1.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
2.
1859 in Wales
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This article is about the particular significance of the year 1859 to Wales and its people. Prince of Wales – Albert Edward Princess of Wales – vacant January - Y Brython changes from weekly to monthly publication, february - First race at Bangor-on-Dee racecourse. 1 April - Opening of the Corris Railway,5 April -27 men are killed by flooding at Neath Chain Colliery. 31 May - U. K. general election and this is the last general election in which the Conservative Partys vote share in Wales exceeds that in England. 29 June - Benjamin Hall is raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Llanover,15 October–17 October - Queen Victoria stays at Penrhyn Castle. St Brynachs Church, Cwm-yr-Eglwys, is destroyed, peak year for copper production in Wales. Opening of the East Bute Dock, Cardiff, merger of Yr Amserau and Baner Cymru. Religious revival led by Humphrey Jones, the Cymanfa Ganu movement is launched in Aberdare. Sir Charles Morgan, 3rd Baronet, is created Baron Tredegar, Lewis William Lewis wins the chair at the Merthyr Tydfil eisteddfod
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1857 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1857 in Ireland. 27 March–24 April - General election, there are also riots in Derry, Portadown and Lurgan. 4 October - The Catholic St. Marys Cathedral, Kilkenny, is opened, the Natural History Museum is opened by the Royal Dublin Society. Dublin Zoos lions breed for the first time, scrabo Tower erected above Newtownards as a memorial to Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. Tom Gallaher sets up the Gallaher tobacco business in Derry,7 February - Windham Wyndham-Quin, 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, peer and politician. 12 February - Margaret Pearse, Fianna Fáil politician, mother of Patrick Pearse,11 March - Tom Clarke, nationalist, rebel and organiser of the Easter Rising. 17 April - Jane Barlow, poet and novelist,19 April - Patrick Stone, Member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. 20 April - Thomas Myles, surgeon, Home Ruler, involved in importation of arms for the Irish Volunteers in 1914,19 May - William Morgan Jellett, Irish Unionist MP in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1 August - Alan Joseph Adamson, politician in Canada,22 August - William Dowler Morris, mayor of Ottawa. 5 October - Peadar Mac Fhionnlaoich, Irish language writer 1 November W. H. Grattan Flood, musicologist,18 November - Stanhope Forbes, painter. 20 November - Sir Henry Robinson, 1st Baronet, civil servant, full date unknown - T. W. Rolleston, writer, poet and translator. 29 January - John Connors, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol in the Crimea,3 March - William Brown, creator and first admiral of the Argentine Navy. 9 April - Charles McCorrie, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol,11 July - John Egan, businessman and politician in Ottawa. 27 July - Laurence F. Renehan, priest and historian,10 August - John Wilson Croker, statesman and author. 19 September - John Purcell, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India,23 September - John Nicholson, military hero in India. 17 December - Francis Beaufort, hydrographer and officer in the British Royal Navy, creator of the Beaufort scale
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