1.
1859 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1859. – Tidskrift för hemmet, the first womens magazine in the Nordic countries, is established by Sophie Leijonhufvud, february 1 – George Eliots Adam Bede, her first full-length novel, is published by John Blackwood in the United Kingdom. April 30 – Charles Dickenss new weekly magazine All the Year Round is published for the first time in London, june–July – Frances Harpers The Two Offers, the first English-language short story by an African American author, is published in the first volume of The Anglo-African Magazine. November 26 – Wilkie Collinss sensation novel The Woman in White, an early example of mystery fiction, begins serialization in All the Year Round
2.
1860 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1860. January First issue of the Cornhill Magazine published in London, anthony Trollopes Framley Parsonage is serialized in it throughout the year. Mrs. Henry Woods sensation novel East Lynne begins serialization in The New Monthly Magazine and this year also her first full-length novel Danesbury House is published. Approximate date - The Catholic newspaper LUnivers is suppressed by the French government, january 28 - The first of Charles Dickens literary sketches under the general title of The Uncommercial Traveller is published in his magazine All the Year Round. February - Mary Elizabeth Braddon gives up her career to write. In the same year, she meets her future husband John Maxwell, march 27 - The Irish melodrama The Colleen Bawn, or The Brides of Garryowen, written by and starring Dion Boucicault, is first performed at Miss Laura Keenes theatre, New York. April 4 - George Eliots novel The Mill on the Floss is published by John Blackwood in three volumes, june 30 -1860 Oxford evolution debate, Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Huxley debate the theories of Charles Darwin at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Lewis Carroll is among the audience, August 25 - Wilkie Collins sensation novel The Woman in White, an early example of mystery fiction, concludes serialization in the magazine All the Year Round. It is published in form in London around August 15. September 3 - Charles Dickens burns most of his papers at his home in Kent. December 1 - Charles Dickenss Bildungsroman Great Expectations begins serialization in his magazine All the Year Round, alexander Bain is appointed to the chair of logic and English literature at the University of Aberdeen. Andreas Munch becomes the first person to be granted a pension by the Parliament of Norway. Bram Stokers horror novel The Lair of the White Worm is set in this year
3.
1862 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1862. February – Ivan Turgenevs novel Fathers and Sons is published by Russkiy Vestnik in Moscow, the first English language translations are by Charles Edwin Wilbour, published in New York on June 7, and by Frederic Charles Lascelles Wraxall, published in London in October. April 28 - Thomas Hardy becomes an assistant to architect Arthur Blomfield, april 6 – Two months after joining the staff of General William Babcock Hazen, Ambrose Bierce participates in the Battle of Shiloh, later the subject of a memoir. Among those on the side is future journalist and explorer Henry Morton Stanley. June – Nikolai Chernyshevsky is imprisoned in Saint Petersburg and begins his novel What Is To Be Done, June 4 – Henry Morton Stanley, now a Galvanized Yankee, joins the Union Army, he is discharged 18 days later because of illness. July – George Eliots historical novel Romola begins serialization in Cornhill Magazine, George Murray Smith of the publishers Smith, Elder & Co. has agreed a £7,000 advance for it. July 1 – Moscows first free public library opens as The Library of the Moscow Public Museum and Rumiantsev Museum, july 4 – Charles Dodgson extemporises a story for 10-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters on a rowing boat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow. The story becomes the manuscript Alices Adventures Underground and is published in 1865 as Alices Adventures in Wonderland, september 23 – Leo Tolstoy marries Sophia Andreevna Behrs,16 years his junior, in Moscow, having given her a diary detailing his previous sexual relations. November 26 – Charles Dodgson sends the manuscript of Alices Adventures Underground to Alice Liddell. November 29 – Serialization of The Notting Hill Mystery by Charles Felix commences in Once A Week, december – Louisa May Alcott becomes a nurse at the Union hospital in Georgetown, D. C. December 24 – William Dean Howells marries Elinor Mead at the American embassy in Paris, date unknown James Russell Lowell begins writing for The North American Review. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs begins writing about homosexuality under the pseudonym of Numa Numantius, Henry Wood – The Channings Frances Freeling Broderip – Tale of the Toys, Told by Themselves F. W. Farrar – St.3 Newdigate Prize – Arthur C
4.
1864 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1864. —Opening of Our Mutual Friend January – Anthony Trollopes Can You Forgive Her, the first of his Palliser novels, begins publication in monthly parts in London. Trollope completes its writing on April 28 and the first volume is published as a book in September by Chapman & Hall, in April, The Small House at Allington concludes publication in the Cornhill Magazine and is published in book format by George Smith. January 2–April 16 – James Payn publishes his most popular story, Lost Sir Massingberd and he follows it in the magazine by Married Beneath Him. February 20 – Painter George Frederic Watts marries his 16-year-old model and she elopes less than a year later. March – The first issue of the Russian literary magazine Epoch, edited by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and this and the March–April issues contain the first publication of Fyodors existential novella Notes from Underground. April 10 – Publisher William Ticknor dies of pneumonia in Philadelphia while on a trip with Nathaniel Hawthorne for the sake of the latters health, April – Charles Baudelaire leaves Paris for Belgium in the hope of resolving his financial difficulties. May 26 – Alexandre Dumas, fils marries Nadejda Naryschkine and his father, Alexandre Dumas, père, returns to Paris from Italy. May – First Lithuanian press ban imposed in the Russian Empire, june 19 – Henrik Ibsen arrives in Rome in a self-imposed exile from Norway that will last for 27 years. June 27 – Ambrose Bierce is wounded at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, july 2 – The Female Detective is published under the pseudonym Andrew Forrester, junior in London, presenting the first female professional detective in fiction. Around December, she is followed by Mrs Paschal in Revelations of a Lady Detective published anonymously by William Stephens Hayward, September – A debate at the Royal Geographical Society between Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke fails to take place, owing to Spekes suicide. November 10 – John Addington Symonds the younger marries Janet Catherine North, november 25 – The brothers Edwin Booth, John Wilkes Booth and Junius Brutus Booth, Jr. Former English chess master Howard Staunton publishes a facsimile of the 1600 quarto text of Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing, rebecca Sophia Clarke – Little Prudy R. D. D
5.
1865 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1865. January – Our Young Folks, an American monthly for children produced by Ticknor and Fields in Boston, february – Publication of Leo Tolstoys 1805, an early version of War and Peace, begins in the magazine Russkiy Vestnik. June 9 – Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in England, June 14 – Karl May begins a 4-year prison sentence for thefts and frauds at Osterstein Castle. July – The American magazine for children The Little Corporal publishes its first issue, July 4 – Lewis Carrolls childrens book Alices Adventures in Wonderland is published by Macmillan in London for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, three years after it was first narrated. November 18 – Mark Twains story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is published in the New York weekly The Saturday Press in its version as Jim Smiley. English writer Edwin Abbott Abbott becomes headmaster of the City of London School at the age of 26, frederick Warne & Co established as publishers in London. José de Alencar – Iracema R. M. Facey Romfords Hounds Anthony Trollope – Can You Forgive Her, swinburne Atalanta in Calydon Chastelard, a tragedy Annals of the Joseon Dynasty Matthew Arnold – Essays in Criticism P. T. B. Yeats, Irish poet June 20 – Enrico Corradini, Italian novelist and essayist June 26 – Bernard Berenson, American art historian July 21 – M. P
6.
1862 in architecture
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The year 1862 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May 8 - Church of St Philip and St James, Oxford, may 12 - Ulster Hall, Belfast, designed by William J. Barre. May 17 - Teatro Comunale Florence, Italy, november 19 - Brekke Church, Norway, designed by Christian Henrik Grosch. Flushing Town Hall, Flushing, Queens, New York, USA, iron Clad Building, Cooperstown, New York, USA, designed by James Bogardus. Peace College Main Building, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, propylaea, designed by Leo von Klenze. Rila Monastery, Bulgaria, by Alexi Rilets, government House, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, designed by Charles Tiffin. Treasury Building, Melbourne, Australia, designed by J. J. Clark in 1857, great Malvern railway station, England, designed by E. W. Elmslie. Bow Bridge, New York, designed by Calvert Vaux, royal Gold Medal - Robert Willis. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Wilbrod Chabrol
7.
1862 in music
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February 1 – The Battle Hymn of the Republic by Julia Ward Howe is published in Atlantic Monthly. March 17 – Anton Rubinstein is named first director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, march 24 – Fromental Halévys funeral, in Paris, is attended by an estimated 15,000 people. April 24 – A letter from Giuseppe Verdi is published in The Times, may 17 – Teatro Comunale Florence inaugurated as an open-air amphitheatre, the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele, with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor. May 21 – Edvard Grieg gives his first concert in his town of Bergen. August 4 – Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray wins the Prix de Rome in the Musical Composition category, jules Massenet is one of the runners-up. August 9 – Béatrice et Bénédict, opera by Hector Berlioz, is premièred in Baden-Baden, november 2 - The overture to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner is publicly performed in Leipzig, conducted by the composer. November 10 – Giuseppe Verdis opera La forza del destino is premièred in Saint Petersburg, november 18 – Antonín Dvořák is a member of the orchestra at the opening of the Provisional Theater in Prague. Date unknown Stephen Heller and Charles Hallé perform Mozarts E-flat concerto for two pianos at The Crystal Palace, ludwig von Köchel publishes Chonologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amadé Mozarts. Heres Your Mule – C. D. Benson Kingdom Coming – Henry C. Work The Merry, Merry Month of May – Stephen Foster We Are Coming, Father Abraam,300,000 More, a poem by James S. Gibbons, set to music by eight different composers, including Stephen Foster
8.
Julia Ward Howe
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Julia Ward Howe was an American poet and author, best known for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic. She was also an advocate for abolitionism and was a social activist, Howe was born in New York City. She was the fourth of seven born to an upper middle class couple. Her father Samuel Ward III was a Wall Street stockbroker, well-to-do banker and her mother was the poet Julia Rush Cutler, related to Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox of the American Revolution. She died of tuberculosis when her daughter was five years old and she was educated by private tutors and in schools for young ladies until she was sixteen. Her eldest brother Samuel Cutler Ward traveled in Europe and brought home a private library and she had access to these modern works, many contradicting the Calvinistic world view presented by her father. She became well read and intelligent, though as much a social butterfly as she was a scholar and she was brought into contact with some of the greatest minds of her time because of her father’s status as a successful banker. She interacted with Charles Dickens, Charles Sumner, and Margaret Fuller, sam married into the prominent Astor family, allowing him great social freedom that he shared with his sister. The siblings were cast into mourning time when their father died in 1839, shortly afterwards, brother Henry died, then Samuels wife Emily died, along with their newborn child. Julia was visiting Boston in 1841 when she met Samuel Gridley Howe and they announced their engagement quite suddenly on February 21. Howe had courted her for a time, but he had recently shown an interest in her sister Louisa. In 1843, they married despite their age difference. She gave birth to their first child while honeymooning in Europe and she bore their last child in 1858 at the age of forty. They had six children, Julia Romana Howe, Florence Marion Howe, Henry Marion Howe, Laura Elizabeth Howe, Maud Howe, Julia was likewise an aunt of novelist Francis Marion Crawford. Howe lived and raised her children in South Boston, while her husband pursued his advocacy work and she hid her unhappiness with their marriage behind a cheerful demeanor and singing at parties, earning the nickname the family champagne from her children. She made frequent visits to Gardiner, Maine where she stayed at The Yellow House and she was unhappy with her surroundings, so she took lectures, and studied foreign languages, and wrote plays and dramas. Julia had published essays on Goethe, Schiller and Lamartine before her marriage to Howe, in the New York Review and her book Passion-Flowers was published in December 1853. The book collected intensely personal poems and was written without the awareness of her husband and her second anonymous collection, Words for the Hour, appeared in 1857
9.
Battle Hymn of the Republic
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The Battle Hymn of the Republic, also known as Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory outside of the United States, is a song by American writer Julia Ward Howe using the music from the song John Browns Body. Howes more famous lyrics were written in November 1861, and first published in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862, the song links the judgment of the wicked at the end of the age with the American Civil War. Since that time, it has become a popular and well-known American patriotic song. The Glory, Hallelujah tune was a folk hymn developed in the oral tradition of camp meetings in the southern United States. In the first known version, Canaans Happy Shore, the text includes the verse Oh, Brothers will you meet me /On Canaans happy shore. And chorus There well shout and give him glory /For glory is his own, the tune and variants of these words spread across both the southern and northern United States. At a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Warren, near Boston, Massachusetts on Sunday May 12,1861, Brothers tune and the Glory, Hallelujah chorus, was publicly played perhaps for the first time. The American Civil War had begun the previous month, in 1890, George Kimball wrote his account of how the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the Massachusetts militia, known as the Tiger Battalion, collectively worked out the lyrics to John Browns Body. Kimball wrote, We had a jovial Scotchman in the battalion, named John Brown. and as he happened to bear the name of the old hero of Harpers Ferry. These ditties underwent various ramifications, until eventually the lines were reached, — John Browns body lies a-mouldering in the grave, and, — Hes gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord, His souls marching on. These lines seemed to give satisfaction, the idea that Browns soul was marching on receiving recognition at once as having a germ of inspiration in it. They were sung over and over again with a deal of gusto. Some leaders of the battalion, feeling the words were coarse and irreverent, tried to urge the adoption of more fitting lyrics, the lyrics were soon prepared for publication by members of the battalion, together with publisher C. S. Hall. They selected and polished verses they felt appropriate, and may even have enlisted the services of a poet to help polish. Kimballs battalion was dispatched to Murray, Kentucky early in the Civil War, rufus R. Dawes, then in command of Company K of the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, stated in his memoirs that the man who started the singing was Sergeant John Ticknor of his company. Howes companion at the review, The Reverend James Freeman Clarke, of the writing of the lyrics, Howe remembered, I went to bed that night as usual, and slept, according to my wont, quite soundly. I awoke in the gray of the twilight, and as I lay waiting for the dawn. Having thought out all the stanzas, I said to myself, I must get up and write these verses down, lest I fall asleep again and forget them
10.
The Atlantic
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The Atlantic is an American magazine, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 2006, the magazine is based in Washington, D. C, created as a literary and cultural commentary magazine, it has grown to achieve a national reputation as a high-quality review organ with a moderate worldview. The magazine has recognized and published new writers and poets. It has published leading writers commentary on abolition, education, the periodical has won more National Magazine Awards than any other monthly magazine. The first issue of the magazine was published on November 1,1857, the magazines initiator and founder was Francis H. Underwood, an assistant to the publisher, who received less recognition than his partners because he was neither a humbug nor a Harvard man. After experiencing financial hardship and a series of changes, the magazine was reformatted as a general editorial magazine. Focusing on foreign affairs, politics, and the cultural trends, it is now primarily aimed at a target audience of serious national readers. In 2010, The Atlantic posted its first profit in a decade, in profiling the publication at the time, The New York Times noted the accomplishment was the result of a cultural transfusion, a dose of counterintuition and a lot of digital advertising revenue. The magazine, subscribed to by over 425,000 readers, the Atlantic features articles in the fields of the arts, the economy, foreign affairs, political science, and technology. The Atlantics president is Bob Cohn, in April 2005, The Atlantics editors decided to cease publishing fiction in regular issues in favor of a newsstand-only annual fiction issue edited by longtime staffer C. Michael Curtis. They have since re-instituted the practice, on January 22,2008, TheAtlantic. com dropped its subscriber wall and allowed users to freely browse its site, including all past archives. TheAtlantic. com covers politics, business, entertainment, technology, health, international affairs, and more. In December 2011, a new Health Channel launched on TheAtlantic. com, incorporating coverage of food, as well as related to the mind, body, sex, family. TheAtlantic. com has expanded to visual storytelling with the addition of the In Focus photo blog, curated by Alan Taylor. A leading literary magazine, The Atlantic has published significant works. It was the first to publish pieces by the abolitionists Julia Ward Howe, for example, Emily Dickinson, after reading an article in The Atlantic by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, asked him to become her mentor. In 2005, the magazine won a National Magazine Award for fiction, the magazine also published many of the works of Mark Twain, including one that was lost until 2001. Editors have recognized major cultural changes and movements, for example, the magazine has also published speculative articles that inspired the development of new technologies
11.
Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period
12.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
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Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English poet, illustrator, painter and translator. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt, Rossetti was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement, most notably William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a precursor of the Aesthetic movement. Rossettis art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism and his early poetry was influenced by John Keats. His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossettis work. Rossettis personal life was linked to his work, especially his relationships with his models and muses Elizabeth Siddal, Fanny Cornforth. The son of émigré Italian scholar Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti and his wife Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, Rossetti was born in London, England and his family and friends called him Gabriel, but in publications he put the name Dante first in honour of Dante Alighieri. He was the brother of poet Christina Rossetti, critic William Michael Rossetti and his father was a Roman Catholic, at least prior to his marriage, and his mother was an Anglican, ostensibly Gabriel was baptized as and was a practicing Anglican. During his childhood, Rossetti was home educated and often read the Bible, along with the works of Shakespeare, Dickens, Sir Walter Scott, the youthful Rossetti is described as self-possessed, articulate, passionate and charismatic but also ardent, poetic and feckless. Like all his siblings, he aspired to be a poet and attended Kings College School and he also wished to be a painter, having shown a great interest in Medieval Italian art. He studied at Henry Sass Drawing Academy from 1841 to 1845, when he enrolled in the Antique School of the Royal Academy, after leaving the Royal Academy, Rossetti studied under Ford Madox Brown, with whom he retained a close relationship throughout his life. Following the exhibition of William Holman Hunts painting The Eve of St. Agnes, the painting illustrated a poem by the little-known John Keats. Rossettis own poem, The Blessed Damozel, was an imitation of Keats, together they developed the philosophy of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood which they founded along with John Everett Millais. Their approach was to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, the eminent critic John Ruskin wrote, Every Pre-Raphaelite landscape background is painted to the last touch, in the open air, from the thing itself. Every Pre-Raphaelite figure, however studied in expression, is a portrait of some living person. Rossettis first major paintings in oil display the realist qualities of the early Pre-Raphaelite movement and his Girlhood of Mary Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domini portray Mary as a teenage girl. I saw at once that he was not an orthodox boy, the mixture of genius and dilettantism of both men shut me up for the moment, and whetted my curiosity. Although his work subsequently won support from John Ruskin, Rossetti only rarely exhibited thereafter, in 1850, Rossetti met Elizabeth Siddal, an important model for the Pre-Raphaelite painters
13.
Algernon Charles Swinburne
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Algernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He wrote several novels and collections of such as Poems and Ballads. A controversial figure at the time, Swinburne was a sado-masochist and alcoholic and was obsessed with the Middle Ages, Swinburne wrote about many taboo topics, such as lesbianism, cannibalism, sado-masochism, and anti-theism. His poems have many common motifs, such as the Ocean, Time, several historical people are featured in his poems, such as Sappho, Anactoria, Jesus and Catullus. Swinburne was born at 7 Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, London, on 5 April 1837 and he was the eldest of six children born to Captain Charles Henry Swinburne and Lady Jane Henrietta, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Ashburnham, a wealthy Northumbrian family. He grew up at East Dene in Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight, as a child, Swinburne was nervous and frail, but was also fired with nervous energy and fearlessness to the point of being reckless. He attended Eton College, where he first started writing poetry, at Eton, he won first prizes in French and Italian. He returned in May 1860, though he never received a degree, Swinburne considered Northumberland to be his native county, an emotion reflected in poems like the intensely patriotic Northumberland, Grace Darling and others. He enjoyed riding his pony across the moors through honeyed leagues of the northland border, in the period 1857–60, Swinburne became one of Lady Pauline Trevelyans intellectual circle at Wallington Hall. After his grandfathers death in 1860, he stayed with William Bell Scott in Newcastle, in 1861, Swinburne visited Menton on the French Riviera to recover from excessive use of alcohol, staying at the Villa Laurenti. From Menton, Swinburne travelled to Italy, where he journeyed extensively, in December 1862, Swinburne accompanied Scott and his guests, probably including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, on a trip to Tynemouth. At Oxford, Swinburne met several Pre-Raphaelites, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Swinburne was an alcoholic and algolagniac and highly excitable. Thereafter, he lost his youthful rebelliousness and developed into a figure of social respectability and it was said of Watts that he saved the man and killed the poet. Swinburne died at the Pines on 10 April 1909 at the age of 72 and was buried at St. Boniface Church, Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight. Common gossip of the time reported that he had a crush on the explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton. The English language is poor in rhymes, and most English poets. Swinburnes work was quite popular among undergraduates at Oxford and Cambridge. T. S. Eliot read Swinburnes essays on the Shakespearean and Jonsonian dramatists in The Contemporaries of Shakespeare and The Age of Shakespeare and Swinburnes books on Shakespeare and Jonson
14.
Elizabeth Siddal
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Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal was an English artists model, poet and artist. She was painted and drawn extensively by artists of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, including Walter Deverell, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and her husband and she featured prominently in Rossettis early paintings of women. Named Elizabeth Eleanor Siddall, after her mother, Lizzie Siddall was born on 25 July 1829, at the home at 7 Charles Street. Her parents were Charles Crooke Siddall, who claimed his family descended from nobility, and Eleanor Evans, from a family of English and Welsh descent. At the time of her birth, her father had a business but around 1831, her family moved to the borough of Southwark, in south London. In Southwark the rest of Lizzie Siddalls siblings were born, Lydia, to whom she was close, Mary, Clara, James. Although there is no record of Lizzie Siddall having attended school, she could read and write, the spelling Siddall was changed to Siddal when Dante Gabriel Rossetti dropped the second l. She was first noticed by Walter Deverell in 1849, while she was working as a milliner in Cranbourne Alley, whether Siddal had any artistic aspirations is unknown, though she loved poetry. She was employed as a model by Deverell and through him was introduced to the Pre-Raphaelites, though she was later touted for her beauty, Siddal was originally chosen as a model because of her plainness. At the time, Deverell was working on an oil painting depicting a scene from Twelfth Night, showing Orsino, Feste. Like the rest of the Pre-Raphaelites, Deverell took his inspiration and he based his Orsino on himself, Feste on his friend Dante Rossetti. All that remained was to find a girl who could dress as a boy, deverells Twelfth Night was the first painting Lizzie Siddal ever sat for. While posing for Millais Ophelia in 1852, Siddal floated in a full of water to represent the drowning Ophelia. Millais painted daily into the winter putting lamps under the tub to warm the water, on one occasion the lamps went out and the water became icy cold. Millais, absorbed by his painting, did not notice and Siddal did not complain, after this she became very ill with a severe cold or pneumonia. Her father held Millais responsible and, under the threat of legal action and it was thought that she suffered from tuberculosis, but some historians believe an intestinal disorder was more likely. Others have suggested she might have been anorexic while others attribute her poor health to an addiction to laudanum or a combination of ailments, Elizabeth Siddal was the primary muse for Dante Gabriel Rossetti throughout most of his youth. The number of paintings he did of her are said to number in the thousands, Rossettis drawings and paintings of Siddal culminated in Beata Beatrix which shows a praying Beatrice painted in 1863, a year after her death
15.
Laudanum
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Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight. Reddish-brown and extremely bitter, laudanum contains almost all of the alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. Laudanum was historically used to treat a variety of ailments, but its use was as an analgesic. Until the early 20th century, laudanum was sold without a prescription and was a constituent of many patent medicines, today, laudanum is recognized as addictive and is strictly regulated and controlled as such throughout most of the world. The United States Uniform Controlled Substances Act, for one example, Laudanum is known as a whole opium preparation since it historically contained all the opium alkaloids. Recent enforcement action by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration against manufacturers of paregoric, the terms laudanum and tincture of opium are generally interchangeable, but in contemporary medical practice the latter is used almost exclusively. Paracelsus, a 16th-century Swiss-German alchemist, discovered that the alkaloids in opium are far more soluble in alcohol than water, having experimented with various opium concoctions, Paracelsus came across a specific tincture of opium that was of considerable use in reducing pain. He called this preparation laudanum, derived from the Latin verb laudare, initially, the term laudanum referred to any combination of opium and alcohol. Indeed, Paracelsus laudanum was strikingly different from the standard laudanum of the 17th century and his preparation contained opium, crushed pearls, musk, amber, and other substances. One researcher has documented that Laudanum, as listed in the London Pharmacoepoeia, was a made from opium, saffron, castor, ambergris, musk. By the 18th century, the properties of opium and laudanum were well known. Opium, and after 1820, morphine, was mixed with everything imaginable, mercury, hashish, cayenne pepper, ether, chloroform, belladonna, whiskey, wine and brandy. In the 1850s, cholera and dysentery regularly ripped through communities, its victims often dying from debilitating diarrhoea, by the 19th century, laudanum was used in many patent medicines to relieve pain. To check excessive secretions. to support the system, Laudanum was used during the yellow fever epidemic. Innumerable Victorian women were prescribed the drug for relief of menstrual cramps, nurses also spoon-fed laudanum to infants. The Romantic and Victorian eras were marked by the use of laudanum in Europe. Initially a working class drug, laudanum was cheaper than a bottle of gin or wine, because it was treated as a medication for legal purposes, Laudanum was used in home remedies and prescriptions, as well as a single medication. Diarrhoea, Aqueous extract of ergot,20 grains, Extract of nux vomica,5 grains, Extract of Opium,10 grains, take one pill every three or four hours
16.
Emily Dickinson
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Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was an American poet. Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, although part of a prominent family with strong ties to its community, Dickinson lived much of her life in reclusive isolation. After studying at the Amherst Academy for seven years in her youth, considered an eccentric by locals, she developed a noted penchant for white clothing and became known for her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, to even leave her bedroom. Dickinson never married, and most friendships between her and others depended entirely upon correspondence, Dickinson was a recluse for the later years of her life. While Dickinson was a private poet, fewer than a dozen of her nearly 1,800 poems were published during her lifetime. The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional rules of the time. Dickinsons poems are unique for the era in which she wrote, they contain short lines, typically lack titles, many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends. Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd, a complete, and mostly unaltered, collection of her poetry became available for the first time when scholar Thomas H. Johnson published The Poems of Emily Dickinson in 1955. Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born at the homestead in Amherst, Massachusetts, on December 10,1830, into a prominent. Her father, Edward Dickinson was a prominent lawyer in Amherst, two hundred years earlier, her patrilineal ancestors had arrived in the New World—in the Puritan Great Migration—where they prospered. Emily Dickinsons paternal grandfather, Samuel Dickinson, had almost single-handedly founded Amherst College, in 1813, he built the homestead, a large mansion on the towns Main Street, that became the focus of Dickinson family life for the better part of a century. On May 6,1828, he married Emily Norcross from Monson and they had three children, William Austin, known as Austin, Aust or Awe Emily Elizabeth Lavinia Norcross, known as Lavinia or Vinnie By all accounts, young Emily was a well-behaved girl. On an extended visit to Monson when she was two, Emilys Aunt Lavinia described Emily as perfectly well & contented—She is a good child &. Emilys aunt also noted the affinity for music and her particular talent for the piano. Dickinson attended primary school in a building on Pleasant Street. Her education was ambitiously classical for a Victorian girl and her father wanted his children well-educated and he followed their progress even while away on business. When Emily was seven, he wrote home, reminding his children to school, and learn, so as to tell me. While Emily consistently described her father in a manner, her correspondence suggests that her mother was regularly cold
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English poetry
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This article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The article does not include poetry from other countries where the English language is spoken, the earliest surviving English poetry, written in Anglo-Saxon, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry and it is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD700, by and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth, beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from works to biblical paraphrase, elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin, and numerous proverbs, riddles. With one notable exception, Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for its structure, with the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly Norman, and this became the language of courts, parliament. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament, the reputation of Chaucers successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate and Skelton are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were believed to be influenced by Chaucer. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland, the main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. The Renaissance was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509 and it is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle. The introduction of printing by Caxton in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like Thomas More and Thomas Elyot helped bring the ideas, the establishment of the Church of England in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life
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Matthew Arnold
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Matthew Arnold was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School. Matthew Arnold has been characterised as a writer, a type of writer who chastises. The Reverend John Keble, who would one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. Thomas Arnold admired Kebles hymns in The Christian Year, only reversing himself with exasperation when this old friend became a Romeward-tending High Church reactionary in the 1830s. In 1828, Arnolds father was appointed Headmaster of Rugby School and his family took up residence. In 1831, Arnold was tutored by his uncle, Rev. John Buckland in the village of Laleham. In 1834, the Arnolds occupied a home, Fox How. William Wordsworth was a neighbour and close friend, in 1836, Arnold was sent to Winchester College, but in 1837 he returned to Rugby School where he was enrolled in the fifth form. He moved to the form in 1838 and thus came under the direct tutelage of his father. He wrote verse for the manuscript Fox How Magazine co-produced with his brother Tom for the enjoyment from 1838 to 1843. During his years there, he won prizes for English essay writing. His prize poem, Alaric at Rome, was printed at Rugby, in 1841, he won an open scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. During his residence at Oxford, his friendship ripened with Arthur Hugh Clough, Arnold attended John Henry Newmans sermons at St. Marys but did not join the Oxford Movement. His father died suddenly of disease in 1842, and Fox How became his familys permanent residence. Arnolds poem Cromwell won the 1843 Newdigate prize and he graduated in the following year with a 2nd class honours degree in Literae Humaniores. In 1845, after an interlude of teaching at Rugby, he was elected Fellow of Oriel College. In 1847, he became Private Secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, in 1849, he published his first book of poetry, The Strayed Reveller
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Francis William Newman
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Francis William Newman, the younger brother of Cardinal Newman, was an English scholar and miscellaneous writer. Born in London, Newman and his brother were educated at Ealing, and subsequently at Oxford, where he had a distinguished career. He was elected fellow of Balliol in the same year, in 1827 he went to Delgany, co. Conscientious scruples respecting the ceremony of infant baptism led him to resign his fellowship in 1830 and his letters written home during the period of his mission were collected and published in 1856. In 1846 he moved to become a professor of Latin at University College, London and that eccentricity is described by critic Lionel Trilling in his book on Newmans contemporary, Matthew Arnold. According to Trilling, Newman was a militant vegetarian, an intransigent anti-vivisectionist, the perfection of the soul, he said, lay in its becoming woman. He believed in womans right to vote, to educate herself and he sought to make life rational in all things, including clothing. He wore an alpaca tailcoat in summer, three coats in winter, and in bad weather, he wore a rug with a cut for his head. When it was muddy, he wore pants edged with six inches of leather, in his numerous metrical translations from the classics, especially his version of the Iliad, he attracted the irreverent criticism of Matthew Arnold. His miscellaneous essays, some of much value, were collected in several volumes before his death and his last publication, Contributions chiefly to the Early History of Cardinal Newman, was generally condemned as deficient in fraternal feeling. George Eliot called our blessed St. Francis and his soul, was a blessed yea and he had been blind for five years before his death, but retained his faculties to the last. Although for most of his life, he preached a kind of rational-mystical agnosticism. in his old age, karl Marx quoted from Newmans Lectures on Political Economy, given at Bedford College, in Capital, Volume III, p.595. Newman is listed on the face of the Reformers Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Francis William Newman The Science of Evidence Newman, Francis William, the Soul, its Sorrows and Aspirations. Francis William Newman Lectures on Political Economy, personal Narrative in Letters, Principally from Turkey in the Years 1830–3. Theism, doctrinal and practical, or, Didactic religious utterances, the text of the Iguvine inscriptions with Interlinear Latin Translation and Notes. A dictionary of modern Arabic, Volume 1, a dictionary of modern Arabic, Volume 2. Translations Into Latin, Newman, Francis William, T. G. Sieveking, Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman
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William Barnes
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William Barnes was an English writer, poet, Church of England priest, and philologist. He wrote over 800 poems, some in Dorset dialect, and much other work, Barnes was born at Rushay in the parish of Bagber, Dorset, the son of a farmer. His formal education finished when he was 13 years old, between 1818 and 1823 he worked in Dorchester, the county town, as a solicitors clerk, then moved to Mere in neighbouring Wiltshire and opened a school. During his time here he began writing poetry in the Dorset dialect, as well as studying languages, playing musical instruments. He married Julia Miles, the daughter of an exciseman from Dorchester, in 1827, then in 1835 moved back to the county town, the school was initially in Durngate Street, then was moved to South Street. A second move to another South Street site made the school a neighbour of a practice where Thomas Hardy was an apprentice. The architect, John Hicks, was interested in literature and the classics, Barnes was ordained into the Church of England in 1847, taking a BD degree from St Johns College, Cambridge, in 1851. He served curacies at Whitcombe Church in Whitcombe, Dorset, 1847–52, between 1860–62 he held a curacy at Hooton Roberts in South Yorkshire. He became rector of St Peters Church, Winterborne Came with Winterborne Farringdon, Dorset, a second collection Hwomely Rhymes followed in 1858, and a third collection in 1863, a combined edition appeared in 1879. A translation, Poems of Rural Life in Common English had already appeared in 1868 and his philological works include Philological Grammar, Se Gefylsta, an Anglo-Saxon Delectus. Tiw, or a View of Roots, and a Glossary of Dorset Dialect, among his other writings is a slim volume on the Advantages of a More Common Adoption of The Mathematics as a Branch of Education, or Subject of Study, published in 1834. He was a friend of Thomas Hardy, Lord Tennyson and Gerard Manley Hopkins, barness poems are characterised by a singular sweetness and tenderness of feeling, deep insight into humble country life and character, and an exquisite feeling for local scenery. Barnes is buried in Winterborne Came churchyard beneath a Celtic cross, the plinth of the cross has the inscription, In Memory of William Barnes, Died 7 October 1886. For 24 Years Rector of this Parish and this Memorial was raised to his Memory by his Children and Grandchildren. There is also a statue of him in Dorchester town centre, Barnes had a strong interest in language, he was fluent in Greek, Latin and several modern European languages. He called for the purification of English by removal of Greek, Latin, for example, the word photograph would become sun-print. Other terms include wortlore, welkinfire and nipperlings, as well as avoiding the use of these foreign words in his poetry, Barnes would often use a repetition of consonantal sounds similar to the Welsh poetry, cynghanedd. Examples of this can be heard in the lines, Do lean down low in Linden Lea, there a quick-trippèn maïd come along, - Aye, a girl wi her light-steppèn veet
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Elizabeth Barrett Browning
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Elizabeth Barrett Browning was one of the most prominent English poets of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime. Born in County Durham, the eldest of 12 children, Elizabeth Barrett wrote poetry from about the age of six and her mothers collection of her poems forms one of the largest collections extant of juvenilia by any English writer. At 15 she became ill, suffering intense head and spinal pain for the rest of her life, later in life she also developed lung problems, possibly tuberculosis. She took laudanum for the pain from an age, which is likely to have contributed to her frail health. In the 1830s Elizabeth was introduced to society through her cousin. Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838 and she wrote prolifically between 1841 and 1844, producing poetry, translation and prose and she campaigned for the abolition of slavery and her work helped influence reform in the child labour legislation. Her prolific output made her a rival to Tennyson as a candidate for poet laureate on the death of Wordsworth, Elizabeths volume Poems brought her great success, attracting the admiration of the writer Robert Browning. Their correspondence, courtship and marriage were carried out in secret, following the wedding she was indeed disinherited by her father. The couple moved to Italy in 1846, where she would live for the rest of her life and they had one son, Robert Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. She died in Florence in 1861, a collection of her last poems was published by her husband shortly after her death. Elizabeths work had a influence on prominent writers of the day, including the American poets Edgar Allan Poe. She is remembered for such poems as How Do I Love Thee. some of Elizabeth Barretts family had lived in Jamaica since 1655. Their wealth derived mainly from Edward Barrett, owner of 10,000 acres in the estates of Cinnamon Hill, Cornwall, Cambridge, Elizabeths maternal grandfather owned sugar plantations, mills, glassworks and ships that traded between Jamaica and Newcastle. What the family believed to be their genealogy in relation to Jamaica is unclear, the family wished to hand down their name, stipulating that Barrett should always be held as a surname. In some cases inheritance was given on condition that the name was used by the beneficiary, given this strong tradition, Elizabeth used Elizabeth Barrett Moulton Barrett on legal documents and before she was married often signed herself Elizabeth Barrett Barrett or EBB. Elizabeths father chose to raise his family in England while his business enterprises remained in Jamaica, the fortune of Elizabeths mothers line, the Graham Clarke family, also derived in part from slave labour, and was considerable. Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was born on 6 March 1806, in Coxhoe Hall and her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke, Elizabeth was the eldest of 12 children. All lived to adulthood except for one girl, who died at the age of three, when Elizabeth was eight, the children all had nicknames, Elizabeth was Ba
