1.
1846 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. May 22 – The Brontë sisters first published work, the collection Poems by Currer, Ellis and it sells just two copies in the first year. September 12 – Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning marry privately in St Marylebone Parish Church, London, departing for the continent a week later
2.
1852 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1852. February 2 – Alexandre Dumas, filss stage adaptation of his 1848 novel La Dame aux caméllias is premièred at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris. February 24 – Nikolai Gogol burns some of his manuscripts, including most of the part of Dead Souls. He takes to his bed and dies a few days later, march – Serialization of Charles Dickens novel Bleak House begins, the September installment introduces the first detective in an English novel. The first dramatic adaptations appear on the New York stage from Autumn, april – Samuel Orchart Beeton launches The Englishwomans Domestic Magazine, the first British magazine aimed at a middle-class female readership. April 16 – Ivan Turgenev is imprisoned and exiled to his estate over an obituary praising Gogol. April 24 – Wilkie Collins first contribution to Household Words, The travellers story of a strange bed, is an early example of crime fiction involving the police. August 5 – Exiled French novelist Victor Hugo moves to Saint Helier on Jersey in the Channel Islands, September 2 – The public library in Campfield, Manchester, England, is the first to offer free lending under the U. K. Public Libraries Act 1850, Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Charles Dickens are present at the opening ceremony, november – Leo Tolstoys debut novel, Childhood, is published under the initials L. N. in this months issue of the Saint Petersburg literary journal Sovremennik. Pierre Larousse founds his publishing house in Paris, hanah Mullens Karuna O Phulmonir Bibaran is the first Bengali novel. M. Reynolds – Mary Price Caroline Rush – The North and the South, or, Slavery and Its Contrasts William L
3.
1854 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1854. April 1–August 12 – Charles Dickenss novel Hard Times is serialised in his magazine Household Words, from September 2, it is followed in the magazine by Elizabeth Gaskells North and South, another social novel based in the Lancashire manufacturing district. July – Publication begins of Anthony Trollopes novel Barchester Towers, november – Crimean War, Future novelist Leo Tolstoy arrives to take part as a defending soldier in the Siege of Sevastopol. Off-duty he is reading Thackerays novels in French translation, john Rollin Ridges The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, The Celebrated California Bandit is the first novel by a Native American in the United States, although concerning a Mexican immigrant. The Polyglotta Africana, a classification of African languages based on field work under freed slaves in Freetown. 1, Dogme Theodor Mommsen – History of Rome, vol, morrow, American writer, noted for his stories of horror and suspense
4.
1857 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1857. January 5 – Wilkie Collins drama The Frozen Deep is first performed in an amateur performance staged by and featuring Charles Dickens at the latters London home. January 10 – Jules Verne marries Honorine de Viane Morel, February 7 – Gustave Flauberts pioneering realist novel Madame Bovary is acquitted on charges of offending morals and religion from its 1856 expurgated serialization. It is published complete in book form in April by Michel Lévy Frères in Paris, may 5 – American publisher Moses Phillips hosts a dinner for Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. May 10 – Indian Rebellion of 1857 breaks out, it will feature extensively in subsequent fiction, june 25 – Charles Baudelaires collection of poems Les Fleurs du mal is published in Paris. He will be convicted and some of the most decadent poems suppressed on charges of offending morals, september – Obscene Publications Act 1857 is passed in the United Kingdom, making the sale of obscene material a statutory offence. William Dugdale, a target of the act, is one of the first to be charged under it. The Act is replaced with a less stringent one in 1959, september 25 – Eugène Sues extended fiction Les Mystères du peuple is condemned on charges of offending morals and religion, the author having died on August 3. George Eliots Scenes of Clerical Life are serialized in Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine through the year, her first work of fiction, the British Museum Reading Room opens in London. Saintine – Seul Catharine Maria Sedgwick – Married or Single, adalbert Stifter – Der Nachsommer William Makepeace Thackeray – The Virginians Anthony Trollope – Barchester Towers R. M. With an Introductory Sketch of its Progress, and Suggestions for its Confutation February 7 – Benjamin Eli Smith, American editor of reference books February 9 – A
5.
1854 in architecture
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The year 1854 in architecture involved some significant events and new buildings. Pena National Palace in Sintra, Portugal, designed by Baron Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege, church of St. Walburge, Preston, Lancashire, England, designed by Joseph Hansom. St Georges Hall, Liverpool, England, completed by Charles Robert Cockerell to the design of Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, the Kościuszko Mound in Kraków, Poland, erected in commemoration of Tadeusz Kościuszko, a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and the United States. The Semper Gallery in Dresden, Germany, designed by Gottfried Semper, royal Gold Medal - Philip Hardwick Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer
6.
1854 in science
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The year 1854 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. July 22 – Discovery of the asteroid 30 Urania by John Russell Hind, George Airy calculates the mean density of the Earth by measuring the gravity in a coal mine in South Shields. Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its components by distillation. George Booles work on logic, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. Arthur Cayley states the version of Cayleys theorem and produces the first Cayley table. Bernhard Riemann, a German mathematician, submits his habilitation thesis Ueber die Darstellbarkeit einer Function durch eine trigonometrische Reihe and it is published by Richard Dedekind in 1867. November – Florence Nightingale and her team of trained volunteer nurses arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire to care for British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War, spanish-born vocal pedagogist Manuel García observes his own functioning glottis using a form of laryngoscope incorporating mirrors. Claude Bernard introduces the term Milieu intérieur in physiology, filippo Pacini, an Italian anatomist, discovers Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. Louis Pasteur begins studying fermentation at the request of brewers, may 9 – Albert Fink patents the Fink truss in the United States. May 17 – Deck of Wheeling Suspension Bridge in the United States destroyed through torsional movement, July – First voyage by a seagoing steamship fitted with a compound steam engine, the screw steamer Brandon, built on the River Clyde in Scotland by John Elder. December 20 – In the case of Talbot v. Laroche, james Ambrose Cutting takes out three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process. Elisha Otis completes work on the safety elevator,10 June – The Crystal Palace reopens in Sydenham, South London with life-size dinosaur models in the grounds. Copley Medal, Johannes Peter Müller Wollaston Medal for Geology, Richard John Griffith January 27 – George Alexander Gibson, Scottish physician, January 29 – Fred Baker, American physician and naturalist. March 4 – Napier Shaw, English meteorologist, march 15 – Emil Adolf von Behring, German physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901. March 31 – Dugald Clerk, Scottish mechanical engineer, april 28 – Phoebe Marks, later Hertha Ayrton, English electrical engineer. April 29 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician, may 11 – Ottmar Mergenthaler, German-born inventor. June 13 – Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor of the steam turbine, July 12 – George Eastman, American photographic inventor. July 23 – Birt Acres, American-born cinematographic inventor, october 3 – Hermann Struve, Russian-born astronomer
7.
The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)
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The Charge of the Light Brigade is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem, the poem was written on December 2,1854, and it was published on December 9,1854 in The Examiner. During the 1850s, when England was engaged in the Crimean War and feared invasion from Russia, the poem was written after the Light Cavalry Brigade suffered great casualties in the Battle of Balaclava. Tennyson wrote the poem based on two articles published in The Times, the first, published in November,1854, provided the phrase Some one has blunderd and thus the meter of the poem. Tennyson made revisions to the due to criticisms by the American poet Frederick Goddard Tuckerman and others. These changes were criticized by several, including both Tennyson and Tuckerman, Tennyson sent a version of the poem, after correcting the revisions in Maud, at the soldiers request. There, it was distributed in form at the behest of Jane. The same version was used for the printing of Maud. Tennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890 and its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance. At the beginning of the horror film Burnt Offerings, patriarch Ben prophetically foreshadows his familys destruction by paraphrasing, later in the episode Elim Garak asks how that poem ends, to be told by OBrien You dont want to know. In the film Saving Private Ryan, Private Reiben asks why eight men are sent to save one, corporal Timothy E. Upham replies with a quote from the poem, Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die. Captain Miller responds that it is about their duty as soldiers to follow their orders, Captain Miller shows his acquaintance with Emersons works too. The film later reveals that Captain Miller taught English composition at Thomas Alva Edison High School for eleven years before the war and this would explain why he instantly knew the quote and understood the meaning. Jean Johnsons military sci-fi book series, Theirs Not To Reason Why, and the first book, A Soldiers Duty, were nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 2011. In a response to the destruction of Taffy 3 at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The poem inspired the Iron Maiden song The Trooper, the character Dr. Reed Akley on Manhattan recites three lines of the poem, in Episode 12. The TV show Top Gear referenced the poem and its origins in series 21, episode 3, when stopping at a spot near the battlefield, the team commented on the event and Richard Hammond quoted Tennysons poem. In the film The Blind Side Michael Oher doesnt know what to write about in his final English essay and his adoptive father quotes the first two stanzas and explains them using a football analogy
8.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
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Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victorias reign and remains one of the most popular British poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as Break, Break, Break, The Charge of the Light Brigade, Tears, Idle Tears, Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, Ulysses, and Tithonus. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success and he is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England and he was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. His father, George Clayton Tennyson, was rector of Somersby, also rector of Benniworth and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby. Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a family and was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music. He was comfortably well off for a clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe. Alfred Tennysons mother, Elizabeth Fytche, was the daughter of Stephen Fytche, vicar of St. James Church, Louth and rector of Withcall, Tennysons father carefully attended to the education and training of his children. Tennyson and two of his brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner, later married Louisa Sellwood, the sister of Alfreds future wife. Another of Tennysons brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum, Tennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four years and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a society called the Cambridge Apostles. A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinitys collection, at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of his rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles entitled Poems by Two Brothers. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellors Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, reportedly, it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellors gold medal. He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830, claribel and Mariana, which later took their place among Tennysons most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day. In the spring of 1831, Tennysons father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree and he returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family
9.
Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period
10.
English poetry
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This article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The article does not include poetry from other countries where the English language is spoken, the earliest surviving English poetry, written in Anglo-Saxon, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry and it is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD700, by and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth, beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from works to biblical paraphrase, elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin, and numerous proverbs, riddles. With one notable exception, Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for its structure, with the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly Norman, and this became the language of courts, parliament. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament, the reputation of Chaucers successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate and Skelton are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were believed to be influenced by Chaucer. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland, the main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. The Renaissance was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509 and it is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle. The introduction of printing by Caxton in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like Thomas More and Thomas Elyot helped bring the ideas, the establishment of the Church of England in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life
11.
William Allingham
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William Allingham was an Irish poet, diarist and editor. His wife, Helen Allingham, was a well-known water-colorist and illustrator, William Allingham was born on 19 March 1824 in the little port of Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and was the son of the manager of a local bank who was of English descent. His younger brothers and sisters were Catherine, John, Jane, Edward, during his childhood his parents moved twice within the town, where the boy enjoyed the country sights and gardens, learned to paint and listened to his mothers piano-playing. When he was nine, his mother died and he obtained a post in the custom-house of his native town, and held several similar posts in Ireland and England until 1870. During this period were published his Poems and Day and Night Songs, lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland, his most ambitious, though not his most successful work, a narrative poem illustrative of Irish social questions, appeared in 1864. He also edited The Ballad Book for the Golden Treasury series in 1864, on 22 August 1874 he married the illustrator, Helen Paterson, who was twenty-four years younger than he. His wife gave up her work as an illustrator and would become known under her married name as a water-colour painter. In 1877 appeared Allinghams Songs, Poems and Ballads, in 1881, after the death of Carlyle, the Allinghams moved to Sandhills near Witley in Surrey, where their third child, Henry William, was born in 1882. At this period Allingham published Evil May Day, Blackberries and Irish Songs, in 1888, because of Williams declining health, they moved back to the capital, to the heights of Hampstead village. But in 1889, on 18 November, William died at Hampstead, according to his wishes he was cremated. His ashes are interred at St. Annes church in his native Ballyshannon, posthumously Allinghams Varieties in Prose was published in 1893. William Allingham A Diary, edited by Mrs Helen Allingham and D. Radford, was published in 1907 and it contains Allinghams reminiscences of Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Carlyle and other writers and artists. Working on a scale, Allingham produced much lyrical and descriptive poetry. His verse is clear, fresh, and graceful and his best-known poem remains his early work, The Faeries. Allingham had a influence on W. B. Yeats, while the Ulster poet John Hewitt felt Allinghams impact keenly, and attempted to revive his reputation by editing, Allinghams wide-ranging anthology of poetry, Nightingale Valley was to be the inspiration for the 1923 collection Come Hither by Walter de la Mare. We darent go a-hunting/For fear of little men, several lines of the poem are quoted by Henry Flyte, a character in issue No.65 of the Supergirl comic book, August 2011. This same poem was quoted in Andre Nortons 1990 science fiction novel Dare To Go A-Hunting
12.
William Edmondstoune Aytoun
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William Edmondstoune Aytoun FRSE was a Scottish poet, lawyer by training, and professor of rhetoric and belles lettres at the University of Edinburgh. He published poetry, translation, prose fiction, criticism and satire and was a contributor to the Edinburgh literary periodical Blackwoods Magazine. He was also a collector of Scottish ballads, in the early 1850s, Professor Aytoun lent his name as a supporter of the fledgling National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights. His distinctive legacy as a teacher has led to him being called the first modern professor of English Literature, William Aytoun was born in the New Town of Edinburgh, the only son of Joan Keith and Roger Aytoun, a writer to the signet. To his mother, a woman of culture, he owed his early fondness for literature, his political sympathies and he also counted poet Sir Robert Aytoun among his relatives. At the age of eleven years William was sent to the Edinburgh Academy, William Aytoun published his first book, Poland, Homer, and other Poems, in 1832, at the age of 19. This youthful work expressed fervent concern for the cause of Poland, in 1833 he journeyed to London where he spent a few months studying law, but decided in September of that year to travel on to Aschaffenburg where he studied German. While in Germany he made a verse translation of the first part of Goethes Faust. He remained in Germany until April 1834, on return to Scotland, Aytoun resumed his legal studies in his fathers chambers. He was admitted a writer to the signet in 1835, by his own confession, though he followed the law, he never could overtake it. Aytoun was a contributor to the Edinburgh literary periodical Blackwoods Magazine beginning in 1836 with the acceptance of his translations from Uhland. In 1839 he joined the staff of Blackwoods, an association which he maintained until the end of his life and his reputation as a keen satirist is also demonstrated by his dramatic verse Firmilian, a Spasmodic Tragedy, or The Student of Badajoz under the nom-de-plume of T. Percy Jones, a mock-tragedy in which he parodied the poems of the Spasmodic poets and it was intended to satirise a group of poets and critics, including George Gilfillan, Sydney Thompson Dobell, Philip James Bailey, and Alexander Smith. His parody played a role in ending the vogue for such works. In 1845, Aytoun was appointed professor of rhetoric and belles lettres at the University of Edinburgh and his lectures attracted large numbers of students, raising the attendance from 30 to 150. William Aytoun was married to Jane Emily Wilson, the daughter of Professor John Wilson and she died in 1859 and he then remarried, his second wife being Fearnie Jemima Kinnear, who died in 1904. He had no children by either wife, William Edmonstoune Aytoun is buried close to Professor Wilson in the south section of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Aytoun, William Edmonstoune, a Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
13.
Thomas De Quincey
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Thomas Penson De Quincey was an English essayist, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. Many scholars suggest that in publishing this work De Quincey inaugurated the tradition of literature in the West. De Quincey was born at 86 Cross Street, Manchester, Lancashire and his father was a successful merchant with an interest in literature who died when he was quite young. Soon after his birth the family went to The Farm and then later to Greenheys, in 1796, three years after the death of his father, Thomas Quincey, his mother – the erstwhile Elizabeth Penson – took the name De Quincey. In the same year, De Quinceys mother moved to Bath, Somerset, De Quincey was a weak and sickly child. His youth was spent in solitude, and when his brother, William, came home. De Quinceys mother was a woman of character and intelligence. It is purported that at time, in 1799, De Quincey first read Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth. In 1800, De Quincey, aged fifteen, was ready for the University of Oxford and that boy, his master at Bath had said, could harangue an Athenian mob better than you or I could address an English one. He was sent to Manchester Grammar School, in order that after three years stay he might obtain a scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford, but he took flight after nineteen months. His first plan had been to reach William Wordsworth, whose Lyrical Ballads had consoled him in fits of depression and had awakened in him a reverence for the poet. From July to November 1802, De Quincey lived as a wayfarer and he soon lost his guinea by ceasing to keep his family informed of his whereabouts, and had difficulty making ends meet. Still, apparently fearing pursuit, he borrowed money and travelled to London. Having failed, he lived close to starvation rather than return to his family, discovered by chance by his friends, De Quincey was brought home and finally allowed to go to Worcester College, Oxford, on a reduced income. Here, we are told, he came to be looked upon as a strange being who associated with no one, in 1804, while at Oxford, he began the occasional use of opium. He completed his studies, but failed to take the oral examination leading to a degree and he became an acquaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, having already sought out Charles Lamb in London. His acquaintance with Wordsworth led to his settling in 1809 at Grasmere and he lived for ten years in Dove Cottage, which Wordsworth had occupied and which is now a popular tourist attraction, and for another five years at Fox Ghyll near Rydal. De Quincey was married in 1816, and soon after, having no money left and his wife Margaret bore him eight children before her death in 1837
14.
Lake Poets
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The Lake Poets were a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England, United Kingdom, at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single school of thought or literary practice then known and they were named, only to be uniformly disparaged, by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement, the three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey. They were associated with other poets and writers, including Dorothy Wordsworth, Charles Lamb, Charles Lloyd, Hartley Coleridge, John Wilson. The Lake Poet School was initially a derogatory term that was also a misnomer, as it was neither particularly born out of the Lake District, the principal members of the group were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey. Although Dorothy Wordsworth wrote no poetry of her own, she provided much of the inspiration for her brother Williams, in addition, many of the first and second generation practitioners of Romantic poetry had a complex and not entirely easy relationship with the Lakes. For the most part other Romantic poets either struggle with a Lake Poet identity or come to define themselves against what the Lakes seem to offer in poetic terms. For Wordsworth, who settled at Dove Cottage, Grasmere, with his sister Dorothy after some years of wandering, the Lakes became bound up with his identity as a poet. Born and brought up on the fringes of the Lake District, Wordsworth came back to the area in December 1799, not just a nature poet, his poetry is about the organic relationship between human beings and the natural world. Wordsworths early radical political ideas led him to his second poetic innovation, in 1810 he published his Guide to the Lakes, tellingly subtitled for the Use of Tourists and Residents, and with a Section Three entitled Changes, and Rules of Taste for Preventing their Bad Effects. Another aspect of it was the link to the ideas of Uvedale Price, whom Wordsworth knew, the Guide ran to five editions during Wordsworths lifetime and proved to be very popular. Indeed, it has said that the architectural axioms of building and gardening in the Lake District for the next hundred years were established by the Guide. For other writers, the pull was more uncertain. Coleridge followed Wordsworth to the Lakes and moved into Greta Hall in 1800. and this led him to resort to the Kendal Black Drop, making matters desperate. Coleridge moved out of the area in 1804, Robert Southey, it has been argued, although becoming identified as the central Lake Poet, was mostly a prose writer and did not particularly subscribe to the Wordsworthian vision of the Lakes. Keats, in the Summer of 1818, had a response to that of Shelley, finding his heros house full of fashionable people. Keats moved on to Scotland which provided him with the inspiration he sought, byron did not visit the Lakes, but he ridiculed the isolation and narrowness of mind of the older Lake Poets, as well as of their abandonment of radical politics. The hale and hearty John Wilson provided an alternative take on the role of Lake Poet and he lived near Windermere between 1808 and 1815 and knew the older Lake Poet trio well
