1.
1859
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As of the start of 1859, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 24 – Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza, january 28 – The city of Olympia is incorporated in the Washington Territory in the United States of America. February 14 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U. S. state, february 17 – French naval forces under Charles Rigault de Genouilly capture the city and Citadel of Saigon in Vietnam, beginning the Siege of Saigon. February 27 – United States Congressman Daniel Sickles shoots Philip Barton Key for having an affair with his wife, march 9 – The army of the Kingdom of Sardinia mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the Austro-Sardinian War. March 26 – A French amateur astronomer, Edmond Modeste Lescarbault, april 13 – The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is founded by Peter Cooper, industrialist, inventor and philanthropist of New York. April 25 – Ground is broken for the Suez Canal, april 28 – The Pomona is wrecked off the English coast, with 424 dead. April 29 – Austrian troops begin to cross the Ticino River to Piedmont, april 30 – A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is published. May 4 – The Cornwall Railway opens across the Royal Albert Bridge, linking the counties of Devon, may 5 – Border Treaty between Brazil and Venezuela, The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins. May 22 – Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 23-year-old son Francis II of the Two Sicilies, may 26 – Austro-Sardinian War, Giuseppe Garibaldis Hunters of the Alps confront Austrian forces led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban at Varese. May 30 – Battle of Palestro, The Sardinians defeat the Austrian army, may 31 – The Great Clock at the Palace of Westminster, London was started, and its bells ring for the very first time. June 4 – Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Magenta, The French, june 6 – The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales. June 17 – The only recorded simoom ever in North America hit Goleta, California and Santa Barbara, june 18 – Aletschhorn, second summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended. June 30 – Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope for the first time, july Count Camillo Benso di Cavour resigns. Pikes Peak Gold Rush begins in the Colorado Territory, july 1 – The first intercollegiate baseball game is played, between Amherst and Williams Colleges. July 8 Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I of Sweden, an armistice is declared between Austria and others. July 11 – The chimes of Big Ben ring for the first time in London and this brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close. July 30 – Grand Combin, one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended, august 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ending an ascendancy of 109 years. August 27 – Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, starting the Pennsylvania oil rush
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1857 in the United States
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Events from the year 1857 in the United States. President, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan Vice President, vacant, february 3 – The National Deaf Mute College is established in Washington, DC, becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf. March 4 – James Buchanan succeeds Franklin Pierce as President of the United States, March 12 – Elizabeth Blackwell opens a hospital, the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. March 23 – Elisha Otis first elevator is installed, March 27 – Waterbury Clock Company is legally incorporated in Waterbury, Connecticut, predecessor to the current day Timex Group USA and the iconic Timex brand. July 18 – The Utah Expedition leaves Fort Leavenworth, effectively beginning the Utah War, September 11 – Mountain Meadows massacre in Utah. Central America sinks off the coast of North Carolina, killing 425 people, October 13 – New York banks close following a major financial panic and do not reopen until December 12. Speculation in U. S. railway shares causes financial crisis in Europe, the seat of government of Iowa is moved from Iowa City to present-day Des Moines. The Mormons abandon Las Vegas, Nevada, american politician William Daniel proposes the Local Option for prohibition. Panic of 1857 Bleeding Kansas Third Seminole War Utah War March 20 – Benjamin F. Shively, March 21 – Charles Ellis Johnson, photographer. September 15 – William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States from 1909 till 1913, October 7 – George P. McLean, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1911 till 1923. December 1 – Samuel M. Ralston, United States Senator from Indiana from 1923 to 1925, December 2 J. Frank Allee, United States Senator from Delaware from 1903 till 1907. Charles E. Rushmore, businessman, attorney, namesake of Mount Rushmore, february 16 – Elisha Kane, Arctic explorer May 1 – Stephen Adams, U. S. Senator from Mississippi from 1852 to 1857 May 26 – James Bell, Senator from New Hampshire from 1855 to 1857 September 15 – John Henderson, U. S. Senator from Mississippi from 1839 to 1845 October 7 – Louis McLane, U. S. Nicholas, Senator from Louisiana from 1836 to 1841 Jasper Grosvenor, financier Media related to 1857 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
4.
1858 in the United States
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Events from the year 1858 in the United States. President, James Buchanan Vice President, John C, April 19 – The United States and the Yankton Sioux Tribe sign a treaty. May 11 – Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U. S. state, may 19 – The Marais des Cygnes massacre is perpetrated by pro-slavery forces in Bleeding Kansas. June 16 – Abraham Lincoln makes his House Divided Speech at the State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, july – Forty-Niners stream into the Rocky Mountains of the western United States during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. July 8 – The Paulist Fathers, a Roman Catholic society of apostolic life for men, is founded in New York City by Isaac Hecker, july 29 – Treaty of Amity and Commerce signed on the deck of USS Powhatan in Edo Bay. August 16 – U. S. President James Buchanan inaugurates the new telegraph cable by exchanging greetings with Queen Victoria. However, a weak signal forces a shutdown of the service in a few weeks, August 21 – The first of the seven Lincoln–Douglas debates is held. September 14 – Fordyce Beals patents his six shooter revolver which will be produced by E. Remington & Sons of Ilion, November 17 – Denver is founded. Senator from Louisiana from 1913 to 1931 October 12 – John L. S, senator from Illinois from 1913 to 1921 November 21 – Charles A. Towne, U. S. Senator from Indiana from 1917 to 1923 January 10 – Hezekiah Augur, sculptor and inventor March 4 – Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, naval officer April 10 – Thomas Hart Benton, senator from Missouri from 1821 to 1851 August 23 – Calvin Willey, U. S. Senator from Connecticut from 1825 to 1831 September 17 – Dred Scott, slave September 21 – Arthur P. Bagby, senator from Alabama from 1837 to 1841 November 16 – Robert Hanna, U. S. Senator from Indiana from 1831 to 1832 December 14 – Michael Woolston Ash, representative from Pennsylvania from 1835 to 1837 December 18 – Thomas Holley Chivers, poet and physician Media related to 1858 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1860 in the United States
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Events from the year 1860 in the United States. President, James Buchanan Vice President, John C, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, William Pennington Congress, 36th January 10 – The Pemberton Mill collapses in Lawrence, Massachusetts, killing 145 workers. February 22 – The New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860 begins in Lynn, Massachusetts February 26 –1860 Wiyot Massacre,80 to 250 Wiyot people were killed on Indian Island, near Eureka, February 27 – Abraham Lincoln gives his Cooper Union speech. April 3 – The Pony Express begins its first run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, may 1 – A Chondrite type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio near the town of New Concord. May 6 – The Paiute War begins as Northern Paiutes raided Williams Station in Utah Territory, constitutional Union Party holds its convention and nominates John Bell for President of the United States. May 12 – Paiute War – First Battle of Pyramid Lake, disorganized and outnumbered, nearly all of the vigilantes are killed or wounded. May 18 – Abraham Lincoln is selected as the U. S. presidential candidate for the Republican Party. June 2–4 – Paiute War – Second Battle of Pyramid Lake, A well-organized force of militia and U. S. Army soldiers seek out the Paiutes, august – The Paiute War ends with an informal ceasefire. August 25 – The Stones Prairie Riot takes place in Payson and Plainville, September 7 – The Lady Elgin is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan, more than 400 drown. November 6 – U. S. presidential election, Abraham Lincoln beats John C, breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office. December 18 Senator John J. Crittenden proposes the so-called Crittenden Compromise hoping to resolve the U. S. secession crisis, texas Rangers defeat a band of Comanches at the Battle of Pease River, Cynthia Ann Parker is recaptured and returned to her family after 24 years. December 20 – South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the United States, augustana College is founded in Chicago, Illinois, United States by Swedish immigrants. The college moves to Paxton, Illinois, in 1862, and to its home in Rock Island, Illinois. The American South has c.4 million slaves, 1860–1900 –14 million immigrants come to the United States. Secession crisis January 25 – Charles Curtis, 31st Vice President of the United States from 1929 to 1933, U. S. Long, U. S. Smith, songwriter December 31 Joseph S. Cullinan, industrialist, founder of Texaco John T. Thompson, U. S. Haun, U. S. Senator from California from 1859 to 1860 July 1 – Charles Goodyear, inventor September 12 – William Walker, filibuster, briefly President of Nicaragua, executed September 19 – Thomas D
6.
1861 in the United States
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Events from the year 1861 in the United States. This year marked the beginning of the American Civil War, President, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln Vice President, John C. Breckinridge, Hannibal Hamlin Chief Justice, Roger B, taney Speaker of the House of Representatives, William Pennington, Galusha A. Grow Congress, 36th, 37th January 3 – American Civil War, January 9 – Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War. January 10 – American Civil War, Florida secedes from the Union, January 11 – American Civil War, Alabama secedes from the Union. January 12 – Major Robert Anderson sends dispatches to Washington, January 18 – American Civil War, Georgia secedes from the Union. January 21 – American Civil War, Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate, January 26 – American Civil War, Louisiana secedes from the Union. January 29 – Kansas is admitted as the 34th U. S. state, february 1 – American Civil War, Texas secedes from the Union. February 4 – American Civil War, Delegates from six seceded states meet at the Montgomery Convention in Montgomery, february 8 – American Civil War, The Confederate States of America adopts the Provisional Confederate States Constitution. February 9 – American Civil War, Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, february 11 – American Civil War, The U. S. House unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state. February 18 – American Civil War, In Montgomery, Alabama, february 23 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D. C. after an assassination attempt in Baltimore. February 28 – Colorado Territory is organized, march 2 – Nevada Territory and Dakota Territory are organized. March 4 President Abraham Lincoln takes office, succeeding James Buchanan, American Civil War, The Stars and Bars is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America. March 11 – American Civil War, The Confederate States Constitution is adopted, april 12 – Battle of Fort Sumter, The American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. April 14 – Battle of Fort Sumter, Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces, april 17 – The state of Virginia secedes from the Union. April 20 – American Civil War, Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army in order to command the forces of the state of Virginia, april 25 – American Civil War, The Union Army arrives in Washington, D. C. April 27 – American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States, may 6 – American Civil War, Arkansas secedes from the Union. May 7 – American Civil War, Tennessee secedes from the Union, may 8 – American Civil War, Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of the Confederate States of America
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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Media related to 1859 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
