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1864 in Ireland

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1864
in
Ireland

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See also:

1864 in the United Kingdom
Other events of 1864
List of years in Ireland

Events from the year 1864 in Ireland.

Contents

1 Events
2 Arts and literature
3 Births
4 Deaths
5 References

Events[edit]

1 January – civil registry of births, deaths and marriages replaces parish church registers.
30 January – opening of the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin.
May – Theobald Jones presents his Report on the progress made in collecting the Irish lichens to the Natural History Society of Dublin.
Foundation of the Munster Bank, later rescued as the Munster & Leinster Bank, a constituent of Allied Irish Banks.

Arts and literature[edit]

Sheridan Le Fanu publishes the Gothic locked room mystery-thriller Uncle Silas (serialized July–December in his Dublin University Magazine as "Maud Ruthyn and Uncle Silas"; published December as a three-volume novel by Richard Bentley in London).^[1]

Births[edit]

31 January – Matilda Cullen Knowles, lichenologist (died 1933).
13 February – Stephen Gwynn, journalist, writer, poet and Nationalist politician (died 1950).
22 February – Michael Donohoe, Democrat U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (died 1958).
4 March – Daniel Mannix, Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years (died 1963).
5 May – Henry Wilson, British Field Marshal and Conservative Party politician (killed by the Irish Republican Army 1922 in England).
11 May – Ethel Lilian Voynich, née Boole, novelist and composer (died 1960).
16 July – Joseph O'Mara, opera singer (died 1927).
1 September – Roger Casement, British diplomat, nationalist, poet and Irish revolutionary, executed at Pentonville Prison (died 1916).
19 October – Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford, peer and soldier (died 1915).
11 November – John Meredith, Australian Army Brigadier General (died 1942).
22 November – Sir William Moore, 1st Baronet, Unionist MP and Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland 1925–1937 (died 1944).
9 December – Willoughby Hamilton, tennis player, Wimbledon Champion in 1890 (died 1943).
21 December – James Whiteside McCay, Lieutenant General in the Australian Army, member of the Victorian and Australian Parliaments (died 1930).
Full date unknown
- William Gerard Barry, painter (died 1941).
- Denis Grimes, Limerick hurler (died 1920).
- Michael McCarthy, nationalist anticlerical lawyer (died 1928).
- Seán O'Mahony, Sinn Féin MP (died 1934).
- Moira O'Neill (Nesta Shakespear Higginson), poet (died 1955).
- J. Laurie Wallace, painter (died 1953).

Deaths[edit]

10 January – Nicholas Callan, priest and scientist (born 1799).
20 May – John George Bowes, businessman and political figure in Canada East (b. c.1812).
18 June – William Smith O'Brien, nationalist (born 1803).
4 July – Thomas Colley Grattan, writer (born 1792).
23 July – Thomas Laughnan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (born 1824).
27 July – Joseph Patrick Haverty, painter (born 1794).
21 November – Charles McNally, Bishop of Clogher 1844–1864 (born 1787).
30 November – Patrick Cleburne, major general in Confederate States Army in the American Civil War, killed at the Battle of Franklin (born 1828).
8 December – George Boole, mathematician (born 1815).
23 December – James Bronterre O'Brien, Chartist leader, reformer and journalist (born 1804).
William Guy Wall, painter (born 1792).

References[edit]

^ McCormack, W. J. (1997). Sheridan Le Fanu (3rd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1489-0.

Heron, Denis Caulfield (2007), Ireland in 1864, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, retrieved 13 August 2014

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1864_in_Ireland&oldid=775988771"

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1. 1863 in Ireland – Events from the year 1863 in Ireland. 2 March - The Ulster Railway, which began construction in 1839,10 March - Riots in Cork, related to nationalist unrest. 21 August - American clipper Anglo Saxon westbound is captured and burned by Confederate privateer Florida off Old Head of Kinsale,28 November - First edition of The Irish People. Belleek Pottery begins to produce Parian Ware, sheridan Le Fanu publishes The House by the Churchyard. 1 February - George Carew, 4th Baron Carew,17 March - P. H. McCarthy, labour leader and mayor of San Francisco. 31 March - Sir Ion Hamilton Benn, 1st Baronet, businessman,2 April - Mabel Cahill, tennis player. 9 April - Henry De Vere Stacpoole, ships doctor and author,12 August - Margaretta Eagar, nurse for the four daughters of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra and memoirist. 25 August - Eugene OGrowney, priest and scholar,7 September - Henry Boyle Townshend Somerville, Royal Navy hydrographic surveyor, murdered by Irish Republican Army. 26 September - Caesar Litton Falkiner, Irish Unionist Party politician, barrister, writer,24 November - Frederick Thomas Trouton, physicist responsible for Troutons Rule. F Elrington Ball, author and legal historian,1 January - Ambrose Madden, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1854 in the Crimea, at Little Inkerman. 16 February - Denis Dynon, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Chota Behar,21 February - Samuel Hill, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India, later killed in action. 6 May - Robert Arbuthnot, British military officer,7 July - William Mulready, painter. 8 July - Francis Kenrick, headed the Diocese of Philadelphia,24 July - Thomas Arthur Bellew, landowner and politician. 17 October - John Dunlay, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow,10 December - James FitzGibbon, British soldier and hero of the War of 1812. Ingham, painter and founder of New York National Academy of Design

2. 1862 in Ireland – Events from the year 1862 in Ireland. 1 January - A formal partnership between Edward Harland and Gustav Wilhelm Wolff establishes the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff,12 May - The Ulster Hall, a concert hall in Belfast, is opened. July - The Glasgow & Stranraer Steam Packet Companys PS Briton enters service on the first Stranraer to Larne ferry service,10 September - Eliza Lynch becomes de facto First Lady of Paraguay. 3 December - The Midland Great Western Railway extends from Longford to Sligo, undated The Dublin Fire Brigade is established under the Dublin Corporation Fire Brigades Act. Publication of The Leadbeater Papers, containing the first edition of the Annals of Ballitore by Mary Leadbeater, julia Kavanagh publishes French Women of Letters. Charles Lever publishes the novel Barrington serially,2 April - Bryan Mahon, British Army general, Commander-in-Chief, Ireland and Senator. 27 May - John Edward Campbell, mathematician,10 June - John de Robeck, admiral in the British Navy. 11 June - Violet Florence Martin, author,14 June - John J. Glennon, Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Louis and Cardinal. 21 September - Sir Thomas Esmonde, 11th Baronet, peer, MP,14 October - Samuel Cunningham, politician and Irish Privy Councillor. 6 November - Edward Bulfin, British general during World War I.15 December - Jack Dempsey, gertrude Kelly, surgeon and radical activist in New York. 6 April - Fitz James OBrien, author,21 May - John Drew, actor. 18 July - John George de la Poer Beresford, Archbishop of Armagh,30 July - Eugene OCurry, scholar. 30 November - James Sheridan Knowles, dramatist and actor

3. 1861 in Ireland – Events from the year 1861 in Ireland. 8–10 April - John George Adair of Glenveagh Castle evicts tenants at Derryveagh in County Donegal,18 June - Completion and official inauguration of the Wellington Monument, Dublin, in Phoenix Park, built to the design of Sir Robert Smirke. 21–30 August - Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, visit Ireland and they visit the Curragh Camp where Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, serving with the Grenadier Guards, has taken the actress Nellie Clifden as his first lover. 24 August - Mater Misericordiae Hospital is opened in Dublin by the Sisters of Mercy,17 September - The SS Great Eastern, with a badly damaged rudder, anchors in Cork Harbour for temporary repairs. Reconstruction of Fort Camden as part of the Cork Harbour defences begins, july - Sheridan Le Fanu becomes editor and proprietor of the Dublin University Magazine. From October he begins serialization of his novel The House by the Churchyard in it,23 January - Katharine Tynan, novelist and poet. 6 February - George Tyrrell, expelled Jesuit priest and Modernist Catholic scholar,19 March - Joseph MacRory, Cardinal, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. 15 April - William Hoey Kearney Redmond, nationalist politician, barrister, brother of John Redmond,21 June - Nathaniel Thomas Hone, cricketer. Bury, historian, classical scholar and philologist,3 November - Thomas OBrien Butler, composer. 5 November - Sir Tim OBrien, 3rd Baronet, cricketer, frank Duffy, labour leader in America. Leonard Greenham Star Molloy, soldier, doctor, M. P.13 May - William Henry Fitton,19 May - Mother Frances Mary Teresa Ball, founder of Irish Branch of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Loreto schools. 27 June - Robert OHara Burke, explorer of Australia,10 December - John ODonovan, scholar and first historic topographer

4. 1860 in Ireland – Events from the year 1860 in Ireland. 25 February - £11,000 collected at church doors in Dublin to finance the Popes defence against Italian nationalists, the equivalent of several millions in todays Euros. Deasys Land Act, intended to reform tenants rights, construction begins on the Roman Catholic church that will become St Peters Cathedral, Belfast. The Catholic Ballaghaderreen Cathedral is completed,11 November - Kildare Street Club, Dublin, destroyed by fire. 21–23 November - The Partry evictions, County Mayo, sixty eight families turned out of their houses by Thomas Plunket, Church of Ireland Bishop of Tuam. 27 March - The melodrama The Colleen Bawn, or The Brides of Garryowen, written by and starring Dion Boucicault, is first performed at Miss Laura Keenes theatre, dr. George Sigersons The Poets and Poetry of Munster is published. Anthony Trollopes novel Castle Richmond, set during the Great Famine, is completed and published in England,1 January - John Cassidy, sculptor and painter. 17 January - Douglas Hyde, member of the Seanad in 1922 and 1938, first President of Ireland,26 April - Gerald Carew, 5th Baron Carew. 15 June - Robert Carew, 3rd Baron Carew,25 June - John Danaher, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1881 near Pretoria, South Africa. 8 December - Amanda McKittrick Ros, novelist and poet, Patrick S. Dinneen, lexicographer and historian Sidney Royse Lysaght, writer Thomas Preston, scientist Ada Rehan, actress 12 February - William Francis Patrick Napier, soldier and military historian. 17 March - Anna Brownell Jameson, writer,23 October - Peter Boyle de Blaquière, politician in Canada and first chancellor of the University of Toronto. 24 November - George Croly, poet, novelist, historian and divine

5. 1859 in Ireland – Events from the year 1859 in Ireland. 29 March - The Irish Times is first published, in Dublin,28 April–18 May - United Kingdom general election in Ireland produces a Tory majority in Irish seats. John Sisk establishes his building business in Cork. 3 January - Maurice Healy, lawyer, politician and MP.30 January - Tony Mullane,1 February - Victor Herbert, composer, cellist and conductor. 11 February - Barry Yelverton, 5th Viscount Avonmore, nobleman, February - James Murray, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1881 at Elandsfontein, near Pretoria, South Africa. 13 April - Daniel Gallery, politician in Canada,22 April - Ada Rehan, Shakespearean actress. 4 May - William Hamilton, cricketer,16 October - Daisy Bates, née Margaret Dwyer, anthropologist. Francis Fitzpatrick, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 during an attack on Sekukunis Town, thomas Houghton, Anglican Clergyman and editor of the Gospel Magazine. Justin Huntly McCarthy, politician and author,14 April - Lady Morgan, novelist. 3 November - George Forrest, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at Delhi,29 April - Dionysius Lardner, scientific writer. Peter McManus, Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross

6. Ireland – Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

7. 1865 in Ireland – Events from the year 1865 in Ireland. 23 July — The SS Great Eastern sets out from Valentia Island on the first attempt to lay the telegraph cable. Work begins on the building of the Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast, as a memorial to Queen Victorias late Prince Consort, Prince Albert. 9 May International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures opens in Dublin 23 December — Gustavus Vaughan Brooke concludes a farewell season in Belfast, samuel Ferguson publishes his collected poems Lays of the Western Gael. 6 February — Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin, astronomer,16 March — Patsy Donovan, Major League Baseball player and manager. 17 March — Patrick Joseph Sullivan, mayor of Casper, Wyoming,20 April — James Macmahon, civil servant and businessman, Under-Secretary for Ireland from 1918 to 1922. 4 May — Charles A. Callis, member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,7 May — John MacBride, nationalist rebel and Easter Rising leader. 8 May — Charles FitzClarence, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 near Mafeking,10 June — Dermod OBrien, painter. 13 June — William Butler Yeats, poet and dramatist,18 June — Henry Allan, painter. 24 June — Harry Plunket Greene, baritone,15 July — Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, newspaper and publishing magnate 16 July — George A. Birmingham, novelist 29 August — Thomas Kent, nationalist rebel. 4 September — Alice Milligan, nationalist and poet,16 October — Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan, British Army commander in World War I, later Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Field Marshal. 12 November — Herbert Trench, poet, robert Henry Woods, Irish Unionist MP.1 April — John Cuffe, 3rd Earl of Desart, Conservative politician. 23 May — Benjamin Holmes, businessman and politician in Quebec,14 July — Nathaniel Burslem, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1860 at the Taku Forts, China. 25 July — Dr James Barry, military surgeon, revealed on death to be a woman,31 August — John Farrell, soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry at the 1854 Charge of the Light Brigade. 2 September — William Rowan Hamilton, mathematician, physicist, and astronomer

8. 1866 in Ireland – Events from the year 1866 in Ireland. 28 January - The Midland Great Western Railway opens to Westport railway station,22 June - Archbishop Cullen is elevated to the cardinalate as the first Irish Cardinal. 13 July - The SS Great Eastern sets out from Valentia Island on the attempt to lay the transatlantic telegraph cable. Robert Halpin is master and William Thomson technical consultant,14 October - St Peters Church, Belfast, later to become the Roman Catholic Cathedral, is dedicated, although the building is incomplete. Maziere Brady retires as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, an office to which he was appointed in 1846, the first modern Irish Derby, created by the 3rd Earl of Howth, the 3rd Marquess of Drogheda and the 3rd Earl of Charlemont, is run at the Curragh Racecourse. The Ulster Yacht Club is revived at Bangor, County Down, on the initiative of Frederick Temple Blackwood, 5th Baron Dufferin,5 February - Domhnall Ua Buachalla, member of 1st Dáil, Fianna Fáil TD, last Governor-General of the Irish Free State. February - Michael Egan, trade unionist, city councillor and Cumann na nGaedheal TD.15 June - Charles Wood,13 July - Emily Winifred Dickson, gynaecologist. 16 August - Dora Sigerson, poet,1 November - Cheiro, born William John Warner, astrologer. 3 December - Ethna Carbery, born Anna Johnston, writer,7 December - Maude Delap, marine biologist December - Thomas Byrne, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1898 at the Battle of Omdurman, Sudan. Éamon a Búrc, tailor and seanchaí, bridget Sullivan, domestic housemaid for Borden family of Fall River, Massachusetts. 5 January - Augustus Warren Baldwin, naval officer and political figure in Upper Canada,11 January - Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, actor. 17 January - George Petrie, painter, musician, antiquary,4 March - Alexander Campbell, religious leader in Britain and the United States. 18 May - Francis Sylvester Mahony, humorist and poet,26 October - John Kinder Labatt, brewer in Canada. 26 October - Patrick McHale, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, full date unknown - Edward Eagar, lawyer and criminal transported to Australia, politician

9. 1867 in Ireland – Events from the year 1867 in Ireland. 11 February – Abortive Fenian attempt to seize Chester Castle,5 March – Fenian Rising in County Dublin, County Cork, County Limerick, County Tipperary and County Clare. 12 July – Despite the Party Processions Acts, the Orange Order parades from Bangor to Newtownards in County Down and it is organised by William Johnston and about 30,000 take part. August – Irish Republican Brotherhood convention at Manchester appoints Colonel Thomas J. Kelly to succeed James Stephens,11 September – Thomas J. Kelly and Timothy Deasy are arrested in Manchester. 18 September – Rescue of Kelly and Deasy from a van in Manchester. 12 October –62 Fenians are among the last group of convicts to suffer penal transportation as the convict ship Hougoumont departs from Portsmouth on an 89-day passage to Western Australia. 23 November – William Allen, Michael Larkin and Michael OBrien,13 December – Clerkenwell explosion at Clerkenwell Prison in London during a Fenian escape attempt,12 local residents are killed. Royal Irish Constabulary granted its Royal prefix by Queen Victoria,1 January – Thomas Westropp Bennett, Cumann na nGaedheal member of the Seanad, Cathaoirleach of Seanad. 25 January – Dolway Walkington, Irish national rugby union captain,9 February – James Douglas, journalist. 10 April – George William Russell, critic, poet and artist,19 April – James Cullen, priest and mathematician. 13 May – Thomas Gann, doctor, archaeologist and writer,15 May – Eoin MacNeill, scholar, nationalist and revolutionary. 17 June – John Robert Gregg, creator of Gregg Shorthand,11 August – Martin Morris, 2nd Baron Killanin, barrister and politician. 10 November – John Henry Patterson, soldier, hunter and writer,16 December – Amy Carmichael, Christian missionary and writer. 26 December – Ella Young, poet, undated – Cathal OByrne, singer, poet and writer. 7 February - William Dargan, engineer and railway builder,22 February - Daniel Devlin, businessman and City Chamberlain in New York (born 1814. 12 April - Robert Bell, journalist and writer,20 April - John Lyons, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, in the Crimea. 17 September - Francis Blackburne, Lord Chancellor of Ireland,23 September - Richard W. Dowling, victorious commander at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass in the American Civil War. 31 October - William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, astronomer and builder of the Leviathan of Parsonstown,10 December - Edward Whelan, politician, one of the Fathers of the Canadian Confederation

10. 1868 in Ireland – Events from the year 1868 in Ireland. January - American transport entrepreneur George Francis Train is arrested in Cork for debt,26 May - Michael Barrett, member of the Fenians, hanged outside the walls of Newgate Prison in London for his part in the Clerkenwell explosion of 1867. He will be the last person executed in the United Kingdom. 13 July - Representation of the People Act extends the franchise in parliamentary boroughs,15 July - Foundation stone of St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, laid. August - Meteorological observatory set up on Valentia Island, late September - the Ardagh Hoard is discovered at Ardagh Fort, County Limerick. 18 December - Thomas OHagan is appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland, waterloo Cup won by Master McGrath. 2 February - Frederic Trench, 3rd Baron Ashtown, peer,4 February - Constance Gore-Booth, Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil TD, member of 1st Dáil, Cabinet Minister. 7 February - Aleen Cust, veterinary surgeon,4 April - Annie Russell Maunder, astronomer. 25 April - Willie Maley, Association football player and manager 1 May - George F. OShaunessy,7 May - John MacBride, republican. 26 May - Richard Maunsell, steam locomotive designer,5 June - James Connolly, socialist, trade unionist, nationalist, rebel and Easter Rising leader. 7 June - John Sealy Townsend, mathematical physicist,23 June - Francis Browning, cricketer. 9 August - Patrick McKenna, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher,14 September - Arthur Gore, 6th Earl of Arran, Anglo-Irish peer and soldier. P. J. Brady, Irish Nationalist Member of UK Parliament for Dublin St Stephen’s Green,9 January - John Henry Hopkins, first bishop of Episcopal Diocese of Vermont and eighth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. 7 February - Admiral Theobald Jones, lichenologist and Unionist politician,19 February - Dominick Daly, Governor of Prince Edward Island, later Governor of South Australia. 7 April - DArcy McGee, journalist, politician in Canada,21 April - Henry James OFarrell, hanged in Australia for attempted assassination of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. 19 May - Benjamin Guinness, brewer and philanthropist,26 May - Michael Barrett, Fenian. 17 June - Samuel Hill Lawrence, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow,25 June - Alexander Mitchell, engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse. 26 July - Peter Gill, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 in Benares,3 August - Charles Graham Halpine, journalist, editor and author

11. 1869 in Ireland – Events from the year 1869 in Ireland. July 26 - The Royal Assent was given to the Irish Church Act, disestablishing the Church of Ireland with effect from 1871 and it had passed through the House of Commons and the House of Lords. August 31 - Scientist Mary Ward is killed in a car accident at Parsonstown. Anti-Irish riots at Pontlottyn in the Rhymney Valley of Wales result in one death, waterloo Cup won by Master McGrath. The Royal Ulster Yacht Club of Bangor, County Down, receives its royal warrant,16 March - Peter Maher, boxer. 27 March - James McNeill, politician and second Governor-General of the Irish Free State,26 April - Lowry Hamilton, cricketer. 19 May - John Wheatley, socialist politician 23 May - Hamilton Lyster Reed, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 at the Battle of Colenso,29 May - William Harman, cricketer. 1 August - Ambrose Upton Gledstanes Bury, politician in Alberta,6 August - David McKee Wright, poet. 30 November - James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn, Unionist politician,27 December - William Harrington, cricketer. Helen Boyle, physician and psychologist 30 January - William Carleton,11 February - Patrick J. Whelan, tailor and alleged Fenian sympathizer, convicted of assassination of Thomas DArcy McGee in 1868, hanged. 2 March - Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, British Field Marshal,6 March - James Emerson Tennent, politician and traveller. 14 March - Joseph Francis Olliffe, physician,26 March - John T. Mullock, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Johns, Newfoundland. 31 August - Mary Ward, scientist, Joseph Prosser, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sevastopol, Crimea

12. 1864 – As of the start of 1864, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 21 – New Zealand Wars, The Tauranga Campaign starts, february – John Wisden publishes The Cricketers Almanack for the year 1864 in England, it will go on to become the major annual cricket reference publication. February 1 – Danish-Prussian War,57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross the Eider River into Denmark, february 25 – American Civil War, The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia. March 1 – Alejandro Mon y Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain, March 9 – American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln appoints Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of all Union armies. March 10 – American Civil War, The Red River Campaign begins as Union troops reach Alexandria, March 11 – Great Sheffield Flood, A reservoir near Sheffield, England bursts,250 die. April 8 – Gallaudet University is founded as the first university for the Deaf, april 12 – American Civil War, The Battle of Fort Pillow, Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers that surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee. April 15 – Choe Je-u, founder of the Donghak movement, is executed by beheading for sedition at Daegu in Korea. April 22 – The United States Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandates that the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency. May 2 – Under terms of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom voluntarily cedes control of the United States of the Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece, may 5 – American Civil War, The Battle of the Wilderness begins in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. May 7 – Clipper ship City of Adelaide launched in Sunderland, England, by the 21st century, she will be the worlds oldest surviving clipper of only two survivors. May 7 – American Civil War, The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness, may 8–21 – American Civil War – Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Some 4,000 die in an inconclusive engagement. May 9 Danish-Prussian War – Battle of Heligoland, the navy of Denmark and it is the last significant naval battle fought by squadrons of wooden ships and also the last involving Denmark. American general John Sedgwick is shot dead during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House shortly after uttering the famous last words, may 11 – American Civil War – Battle of Yellow Tavern, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia, may 12 – American Civil War – Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, The Bloody Angle – thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers die. May 13 – American Civil War – Battle of Resaca, The battle begins with Union General Sherman fighting toward Atlanta. May 15 – American Civil War – Battle of New Market, may 18 – Civil War gold hoax, The New York World and the New York Journal of Commerce publish a fake proclamation that President Abraham Lincoln has issued a draft of 400,000 more soldiers. May 20 – Australian bushranger Ben Hall and his escape from a shootout with police after attempting to rob the Bang Bang Hotel in Koorawatha. May 20 American Civil War – Battle of Ware Bottom Church, death of John Clare, the Northamptonshire peasant poet in Northampton General Lunatic Asylum, England

13. National Gallery of Ireland – The National Gallery of Ireland houses the national collection of Irish and European art. It is located in the centre of Dublin with one entrance on Merrion Square, beside Leinster House, due to ongoing renovations, the Clare Street entrance is the only one currently open. It was founded in 1854 and opened its doors ten years later, the Gallery has an extensive, representative collection of Irish painting and is also notable for its Italian Baroque and Dutch masters painting. The current director is Sean Rainbird, in 1853 an exhibition, the Great Industrial Exhibition, was held on the lawns of Leinster House in Dublin. Among the most popular exhibits was a display of works of art organised. The enthusiasm of the visiting crowds demonstrated a public for art, the moving spirit behind the proposal was the barrister John Edward Pigot, son of David Richard Pigot, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and he became one of the first Governors of the Gallery. The façade of the National Gallery copies the Natural History building of the National Museum of Ireland which was planned for the facing flank of Leinster House. The building itself was designed by Francis Fowke, based on plans by Charles Lanyon. The Gallery was unlucky not to have been founded around an existing collection, in 1866 an annual purchase grant was established and by 1891 space was already limited. In 1897, the Dowager Countess of Milltown indicated her intention of donating the contents of Russborough House to the Gallery, at around this time Henry Vaughan left 31 watercolours by J. M. W. Turner with the requirement that they could only be exhibited in January, in addition to his involvement in the Gallery, Hugh Lane has also hoped to found a gallery of modern art, something only realised after his death in Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane. George Bernard Shaw also made a substantial bequest, leaving the Gallery a third of royalties of his estate in gratitude for the time he spent there as a youth. The Gallery was again extended in 1962 with a new wing designed by Frank DuBerry of the Office of Public Works and this opened in 1968 and is now named the Beit Wing. The Jesuits have generously allowed this painting to be exhibited in the Gallery, the painting was on loan to an Italian gallery from February until July 2010 as part of Caravaggios 400th anniversary. In 1997 Anne Yeats donated sketchbooks by her uncle Jack Yeats, a new wing, called the Millennium Wing, was opened in 2002. Unlike the previous two extensions, this new wing has street frontage and the English architects Benson & Forsyth gave it an imposing Bowers Whitbed, Portland Stone façade and grand atrium. The design originally involved demolishing an adjoining Georgian terrace house and its ballroom mews, however, the circulation space also lacks clarity, but it is generally considered that these flaws are trivial details set against the drama of the building. In line with its Brutalist style, the concrete walls are still unsealed

14. Dublin – Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle

15. Theobald Jones – Admiral Theobald Jones, also known as Toby Jones, was an Irish officer in the British Royal Navy, a Tory politician, a noted lichenologist, and a fossil-collector. The County Londonderry-born son of a Church of Ireland clergyman, Jones was descended from a 17th-century Welsh settler in Ireland, several generations of his family had held public office in the Kingdom of Ireland, including membership of the pre-union Parliament of Ireland. Entering the navy aged 13 during the Napoleonic Wars, the teenage Jones survived several naval engagements and the burning of his ship at night when he was 16. After ten years serving under the captaincy of his step-mothers brother, Henry Blackwood, Jones reached the rank of commander by age 25, and captain at 38, aged 40, Jones entered Parliament for County Londonderry, in the interest of the Marquess of Waterford. An Orangeman and Ultra Tory of plain unassuming manners, he sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom at Westminster from 1830 until he stood down from Parliament in 1857. A member of learned societies, he occupied his retirement from politics by making the first comprehensive catalogue of Irish lichens. Jones was the son of the Reverend James Jones, a Church of Ireland clergyman. His mother Lydia was the daughter of Theobald Wolfe of Blackhall, Rev Joness first appointment was in 1783 as the prebendary in Killamery. In 1786 he became rector of Kilcronaghan in County Londonderry, where Theobald was born in 1790 and he then moved to Tamlaght OCrilly later that year, and then to Urney in County Tyrone. After Lydias death in 1793, Rev Jones remarried in 1796 to Anne Ryder, Sir John sat in the House of Commons of Ireland from 1761 to 1799 for Killyleagh and Bangor. Sometime around 1798 Rev Jones became the grandmaster of the Orange Order in County Londonderry, the family were involved in the defeat of the 1798 Rebellion. Rev Jones was the brother of Theophilus Jones, an Admiral in the Royal Navy. Their first-born brother Walter was governor of County Leitrim, and an MP for Coleraine in the years of the Irish Parliament. Their father Theophilus Jones was an MP for Coleraine and Leitrim, the family traced their ancestry to Bryan Jones, a Welshman who had been granted lands in Ireland by King James VI and I in 1622. Bryans grandson Theophilus Jones was a member of the Irish House of Commons from 1692 to 1742, for Sligo Borough, Jones joined the navy in 1803 as a volunteer midshipman aboard HMS Melpomene, taking part in the bombardment of French ports. He transferred in 1805 to the 36-gun frigate HMS Euryalus, under Captain Henry Blackwood and he transferred in 1807 to Blackwoods new command, the 74-gun third rate HMS Ajax. During the Dardanelles Operation, Jones was one of the survivors when Ajax caught fire at anchor off the Turkish island of Tenedos, the fire started at about 9pm on the evening of 14 February 1807, caused by the carelessness of a drunken crewman, and spread rapidly. Within ten minutes heavy smoke prevented the launching of boats, and soon afterwards reached the main deck

16. Lichen – A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship. The combined lichen has properties different from those of its component organisms, Lichens come in many colours, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants, Lichens may have tiny, leafless branches, flat leaf-like structures, flakes that lie on the surface like peeling paint, or other growth forms. A macrolichen is a lichen that is either bush-like or leafy, here, macro and micro do not refer to size, but to the growth form. Common names for lichens may contain the word moss, and lichens may superficially look like and grow with mosses, Lichens do not have roots that absorb water and nutrients as plants do, but like plants, they produce their own food by photosynthesis. When they grow on plants, they do not live as parasites, Lichens occur from sea level to high alpine elevations, in many environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface. Lichens are abundant growing on bark, leaves, mosses, on other lichens and they grow on rock, walls, gravestones, roofs, exposed soil surfaces, and in the soil as part of a biological soil crust. Different kinds of lichens have adapted to survive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, arctic tundra, hot dry deserts, rocky coasts and they can even live inside solid rock, growing between the grains. It is estimated that 6% of Earths land surface is covered by lichen, there are about 20,000 known species of lichens. Some lichens have lost the ability to reproduce sexually, yet continue to speciate, Lichens may be long-lived, with some considered to be among the oldest living things. They are among the first living things to grow on fresh rock exposed after an event such as a landslide, the long life-span and slow and regular growth rate of some lichens can be used to date events. In American English, lichen is pronounced the same as the verb liken, in British English, both this pronunciation and one rhyming with kitchen /ˈlɪtʃən/) are used. Lichens grow in a range of shapes and forms. The shape of a lichen is determined by the organization of the fungal filaments. The nonreproductive tissues, or vegetative body parts, is called the thallus, Lichens are grouped by thallus type, since the thallus is usually the most visually prominent part of the lichen. Thallus growth forms typically correspond to a few basic internal structure types, Common names for lichens often come from a growth form or color that is typical of a lichen genus. When a crustose lichen gets old, the center may start to crack up like old-dried paint, old-broken asphalt paving and this is called being rimose or areolate, and the island pieces separated by the cracks are called areolas. The areolas appear separated, but are connected by an underlying prothallus or hypothallus, when a crustose lichen grows from a center and appears to radiate out, it is called crustose placodioid

17. Allied Irish Banks – Allied Irish Banks is one of the so-called Big Four commercial banks in Ireland. AIB offers a range of personal and corporate banking services. AIB Capital Markets is the division of the company that offers international banking, the bank also offers a range of general insurance products such as home, travel, and health insurance. It offers life assurance and pensions through its wholly owned subsidiary, in December 2010 the Irish government took a majority stake in the bank, which has since grown to 99. 8%. AIBs shares were traded on the Irish Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange. The remaining publicly traded shares of AIB are now listed on the Enterprise Securities Market of the Irish Stock Exchange, AIB also owns Allied Irish Bank in Great Britain and First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland. In November 2010, it sold its 22. 5% stake in M&T Bank in the United States, at the beginning of 2008 AIB entered the Latvian, Estonian and Lithuanian markets by acquiring AmCredit mortgage finance business from the Baltic – American Enterprise Fund. In 2009, Allied Irish Banks along with its competitor Bank of Ireland accepted a 3.5 billion euro bailout from the government of the Republic of Ireland as a part of the Bank Recapitalisation scheme. By March 2011 the total sum of required bailout was expected to climb up to 13.3 billion euro, Allied Irish Banks is usually referred to, both inside and outside the company, simply as AIB and often by its trade name of Allied Irish Bank. Initially, the bank operated under the names of its constituent companies, alongside a new AIB logo. From 1970, these were replaced by Allied Irish Banks, in 1990, AIB introduced a new logo Since then, the bank has preferred to be referred to as AIB, though Allied Irish Banks plc remains its legal name. The bank is referred to colloquially as AIB Bank, an example of a redundant acronym. This is due to the name AIB Bank being adopted for the Republic of Ireland branch banking business at the time of the 1990 rebrand. This version of the logo is no longer used in print advertising, the Trustee Savings Banks similarly rebranded to TSB Bank in 1993. The new logo features a depiction of Noahs Ark, after a carving on a Celtic cross at Killary Church near Lobinstown in County Meath, which dates from the 9th century. Allied Irish Banks Limited was formed in 1966 as a new company acquired three Irish banks, Provincial Bank of Ireland, the Royal Bank of Ireland, and the Munster & Leinster Bank. The banks saw an alliance as the best way to overcome the fragmented nature of the Irish banking industry, Ireland in the mid-1960s was changing fast and the merger strengthened the banks’ position in the emerging global business era. In 1966, AIBs aggregate assets were €323.8 million—as at 31 December 2005,1825 Provincial Bank commenced operations, pioneering joint stock branch banking in Ireland

18. Sheridan Le Fanu – Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu was an Irish writer of Gothic tales and mystery novels. He was a leading ghost story writer of the century and was central to the development of the genre in the Victorian era. M. R. James described Le Fanu as absolutely in the first rank as a writer of ghost stories, three of his best-known works are Uncle Silas, Carmilla and The House by the Churchyard. Sheridan Le Fanu was born at 45 Lower Dominick Street, Dublin, into a family of Huguenot. He had a sister, Catherine Frances, and a younger brother. His parents were Thomas Philip Le Fanu and Emma Lucretia Dobbin, both his grandmother Alicia Sheridan Le Fanu and his great-uncle Richard Brinsley Sheridan were playwrights, and his mother was also a writer, producing a biography of Charles Orpen. The Phoenix Park and the adjacent village and parish church of Chapelizod would appear in Le Fanus later stories, in 1826 the family moved to Abington, County Limerick, where Le Fanus father Thomas took up his second rectorship in Ireland. Although he had a tutor, who, according to his brother William, taught them nothing and was dismissed in disgrace. By the age of fifteen, Joseph was writing poetry which he shared with his mother and siblings and his father was a stern Protestant churchman and raised his family in an almost Calvinist tradition. In 1832 the disorders of the Tithe War affected the region, there were about six thousand Catholics in the parish of Abington, and only a few dozen members of the Church of Ireland. However, the government compelled all farmers, including Catholics, to pay tithes for the upkeep of the Protestant church, the following year the family moved back temporarily to Dublin, to Williamstown Avenue in a southern suburb, where Thomas was to work on a Government commission. Although Thomas Le Fanu tried to live as though he were well-off, Thomas took the rectorships in the south of Ireland for the money, as they provided a decent living through tithes. However, from 1830, as the result of agitation against the tithes, in 1838 the government instituted a scheme of paying rectors a fixed sum, but in the interim the Dean had little besides rent on some small properties he had inherited. In 1833 Thomas had to borrow £100 from his cousin Captain Dobbins to visit his sister in Bath. At his death Thomas had almost nothing to leave to his sons and his widow went to stay with the younger son William. Sheridan Le Fanu studied law at Trinity College in Dublin, where he was elected Auditor of the College Historical Society. Under a system peculiar to Ireland he did not have to live in Dublin to attend lectures and he was called to the bar in 1839, but he never practised and soon abandoned law for journalism. In 1838 he began contributing stories to the Dublin University Magazine, including his first ghost story, entitled The Ghost and he became owner of several newspapers from 1840, including the Dublin Evening Mail and the Warder

19. Gothic fiction – Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, the effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpoles novel. It originated in England in the half of the 18th century and had much success in the 19th, as witnessed by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the name Gothic refers to the -medieval buildings, emulating Gothic architecture, in which many of these stories take place. This extreme form of romanticism was very popular in England and Germany, the English Gothic novel also led to new novel types such as the German Schauerroman and the French Georgia. The novel usually regarded as the first Gothic novel is Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpoles declared aim was to combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism. Walpole published the first edition disguised as a romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. When Walpole admitted to his authorship in the edition, its originally favourable reception by literary reviewers changed into rejection. A romance with elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback. Walpoles forgery, together with the blend of history and fiction, contravened the principles of the Enlightenment and associated the Gothic novel with fake documentation. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron, set out to take Walpoles plot, the question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpoles would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible. Ann Radcliffe developed the technique of the supernatural in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes. Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe introduced the figure of the Gothic villain. Radcliffes novels, above all The Mysteries of Udolpho, were best-sellers, however, along with most novels at the time, they were looked down upon by many well-educated people as sensationalist nonsense. Radcliffe also provided an aesthetic for the genre in an influential article On the Supernatural in Poetry, Romantic literary movements developed in continental Europe concurrent with the development of the Gothic novel. The roman noir appeared in France, by writers as François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil, Baculard dArnaud. In Germany, the Schauerroman gained traction with writers as Friedrich Schiller, with novels like The Ghost-Seer and these works were often more horrific and violent than the English Gothic novel. Matthew Gregory Lewiss lurid tale of debauchery, black magic

20. Thriller (genre) – Thriller is a broad genre of literature, film and television, having numerous subgenres. Thrillers are characterized and defined by the moods they elicit, giving viewers heightened feelings of suspense, excitement, surprise, anticipation, successful examples of thrillers are the films of Alfred Hitchcock. Thrillers generally keep the audience on the edge of their seats as the plot builds towards a climax, the cover-up of important information is a common element. Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, and cliffhangers are used extensively, a thriller is usually a villain-driven plot, whereby he or she presents obstacles that the protagonist must overcome. Homers Odyssey is one of the oldest stories in the Western world and is regarded as a prototype of the thriller. Thrillers may be defined by the mood that they elicit. In short, if it thrills, it is a thriller, as the introduction to a major anthology explains, Suspense is a crucial characteristic of the thriller genre. It gives the viewer a feeling of pleasurable fascination and excitement mixed with apprehension, anticipation and tension and these develop from unpredictable, mysterious and rousing events during the narrative, which make the viewer or reader think about the outcome of certain actions. Suspense builds in order to make those final moments, no matter how short, the suspense in a story keeps the person hooked to reading or watching more until the climax is reached. In terms of expectations, it may be contrasted with curiosity. The objective is to deliver a story with sustained tension, surprise, the second type of suspense is the. anticipation wherein we either know or else are fairly certain about what is going to happen but are still aroused in anticipation of its actual occurrence. According to Greek philosopher Aristotle in his book Poetics, suspense is an important building block of literature, common methods and themes in crime and action thrillers are mainly ransoms, captivities, heists, revenge, kidnappings. Common in mystery thrillers are investigations and the whodunit technique, common elements in dramatic and psychological thrillers include plot twists, psychology, obsession and mind games. Common in horror thrillers are serial killers, stalking, deathtraps, elements such as fringe theories, false accusations and paranoia are common in paranoid thrillers. Threats to entire countries, spies, espionage, conspiracies, assassins, the themes frequently include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Plots of thrillers involve characters which come into conflict with other or with outside forces. The protagonist of these films is set against a problem, no matter what subgenre a thriller film falls into, it will emphasize the danger that the protagonist faces. While protagonists of thrillers have traditionally been men, women characters are increasingly common

21. Uncle Silas – Uncle Silas, subtitled A Tale of Bartram-Haugh, is a Victorian Gothic mystery-thriller novel by the Irish writer J. Sheridan Le Fanu. Despite Le Fanu resisting its classification as such, the novel has also hailed as a work of sensation fiction by contemporary reviewers. Several changes were made from the serialization to the volume edition, the novel is a first-person narrative told from the point of view of the adolescent girl Maud Ruthyn, an heiress living with her sombre, reclusive father Austin Ruthyn in their mansion at Knowl. In the first part of the novel, Mauds father hires a French governess, Madame de la Rougierre, the governess is eventually dismissed when she is discovered by Maud in the act of burgling her fathers desk. Maud is asked in obscure terms by her if she is willing to undergo some kind of ordeal to clear the name of her uncle. At the reading of his will, it emerges that her father added a codicil to it, Maud is to stay with Uncle Silas until she comes of age, if she dies whilst still a minor, the estate will pass to Silas. Initially deprecating of her mannerisms, Maud and Millicent become best friends. During her stay, Maud is subject to attempts by Dudley to court her. Silas is periodically subject to mysterious catatonic fits, attributed to his massive opium consumption and she is relieved when it emerges that Dudley is already married, and when, after being disowned by his father, he and his wife leave to set sail from Liverpool to New York. It is afterwards decided that Millicent should attend a school in France. In the meantime, Maud is shocked to discover Madame de la Rougierre residing at Bartram-Haugh in the employ of Silas, despite strong protest by Maud, Madame is charged with accompanying her first to London, and then on to Dover and across the Channel. After falling asleep during the journey and being escorted under the cover of darkness, Maud awakes to find again at Bartram-Haugh, she had in fact been on a round trip to London. Maud finds herself now imprisoned in one of the many bedrooms under the guard of Madame de la Rougierre. Later that night, Dudley scales the building and enters the unlit room, hidden out of sight, Maud witnesses Dudley brutally murder Madame de la Rougierre by mistake in the near-darkness. Uncle Silas enters the room, having been waiting outside, as he does this, assisted by Dickon Hawkes daughter, whom Maud had befriended during her stay, she is swiftly conveyed by carriage to Lady Knollys estate, and away from Bartram-Haugh. Silas is discovered in the morning lying dead of an opium overdose, may the blessed second-sight be mine—to recognise under these beautiful forms of earth the angels who wear them, for I am sure we may walk with them if we will, and hear them speak. Uncle Silas remains Le Fanus best-known novel and it was the source for Arthur Conan Doyles The Firm of Girdlestone, and remains a touchstone for contemporary mystery fiction. A film version, also titled Uncle Silas, was made by Gainsborough Studios in 1947, directed by Charles Frank and starring Jean Simmons, Katina Paxinou, the heroines given name was changed from Maud to Carolyn

22. Three-volume novel – The three-volume novel was a standard form of publishing for British fiction during the nineteenth century. It was a significant stage in the development of the modern Western novel as a form of popular literature, the format does not correspond closely to what would now be considered a trilogy of novels. Furthermore, a librarian had three volumes earning their keep, rather than one. The particular style of fiction, of a complicated plot reaching resolution by distribution of marriage partners. Three volume novels began to be produced by the Edinburgh-based publisher Archibald Constable in the early 19th century and this continued until Constables company collapsed in 1826 with large debts, bankrupting both him and Scott. As Constables company collapsed, the publisher Henry Colburn quickly adopted the format, the number of three-volume novels he issued annually rose from six in 1825 to 30 in 1828 and 39 in 1829. Under Colburns influence, the published novels adopted a format of three volumes in octavo, priced at 31 shillings and sixpence. The price and format remained unaltered for nearly 70 years, until 1894, the standardized cost of a three volume novel was equivalent half the weekly income of a modest, middle-class household. And was enough to deter even comparatively well-off members of the public from buying them, instead, they were borrowed from commercial circulating libraries, the most well known being owned by Charles Edward Mudie. Mudie was able to buy novels for stock at round half the retail price - five shilling per volume and he charged his subscribers one guinea a year for the right to borrow one volume at a time. A subscriber who wished to borrow three volumes, in order to read the novel without having to make two additional trips to the library, had to pay a higher annual fee. The system encouraged publishers and authors to produce as many novels as possible, due to the almost-guaranteed, the normal three-volume novel was around 900 pages in total at 150–200,000 words, the average length was 168,000 words in 45 chapters. It was common for novelists to have contracts specifying a set number of pages to be filled, if they ran under, they could be made to produce extra, or break the text up into more chapters — each new chapter heading would fill a page. In 1880, the author Rhoda Broughton was offered £750 by her publisher for her two-volume novel Second Thoughts, however, he offered her £1200 if she could add a third volume. This was a used for the first publications of many of the works of Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope. Many novels by such as Wilkie Collins and George Eliot were first published in serial form in weekly and monthly magazines that began to become popular in the middle of the 19th century. Publishers also offered cheap, reprint editions of works, priced at one to two shillings. Although there was often a lengthy delay before reprint editions were released and those who wished to access the latest books had no choice but to borrow three volume editions from a subscription library

23. Richard Bentley (publisher) – Richard Bentley was a 19th-century English publisher. Born into a family of publishers, Bentley started a firm with his brother in 1819, ten years later, he went into partnership with the publisher Henry Colburn. Although the business was successful, publishing the famous Standard Novels series. During the 1830s and early 1840s, Bentley successfully ran his own publishing firm, establishing the profitable, however, he and its editor, Charles Dickens, quarrelled and the periodical went into decline after Dickens left. After 1843, Bentleys business started to falter, as hard times set in. He was forced to sell many of the copyrights he had purchased as well as Bentleys Miscellany and it was not until 15 years later that his business recovered, and he began initiating projects again. In 1867, he was injured in an accident at a railway station, Bentley came from a publishing family that stretched back three generations. His father, Edward Bentley, and his uncle, John Nichols, published the General Evening Post, Richard Bentley was born in Fetter Lane, Fleet St, in London in 1794. Richard and his brother, Samuel, both trained in publishing and in 1819 established their own firm in Dorset Street, the Bentley firm, according to the Dictionary of National Biography entry on Bentley, became arguably the finest printers in London. They were the first to prominently feature wood-engraved illustrations, in 1823, Bentley married Charlotte Botten, daughter of Thomas Botten by his wife, Kezia Francis. They had 9 children, one of whom, their eldest surviving son, George Bentley, on 3 June 1829, Bentley signed a partnership agreement with Henry Colburn. Colburn was in trouble and owed the Bentleys money. Rather than see him default, the two agreed to merge, with the agreement favouring Colburn. Over the course of a trial period, Bentley was obliged to invest £2,500, find new manuscripts to publish. He would, in return, receive two-fifths of the profits, Colburn, on the other hand, provided three-fifths of the capital and received three-fifths of the profits. The two would make publishing decisions together, if the partnership failed before three years had passed, Bentley would be obliged to buy out Colburn for £10,000, with Colburn agreeing to publish only what he had published before the agreement. The new firm, Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, which lasted a little over three years, was located at 8 New Burlington Street, the firm was generally successful, primarily because they catered to public taste. They fed the market for silver fork novels, including Benjamin Disraelis The Young Duke, furthermore, almost all of their novels were triple-deckers, the length preferred by circulating libraries

24. Matilda Cullen Knowles – Matilda Cullen Knowles FRSC is considered the founder of modern studies of Irish lichens following her work in the early twentieth century on the multi-disciplinary Clare Island Survey. From 1923 she shared curatorship of the National Museum of Ireland herbarium – a collection of dried and pressed plants now housed at the National Botanic Gardens and her work is said to have formed an important baseline contribution to the cryptogamic botany of Ireland and western oceanic Europe. Knowles was born in Cullybackey near Ballymena, Ireland, in 1864 and her early interest in botany was encouraged by her father, William James Knowles, himself an amateur scientist who would take Matilda and her sister to meetings of the Belfast Naturalists field club. This is where she first met Robert Lloyd Praeger who continued to be a lifelong influence. In 1895 she was introduced to the Derry botanist Mary Leebody and together worked on a supplement to Samuel Stewart. T. H. Corey was credited posthumously as he had died on an expedition in Ireland and she then volunteered to help with the crowd sourcing of material about the plants of Tyrone County. Whilst completing this work Knowles published her own first paper about Tyrones flowering plants in 1897, Knowles eventually sent in over 500 examples that were considered for inclusion in the Irish Topographical Botany, which Praeger published in 1901. Knowles and her sister, Catherine, then attended the Royal College of Science for Ireland for a year where she took natural science classes some time between 1896 and 1900. In 1902, Knowles was appointed an assistant in the then Botanical Section of the National Science. She worked closely with Professor Thomas Johnson to continue the development of the Herbarium collection and she also co-authored with him the Hand List of Irish Flowering Plants and Ferns. One of Knowles first works was The Maritime and Marine Lichens of Howth, Knowles had gathered the knowledge and experience to do this whilst diligently assisting with a survey of Clare Island as suggested by Robert Lloyd Praeger. The 1910–1911 survey looked at dozens of different aspects of the island just outside Clew Bay in Ireland. This novel survey involved not only Irish but also several European scientists including prominent UK lichenologist and this was claimed as the most extensive piece of field work at that time. As a result, Knowles was able to create a foundation for her later specialism in lichens, Knowles published more than thirty scientific papers on a wide range of botanical subjects between 1897 and 1933. It was while studying the lichens of Howth that she discovered how lichens by the shore grow in distinct tidal zones that can be distinguished by their colour, black, orange and she achieved this task with the collaboration of thirty other natural scientists. It was published in 1929 and included twenty lichens that has not been identified as Irish. Professor Thomas Johnson retired in 1923, allowing Knowles to take over curatorship, as she became older Knowles hearing began to fail such that she had to rely on an ear trumpet. Despite her deafness she would attend meetings but she would signal when she thought that had been sufficient talk by putting down her hearing device

25. Lichenology – Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga with a filamentous fungus. Study of lichens draws knowledge from several disciplines, mycology, phycology, microbiology and botany, the taxonomy of lichens was first intensively investigated by the Swedish botanist Erik Acharius, who is therefore sometimes named the father of lichenology. Acharius was a student of Carl Linnaeus, lichens as a group have received less attention in classical treatises on botany than other groups although the relationship between humans and some species has been documented from early times. Several species have appeared in the works of Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, during the first centuries of the modern age they were usually put forward as examples of spontaneous generation and their reproductive mechanisms were totally ignored. He adopted the Latin term lichen, which had already used by Pliny who had imported it from Theophrastus. The original meaning of the Greek word λειχήν was moss that in its turn derives from the Greek verb λείχω to suck because of the ability of these organisms to absorb water. In its original use the term signified mosses, liverworts as well as lichens, over the years research is shedding new light into the nature of these organisms still classified as plants. A controversial issue surrounding lichens since the early 19th century is their reproduction, other researchers only considered asexual reproduction by means of Propagules. These studies and classifications are the cornerstone of subsequent investigations, but these works suffer from being superficial and mere lists of species without further physiological studies. It took until the middle of the 19th century for research to catch up using biochemical and physiological methods, scientific publications settled many unknown facts about lichens. These new discoveries were becoming increasingly contradictory for scientists, the apothecium reproductive organ being unique to fungi but absent in other photosynthetic organisms. With improvements in microscopy, algae were identified in the lichen structure and that the algae continued to multiply showed that they were not mere contaminants. It was in 1869 that Simon Schwendener demonstrated that all lichens were the result of attack on the cells of algal cells. This researcher was the first to recognise the dual nature of lichens as a result of the capture of the algal component by the fungal component, in 1873 Jean-Baptiste Edouard Bornet concluded form studying many different lichen species that the relationship between fungi and algae was purely symbiotic. It was also established that algae could associate with many different fungi to form different lichen phenotypes and these new ideas can be studied today under the title of the Theory of Endosymbiosis. During the 20th century botany and mycology were still attempting to solve the two main problems surrounding lichens, on the one hand the definition of lichens and the relationship between the two symbionts and the taxonomic position of these organisms within the plant and fungal kingdoms. There appeared numerous renowned researchers within the field of lichenology Henry Nicollon des Abbayes, William Alfred Weber, Antonina Georgievna Borissova, Irwin M. Brodo, age dating in this way can be absolute or relative because the growth of these organisms can be arrested under various conditions. The technique provides an age of the older individual lichens providing a minimum age of the medium being studied

26. 1933 in Ireland – Events from the year 1933 in Ireland. 4 February – Fianna Fáil, led by Éamon de Valera and he is welcomed in his own constituency in County Clare where 77 horsemen and 77 torchbearers who light 77 tar barrels in honour of the 77 seats won by the party. 21 February – representatives from the Netherlands and Germany arrive in Galway to inspect the site of a proposed new £3 million airport,22 February – General Eoin ODuffy is removed from his post as Commissioner of an Garda Síochána. 27 February – four people die in the snowstorm that is gripping the country. 2 March – a vote to remove the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown is carried by 71 to 38,17 March – Éamon de Valera gives a State reception in St. Patricks Hall of Dublin Castle, the first since the foundation of the state. 17 April – Irelands first parachute jump, executed by Joseph Gilmore, is successful,3 May – in Dáil Éireann the Bill to abolish the Oath of Allegiance is passed. 10 August – General Eoin ODuffy outlines his proposals for remodelling parliament and he favours a system of representatives from vocational and professional groups. 15 August – the Cistercians Mount Melleray Abbey in County Waterford celebrates its centenary,23 August – the Sugar Manufacture Act provides for nationalisation of the sugar beet processing industry to ensure self-sufficiency. 2 September – the United Ireland Organisation is formed as Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party, W. T. Cosgrave will lead the party in Dáil Éireann. 14 September – the United Ireland movement, which has adopted the title Fine Gael,8 December – the Blueshirts are banned by the Fianna Fáil government. Scottish Democratic Fascist Party founded by William Weir Gilmour and Major Hume Sleigh to oppose Irish Catholic migration to Scotland,6 February – première of Lennox Robinsons comedy Drama at Inish at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. 28 March – première of Christine Longfords comedy Mr. Jiggins of Jigginstown at the Gate Theatre, winifred Mary Letts publishes her memoir Knockmaroon. Maurice OSullivan publishes his memoir Fiche Bliain ag Fás / Twenty Years AGrowing, yeats publishes his Collected Poems and The Winding Stair and Other Poems. League of Ireland Winners, Dundalk FAI Cup Winners, Shamrock Rovers 3–3,1 January – Jeremiah Coffey, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Sale, Australia. 11 March – Lochlainn ORaifeartaigh, physicist responsible for the ORaifeartaigh Theorem,24 April – Liam Hyland, Fianna Fáil Senator, TD and MEP.27 April – Liam Tuohy, soccer player and manager. 3 May – John OLeary, Fianna Fáil TD.13 May – Martin ODonoghue, economist, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister,14 May – Frank Harte, singer and song collector. 23 June – Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, journalist, broadcaster, chairman Bord na Gaeilge,13 July – Frank Prendergast, Labour Party TD and Mayor of Limerick. 14 July – John Beresford, 8th Marquess of Waterford, peer,22 July – Tommy Traynor, soccer player

27. Stephen Gwynn – Stephen Lucius Gwynn was an Irish journalist, biographer, author, poet and Protestant Nationalist politician. As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party he represented Galway city as its Member of Parliament from 1906 to 1918 and he served as a British Army officer in France during World War I and was a prominent proponent of Irish involvement in the Allied war effort. He founded the Irish Centre Party in 1919, but his moderate nationalism was eclipsed by the popularity of Sinn Féin. He was born in Saint Columbas College in Rathfarnham, south County Dublin, where his father John and his mother Lucy Josephine was the daughter of the Irish nationalist William Smith OBrien. Stephen was the eldest of ten children and his sister Lucy Gwynn was the first woman registrar of Trinity. Stephen Gwynn spent his childhood in rural Donegal, which was to shape his later view of Ireland. He went to Brasenose College, Oxford, where, as scholar, in 1884 he was awarded first-class honours in classical moderations, during term holidays he returned to Dublin, where he met several of the political and literary figures of the day. Gwynn married his cousin Mary Louisa, daughter of Revd and they had three sons and two daughters who were brought up in her religion, of whom Aubrey became a Jesuit priest and professor of medieval history at University College, Dublin. Their second son Denis Rolleston was professor of modern Irish history at University College, stephen Gwynns brother Edward John became provost of Trinity College and another brother Robert Malcolm became its senior dean. A third brother, Charles, had a career in the British Army. After graduating he spent ten years from 1886 tutoring as a schoolmaster, for a time in France and this was the beginning of a long and prolific career as a writer covering a wide range of literary genres, from poetry and biographical subjects to general historical works. The eighteenth century was his particular specialism and he wrote numerous books on travel and on the topography of his own homeland, as well as on his other interests, wine, eighteenth-century painting and fishing. Gwynn returned to Ireland in 1904 when he entered politics, in a by-election in November 1906 he won a seat for Galway Borough, which he represented as a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party until 1918. During this period he was active in the Gaelic League and was one of the few Irish MPs to have links to the Irish literary revival. Along with Joseph Maunsel Hone and George Roberts he founded the Dublin publishing house of Maunsel and he was opposed to the demand for Irish as a compulsory subject for matriculation. He supported the campaign won the establishment of a Catholic university when he served on the Irish University Royal Commission in 1908. Gwynn, now over fifty, enlisted in January 1915 with the 7th Leinster Regiment in the 16th Division, in July he was commissioned as a captain in the 6th Battalion, Connaught Rangers and served with them on the Western Front at Messines, the Somme and elsewhere. He was one of five Irish Nationalist MPs who enlisted and served in the army, together with Kettle and William Redmond he undertook a recruitment drive for the Irish divisions, co-operating with Kettle on a collection of ballads called Battle songs for the Irish Brigade

28. 1950 in Ireland – Events from the year 1950 in Ireland. President, Seán T. OKelly Taoiseach, John A. Costello March – ESBs turf-fired power station at Portarlington officially opened,12 March – Llandow air disaster,83 people died when a plane carrying Welsh rugby fans home from Belfast crashed in South Wales. 12 May – Nationalist Senators and Members of Parliament in Northern Ireland asked the government of Ireland to give Northern-elected representatives seats in Dáil Éireann,1 July – Sir Gilbert Laithwaite, hitherto British Representative to Ireland, became the first British Ambassador to Ireland. August – Jacqueline Bouvier paid her first visit to Ireland with her step-brother Hugh D. Auchincloss following her studies at the Sorbonne and she attended the Dublin Horse Show, visited the Abbey Theatre, and met the Taoiseach, John A Costello. She and her brother also visited County Cork, where they kissed the Blarney Stone, as well as Galway, Kildare, Killarney, Bouvier returned in 1955 as the wife of Senator John F. Kennedy, and once again in 1967. 11 August – At a meeting of the European Consultative Assembly in Strasbourg Irish representatives voted against Winston Churchills plan for a European army,13 January – Siobhán McKenna starred in San Siobhán, her own translation of George Bernard Shaws play Saint Joan into Irish. 2 November – George Bernard Shaw, playwright and critic, died aged 94 in England, canadian-born painter James Le Jeune settled in Ireland. The Chester Beatty Library was established in Dublin, league of Ireland Winners, Cork Athletic FAI Cup Winners, Transport 2–2, 2–2, 3–1 Cork Athletic. Mayo were All Ireland Gaelic Football Champions, Irish Open was won by Ossie Pickworth. 30 January – Paddy Keenan, uilleann pipes player,25 February – Neil Jordan, director, writer and producer. 5 March – Patrick Cockburn, journalist,18 March Pat McDonnell, Cork hurler. Bobby Miller, Gaelic footballer and manager,29 March – Miah Dennehy, soccer player. 21 April – Pádraig Horan, Offaly hurler,12 May – Gabriel Byrne, actor. 21 May – Marian Finucane, television presenter,22 May – Bill Whelan, composer of Riverdance. 25 May – John Horgan, Cork hurler, may – Michael P. Kitt, Fianna Fáil TD for Galway East. 1 June – Gemma Craven, actress,23 June – Éamon Ó Cuív, Fianna Fáil TD for Galway West and Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs. 24 June – Bob Carlos Clarke, photographer,29 June – Vere Wynne-Jones, journalist, sports broadcaster. 17 July – Michael Colgan, Director Gate Theatre,12 August John Carty, Fianna Fáil senator, former TD. Patrick Parfrey, nephrologist and clinical epidemiologist in Canada

29. Democratic Party (United States) – The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

30. United States House of Representatives – The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House

31. Pennsylvania – Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America

32. 1958 in Ireland – Events from the year 1958 in Ireland. He had played nearly 100 times for United in the space of three years, scoring 52 goals and winning two league titles,18 March – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera says he would be willing to have talks with the government of Northern Ireland on wider economic co-operation. 20 March – work begins on the £80,000 restoration of the State rooms at Dublin Castle,10 May – the Independent TD, Jack Murphy, resigns in protest at the indifference of the main political parties to the plight of the unemployed. 12 May – Ardmore Studios opened by Seán Lemass,22 May – the Minister for Education, Jack Lynch, tells the Dáil that the ruling requiring women teachers to retire on marriage is to be revoked. 25 July – £100 damages are awarded to a nine-year-old who was beaten by his teacher in a national school,28 July – the Carlisle Monument, an eight-foot bronze statue in the Phoenix Park, is blown up in the early hours. 6 August – Australian athlete Herb Elliott shatters the world record for the mile at Santry Stadium,8 August – the US Embassy in Merrion Square displays plans for a new embassy in Dublin. 8 September – Pan Ams Boeing 707 becomes the first jetliner to touch down on European soil at Shannon Airport,1 October – assets and management of the Great Northern Railway are divided between Córas Iompair Éireann and the Ulster Transport Authority. 29 October – the Government announces that the ending of the proportional representation method of voting is to be put to the people in a referendum,4 November – in the Vatican, Taoiseach Éamon de Valera attends the four-hour coronation of Pope John XXIII. 31 December – the Harcourt Street railway line, serving Ranelagh, Milltown, Dundrum, Stillorgan, Foxrock, Carrickmines, Shankill and Bray, samuel Becketts monologue Krapps Last Tape is first performed by Patrick Magee at the Royal Court Theatre, London. Becketts novel The Unnamable published in English, brendan Behans one-act Irish language play An Giall is first performed at the Damer Theatre in Dublin. The English adaptation, The Hostage, is first performed by Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, Behans autobiographical Borstal Boy published in London. On 12 November it is banned in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board, desmond Guinness establishes the Irish Georgian Society for the promotion of Georgian architecture. Thomas Kinsellas poetry Another September published in Dublin, Patrick MacDonoghs poetry One Landscape Still published. John Montagues poetry Forms of Exile published, the Oxford Book of Irish Verse, XVIIth century-XXth century, edited by Donagh MacDonagh and Lennox Robinson, is published. S

33. Daniel Mannix – Daniel Patrick Mannix was an Irish-born Australian Catholic bishop. Mannix was the Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years and one of the most influential figures in 20th-century Australia. Born near Charleville in County Cork, Ireland, Mannix was the son of a tenant farmer, Timothy Mannix and he was educated at Congregation of Christian Brothers schools and at St Patricks College, Maynooth seminary, where he was ordained as a priest in 1890. Mannix was president of St Patricks College, Maynooth, the Irish national seminary, during his presidency he was widely criticised for welcoming King Edward VII on a visit to Maynooth. On 1 July 1912, Mannix was consecrated titular Bishop of Pharsalia, Mannix was not consulted about his appointment. Melbourne was one of the centres of Irish emigration, where the Roman Catholic Church was almost entirely Irish. In Australia at this time, the Irish Catholics were commonly treated with disdain by the English and Scottish majority and also as potentially disloyal. In 1914 Australia entered World War I on the side of the United Kingdom, when the Australian Labor Party government of Billy Hughes tried to introduce conscription for the war, Mannix campaigned against it and it was defeated. He spoke out more frequently about the 1917 referendum, which was also defeated and this campaign included a speech before a huge crowd of perhaps 100,000 at the Richmond Racecourse, which was provided by John Wren. The extent to which Mannix influenced the outcome of the vote has been debated widely, when the Labor Party split over conscription, Mannix supported the Catholic-dominated anti-conscription faction, led by Frank Tudor. Among the Catholic politicians whose careers he encouraged were James Scullin, Frank Brennan, Joseph Lyons and, later, in 1917, when Carr died, Mannix became Archbishop of Melbourne. Mannix opposed the Easter Rising in 1916 and always condemned the use of force by Irish nationalists and he also counselled Australians of Irish Catholic extraction to stay out of Irish politics. He was involved in the production of the film Ireland Will Be Free, in 1920, Mannix travelled from Melbourne to San Francisco and then by train he journeyed to New York in order to take passage on the White Star Line ship the RMS Baltic to Ireland. A rally reported to be made up of 15,000 New York Irish was organised on 31 July at the White Star Line docks at Pier 60, Chelsea Piers on the West side of New York. This show of support was to send off Mannix, who had been so outspoken on the English rule in Ireland, the rally ensured that David Lloyd George would allow Mannix passage to Ireland. However shortly before the RMS Baltic was due to arrive in Cork Harbour, it was stopped and boarded by British military, who arrested Mannix and transferred him directly to England. By the end of the war Mannix was the leader of the Irish community in Australia, idolised by Catholics but detested by others, including those in power federally. He had spoken against the Treaty of Versailles, saying it would lead to a war than the one just ended

34. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne – The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne is a Latin Rite metropolitan archdiocese, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hobart are attached to the archdiocese, St Patricks Cathedral is the seat of the archbishop of Melbourne, currently Denis Hart. According to the 2006 Commonwealth Census figures, there were 4,932,423 people within the province, of these,1,349,828 were Catholic, about 28% of the population. The entire population of Port Philip in 1841 was 11,738, the oldest surviving Catholic church in Victoria, St Francis Catholic Church, was built in 1841. The Diocese of Melbourne was created in 1848 out of territory of the then Sydney archdiocese, the Catholic population of the colony was 18,000 in 1851 and had grown to 88,000 by 1857 as a result of the gold rush. When Goold was appointed Bishop of Melbourne in 1848, St Francis Church became the church of the new diocese. Construction of a new church on Eastern Hill in East Melbourne commenced in 1858, construction of the cathedral was not completed until 1939. The suffragan Diocese of Sale was similarly formed on 26 April 1887 out of the archdiocese, joseph and the Sisters of the Good Samaritan. In 1887,11,661 pupils attended Catholic schools of the archdiocese, the Catholic population of the archdiocese according to government census returns of 1901 was 145,333. Until the mid-twentieth century, the Catholics of the archdiocese were almost all Irish or of Irish origin, the priesthood was exclusively Irish until the early part of the twentieth century, when training of native born priests began. The following individuals were Archbishops of Melbourne, with one being a cardinal while in office as archbishop and their highest title is shown here, The present archbishop of the archdiocese is Denis Hart. He is assisted by auxiliary bishops, Peter John Elliott, appointed an auxiliary bishop in 2007. Bishop Les Tomlinson was the bishop for the Eastern Region until he was installed as Bishop of Sandhurst in March 2012. Bishop Tim Costelloe SDB was appointed as a bishop in April 2007 with responsibility for the northern region of the archdiocese. On 20 February 2012 Pope Benedict XVI elevated him to Archbishop of Perth, there are 232 parishes in the archdiocese and 369 diocesan priests. The archdiocese has a total of 294 priests in religious orders,199 religious brothers and 1,323 religious sisters, there is one seminary for diocesan clergy, Corpus Christi College, and three seminaries for religious clergy. There are 331 Catholic schools in the archdiocese -256 primary,69 secondary, according to the 1998 census, there were 136,387 students enrolled in Catholic schools in the archdiocese -77,636 in primary schools and 58,751 in secondary schools. Within the archdiocese, there are 10 Catholic hospitals,18 homes for children,27 for the elderly and 10 for other purposes, Archbishop Denis Hart was cross examined for three hours at the Parliamentary Inquiry over documents sent to the inquiry by victims and whistleblowers within the archdiocese

35. 1963 in Ireland – Events from the year 1963 in Ireland. President, Éamon de Valera Taoiseach, Seán Lemass 17 January – Thomas Johnson, first parliamentary leader of the Labour Party,24 January – The Minister for Justice, Charles Haughey, announces that the government proposes to abolish the death penalty. 29 January – A new control tower is opened at Shannon Airport,20 May – The Minister for Education, Patrick Hillery, announces plans for comprehensive schools and regional technical colleges. 3 June – Teilifís Éireann closes down immediately after its 9 oclock news bulletin as a mark of respect to the memory of Pope John XXIII,27 June – U. S. president John F. Kennedy visits his ancestral home at New Ross, County Wexford. He inspects a guard of honour and then addresses the crowd. 28 June – U. S. president John Kennedy receives an ovation as he addresses a joint session of both houses of the Oireachtas. 29 June – U. S. president John Kennedy chats with President de Valera at the U. S. Embassy in Dublin before leaving Ireland. 4 October – Speaking on the nuclear test ban at the United Nations in New York,16 October – Taoiseach Seán Lemass is greeted by U. S. president John Kennedy at the White House where he inspects a guard of honour. 1 November – Domhnall Ua Buachalla, the last Governor-General of the Irish Free State, is buried in Dublin,7 November – The Beatles arrive in Dublin for a concert in the Adelphi Cinema. 22 November – President de Valera addresses the nation on the death of U. S. president John Kennedy,24 November – President de Valera leaves for the funeral of U. S. president John Kennedy. He is accompanied by cadets who have been invited by Jacqueline Kennedy to form a guard of honour,2 June – Benjamin Brittens A Hymn of St Columba is premiered at Gartan. Cork Opera House fully rebuilt and reopened, publication of John McGaherns first novel, the semi-autobiographical The Barracks. Paddy Prendergast becomes the first Irish-based trainer to become British flat racing Champion Trainer,7 January – Tony OSullivan, Cork hurler. 23 July – Andy Townsend, footballer born in England of Irish descent 28 July – Eamon Ryan, Green Party TD for Dublin South and Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. 22 August – Terry McHugh, javelin thrower 31 August – Todd Carty, actor 10 September – Marian Keyes, novelist 24 September – Margaret Cox, former Fianna Fáil Senator. 25 September – Niall Cahalane, Cork Gaelic footballer 9 November – Kieran ORegan, soccer player 13 November – Joe Dooley,1 December – Paul Bradford, Fine Gael Seanad Éireann member. 5 December – Tony Keady, Galway hurler, bryan Smyth, singer, actor and television presenter. 1 February – John Cardinal DAlton, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland from 1946 to 1963,4 February – Brinsley MacNamara, novelist and playwright

36. Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet – Field Marshal Sir Henry Hughes Wilson, 1st Baronet, GCB, DSO was one of the most senior British Army staff officers of the First World War and was briefly an Irish unionist politician. Later in 1917 he was military advisor to the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. In 1918 Wilson served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff and he also played an important role in the Irish War of Independence. After retiring from the army, Wilson served briefly as a Member of Parliament and he was assassinated on his own doorstep by two IRA gunmen in 1922 whilst returning home from unveiling a war memorial at Liverpool Street station. The Wilson family claimed to have arrived in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, with William of Orange in 1690, but may well have lived in the area prior to that. There is no record of Land League activity on the estate, the Wilsons also owned Frascati, an eighteenth century house at Blackrock, near Dublin. Born at Currygrane, Henry Wilson was the second of James and he attended Marlborough public school between September 1877 and Easter 1880, before leaving for a crammer to prepare for the Army. One of Wilson’s younger brothers became a army officer and the other a land agent. Wilson spoke with an Irish accent and at times regarded himself as British, Irish or an Ulsterman, like many Anglo-Irish or Scots of his era, he often referred to Britain as England. Wilson was also a member of the Church of Ireland. Wilson was not an Orangeman, and did on occasion attend Roman Catholic services, the entrance examinations to both relied heavily on rote learning. Sir John Fortescue later claimed that this was because as a boy he needed “time for his brain to develop”. Like French and Spears, Wilson acquired his commission “by the back door” as it was then known, in December 1882 he joined the Longford Militia, which was also the 6th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade. He also trained with the 5th Munster Fusiliers and he was commissioned into the Royal Irish Regiment, but soon transferred into the more prestigious Rifle Brigade. Early in 1885 Wilson was posted with the 1st Battalion to India, the British troops were organised into mounted infantry, accompanied by “Goorkha police”. Wilson worked with Henry Rawlinson of the Kings Royal Rifle Corps, on 5 May 1887 he was wounded above the left eye. The wound did not heal and after six months in Calcutta he spent almost the whole of 1888 recuperating in Ireland until he was passed for regimental duty and his wound earned him the nicknames “Ugly Wilson” and “the ugliest man in the British Army”. Whilst in Ireland Wilson began courting Cecil Mary Wray, who was two years his senior, on 26 December 1849 two kegs of explosive were set off outside the house, after which the family only ever spent one more winter there

37. United Kingdom – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

38. Field marshal – Field marshal is a very senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks. Usually it is the highest rank in an army, and when it is and it is considered as a five-star rank in modern-day armed forces in many countries. The origin of the dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the kings horses. Promotion to the rank of marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general. However, the rank has also used as a divisional command rank. The traditional attribute distinguishing a field marshal is a baton, the baton nowadays is purely ornamental, and as such may be richly decorated. That said, it is not necessary for the insignia to be a baton, the exact wording of the titles used by field marshals varies, examples include marshal and field marshal general. The air force equivalent in Commonwealth and many Middle Eastern air forces is marshal of the air force. Navies, which usually do not use the nomenclature employed by armies or air forces, use titles such as fleet admiral, Field marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim was a politician in Afghanistan who served as Vice President from June 2002 until December 2004 and from November 2009 until his death. Between September 2001 and December 2004, he served as Defense Minister under the Afghan Transitional Administration. As military commander of the Northern Alliance, Fahim captured the Afghan capital Kabul in the fall of 2001 from the Taliban government, in 2004 President Hamid Karzai provided Fahim the honorary title Marshal and a year later he became member of the House of Elders. He later became a recipient of the Ahmad Shah Baba Medal, Fahim was a member of Afghanistans Tajik ethnic group. He was affiliated with the Jamiat Islami party of Afghanistan, Sir Thomas Blamey was the first and is the only Australian-born field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of the Australian prime minister, Sir Robert Menzies, Blamey was, at the time of his promotion, seriously ill and mostly bed-ridden in the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital. He was presented with his marshals baton at a ceremony held in the sunroom at the Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital by the Governor-General of Australia. Blameys field marshals baton is on display in the Second World War galleries at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. Currently, the only Australian field marshal is HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, during Imperial rule in China, different dynasty gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is 司馬 in Eastern Han dynasty, which means master of horse

39. Conservative Party (UK) – The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses

40. Ethel Voynich – Ethel Lilian Voynich, née Boole was an Irish novelist and musician, and a supporter of several revolutionary causes. She was born in Cork, but grew up in England, Voynich was a significant figure, not only on the late Victorian literary scene, but also in Russian émigré circles. She is best known for her novel The Gadfly, which became popular in her lifetime. Her father died six months after she was born and her mother returned to her native England with her daughters, and was able to live off a small government pension until she was appointed librarian at Queens College, London. When she was eight, Ethel contracted erysipelas, an associated with poor sanitation. Her mother decided to send her to live in Lancashire with her brother, described as a religious fanatic and sadist, who regularly beat his children, he apparently forced Ethel to play the piano for hours on end. Ethel returned to London at the age of ten and she became withdrawn, dressing in black and calling herself Lily. At the age of eighteen, she gained access to a legacy and this allowed her to study piano and musical composition at the Hochschule fur Musik in Berlin, which she attended between 1882 and 85. During this period she became attracted to revolutionary politics. Back in London she learned Russian from Sergei Kravchinski, known as Stepniak who encouraged her to go to Russia, from 1887 to 1889 she worked as a governess in St. Petersburg, where she stayed with Kravchinskis sister-in-law, Preskovia Karauloff. Through her, she associated with the revolutionary Narodniks. After her return to the UK, she settled in London, with Kravchinski she founded the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom, and helped to edit Free Russia, the Narodnikss English-language journal. In 1890 she met Wilfrid Michał Habdank-Wojnicz, a revolutionary who had escaped from Siberia and he anglicised his name to Wilfrid Michael Voynich and became an antiquarian book dealer. Soon he also became Ethel Booles life-partner, by 1895, they were living together and she was calling herself Mrs. Voynich. In 1897 she published The Gadfly, which was an international success. She published three more novels Jack Raymond, Olive Latham and An Interrupted Friendship, but none matched the popularity of her first book, the Voyniches emigrated to the United States in 1920, after Wilfred had moved the main base of his book business to New York. She concentrated more on music from this point on, working in a music school, a final novel, Put off thy Shoes was published in 1945. Voynich was unaware of the vast sales of The Gadfly in the Soviet Union until she was visited in New York by a Russian diplomat in 1955, the following year Adlai Stevenson secured an agreement for the payment of $15,000 royalties to her

41. 1960 in the United States – Events from the year 1960 in the United States. Senator John F. Kennedy announces his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination, january 19 – The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan is signed in Washington, D. C. January 23 – Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descend into the Mariana Trench in the bathyscaphe Trieste, january 25 – In Washington, D. C. the National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the payola scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys accepting money for playing particular records. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter, the event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the Southern United States, and 6 months later the original 4 protesters are served lunch at the same counter. February 9 – Adolph Coors III, chairman of the board of the Coors Brewing Company, is kidnapped, Coors is later found dead and Joseph Corbett, Jr. is indicted. February 11 – The airship ZPG-3W is destroyed in a storm in Massachusetts, february 13 – Nashville sit-ins begin. February 18 – The 1960 Winter Olympics open in Squaw Valley, Placer County, february 29 – First Playboy Club opens, in Chicago. March 6 – Vietnam War, The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers will be sent to Vietnam, march 17 – Northwest Airlines Flight 710 crashes near Tell City, Indiana, killing all 61 on board. March 22 – Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes receive the first patent for a laser, march 28 – Director Stanley Kramer receives the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. April 1 The United States launches the first weather satellite, TIROS-1, the 1960 United States Census begins. There are 179,323,175 U. S. residents on this day, all people from Latin America are listed as white, including blacks from the Dominican Republic, European whites from Argentina and Mexicans who resemble Native Americans. April 4 – The 32nd Academy Awards ceremony is held, Ben Hur wins Best Picture, april 13 – The United States launches navigation satellite Transit I-b. April 17 – Russwood Park, a stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. May 1 – A Soviet missile shoots down an American Lockheed U-2 spy plane, may 6 – President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law. May 9 – The U. S. Food and Drug Administration announces that it will approve birth control as an indication for Searles Enovid. May 10 – The nuclear submarine USS Triton, under the command of Captain Edward L. Beach, may 16 Theodore Maiman operates the first laser. Nikita Khrushchev demands an apology from U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower for U-2 spy plane flights over the Soviet Union, senator John F. Kennedy wins the California Democratic primary. June 16 - The film Psycho is released, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, june 29 - Bhumibol Adulyadej becomes the first Thai monarch to address the United States Congress

Ireland [videos]

Ireland ((listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] (listen); Ulster-Scots: Airlann [ˈɑːrlən]) is an island in the North …

Ireland - Satellite image of Ireland, October 2010

Ireland - The Uragh Stone Circle, a Neolithic stone circle in Tuosist, close to Gleninchaquin Park, County Kerry

Satellite image of Ireland, October 2010

The Uragh Stone Circle, a Neolithic stone circle in Tuosist, close to Gleninchaquin Park, County Kerry

Ireland - Gallarus Oratory, one of the earliest churches built in Ireland

Ireland - Remains of the 12th-century Trim Castle in County Meath, the largest Norman castle in Ireland

Gallarus Oratory, one of the earliest churches built in Ireland

Remains of the 12th-century Trim Castle in County Meath, the largest Norman castle in Ireland

National Gallery of Ireland [videos]

The National Gallery of Ireland (Irish: Gailearaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann) houses the national collection of Irish and …

National Gallery of Ireland - View of Interior

National Gallery of Ireland - Caravaggio The Taking of Christ 1602

View of Interior

Caravaggio The Taking of Christ 1602

National Gallery of Ireland - Johannes Vermeer Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid c.1670

National Gallery of Ireland - The Marriage of Aoife and Strongbow (1854) by Daniel Maclise, a romanticised depiction of the marriage of Aoife MacMurrough in 1170

Johannes Vermeer Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid c.1670

The Marriage of Aoife and Strongbow (1854) by Daniel Maclise, a romanticised depiction of the marriage of Aoife MacMurrough in 1170

Dublin [videos]

Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath Irish pronunciation: [blʲaːˈklʲiəh]) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. …

Dublin - Samuel Beckett Bridge, Convention Centre, Trinity College, O'Connell Bridge, The Custom House, Dublin Castle.

Dublin - Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge).

Samuel Beckett Bridge, Convention Centre, Trinity College, O'Connell Bridge, The Custom House, Dublin Castle.

Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge).

Dublin - Dublin Castle was the fortified seat of British rule in Ireland until 1922.

Dublin - Henrietta Street, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Georgian Street in Dublin.

Dublin Castle was the fortified seat of British rule in Ireland until 1922.

Henrietta Street, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Georgian Street in Dublin.

Lichen [videos]

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a …

Lichen - A tree covered with leafy foliose lichens and shrubby fruticose lichens

Lichen - A leafy foliose lichen on a branch of a tree

A tree covered with leafy foliose lichens and shrubby fruticose lichens

A leafy foliose lichen on a branch of a tree

Lichen - The cyanobacterium Hyella caespitosa with fungal hyphae in the lichen Pyrenocollema halodytes

Lichen - Xanthoparmelia sp. with dark-colored reproductive structures (disc-like apothecia) at center, surrounded by a pale coloured vegetative thallus.

The cyanobacterium Hyella caespitosa with fungal hyphae in the lichen Pyrenocollema halodytes

Xanthoparmelia sp. with dark-colored reproductive structures (disc-like apothecia) at center, surrounded by a pale coloured vegetative thallus.

Sheridan Le Fanu [videos]

Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (28 August 1814 – 7 February 1873) was an Irish writer of Gothic tales and mystery …

Sheridan Le Fanu - Inspiration for "The House by the Chuchyard"

Sheridan Le Fanu - The house on Merrion Square where Le Fanu lived

Inspiration for "The House by the Chuchyard"

The house on Merrion Square where Le Fanu lived

Sheridan Le Fanu - Image: Sheridan Le Fanu 001

Sheridan Le Fanu - Image: Carmilla

Image: Sheridan Le Fanu 001

Image: Carmilla

Gothic fiction [videos]

Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that …

Gothic fiction - Viy, lord of the underworld, from the story of the same name by Gogol

Gothic fiction - Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818) has come to define Gothic fiction in the Romantic period. Frontispiece to 1831 edition shown.

Viy, lord of the underworld, from the story of the same name by Gogol

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818) has come to define Gothic fiction in the Romantic period. Frontispiece to 1831 edition shown.

Gothic fiction - Cover of a Varney the Vampire publication (1845)

Gothic fiction - Edgar Allan Poe was an important reinterpreter of Gothic fiction.

Cover of a Varney the Vampire publication (1845)

Edgar Allan Poe was an important reinterpreter of Gothic fiction.

Lichenology [videos]

Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic …

Lichenology - Lichen on rocks

Lichenology - Evernia prunastri, oakmoss

Lichen on rocks

Evernia prunastri, oakmoss

Lichenology - Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish botanist, the father of lichenology

Lichenology - French botanist (Jean-Baptiste) Édouard Bornet (1828–1911)

Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish botanist, the father of lichenology

French botanist (Jean-Baptiste) Édouard Bornet (1828–1911)

Democratic Party (United States) [videos]

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the …

Democratic Party (United States) - Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States

Democratic Party (United States) - The three leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on June 14, 1913: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and 1916); Secretary of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908); Josephus Daniels; Breckinridge Long; William Phillips; and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for Vice President in 1920 and for President in 1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944)

Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States

The three leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on June 14, 1913: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and 1916); Secretary of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908); Josephus Daniels; Breckinridge Long; William Phillips; and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for Vice President in 1920 and for President in 1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944)

Democratic Party (United States) - Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945)

Democratic Party (United States) - John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945)

John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

Pennsylvania [videos]

Pennsylvania ((listen); Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of …

Pennsylvania - World's End State Park, Sullivan County

Pennsylvania - Autumn in North Branch Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania

World's End State Park, Sullivan County

Autumn in North Branch Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania - Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by Edward Hicks

Pennsylvania - John Dickinson

Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by Edward Hicks

Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet [videos]

Field Marshal Sir Henry Hughes Wilson, 1st Baronet, (5 May 1864 – 22 June 1922) was one of the most senior British …

Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet - Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet

Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet - Marlborough College, which Wilson attended as a boy

Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet

Marlborough College, which Wilson attended as a boy

Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet - The Battle of Colenso, at which Wilson saw action, during the Second Boer War

Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet - The Staff College, Camberley, where Wilson served as Commandant

The Battle of Colenso, at which Wilson saw action, during the Second Boer War

The Staff College, Camberley, where Wilson served as Commandant

United Kingdom [videos]

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a …

United Kingdom - Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC

United Kingdom - The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it

Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC

The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it

United Kingdom - The State House in St. George's, Bermuda. Settled in 1612, the town is the oldest continuously-inhabited English town in the New World.

United Kingdom - The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain

The State House in St. George's, Bermuda. Settled in 1612, the town is the oldest continuously-inhabited English town in the New World.

The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain

Conservative Party (UK) [videos]

The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a conservative political party in the United …

Conservative Party (UK) - Sir Robert Peel, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK

Conservative Party (UK) - Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Sir Robert Peel, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK

Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Conservative Party (UK) - 1929 Conservative poster attacking the Labour Party

Conservative Party (UK) - Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1970–1974)

1929 Conservative poster attacking the Labour Party

Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1970–1974)

Roger Casement [videos]

Roger David Casement (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916), formerly known as Sir Roger Casement CMG between 1911 and …

Roger Casement - Image: Sir Roger Casement (6188264610)

Roger Casement - Roger Casement (R) and his friend Herbert Ward, whom he met in the Congo Free State.

Image: Sir Roger Casement (6188264610)

Roger Casement (R) and his friend Herbert Ward, whom he met in the Congo Free State.

Roger Casement - Roger Casement's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery.

Roger Casement - The carriage on which Casement's coffin was drawn during the state funeral

Roger Casement's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery.

The carriage on which Casement's coffin was drawn during the state funeral

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [videos]

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of …

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - A painting by Sir George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 . In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) and the Tories on the right.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Queen Victoria (1837–1901)

A painting by Sir George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 . In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) and the Tories on the right.

Queen Victoria (1837–1901)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Disraeli

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Lobby card 1929

Disraeli

Lobby card 1929

Australian Army [videos]

The Australian Army is Australia's military land force. It is part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the …

Australian Army - Soldiers of the Australian 39th Battalion in September 1942

Australian Army - Two Australian soldiers during the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in Afghanistan

Soldiers of the Australian 39th Battalion in September 1942

Two Australian soldiers during the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in Afghanistan

Australian Army - Australian Cavalry Scout in Iraq, 2007

Australian Army - 1 RAR machine-gun team training in Hawaii during RIMPAC 2012

Australian Cavalry Scout in Iraq, 2007

1 RAR machine-gun team training in Hawaii during RIMPAC 2012

James Whiteside McCay [videos]

Lieutenant General Sir James Whiteside McCay, (21 December 1864 – 1 October 1930), who often spelt his surname M’Cay, …

James Whiteside McCay - Image: James mccay

James Whiteside McCay - Group portrait of Commonwealth Headquarters Staff. Identified left to right, back row: Captain P. N. Buckley; Mr S. Petherbridge; Surgeon General W. D. C. Williams; Mr F. Savage. Front row: Colonel H. Le Mesurie; Colonel J. C. Hoad; Lieutenant Colonel J. W. McCay; Colonel W. T. Bridges, Mr J. A. Thompson.

Image: James mccay

Group portrait of Commonwealth Headquarters Staff. Identified left to right, back row: Captain P. N. Buckley; Mr S. Petherbridge; Surgeon General W. D. C. Williams; Mr F. Savage. Front row: Colonel H. Le Mesurie; Colonel J. C. Hoad; Lieutenant Colonel J. W. McCay; Colonel W. T. Bridges, Mr J. A. Thompson.

James Whiteside McCay - The sun rising over Chunuk Bair, Gallipoli peninsula, on the morning of 25 April 1915 during the landing at Anzac Cove. In the centre of the photo is SS Novian carrying the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Brigade. At the right is the SS Galeka from which the brigade's 6th and 7th Infantry Battalions have been landing.

James Whiteside McCay - Image: HQ AIF Depots in England

The sun rising over Chunuk Bair, Gallipoli peninsula, on the morning of 25 April 1915 during the landing at Anzac Cove. In the centre of the photo is SS Novian carrying the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Brigade. At the right is the SS Galeka from which the brigade's 6th and 7th Infantry Battalions have been landing.

Image: HQ AIF Depots in England

Lieutenant general [videos]

Lieutenant general, lieutenant-general and similar (abbrev Lt. Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank …

Lieutenant general - Image: 09.lt gen Bd

Lieutenant general - Image: ES Army OF20

Image: 09.lt gen Bd

Image: ES Army OF20

Lieutenant general - Image: Gjenerallejtenant

Lieutenant general - Image: Vietnam People's Army Lieutenant General

Image: Gjenerallejtenant

Image: Vietnam People's Army Lieutenant General

Parliament of Australia [videos]

The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, variously referred to as the Australian Parliament, the Commonwealth …

Parliament of Australia - The Big Picture, opening of the Parliament of Australia, 9 May 1901, by Tom Roberts

Parliament of Australia - Victorian Parliament House, where the Federal Parliament met until 1927

The Big Picture, opening of the Parliament of Australia, 9 May 1901, by Tom Roberts

Victorian Parliament House, where the Federal Parliament met until 1927

Parliament of Australia - Old Parliament House as viewed from the front

Parliament of Australia - New Parliament House, opened in 1988, was built into Capital Hill behind Old Parliament House

Old Parliament House as viewed from the front

New Parliament House, opened in 1988, was built into Capital Hill behind Old Parliament House

Stephen Gwynn [videos]

Stephen Lucius Gwynn (13 February 1864 – 11 June 1950) was an Irish journalist, biographer, author, poet and Protestant …

Stephen Gwynn - Image: Stephen L Gwynn

Stephen Gwynn - Image: Stephen & Edward Gwynn

Image: Stephen L Gwynn

Image: Stephen & Edward Gwynn

Stephen Gwynn - Image: Stephen Lucius Gwynn

Stephen Gwynn - Image: John & Lucy Gwynn + Stephen

Image: Stephen Lucius Gwynn

Image: John & Lucy Gwynn + Stephen

United States House of Representatives [videos]

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the …

United States House of Representatives - Republican Speaker of the House, Thomas Brackett Reed

United States House of Representatives - Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Former Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Former Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009.

Republican Speaker of the House, Thomas Brackett Reed

Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Former Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Former Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009.

United States House of Representatives - Image: United States House of Representatives chamber

United States House of Representatives - Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time.

Image: United States House of Representatives chamber

Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time.

Irish Republican Army (1922–69) [videos]

The original Irish Republican Army (IRA) fought a guerrilla war against British rule in Ireland in the Irish War of …

Irish Republican Army (1922–69) - Liam Lynch was the first Chief of Staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA. He died during the Irish Civil War.

Irish Republican Army (1922–69) - An Anti-Treaty IRA unit in Old Parish, County Waterford, c. 1922.

Liam Lynch was the first Chief of Staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA. He died during the Irish Civil War.

An Anti-Treaty IRA unit in Old Parish, County Waterford, c. 1922.

Irish Republican Army (1922–69) - Memorial to anti-Treaty insurgents executed by Free State forces at Ballyseedy, County Kerry, designed by Yann Goulet.

Irish Republican Army (1922–69) - Moss Twomey was Chief of Staff, 1926–36. IRA-Soviet relations began a year earlier with Felix Dzerzhinsky's OGPU.

Memorial to anti-Treaty insurgents executed by Free State forces at Ballyseedy, County Kerry, designed by Yann Goulet.

Moss Twomey was Chief of Staff, 1926–36. IRA-Soviet relations began a year earlier with Felix Dzerzhinsky's OGPU.

Brigadier general [videos]

Brigadier general (Brig. Gen.) is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some …

Brigadier general - Charles de Gaulle during World War II in his uniform of Général de Brigade.

Brigadier general - Image: CDN Air Force B Gen

Charles de Gaulle during World War II in his uniform of Général de Brigade.

Image: CDN Air Force B Gen

Brigadier general - Image: Harold Pompey Elliott portrait

Brigadier general - Image: ES Army OF6

Image: Harold Pompey Elliott portrait

Image: ES Army OF6

1960 in the United States [videos]

Events from the year 1960 in the United States. — Incumbents — Federal Government — President: Dwight D. …

1960 in the United States - September 26: The first televised U.S. presidential election debate

1960 in the United States - USS Oklahoma City (CLG-5) steams under Golden Gate Bridge, 16 November 1960.

September 26: The first televised U.S. presidential election debate

USS Oklahoma City (CLG-5) steams under Golden Gate Bridge, 16 November 1960.

1960 in the United States - The Texas Zephyr in Dallas, December 26, 1960

1960 in the United States - July 4: The 50-star U.S. flag is adopted

The Texas Zephyr in Dallas, December 26, 1960

July 4: The 50-star U.S. flag is adopted

Irish nationalism [videos]

Irish nationalism asserts that the Irish people are a nation. Since the partition of Ireland, the term generally refers …

Irish nationalism - Government Buildings in Dublin

Irish nationalism - The green harp flag was first used by Irish Confederate troops in the Eleven Years War, and became the main symbol of Irish nationalism from the 17th to the early 20th century.

Government Buildings in Dublin

The green harp flag was first used by Irish Confederate troops in the Eleven Years War, and became the main symbol of Irish nationalism from the 17th to the early 20th century.

Irish nationalism - "Daniel O'Connell: The Champion of Liberty" poster published in Pennsylvania, 1847.

Irish nationalism - The national flag of the Republic of Ireland, considered by Irish nationalists to be the flag of all of Ireland

"Daniel O'Connell: The Champion of Liberty" poster published in Pennsylvania, 1847.

The national flag of the Republic of Ireland, considered by Irish nationalists to be the flag of all of Ireland

Joseph O'Mara [videos]

Joseph O'Mara (16 July 1864 – 5 August 1927) was an Irish opera singer of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. After …

Joseph O'Mara - Image: Joseph O'Mara 001

Joseph O'Mara - O'Mara as the title character in Wagner's Lohengrin, 1894-5

Image: Joseph O'Mara 001

O'Mara as the title character in Wagner's Lohengrin, 1894-5

Joseph O'Mara - Joseph O'Mara

Joseph O'Mara

HM Prison Pentonville [videos]

HM Prison Pentonville (informally "The Ville") is an English Category B/C men's prison, operated by Her Majesty's …

HM Prison Pentonville - Image: Pentonville Prison ILN 1842

HM Prison Pentonville - Pentonville prison, 2005

Image: Pentonville Prison ILN 1842

Pentonville prison, 2005

HM Prison Pentonville - Image: Pentonvilleiso 19

Image: Pentonvilleiso 19

Field marshal [videos]

Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) (UK: (listen), US: (listen)) is a very senior military rank, …

Field marshal - Generalfeldmarschall

Field marshal - Replica of the marshal's baton of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' von Richthofen

Generalfeldmarschall

Replica of the marshal's baton of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' von Richthofen

Field marshal - Serbian voivode

Field marshal - Afghan National Army (ANA) insignia

Serbian voivode

Afghan National Army (ANA) insignia

Parliament of Victoria [videos]

The Parliament of Victoria is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Victoria. It follows a …

Parliament of Victoria - Image: Parliament of Victoria emblem

Parliament of Victoria - Image: Victoria Parliament House Melbourne

Image: Parliament of Victoria emblem

Image: Victoria Parliament House Melbourne

Parliament of Victoria - Image: VIC Legislative Assembly diagram

Parliament of Victoria - Image: VIC Legislative Council diagram

Image: VIC Legislative Assembly diagram

Image: VIC Legislative Council diagram

Thriller (genre) [videos]

Thriller is a broad genre of literature, film and television, having numerous, often overlapping subgenres. Thrillers …

Thriller (genre) - A common occurrence in thrillers is characters being taken as hostages and with a ransom in need. (Hostages, 1896 painting by Jean-Paul Laurens, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon)

Thriller (genre) - Little Red Riding Hood is an early example of a psychotic stalker story, a common convention in the thriller genre (art by Gustave Doré).

A common occurrence in thrillers is characters being taken as hostages and with a ransom in need. (Hostages, 1896 painting by Jean-Paul Laurens, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon)

Little Red Riding Hood is an early example of a psychotic stalker story, a common convention in the thriller genre (art by Gustave Doré).

Richard Bentley (publisher) [videos]

Richard Bentley (24 October 1794 – 10 September 1871) was a 19th-century English publisher born into a family of …

Richard Bentley (publisher) - A lithograph of Richard Bentley in 1844 by Charles Baugniet

Richard Bentley (publisher) - Bentley's Miscellany, second edition of March 1837

A lithograph of Richard Bentley in 1844 by Charles Baugniet

Bentley's Miscellany, second edition of March 1837

Matilda Cullen Knowles [videos]

Matilda Cullen Knowles FRSC (31 January 1864 – 27 April 1933) is considered the founder of modern studies of Irish …

Matilda Cullen Knowles - Image: A portrait of Matilda Knowles who died in 1933

Matilda Cullen Knowles - Plaque in the National Botanic Gardens of Ireland

Image: A portrait of Matilda Knowles who died in 1933

Plaque in the National Botanic Gardens of Ireland

Daniel Mannix [videos]

Daniel Patrick Mannix (4 March 1864 – 6 November 1963) was an Irish-born Catholic bishop. Mannix was the Archbishop of …

Daniel Mannix - Statue of Mannix outside St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

Daniel Mannix - RMS Baltic, until 1905 the largest ship in the world, from which Archbishop Mannix was arrested and removed to prevent him landing in Ireland

Statue of Mannix outside St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

RMS Baltic, until 1905 the largest ship in the world, from which Archbishop Mannix was arrested and removed to prevent him landing in Ireland

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne [videos]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne is a Latin Rite metropolitan archdiocese, in Melbourne, Victoria, …

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne - St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne - Image: Roman Catholic Diocese of Melbourne in Australia

St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

Image: Roman Catholic Diocese of Melbourne in Australia

1916 in Ireland [videos]

Events from the year 1916 in Ireland. — Events — 14 January – Michael Collins resigns his job in London and returns …

1916 in Ireland - Birth of the Irish Republic by Walter Paget: the General Post Office (Dublin) during the Easter Rising.

1916 in Ireland - Kilmainham Gaol cell of Éamon de Valera.

Birth of the Irish Republic by Walter Paget: the General Post Office (Dublin) during the Easter Rising.

Kilmainham Gaol cell of Éamon de Valera.