Crum at Saratoga Springs, New York, september 19 – Hudson Taylor first leaves for China. October 1 – The Bechstein piano company is founded, one of three established in a Golden year in the history of the piano, october 4–5 – Crimean War, The Ottoman Empire starts war with Russia. October 4 – On the east coast of the United States, Donald McKay launches the Great Republic, the worlds biggest sailing ship, october 28 – Crimean War, The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat in Wallachia
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1851 in the United States
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Events from the year 1851 in the United States. President, Millard Fillmore Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, January 23 – The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning. January 28 – The Illinois General Assembly grants a charter to create Northwestern University, april 9 – San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico. April 28 – Santa Clara College is chartered in Santa Clara, may - August – Great Flood of 1851 causes extensive damage in the Midwest, town of Des Moines virtually destroyed. May 15 – Alpha Delta Pi Sorority, the first secret society for women, is founded at Wesleyan College in Macon, july 10 – The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara, California. August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all men have the right to vote. August 22 – The yacht America of the New York Yacht Club wins the first Americas Cup race, september 15 – Saint Josephs University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. September 18 – The New York Times is founded, october 15 – The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded. October – Sojourner Truth delivered her Aint I a Woman, speech in 1851 at the Womens Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle, Washington. December 29 – The first YMCA opens in Boston, Massachusetts, western Union is founded as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company. Stephen Fosters minstrel song Old Folks at Home is first published, California Gold Rush January 24 – Marcus A. Smith, U. S. Senator from Arizona from 1912 to 1921 May 21 – Moses E. Clapp, senator from Minnesota from 1901 to 1917 May 29 – Fred Dubois, U. S. Senator from Idaho from 1891 to 1897 and from 1901 to 1907 August 12 – Frank O. Briggs, senator from New Jersey from 1907 to 1913 August 14 – Doc Holliday, gunfighter and gambler December 9 – Thomas H. Paynter, U. S. S. Navy May 3 – Thomas Hickman Williams, U. S. S, senator from Michigan from 1843 to 1845 November – Willis Buell, politician and portrait painter Media related to 1851 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1852 in the United States
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Events from the year 1852 in the United States. President, Millard Fillmore Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, february 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, is established. February 19 – The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, march 2 – The first American experimental steam fire engine is tested. March 4 – The Phi Mu Fraternity is established at Wesleyan College, march 20 – Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is first published in book form, in Boston. April 23 – More than 150 Wintu people are killed by a militia under the guidance of Trinity County sheriff William H. Dixon in the Bridge Gulch Massacre. July 1 – American statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda, july 4 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech on The Hypocrisy of American Slavery in Rochester, New York. August 3 – The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held, september 15 – Loyola College opens its doors to students in the City of Baltimore, Maryland. November 2 – U. S. presidential election,1852, november 25 – Monticello Convention,44 people from the northern parts of Oregon Territory meet and draft a petition to establish a separate territorial government north of the Columbia River. In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts, giving them 3 dollars per month plus room, Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland. In Medford, Massachusetts, Tufts University is founded, heyburn, United States Senator from Idaho from 1903 till 1912. November 16 – Joseph R. Burton, United States Senator from Kansas from 1901 till 1906, may 18 – Gertrude Käsebier, one of the most influential American photographers of the early 20th century. February 14 – Thomas Carlin, 7th Governor of Illinois from 1838 till 1842, may 6 – William Bellinger Bulloch, United States Senator from Georgia in 1813. June 30 – Henry Clay, United States Senator from Kentucky 1806-1807, 1810-1811, 1831-1842, july 19 – John McKinley, United States Senator from Alabama from 1826 till 1831 and in 1837. Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1837 till 1852, october 24 – Daniel Webster, United States Senator from Massachusetts Media related to 1852 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1854 in the United States
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Events from the year 1854 in the United States. President, Franklin Pierce Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, Linn Boyd Congress, 33rd January 4 – Senator Stephen Douglas introduces a bill to form the Nebraska Territory. The bill sparked major debates related to issues and evolved into the Kansas–Nebraska Act. February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, february 28 – The Black Warrior Affair, A ship destined for New York City is detained in Havana, Cuba. March 20 Anti-slavery opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Ripon, Wisconsin form the Republican Party, the Boston Public Library opens to the public. March 30 – Battle of Cieneguilla, The U. S, First Regiment of Dragoons attacks a larger force of Jicarilla Apache and Ute Native Americans near present-day Pilar, New Mexico. The Americans are forced to retreat after losing more than half their number, march 31 – Commodore Matthew Perry of the U. S. Navy signs the Treaty/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade. April 16 – The American packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the shore of New Jersey with a loss of more than 200 lives, may – Elisha Otis publicly debuts his safety elevator at the New York Worlds Fair. May 27 – Taiping Rebellion, United States minister Robert McLane arrives at Nanjing aboard the U. S. Navy warship USS Susquehanna, june 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland. July 6 – In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the Republican Party is held, july 8 – An anti-Catholic riot in Bath, Maine, destroys a church used by Irish Catholics. July 13 – Bombardment of San Juan del Norte, The USS Cyane attacks San Juan del Norte, August 7–8 – Know Nothings riot against immigrants in St. Louis, Missouri, leading to 10 deaths. August 9 – Walden first published, August 19 – Grattan massacre, A group of U. S. Army soldiers in Nebraska Territory are killed by Lakota Sioux warriors after they killed Chief Conquering Bear, starting the First Sioux War. September 28 or 29 – Sloop USS Albany is lost off the coast of Venezuela with all hands, October 9–11 – The controversial Ostend Manifesto is secretly drafted. The document implies that the U. S. should acquire Cuba from Spain by any means necessary, October 16 – Abraham Lincoln, in his Peoria speech, expresses opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignty, and slavery in the United States. November 29 – Bleeding Kansas, A pro-slavery Democrat, John Wilkins Whitfield, is elected as the Congressional Delegate for Kansas Territory, December 26 – The Treaty of Medicine Creek is signed in Washington Territory. The U. S. acquires land from various Native American tribes, professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr. Thus, petroleum products like gasoline and kerosene are first produced. Waterbury, Connecticut brass manufacturer Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Company create the department and this becomes the predecessor of the modern-day Timex Group USA, manufacturer of timepieces. Achulet Massacre, More than 65 Tolowa people Are killed by American settlers in California, Senator from Mississippi from 1911 to 1923 August 18 – James Paul Clarke, 18th Governor of Arkansas from 1895 to 1897 and U. S
6.
1855 in the United States
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Events from the year 1855 in the United States. President, Franklin Pierce Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Roger B, the California State Militia and U. S. Army intervene, ending the war in March. January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, january 26 – The Point No Point Treaty is signed in the Washington Territory. February 12 – Michigan State University is established, february 22 – Pennsylvania State University is founded as the Farmers High School of Pennsylvania. March 3 – The U. S. Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U. S. Camel Corps, March 16 – Bates College is founded by abolitionists in Lewiston, Maine. March 30 – Elections are held for the first Kansas Territory legislature, missourians cross the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body. April – Cincinnati riots of 1855, Tension between nativists and German-American immigrants in Cincinnati breaks out into territorial street fighting on election day, may 17 – The Mount Sinai Hospital is dedicated in New York City, it opens to patients on June 5. June 6 – Portland Rum Riot, A crowd gathers at a storehouse believed to hold alcohol in Portland, the militia is called in and fires on the crowd to disperse the crowd, killing one person. June 28 – The Sigma Chi Fraternity is founded at Miami University in Oxford, july 1 – Quinault Treaty signed, Quinault and Quileute cede their land to the United States. July 2 – The Kansas Territorial Legislature convenes in Pawnee and begins passing proslavery laws, july 4 – Walt Whitmans poetry collection Leaves of Grass is published in Brooklyn. July 6 – The Kansas Territorial Legislature meets for the last time in Pawnee, voting to relocate to Shawnee, july 16 – U. S. Indian commissioner Isaac Stevens signs the Hellgate treaty with Native Americans living in what is present-day western Montana. August 6 – Bloody Monday, Protestant mobs attack Irish Catholics on a day in Louisville, Kentucky. September 3 – First Sioux War – Battle of Ash Hollow, U. S. forces defeat a band of Brulé Lakota in present-day Garden County, Nebraska. October 5 – Yakima War – Battle of Toppenish Creek, In the Yakima River Valley and it is the first battle of the Yakima War. October 28–31 – First Fiji Expedition, The U. S. Navy dispatches the USS John Adams to Viti Levu, Fiji, one American sailor is killed and two Marines are wounded. November 1 –31 people are killed in the Gasconade Bridge train disaster in Missouri, november 9–10 – Yakima War – Battle of Union Gap, American soldiers attack a Yakama village, forcing the village to retreat. November 21 – Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins with events leading to the Wakarusa War between antislavery and proslavery forces, july 29 – Bowman Brown Law, politician September 2 – M. Hoke Smith, United States Senator from Georgia from 1911 till 1920. October 24 – James S. Sherman, 27th Vice President of the United States from 1909 till 1912, november 5 – Eugene V. Debs, United States is born
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Millard Fillmore
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Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States, the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House. A former congressman from New York, Fillmore was elected the nations 12th Vice President in 1848 and he was instrumental in getting the Compromise of 1850 passed, a bargain that led to a brief truce in the battle over slavery. He failed to win the Whig nomination for president in 1852, he gained the endorsement of the nativist Know Nothing Party four years later, Fillmore was born into poverty in the Finger Lakes area of New York state, his parents were tenant farmers during his formative years. He rose from poverty through study, and became a lawyer though he had formal schooling. He became prominent in the Buffalo area as an attorney and politician, was elected to the New York Assembly in 1828, and to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1832. Fillmore was a candidate for Speaker of the House when the Whigs took control of the chamber in 1841. Fillmore received the Whig vice presidential nomination in 1848 as Taylors running mate, and he was largely ignored by Taylor, including the dispensing of patronage in New York, on which Taylor consulted Weed and Seward. As vice president, Fillmore presided over debates in the Senate as Congress decided whether to allow slavery in the Mexican Cession. Fillmore supported Henry Clays Omnibus Bill though Taylor did not, after President Taylor died in July 1850, Fillmore dismissed the cabinet and changed the administrations policy. The new president exerted pressure to gain the passage of the Compromise, in foreign policy, Fillmore supported U. S. Navy expeditions to open trade in Japan, opposed French designs on Hawaii, and was embarrassed by Narciso Lópezs filibuster expeditions to Cuba. He sought election to a term in 1852, but was passed over by the Whigs in favor of Winfield Scott. As the Whig Party broke up after Fillmores presidency, many of Fillmores conservative wing joined the Know Nothings, in his 1856 candidacy as that partys nominee, Fillmore had little to say about immigration, instead focusing on the preservation of the Union, and won only Maryland. In his retirement, Fillmore was active in civic endeavors. He helped to found the University of Buffalo, serving as its first chancellor, during the American Civil War, Fillmore denounced secession and agreed that the Union must be maintained by force if necessary, but was critical of the war policies of Abraham Lincoln. After peace was restored, he supported the Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson, obscure today, Fillmore has been praised by some for his foreign policy, but he is criticized by others for his enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act and for his association with the Know Nothings. Millard Fillmore was born in a log cabin, on a farm in what is now Moravia, Cayuga County, in the Finger Lakes region of New York state and his parents were Phoebe and Nathaniel Fillmore. He was the second of eight children and the oldest son, Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. was a member of the Green Mountain Boys, and served as an ensign and first lieutenant during the American Revolution. In 1767, Nathaniel Fillmore Sr. married Hepzibah Wood, the mother of Nathaniel Fillmore and grandmother of Millard Fillmore
12.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
14.
Franklin Pierce
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Franklin Pierce was the 14th President of the United States. Pierce was a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a threat to the unity of the nation. Historians and other scholars generally rank Pierce as among the worst of US Presidents, born in New Hampshire, Pierce served in the U. S. House of Representatives and the Senate until he resigned from the latter in 1842. His private law practice in his state was a success. Pierce took part in the Mexican–American War as a general in the Army. In the 1852 presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King easily defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham. While Pierce was popular and outgoing, his life was a grim affair, with his wife Jane suffering from illness. All of their children died young, their last son being killed in a train accident while the family was traveling shortly before Pierces inauguration. Pierce was a Young America expansionist who signed the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico and his popularity in the Northern states declined sharply after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which nullified the Missouri Compromise, while many whites in the South continued to support him. Passage of the act led to violent conflict over the expansion of slavery in the American West, Pierces administration was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto, calling for the annexation of Cuba, a document which was roundly criticized. Although Pierce fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats in the 1856 presidential election, he was abandoned by his party and his reputation in the North suffered further during the Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Abraham Lincoln. Pierce, who had been a heavy drinker for much of his life, Franklin Pierce was born on November 23,1804, in a log cabin in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. He was a descendant of Thomas Pierce, who had moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Norwich, Norfolk, England. Pierces father Benjamin, a Revolutionary War lieutenant, moved from Chelmsford, Massachusetts to Hillsborough after the war, Pierce was the fifth of eight children born to Benjamin and his second wife, Anna Kendrick. Benjamin was by then a prominent Democratic-Republican state legislator, farmer, Pierces father, who sought to ensure that his sons were educated, placed Pierce in a school at Hillsborough Center in childhood and sent him to the town school at Hancock at the age of 12. The boy was not fond of schooling, growing homesick at Hancock, he walked 12 miles back to his home one Sunday. His father fed him dinner and drove him part of the back to school before kicking him out of the carriage. Pierce later cited this moment as the turning-point in my life, later that year he transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy to prepare for college
15.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
16.
New Hampshire
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New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont. It has no sales tax, nor is personal income taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U. S. presidential election cycle and its license plates carry the state motto, Live Free or Die. The states nickname, The Granite State, refers to its extensive granite formations, the state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire is part of the New England region and it is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshires major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U. S. coastal state, New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Major rivers include the 110-mile Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south and ends up in Newburyport and its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshires Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, only one town – Pittsburg – shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut also define the Canada–U. S, the Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the states only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine, the U. S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however, the largest of New Hampshires lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles, is a distant second, Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. It is the state with the highest percentage of area in the country. New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests
17.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
18.
Washington Territory
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It was created from the portion of the Oregon Territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the Columbia. At its largest extent, it included the entirety of modern Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming. Agitation in favor of self-government developed in the regions of the Oregon Territory north of the Columbia River in 1851–1852, after gaining approval from the Oregon territorial government, the proposal was sent to the federal government. The bill to establish the territory, H. R.348, was reported in the U. S. House of Representatives by Representative Charles E. Stuart on January 25,1853. Representative Richard H. Stanton argued that the proposed name—the Territory of Columbia—might be confused for the District of Columbia, isaac Stevens, who was appointed the territorys first governor, declared Olympia to be the territorial capital. A territorial legislature was elected and first met in February 1854, Columbia Lancaster was elected as the first delegate to U. S. Congress. The original boundaries of the territory included all of the present day State of Washington, as well as northern Idaho, the southeastern tip of the territory was sent to Nebraska Territory on March 2,1861. S. Oregon, Washington Territory, western Nebraska Territory, southern British Columbia, showing political divisions, counties and Emigrant Trail. W. Washington, a territory of the United States
19.
Oregon Territory
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Originally claimed by several countries, the region was divided between the UK and US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area included the current states of Oregon, Washington. The capital of the territory was first Oregon City, then Salem, followed briefly by Corvallis, then back to Salem, originally inhabited by Native Americans, the region that became the Oregon Territory was explored by Europeans first by sea. The first documented exploration came in 1777 by the Spanish, with British, during the period of joint occupation, most activity in the region outside of the activities of the indigenous people came from the fur trade, which was dominated by the British Hudsons Bay Company. Over time, some began to settle down in the area and began farming. Some settlers also began arriving in the late 1830s, and covered wagons crossed the Oregon Trail beginning in 1841, at that time, no government existed in the Oregon Country, as no one nation held dominion over the territory. A group of settlers in the Willamette Valley began meeting in 1841 to discuss organizing a government for the area and these earliest documented discussions, mostly concerning forming a government, were held in an early pioneer and Native American encampment and later town known as Champoeg, Oregon. These first Champoeg Meetings eventually led to discussions, and in 1843 the creation of the Provisional Government of Oregon. In 1846, the Oregon boundary dispute between the U. S. and Britain was settled with the signing of the Oregon Treaty. The British gained sole possession of the north of the 49th parallel and all of Vancouver Island. On August 14,1848, Congress passed the Act to Establish the Territorial Government of Oregon, the Territory of Oregon originally encompassed all of the present-day states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, as well as those parts of present-day Montana and Wyoming west of the Continental Divide. Its southern border was the 42nd parallel north, and it extended north to the 49th parallel, Oregon City, Oregon, was designated as the first capital. The territorial government consisted of a governor, a marshal, a secretary, an attorney, judges on the court also sat as trial level judges as they rode circuit across the territory. All of these offices were filled by appointment by the President of the United States, taxation took the form of an annual property tax of 0. 25% for territorial purposes with an additional county tax not to exceed this amount. This tax was to be paid on all town lots and improvements, mills, carriages, clocks and watches, Oregon City served as the seat of government from 1848 to 1851, followed by Salem from 1851 to 1855. Corvallis served briefly as the capital in 1855, followed by a permanent return to Salem later that year, in 1853, the portion of the territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the Washington Territory. On February 14,1859, the territory entered the Union as the U. S. state of Oregon within its current boundaries, the remaining eastern portion of the territory was added to the Washington Territory
20.
William R. King
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William Rufus DeVane King was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 13th Vice President of the United States for six weeks in 1853 before his death, earlier he had been elected as a U. S. Representative from North Carolina and a Senator from Alabama and he also served as Minister to France during the reign of King Louis Philippe I. A Democrat, he was a Unionist and his contemporaries considered him to be a moderate on the issues of sectionalism, slavery and westward expansion and he helped draft the Compromise of 1850. He is the only United States executive official to take the oath of office on foreign soil, inaugurated in Havana, King died of tuberculosis after 45 days in office. With the exceptions of John Tyler and Andrew Johnson—both of whom succeeded to the Presidency—he is the shortest-serving Vice President, King was the only Vice President from the State of Alabama and held the highest political office of any Alabamian in American history. He was the third Vice President to die in office, King was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, to William King and Margaret deVane. His family was large, wealthy and well-connected and he graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1803, where he was also a member of the Philanthropic Society. Admitted to the bar in 1806 after reading the law with Judge William Duffy of Fayetteville, North Carolina, King was an ardent Freemason, and was a member of Fayettevilles Phoenix Lodge No.8. King entered politics and was elected as a member of the North Carolina House of Commons, where he served from 1807 to 1809 and he developed a large cotton plantation based on slave labor, calling the property Chestnut Hill. King and his relatives formed one of the largest slaveholding families in the state, William Rufus King was a delegate to the convention which organized the Alabama state government. Upon the admission of Alabama as the twenty-second State in 1819 he was elected by the State Legislature as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. King was reelected as a Jacksonian in 1822,1828,1834, and 1841, serving from December 14,1819, until April 15,1844, when he resigned. During this time, in March–April 1824, William R. King was honored with a vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the partys candidate for the Office of U. S. Vice President for the upcoming 1824 Presidential election, later he served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the 24th through 27th Congresses. King was Chairman of the Senates Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Commerce and he was appointed as Minister to France, and served from 1844 to 1846. After his return, King resumed serving in the Senate, appointed and he held his seat from July 1,1848 until resigning because of ill health on December 20,1852, after having been elected Vice President. King supported a conservative, pro-slavery position, arguing that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery in both the Southern states and the federal territories and he opposed both the abolitionists efforts to abolish slavery in the territories as well as the Fire-Eaters calls for Southern secession
21.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
22.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
23.
Roger B. Taney
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Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He delivered the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. S and he was the first Roman Catholic appointed both to a presidential cabinet, as Attorney General under President Andrew Jackson, as well as to the Court. Taney, a Jacksonian Democrat, was made Chief Justice by Jackson, Taney was a believer in states rights. He inherited slaves from his father but manumitted them and gave pensions to the older ones and he believed that power and liberty were extremely important and if power became too concentrated, then it posed a grave threat to individual liberty. He opposed attempts by the government to regulate or control matters that would restrict the rights of individuals. From Prince Frederick, Maryland, he had practiced law and politics simultaneously, after abandoning the Federalist Party as a losing cause, he rose to the top of the states Jacksonian machine. He was bought and sold and treated as an article of merchandise and traffic. The court also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, thus permitting slavery in all of the countrys territories, Taney died during the final months of the American Civil War on the same day that his home state of Maryland abolished slavery. Roger Brooke Taney was born on March 17,1777 in Calvert County, Maryland and he was the second son, and the third of seven children born to a slaveholding family of tobacco planters in Calvert County, Maryland. He received an education from a series of private tutors. After instructing him for a year, his last tutor, David English, at the age of 15 he entered Dickinson College in Pennsylvania, graduating with honors in 1795. As a younger son with no prospect of inheriting the family plantation and he read law and in 1799 was admitted to the bar. He quickly distinguished himself as one of Marylands most promising young lawyers, Taney married Anne Phoebe Charlton Key, sister of Francis Scott Key, on January 7,1806. In 1799, the year he began practicing as an attorney, Taney was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates. He ran for re-election in 1800, but lost, returning to private practice, he served as a director of the State Bank Branch in Frederick, Maryland, from 1810 to 1815. He was elected the Maryland State Senate in 1816, serving until 1821—this time as a Democratic Republican and he was also a director of the Frederick County Bank from 1818 to 1823, when he returned to private practice. When the 1824 presidential election divided the party supporters and opponents of Andrew Jackson, Taney became a staunch Jacksonian Democrat. In 1833, as secretary of the Treasury, Taney ordered an end to the deposit of Federal money in the Second Bank of the United States, an act that killed the institution
24.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
25.
Linn Boyd
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Linn Boyd was a prominent US politician of the 1840s and 1850s, and served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1855. Boyd was elected to the House as a Democrat from Kentucky from 1835 to 1837 and again from 1839 to 1855, Boyd County, Kentucky is named in his honor. Boyd was raised and educated in Trigg County, and became a farmer in Calloway County and he served in the Kentucky House of Representatives after first winning election in 1827. While Boyd represented Calloway County, his father represented Trigg County, in 1831 Boyd moved to Trigg County and was again elected to the state House. In 1833, Boyd lost his first campaign for the United States House of Representatives, in 1835 he was elected to the House and served there until 1837, when a Whig landslide resulting from the Panic of 1837 cost him his seat. Boyd soon returned to the House, serving from 1839 through 1855 and he was a strong supporter of President Andrew Jackson. Boyd played a key role in maneuvering the annexation of Texas through Congress during the term of President John Tyler in 1845, Boyd was also important in getting the Compromise of 1850, chiefly credited to Henry Clay, passed through Congress. Largely though his prominence in shepherding the compromise to passage, Boyd was elected Speaker of the House in 1851 and held that office until 1855. While in the House, he impressed his colleague Charles S. Benton that he named his son. Boyd was nominated for Governor of Kentucky in 1848, but declined to run and was replaced by Lazarus W. Powell, in 1852 he moved to Paducah. Boyd was elected the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1859 and this became significant with the onset of the Civil War. Unionists held a majority in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly in summer 1861 and frequently overrode Magoffins vetos. By August 1862 Magoffin made it clear that he was willing to resign the governorship, however, due to Linn Boyds death, the person next in line to become Governor of Kentucky was Speaker of the Senate John F. Fisk, who was unacceptable to Magoffin. Fisk resigned as Speaker and was replaced by James F. Robinson, Magoffin resigned, Robinson became governor and Fisk was reinstalled as Speaker of the Senate. Boyd died in Paducha on December 17,1859 and he was buried at Paducahs Oak Grove Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, counties of Christian and Trigg, Kentucky, historical and biographical
26.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
27.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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32nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1851 to March 4,1853, during the third and fourth years of Millard Fillmores presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840, both chambers had a Democratic majority. President, Vacant President pro tempore, William R. King, until December 20,1852 David R. Atchison, from December 20,1852 Speaker, Linn Boyd This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Directory for the 32nd Congress, 2nd Session
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33rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1853 to March 4,1855, during the first two years of the administration of U. S. President Franklin Pierce. During this session, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, an act that led to the creation of the Republican Party. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1850, both chambers had a Democratic majority. March 4,1853, Franklin Pierce became President of the United States April 18,1853, Vice President William R. King died July 8,1853, Commodore Matthew C. 59,10 Stat.277 March 3,1855, The U. S. Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U. S, may 30,1854 – Nebraska Territory was organized. For the beginning of this congress, the size of the House was increased from 233 seats to 234 seats, President, William R. King, until April 18,1853, vacant thereafter. President pro tempore, David R. Atchison, until December 4,1854 Lewis Cass, December 4,1854 Jesse D. Bright, from December 5,1854 Speaker, Linn Boyd Democratic Caucus Chairman, olds This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the United States consisted of 31 states during this Congress. Skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
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Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
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Henry W. Collier
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Henry Watkins Collier was the 14th Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1849 to 1853. He was born in Lunenburg County, Virginia, Collier arrived in Tuscaloosa, Alabama from South Carolina in 1823. He sat on the Alabama Supreme Court for 18 years, of which 12 were as Chief Justice, following his term as Governor he was offered a seat in the United States Senate but declined and retired. Collier-Overby House, Colliers residence in Tuscaloosa, on the National Register of Historic Places Alabama Department of Archives and History
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John A. Winston
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John Anthony Winston was the 15th Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama from 1853 to 1857. He was born in 1812 in Madison County, Alabama Territory and he was a son of William Winston and Mary Cooper of Tuscumbia Alabama. William was a son of Anthony Winston and Keziah Jones former residents of Buckingham County Virginia, John Anthony Winston married his first cousin, Mary Agness Jones, on August 7,1832 in Madison County Alabama. He died December 21,1871 in Mobile, Alabama and is buried in the Winston Family Cemetery near Gainesville in Sumter County Alabama and he had only one child, a daughter, Mary Agnes Winston. In January 1867 he presented his credentials to the United States Senate as Senator-elect from Alabama for the term 1867–1873, John Jones Pettus wife was his first cousin Permelia Virginia Winston a sister of John Anthony Winston. Permelia Virginia Pettus is buried in the Winston Cemetery, Gainesville Sumter County Alabama, Alabama Department of Archives and History
33.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
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Elias Nelson Conway
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Elias Nelson Conway was an American politician and the fifth Governor of Arkansas. Conway was born in Greeneville, Tennessee, when he was a boy, his family moved from Tennessee to Missouri. Conway attended Bonne Femme Academy in Boone County, Missouri and his older brother Henry died in 1827 as a result of a duel with a former friend, Robert Crittenden. In 1833, Conway moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, where his brothers had settled. In 1835, he was appointed as the auditor. In 1844, Elias Conway was offered, and declined, the Democratic nomination for Governor, when offered the nomination again in 1852, he accepted. With a successful campaign, he was elected as Governor of Arkansas and he was reelected to a second term in 1856. His administration focused on improvements to the state, roads. He formed the Chancery Courts and eased the financial problems. When Conway left office in 1860, the state held a surplus. Conway formed the Geological Survey of Arkansas, commissioning Principal Geologist David Dale Owen, to survey the territory west of Little Rock and provide a report on the area. The Natural Steps were first written about and drawn by Owen, in his Second Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of the Middle, Conway was first cousin to Senator Ambrose Hundley Sevier and Governor Henry Massey Rector. After Conway retired from life, he became somewhat of a recluse. Conway is buried at the historic Mount Holly Cemetery in Little Rock, Arkansas
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Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
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John Bigler
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John Bigler was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. A Democrat, he served as the governor of California from 1852 to 1856 and was the first California governor to complete an entire term in office. His younger brother, William Bigler, was elected governor of Pennsylvania during the same period, Bigler was also appointed by President James Buchanan as the U. S. Minister to Chile from 1857 to 1861, Bigler was born in early 1805 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania to parents of German ancestry. In 1831, both moved to Bellefonte in Centre County to buy the local Andrew Jackson-affiliated Centre Democrat newspaper. Bigler worked as editor until 1835, when he sold the publication to study law, when news of the California gold rush reached the East Coast in mid-1848, Bigler, now a middle-aged lawyer, decided to leave for the West Coast to join a law practice. Travelling overland with an ox train, Bigler reached Sacramento in 1849, Bigler began to work at a series of odd jobs, including becoming an auctioneer, a wood chopper, and a freight unloader at the towns docks along the Sacramento River. Upon being elected to the first session of the California State Legislature in 1849, within a year, Bigler was voted by the heavily Democratic majority in the body as the Speaker of the Assembly in February 1850. Now one of the most powerful legislators in the state, Bigler enjoyed widespread name recognition, during the Sacramento Cholera Epidemic of October 1850, Bigler contracted cholera as a direct result of his remaining in the city and assisting doctors and undertakers. In May 1851, Bigler was nominated by the Democratic Party convention in Benicia as the choice for governor in Californias first general election after achieving statehood. Biglers challenger, the Whig Partys Pierson B, Reading, derided Bigler as an unpolished, gruff Yankee Northerner, while Reading articulated himself as an educated pioneering gentleman of the South. Bigler won the election by more than a thousand votes. Bigler also prioritized the industrialization of California, encouraging industrial investment on behalf of the state government, Bigler also enacted a policy to prevent Chinese coolie immigrants from entering California. Whereas the original 1850 law placed a US$20 per month tax on all miners of foreign origin, over the course of his two terms in office, taxes for Chinese immigrants steadily increased, with ever harsher bills passing the Legislature and signed into law by Governor Bigler. One law passed by the Legislature and signed by the Governor created a US$50 tax per head for Chinese entering Californian ports, the California Supreme Court later ruled the law unconstitutional. Opposition to the constriction of Chinese immigration was voiced by Norman Asing and he argued that. we are not the degraded race you would make us and that. Pressure was also mounting on the Democratic Party itself in California in regards to slavery, the Democrats effectively split into two camps, with both the Chivalry and Free Soilers nominating their own candidates for the 1853 election. Despite the party split, Bigler was able to overcome Whig Party challenger William Waldo and win a term of office
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Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
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Thomas H. Seymour
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Thomas Hart Seymour was a Democratic politician and lawyer from Connecticut. He served as the 36th Governor of Connecticut from 1850 to 1853 and he was the leader of the peace settlement in the Democratic Party, and narrowly lost the April 1863 gubernatorial election. Born in Hartford, Connecticut to Major Henry Seymour and Jane Ellery, Seymour was sent to schools as a child and graduated from Middletown Military Academy in Middletown. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1833, a judge of probate from 1836 to 1838, Seymour was also Editor of the Jeffersonian from 1837 to 1838. In 1842, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives and served one term from 1843 to 1845, declining reelection in 1844. During the Mexican-American War, Seymour was commissioned as a major in the Connecticut Infantry on March 16,1846, later recommissioned to the new 9th United States Infantry on April 9,1847. Due to his courageous leadership at the Battle of Chapultepec, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 12th Infantry under Colonel Milledge L. Bonham on August 12,1847. After the war, Seymour made a run for Governor of Connecticut in 1849. He accepted the commission of Minister to Russia from President Franklin Pierce and he resigned from the governorship on October 13,1853, and spent the next four years in Russia, where he built a warm and ongoing alliance with the Czar Nicholas and his son. He served in this position until 1858 when President James Buchanan replaced him with Francis W. Pickens, in Russia, his attaches included Daniel Coit Gilman and Andrew Dickson White. Seymour died of fever, in Hartford, Connecticut on September 3,1868. He is interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery, in 1850 the town of Humphreysville, Connecticut - then contemplating a change of name - was renamed Seymour in his honor. The Politics of Dissent, Civil War Democrats in Connecticut, New England Quarterly 56#4 pp. 538–554 DOI,10. 2307/365104 in JSTOR Niven, Connecticut for the Union, The Role of the State in the Civil War Talmadge, John E. A Peace Movement in Civil War Connecticut, Connecticut in the American Civil War, Slavery, Sacrifice, and Survival United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. congress. gov
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Charles H. Pond
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Born in Milford, Connecticut on April 26,1781, Pond was the son of Captain and Martha Pond. Prepared by his pastor, he attended college beginning at age seventeen and he studied law with Hon. Roger Minot Sherman, of Fairfield, for two years and admitted to the bar in Fairfield County. Instead of beginning practice, he took a sea voyage for his health. The result was he followed the sea for years as an employee of his fathers shipping business, first as a supercargo. Regaining his former health he took up his residence on land again and he was married in 1809 to Catherine Dickinson and they had seven children. Pond served as a judge of New Haven County Court from 1818 to 1819, sheriff of New Haven from 1820 to 1834. Pond was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1850,1852, on October 13,1853, Governor Thomas H. Seymour resigned from office, and Pond, who was Lieutenant Governor at the time, assumed the duties of Governor. During his tenure, the U. S. Senate passed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Pond did not seek reelection and left office, retiring from public service. The same month and year of the bombardment of Fort Sumter and he is interred at Milford Cemetery, Milford, Connecticut. He is memorialized on the Milford Founding Fathers Memorial in Milford, national Governors Association biography F. C. Norton, The Governors of Connecticut, Charles H. Pond entry Milford Founding Fathers Memorial familyhistory. us. org Connecticut State Library The Political Graveyard
40.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
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William H. H. Ross
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William Henry Harrison Ross was an American farmer and politician from Seaford, in Sussex County, Delaware, United States. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served as Governor of Delaware, Ross was born in Laurel, Delaware, son of Caleb and Letitia Lofland Ross. He grew up in Laurel, attending the Laurel Academy, the Ross family had many business interests, and William added to them by beginning to grow peaches on their property. Like his father, he one day would become a director of the Farmers Bank of Delaware. He married Emeline Hall in 1840, and they had ten children, Letitia Lofland, Caleb, George Hall, James Jefferson, William Madison, Edgar Calhoun, Sarah A. Mary G. Laura F. and John Wood. They lived at the Ross Mansion, just north of Seaford, Ross was a regular delegate to the Democratic National Convention, attending in 1844,1848,1856, and 1860. In his only attempt at office, Ross ran for Governor in 1850. Lockwood, the Temperance Party candidate, was the main contender, representative George R. Riddle and a slogan of Ross, Riddle and Reform. They were both successful, and Ross served as Governor of Delaware from January 21,1851, until January 14,1855, at age 36, he was the youngest person ever elected Governor of Delaware. In 1852, the building of the north-south Delaware Railroad finally got underway. In the works since the company was chartered in 1836, funds were finally raised, Constitutional reform was also seriously considered at this time. By 1850, New Castle County had nearly half the population of the state and this and other populist measures led the Democrats to call for a Constitutional Convention to address them. Using methods that were probably unconstitutional, the Democrats managed to get the Convention convened in December 1852, after several months of negotiation, compromises were reached that satisfied no one and the whole effort was resoundingly rejected at the polls. The Constitution of 1831 would remain in effect, Ross was a slaveholder and obviously sympathetic with the various arguments intended to preserve it. Slavery might be dying in Delaware, he said, but he was convinced a majority of the citizens in the supported the rights of the slaves states. As if to agree with his point, the General Assembly again refused proposals to allow African Americans to testify in courts of law and he tried returning a year later, but by 1863 had left for the duration of the war. While he was in exile he wrote, Not that I am guilty of any act against the government of the U. S. but I am considered to entertain opinions which are pronounced by people as disloyal. Ross returned, and lost many of his investments, but by his act of avoidance, Ross was but the most wealthy and most visible of many persons in Delaware equally sympathetic with the cause of the Confederacy
42.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
43.
Thomas Brown (Florida politician)
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Thomas Brown was an American politician who served as Floridas second Governor from 1849 to 1853. He is buried at the Old City Cemetery in Tallahassee, thomas Brown was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, United States, home to George Washington, James Monroe, and others. Brown served in the War of 1812, and subsequently became chief clerk of the post office at Richmond, while in that position, he invented the post office letter box. In 1828, Brown moved with his family to the Florida Territory, as governor, Brown tried to improve Floridas transportation system. Also, he complained that Florida was making progress on education. On January 6,1853, he signed the bill that provided support to higher education. East Florida Seminary in Ocala was one of the first schools to utilize this funding, in 1866, EFS reopened in Gainesville, and the University of Florida traces its history to this institution. Brown was inspired by the discovery of the rich lands of the Lake Okeechobee area and encouraged cattlemen and farmers, protected by the Florida militia. Brown also made an effort to determine whether the Everglades should be drained, during this period, Fort Myers was developed into a full-sized village. In December 1855, Lt. George Hartsuff, on a survey of Seminole facilities, ran survey lines across Billy Bowlegs prize banana garden and the Seminole Indians returned to war. Brown was an active Mason for more than 60 years, serving a term as secretary in the Tallahassee lodge. Governor Brown died in Tallahassee on August 24,1867, in 1834, Brown built a hotel called Browns Inn in Tallahassee, located on the west side of Adams Street, between Pensacola and Lafayette streets. In 1839 it was known as the City Hotel, in 1840 as the Adelphi and it was destroyed by fire in 1886. Thomas Brown at Find a Grave
44.
James E. Broome
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James Emilius Broome was an American politician who was the third Governor of Florida. Broome was born in Hamburg, South Carolina and moved to Florida in 1837 and he engaged in the mercantile business until he retired in 1841. In that same year, Governor Richard Keith Call appointed him to the position of Probate Judge of Leon County and he served in that position until 1848. He was elected governor in 1852 as a Democrat, and took office on October 3,1853, during his term, the Whig Party, the opposition to the Democrats at the time, controlled the Florida State Legislature. He vetoed so many of the bills that were passed by the legislature that he became known as the Veto Governor, after his gubernatorial stint ended on October 5,1857, Broome served as a member of the Florida Senate in 1861. A large planter, he was sympathetic to the Confederate cause. James E. Broome was married five times, in 1865, he moved to New York City. On a visit with his son in DeLand, Florida, Broome died in 1883, official Governors portrait and biography from the State of Florida James E. Broome at Find a Grave
45.
Howell Cobb
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Thomas Howell Cobb was an American political figure. A southern Democrat, Cobb was a member of the United States House of Representatives. He also served as a Secretary of Treasury under President James Buchanan, Cobb served for two weeks between the foundation of the Confederacy and the election of Jefferson Davis as its first President. This made him, as the Speaker of the Congress, provisional Head of State at this time, born in Jefferson County, Georgia, Cobb was raised in Athens, Georgia, and attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He was of Welsh American ancestry and he was admitted to the bar in 1836 and became solicitor general of the western judicial circuit of Georgia. He married Mary Ann Lamar on May 26,1835 and they would have eleven children, the first in 1838 and the last in 1861. They were John Addison, Zachariah Lamar, Howell, Henry Jackson, Basil Lamar, Mary Ann Lamar, Laura Rootes, Sarah, Andrew Jackson, Elizabeth Craig, and Thomas Reade Rootes. Several did not survive out of childhood, including their last and he was elected as Democrat to the 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st Congresses. He was chairman of the U. S. House Committee on Mileage during the 28th Congress and he sided with President Andrew Jackson on the question of nullification, was an efficient supporter of President James K. On that issue, Cobb was elected governor of Georgia by a large majority, after 63 ballots, Cobb became Speaker of the House on December 22,1850. When Zachary Taylor died on July 9, Vice President Millard Fillmore became President, the president pro tempore of the Senate was not appointed until July 11 when William Rufus de Vane King took that position. In 1851, he left the House to serve as the Governor of Georgia and he published A Scriptural Examination of the Institution of Slavery. He was elected to the 34th Congress and then took the position of Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanans Cabinet and he served for three years, resigning in December 1860. At one time, Cobb was Buchanans choice for his successor, in 1860, Cobb ceased to be a Unionist, and became a leader of the secession movement. He was president of a convention of the states that assembled in Montgomery, Alabama. Under Cobbs guidance, the delegates drafted a constitution for the new Confederacy and he served as President of several sessions of the Confederate Provisional Congress, before resigning to join the military when war erupted. Cobb joined the Confederate army and was named as colonel of the 16th Georgia Infantry and he was appointed a brigadier general on February 13,1862, and assigned command of a brigade in what became the Army of Northern Virginia. Between February and June 1862, he represented the Confederate authorities in negotiations with Union officers for an agreement on the exchange of prisoners of war and his efforts in these discussions contributed to the Dix-Hill Cartel accord reached in July 1862
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