1.
1862 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1862. February – Ivan Turgenevs novel Fathers and Sons is published by Russkiy Vestnik in Moscow, the first English language translations are by Charles Edwin Wilbour, published in New York on June 7, and by Frederic Charles Lascelles Wraxall, published in London in October. April 28 - Thomas Hardy becomes an assistant to architect Arthur Blomfield, april 6 – Two months after joining the staff of General William Babcock Hazen, Ambrose Bierce participates in the Battle of Shiloh, later the subject of a memoir. Among those on the side is future journalist and explorer Henry Morton Stanley. June – Nikolai Chernyshevsky is imprisoned in Saint Petersburg and begins his novel What Is To Be Done, June 4 – Henry Morton Stanley, now a Galvanized Yankee, joins the Union Army, he is discharged 18 days later because of illness. July – George Eliots historical novel Romola begins serialization in Cornhill Magazine, George Murray Smith of the publishers Smith, Elder & Co. has agreed a £7,000 advance for it. July 1 – Moscows first free public library opens as The Library of the Moscow Public Museum and Rumiantsev Museum, july 4 – Charles Dodgson extemporises a story for 10-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters on a rowing boat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow. The story becomes the manuscript Alices Adventures Underground and is published in 1865 as Alices Adventures in Wonderland, september 23 – Leo Tolstoy marries Sophia Andreevna Behrs,16 years his junior, in Moscow, having given her a diary detailing his previous sexual relations. November 26 – Charles Dodgson sends the manuscript of Alices Adventures Underground to Alice Liddell. November 29 – Serialization of The Notting Hill Mystery by Charles Felix commences in Once A Week, december – Louisa May Alcott becomes a nurse at the Union hospital in Georgetown, D. C. December 24 – William Dean Howells marries Elinor Mead at the American embassy in Paris, date unknown James Russell Lowell begins writing for The North American Review. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs begins writing about homosexuality under the pseudonym of Numa Numantius, Henry Wood – The Channings Frances Freeling Broderip – Tale of the Toys, Told by Themselves F. W. Farrar – St.3 Newdigate Prize – Arthur C
2.
1864 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1864. —Opening of Our Mutual Friend January – Anthony Trollopes Can You Forgive Her, the first of his Palliser novels, begins publication in monthly parts in London. Trollope completes its writing on April 28 and the first volume is published as a book in September by Chapman & Hall, in April, The Small House at Allington concludes publication in the Cornhill Magazine and is published in book format by George Smith. January 2–April 16 – James Payn publishes his most popular story, Lost Sir Massingberd and he follows it in the magazine by Married Beneath Him. February 20 – Painter George Frederic Watts marries his 16-year-old model and she elopes less than a year later. March – The first issue of the Russian literary magazine Epoch, edited by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and this and the March–April issues contain the first publication of Fyodors existential novella Notes from Underground. April 10 – Publisher William Ticknor dies of pneumonia in Philadelphia while on a trip with Nathaniel Hawthorne for the sake of the latters health, April – Charles Baudelaire leaves Paris for Belgium in the hope of resolving his financial difficulties. May 26 – Alexandre Dumas, fils marries Nadejda Naryschkine and his father, Alexandre Dumas, père, returns to Paris from Italy. May – First Lithuanian press ban imposed in the Russian Empire, june 19 – Henrik Ibsen arrives in Rome in a self-imposed exile from Norway that will last for 27 years. June 27 – Ambrose Bierce is wounded at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, july 2 – The Female Detective is published under the pseudonym Andrew Forrester, junior in London, presenting the first female professional detective in fiction. Around December, she is followed by Mrs Paschal in Revelations of a Lady Detective published anonymously by William Stephens Hayward, September – A debate at the Royal Geographical Society between Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke fails to take place, owing to Spekes suicide. November 10 – John Addington Symonds the younger marries Janet Catherine North, november 25 – The brothers Edwin Booth, John Wilkes Booth and Junius Brutus Booth, Jr. Former English chess master Howard Staunton publishes a facsimile of the 1600 quarto text of Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing, rebecca Sophia Clarke – Little Prudy R. D. D
3.
1865 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1865. January – Our Young Folks, an American monthly for children produced by Ticknor and Fields in Boston, february – Publication of Leo Tolstoys 1805, an early version of War and Peace, begins in the magazine Russkiy Vestnik. June 9 – Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in England, June 14 – Karl May begins a 4-year prison sentence for thefts and frauds at Osterstein Castle. July – The American magazine for children The Little Corporal publishes its first issue, July 4 – Lewis Carrolls childrens book Alices Adventures in Wonderland is published by Macmillan in London for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, three years after it was first narrated. November 18 – Mark Twains story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is published in the New York weekly The Saturday Press in its version as Jim Smiley. English writer Edwin Abbott Abbott becomes headmaster of the City of London School at the age of 26, frederick Warne & Co established as publishers in London. José de Alencar – Iracema R. M. Facey Romfords Hounds Anthony Trollope – Can You Forgive Her, swinburne Atalanta in Calydon Chastelard, a tragedy Annals of the Joseon Dynasty Matthew Arnold – Essays in Criticism P. T. B. Yeats, Irish poet June 20 – Enrico Corradini, Italian novelist and essayist June 26 – Bernard Berenson, American art historian July 21 – M. P
4.
1864 in art
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Events from the year 1864 in art. January 30 – National Gallery of Ireland opens to the public in Dublin in a designed by Francis Fowke based on early plans by Charles Lanyon. February 20 – Painter George Frederic Watts marries his 16-year-old model and she elopes less than a year later. December 30 – Julia Margaret Cameron sends John Herschel an album of her first years photography including her iconic portrait of him, stanisław Chlebowski takes up a post as master painter to Sultan Abdülaziz in Istanbul. The National Gallery in London acquires The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius from Lord Taunton, F. Watts – Choosing James McNeill Whistler Caprice in Purple and Gold, The Golden Screen Symphony in White, No
5.
1864 in architecture
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The year 1864 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Martin & Chamberlain begin their partnership in Birmingham, England, for the occasion, it is lit by magnesium flares but they are blown out by the wind. June 5 - Notre-Dame de la Garde, Marseille, France, june 23 - Grande synagogue de Lyon, France, designed by Abraham Hirsch. Northampton Guildhall in England, designed by E. W. Godwin, oriel Chambers, Liverpool, England, the worlds first metal-framed glass curtain walled building, designed by Peter Ellis. 28, Central Park, New York City, designed by Calvert Vaux, royal Gold Medal - Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Julien Guadet and Arthur Dutert, march 12 - Henry Wilson, English architect and metalwork designer July 12 - Carl Harald Brummer, Danish architect September 4 - William B
6.
1864 in music
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February 24 – Bedřich Smetanas symphonic poem Hakon Jarl premieres in Prague February 29 – Composer Gioachino Rossini celebrates his 72nd birthday with a party. December 17 – Jacques Offenbachs operetta La Belle Hélène receives its first performance at the Paris Variétés Hans von Bülow takes over from Franz Lachner at the Munich opera, anton Bruckner composes his Symphony No.0. Mili Balakirev begins his Symphony No.1 and it would not be performed till 1898. Beautiful Dreamer by Stephen Foster Der Deitchers Dog by Septimus Winner The Picture on the Wall by Henry Clay Work Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green w. Harry Clifton m. traditional, shall We Gather at the River
7.
Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period
8.
Charles Baudelaire
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Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. His most famous work, Les Fleurs du mal, expresses the nature of beauty in modern. Baudelaires highly original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud. He is credited with coining the term modernity to designate the fleeting, ephemeral experience of life in a metropolis. This obsessive idea is all a child of giant cities. Baudelaire is one of the innovators in French literature. He made Paris the subject of modern poetry and he would bring the citys details to life in the eyes and hearts of his readers. Baudelaire was born in Paris, France, on April 9,1821 and his father, François Baudelaire, a senior civil servant and amateur artist, was 34 years older than Baudelaires mother, Caroline. François died during Baudelaires childhood, in 1827, the following year, Caroline married Lieutenant Colonel Jacques Aupick, who later became a French ambassador to various noble courts. He stated in a letter to her that, There was in my childhood a period of passionate love for you, Baudelaire regularly begged his mother for money throughout his career, often promising that a lucrative publishing contract or journalistic commission was just around the corner. Baudelaire was educated in Lyon, where he boarded, Baudelaire was erratic in his studies, at times diligent, at other times prone to idleness. Later, he attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, studying law and he began to frequent prostitutes and may have contracted gonorrhea and syphilis during this period. He also began to run up debts, mostly for clothes, upon gaining his degree in 1839, he told his brother I dont feel I have a vocation for anything. His stepfather had in mind a career in law or diplomacy and his mother later recalled, Oh, what grief. If Charles had let himself be guided by his stepfather, his career would have very different. He would not have left a name in literature, it is true and his stepfather sent him on a voyage to Calcutta, India, in 1841 in the hope of ending his dissolute habits. The trip provided strong impressions of the sea, sailing, and exotic ports, on returning to the taverns of Paris, he began to compose some of the poems of Les Fleurs du Mal. At 21, he received an inheritance but squandered much of it within a few years
9.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
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Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victorias reign and remains one of the most popular British poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as Break, Break, Break, The Charge of the Light Brigade, Tears, Idle Tears, Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, Ulysses, and Tithonus. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success and he is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, England and he was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. His father, George Clayton Tennyson, was rector of Somersby, also rector of Benniworth and Bag Enderby, and vicar of Grimsby. Rev. George Clayton Tennyson raised a family and was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music. He was comfortably well off for a clergyman and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe. Alfred Tennysons mother, Elizabeth Fytche, was the daughter of Stephen Fytche, vicar of St. James Church, Louth and rector of Withcall, Tennysons father carefully attended to the education and training of his children. Tennyson and two of his brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner, later married Louisa Sellwood, the sister of Alfreds future wife. Another of Tennysons brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum, Tennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four years and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a society called the Cambridge Apostles. A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinitys collection, at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam and William Henry Brookfield, who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of his rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles entitled Poems by Two Brothers. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellors Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, reportedly, it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellors gold medal. He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830, claribel and Mariana, which later took their place among Tennysons most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day. In the spring of 1831, Tennysons father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree and he returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family
10.
George Frederic Watts
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George Frederic Watts OM RA was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. He said I paint ideas, not things, Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works, such as Hope and Love and Life. These paintings were intended to form part of an epic symbolic cycle called the House of Life, Watts was born in Marylebone, London on the birthday of George Frederic Handel, to the second wife of a poor piano-maker. The former put him off conventional religion for life, while the latter was an influence on his art. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1837 and he also began his portraiture career, receiving patronage from his close contemporary Alexander Constantine Ionides, who later came to be a close friend. He came to the eye with a drawing entitled Caractacus. Watts won a first prize in the competition, which was intended to promote narrative paintings on patriotic subjects, also while in Italy Watts began producing landscapes and was inspired by Michelangelos Sistine Chapel and Giottos Scrovegni Chapel. Leaving Florence in April 1847 for what was intended to be a return to London. In consequence most of his works are conventional oil paintings. In his studio he met Henry Thoby Prinsep and his wife Sara, Watts thus joined the Prinsep circle of bohemians, including Saras seven sisters, and Julia Margaret Cameron. One of only two pupils Watts ever accepted was Henrys son Valentine Cameron Prinsep, the other was John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – both remained friends, but neither became a major artist. He also took a trip back to Italy in 1853 and with Charles Thomas Newton to excavate Halicarnassus in 1856–57, via Constantinople. In the 1860s, Watts work shows the influence of Rossetti, often emphasising sensuous pleasure, when she eloped with another man after less than a year of marriage, Watts was obliged to divorce her. These works formed part of a version of the House of Life, influenced by the ideas of Max Müller. Watts hoped to trace the evolving mythologies of the races in a synthesis of spiritual ideas with modern science. To maintain his friendship with the Prinsep family as their children began leaving home, he built The Briary for them near Freshwater, in 1877, his decree nisi from Ellen Terry finally came through, and the Grosvenor Gallery was opened by his friend Coutts Lindsay. This was to prove his ideal venue for the ten years. In 1886, at the age of 69, Watts remarried, to Mary Fraser Tytler, in 1891 he bought land near Compton, south of Guildford, in Surrey
11.
Charles Heavysege
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Charles Heavysege was a Canadian poet and dramatist. He was one of the first serious poets to emerge in Canada, born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England, Heavysege emigrated to Montreal in 1853 where he worked as a wood carver. In 1860 he became a reporter for the Montreal Transcript, and later for the Montreal Daily Witness, as a poet, Heavysege was mainly influenced by Milton, Shakespeare, and the Bible. During his lifetime, Saul was Heavyseges best-known work, nathaniel Hawthorne passed on a copy to the North British Review, where it was given a laudatory review by Coventry Patmore, who called it indubitably the best poem ever written out of Great Britain. That was followed by further favorable reviews in the Atlantic Monthly, Galaxy, Saul was published in two further editions, in 1859 and 1869. Other admirers of Saul were Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, W. D. Lighthall, who included Heavyseges work in his 1889 anthology Songs of the Great Dominion, wrote of him, His work is in no sense distinctively Canadian. W. E. Today his crude but vigorous poetry is underrated by Canadian criticism, Saul was produced as a radio drama by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1974. Heaysege published nine works of poetry and prose in his lifetime, london, UK, Simpkin, Marshall & Co,1850. Sonnets Saul, a drama Montreal, H. Rose,1857, count Filippo, or, the unequal marriage. The Owl The Dark Huntsman Montreal, Witness Steam Print House,1864, ISBN 0-665-35998-5 Ottawa, Golden Dog,1973. London, S. Low, Son, and Marston,1865, ISBN 0-665-35958-6 Jezebel, New Dominion Monthly,1867. Saul and Selected Poems Toronto, Buffalo, U of Toronto P,1977
12.
English poetry
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This article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The article does not include poetry from other countries where the English language is spoken, the earliest surviving English poetry, written in Anglo-Saxon, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry and it is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD700, by and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth, beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from works to biblical paraphrase, elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin, and numerous proverbs, riddles. With one notable exception, Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for its structure, with the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly Norman, and this became the language of courts, parliament. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament, the reputation of Chaucers successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate and Skelton are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were believed to be influenced by Chaucer. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland, the main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. The Renaissance was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509 and it is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle. The introduction of printing by Caxton in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like Thomas More and Thomas Elyot helped bring the ideas, the establishment of the Church of England in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life
13.
William Allingham
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William Allingham was an Irish poet, diarist and editor. His wife, Helen Allingham, was a well-known water-colorist and illustrator, William Allingham was born on 19 March 1824 in the little port of Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and was the son of the manager of a local bank who was of English descent. His younger brothers and sisters were Catherine, John, Jane, Edward, during his childhood his parents moved twice within the town, where the boy enjoyed the country sights and gardens, learned to paint and listened to his mothers piano-playing. When he was nine, his mother died and he obtained a post in the custom-house of his native town, and held several similar posts in Ireland and England until 1870. During this period were published his Poems and Day and Night Songs, lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland, his most ambitious, though not his most successful work, a narrative poem illustrative of Irish social questions, appeared in 1864. He also edited The Ballad Book for the Golden Treasury series in 1864, on 22 August 1874 he married the illustrator, Helen Paterson, who was twenty-four years younger than he. His wife gave up her work as an illustrator and would become known under her married name as a water-colour painter. In 1877 appeared Allinghams Songs, Poems and Ballads, in 1881, after the death of Carlyle, the Allinghams moved to Sandhills near Witley in Surrey, where their third child, Henry William, was born in 1882. At this period Allingham published Evil May Day, Blackberries and Irish Songs, in 1888, because of Williams declining health, they moved back to the capital, to the heights of Hampstead village. But in 1889, on 18 November, William died at Hampstead, according to his wishes he was cremated. His ashes are interred at St. Annes church in his native Ballyshannon, posthumously Allinghams Varieties in Prose was published in 1893. William Allingham A Diary, edited by Mrs Helen Allingham and D. Radford, was published in 1907 and it contains Allinghams reminiscences of Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Carlyle and other writers and artists. Working on a scale, Allingham produced much lyrical and descriptive poetry. His verse is clear, fresh, and graceful and his best-known poem remains his early work, The Faeries. Allingham had a influence on W. B. Yeats, while the Ulster poet John Hewitt felt Allinghams impact keenly, and attempted to revive his reputation by editing, Allinghams wide-ranging anthology of poetry, Nightingale Valley was to be the inspiration for the 1923 collection Come Hither by Walter de la Mare. We darent go a-hunting/For fear of little men, several lines of the poem are quoted by Henry Flyte, a character in issue No.65 of the Supergirl comic book, August 2011. This same poem was quoted in Andre Nortons 1990 science fiction novel Dare To Go A-Hunting
14.
Robert Browning
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Robert Browning was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of the dramatic monologue made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. His poems are known for their irony, characterization, dark humour, social commentary, historical settings, Brownings early career began promisingly, but was not a success. His reputation took more than a decade to recover, during which time he moved away from the Shelleyan forms of his early period, in 1846 Browning married the older poet Elizabeth Barrett, who at the time was considerably better known than himself. So started one of historys most famous literary marriages and they went to live in Italy, a country he called my university, and which features frequently in his work. By the time of her death in 1861, he had published the crucial collection Men and Women, the collection Dramatis Personae and the book-length epic poem The Ring and the Book followed, and made him a leading British poet. He continued to write prolifically, but his reputation rests largely on the poetry he wrote in this middle period. Unusually for a poet, societies for the study of his work were founded while he was still alive, such Browning Societies remained common in Britain and the United States until the early 20th century. Brownings admirers have tended to temper their praise with reservations about the length and difficulty of his most ambitious poems, particularly The Ring and the Book. Nevertheless, they have included such eminent writers as Henry James, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, G. K. Chesterton, Ezra Pound, Jorge Luis Borges, among living writers, Stephen Kings The Dark Tower series and A. S. Byatts Possession refer directly to Brownings work, today Brownings critically most esteemed poems include the monologues Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, Fra Lippo Lippi, Andrea Del Sarto, and My Last Duchess. Robert Browning was born in Walworth in the parish of Camberwell, Surrey and he was baptized on 14 June 1812, at Locks Fields Independent Chapel, York Street, Walworth, the only son of Sarah Anna and Robert Browning. His father was a clerk for the Bank of England. Brownings paternal grandfather was an owner in Saint Kitts, West Indies. Brownings father had sent to the West Indies to work on a sugar plantation. Brownings mother was the daughter of a German shipowner who had settled in Dundee in Scotland, the evidence, however, is inconclusive either way. Roberts father, a collector, amassed a library of around 6,000 books. As such, Robert was raised in a household of significant literary resources and his mother, to whom he was very close, was a devout nonconformist and a talented musician. His younger sister, Sarianna, also gifted, became her brothers companion in his later years and his father encouraged his childrens interest in literature and the arts
15.
Edward Hartley Dewart
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Edward Hartley Dewart was an Irish-born Canadian Methodist clergyman, author and editor. He became a figure in the Methodist church and the temperance movement. For several years he edited the official Methodist journal The Christian Guardian and his poetry anthology Selections from Canadian Poets was the first anthology of Canadian poetry to be published. Edward Hartley Dewart was born in Stradone, County Cavan, Ireland in 1828, son of James Dewart and his family was of mixed Scottish and English origins, and were Anglicans. He migrated to Upper Canada with his parents in 1834 and they settled in Dummer Township, now part of Peterborough County, where they adopted the Methodist faith. In 1847 Dewart went to Toronto to study at the Normal School, Dewart became a teacher in Dunnville, where he also taught at the Wesleyan Methodist Sunday school and spoke for the Sons of Temperance. Dewart was invited by officials to become a preacher, and after four years probation was ordained a minister of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in London. His first post was in Dundas, Ontario, on 25 June 1856 he married Dorothy Matilda Hunt in Hamilton, Upper Canada. They had three sons, of whom two survived childhood, in the 1850s and 1860s Dewart preached on many different circuits. Dewart also became known for his poems and essays on religious themes. He urged readers to seek salvation, and warned of the dangers of unorthodox thought, Dewart s Selections from Canadian Poets was published in 1864, containing poems on devotional subjects or about the grandeur of the wilderness of Canada. This was the first anthology of Canadian verse to be published, the book aimed to rescue from oblivion some of the floating pieces of Canadian authorship worthy of preservation in a more permanent form. In his introductory essay Dewart said a national literature is an element in the formation of the national character. It is not merely the record of a countrys mental progress, it is the expression of its life, the bond of national unity. He lamented that although poets should be heroes, in a young country like Canada if a Milton or a Shakspere. was to arise among us. Dewart noted that mediocre poets should not be promoted simply because they were Canadian, the poetry of many of these authors has since been forgotten. In 1869 Dewart was elected president of the Ontario branch of the Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic and was appointed editor of The Christian Guardian and he used the journal as a platform for expressing his strongly held opinions. In 1871 he was elected president of the Toronto conference of the Wesleyan Methodist church and he campaigned for union of the different Methodist churches of Canada so they could reduce duplication of effort and better support missionary activity in the northwest
16.
Robert Lowry (hymn writer)
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Robert Lowry was an American professor of literature, a Baptist minister and composer of gospel hymns. Lowry was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 12,1826 and he studied theology at the University at Lewisburg and on graduating, in 1854, became ordained as a Baptist minister. He wrote a number of hymns with members of his congregations, at the Hanson Place Baptist Church he wrote songs with Annie Hawks, and he established a similar partnership with Fanny J. Crosby at Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York. Among the churches he pastored in New Jersey was the Park Avenue Baptist Church, when the Park Avenue Church agreed to merge with the First Baptist church, Pastor Lowry agreed to resign in order to ensure the success of the merger. The merged church still exists as the First-Park Baptist Church in Plainfield, in 1869 he returned to Lewisburg, Pennsylvania as a faculty member and later went on to become its chancellor. From 1880 until 1886 he was president of the New Jersey Baptist Sunday School Union, Lowry was married with three sons and died in Plainfield, New Jersey on November 23,1899. He is interred in Hillside Cemetery and he is most remembered as a composer of gospel music and a hymn writer, and also worked as a music editor at the Biglow & Main Publishing Company. He was responsible for around 500 compositions, including Nothing But the Blood, Christ Arose, Follow On, and How Can I Keep From Singing. He also wrote the music and refrain for Marching to Zion, despite his success as a hymn writer, it was as a preacher that Lowry would have preferred to be recognised. He once stated, Music, with me has been a side issue, I would rather preach a gospel sermon to an appreciative audience than write a hymn. I have always looked upon myself as a preacher and felt a sort of depreciation when I began to be more as a composer. However, it is as a writer that he remains renowned. Lowry was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity and served as the national president, preceded by Joseph Benson Foraker. A bronze plaque in the Plainfield, New Jersey was installed in 1911 to commemorate his dedication, original papers and hymns can be found at the church and also at the Plainfield Public Library. A Genetic History of Baptist Thought, With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain, macon, Ga. Mercer University Press,2004. Burrage, Henry S. Baptist Hymn Writers and Their Hymns, portland, Maine, Brown, Thurston & Co. 1888, pp. 428–434. com Works by or about Robert Lowry at Internet Archive
17.
George MacDonald
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George MacDonald was a Scottish author, poet, and Christian minister. He was a figure in the field of fantasy literature. His writings have been cited as a literary influence by many notable authors including W. H. Auden, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Walter de la Mare, E. Nesbit. C. S. Lewis wrote that he regarded MacDonald as his master, Picking up a copy of Phantastes one day at a train-station bookstall, a few hours later, said Lewis, I knew that I had crossed a great frontier. G. K. Chesterton cited The Princess and the Goblin as a book that had made a difference to my whole existence, even Mark Twain, who initially disliked MacDonald, became friends with him, and there is some evidence that Twain was influenced by MacDonald. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works on Christian apologetics including several that defended a view that has described as Christian Universalism. George MacDonald was born on 10 December 1824 at Huntly, Aberdeenshire and his father, a farmer, was one of the MacDonalds of Glen Coe, and a direct descendant of one of the families that suffered in the massacre of 1692. The Doric dialect of the Aberdeenshire area appears in the dialogue of some of his non-fantasy novels and his paternal grandfather had supported the publication of an Ossian edition, the controversial Celtic text believed by some to have contributed to the starting of European Romanticism. MacDonald’s step-uncle was a Shakespeare scholar, and his paternal cousin another Celtic academic, MacDonald grew up in the Congregational Church, with an atmosphere of Calvinism. MacDonald graduated from the University of Aberdeen, and then went to London, later he was engaged in ministerial work in Manchester, leaving that because of poor health. After a short sojourn in Algiers, he settled in London, MacDonald was also for a time editor of Good Words for the Young. I write, not for children, he wrote, but for the child-like, whether they be of five, or fifty, MacDonald also published some volumes of sermons, the pulpit not having proved an unreservedly successful venue. He would go on, after his success, to do a lecture tour to significant acclaim, in the United States. MacDonald was acquainted with most of the luminaries of the day, a surviving group photograph shows him with Tennyson, Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Trollope, Ruskin, Lewes. Carroll, one of the finest Victorian photographers, also created portraits of several of the MacDonald children. MacDonald was also friends with John Ruskin, and served as a go-between in Ruskins long courtship with Rose La Touche, while in America he was befriended Longfellow and Walt Whitman. Hence most of my extracts are taken from the three volumes of Unspoken Sermons, I know hardly any other writer who seems to be closer, or more continually close, to the Spirit of Christ Himself. Hence his Christ-like union of tenderness and severity, nowhere else outside the New Testament have I found terror and comfort so intertwined
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Winthrop Mackworth Praed
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Winthrop Mackworth Praed —typically written as W. Mackworth Praed—was an English politician and poet. The family name of Praed was derived from the marriage of the poets great-grandfather to a Cornish heiress, winthrops father, William Mackworth Praed, was a serjeant-at-law and revising barrister for Bath. His mother belonged to the English branch of the New England family of Winthrop, in 1814 Praed was sent to Eton College, where he founded a manuscript periodical called Apis matina. Before Praed left school he had established, over a shop at Eton, a boys library and his career at Trinity College, Cambridge was a brilliant one. He gained the Browne medal for Greek verse four times, and he was bracketed third in the classical tripos in 1825, won a fellowship at his college in 1827, and three years later carried off the Seatonian prize. At the Union his speeches were rivalled only by those of Macaulay and of Charles Austin, the character of Praed during his university life is described by Bulwer-Lytton in the first volume of his Life. Praed began to study law, and in 1829 was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, on the Norfolk circuit, his prospects of advancement were bright, but his inclination was towards politics, and after a year or two he took up political life. He sat for that borough until December 1832, and on its extinction contested the borough of St Ives, within the limits of which the Cornish estates of the Praeds were situated. The pieces he wrote on occasion were collected in a volume printed at Penzance in 1833 and entitled Trash, dedicated without respect to James Halse. Praed sat for Great Yarmouth from 1835 to 1837, and was Secretary to the Board of Control during Sir Robert Peels short administration and he sat for Aylesbury from 1837 until his death. Neither of these suggestions was adopted, but the former ultimately formed part of the Reform Act 1867. In 1835, he married Helen Bogle and he died of tuberculosis at Chester Square, London. W. Mackworth Praed was famed for his verse charades, H. Austin Dobson praised Praeds sparkling wit, the clearness and finish of his style, and the flexibility and unflagging vivacity of his rhythm. His verse abounded in allusions to the characters and follies of the day, Sir George Young separated from his work some poems, the work of his friend Edward FitzGerald, generally confused with his. Praeds essays, contributed to magazines, were published in Morleys Universal Library in 1887. Praed was not only successful at Eton during his lifetime, but a society still exists that bears his name, the Praed society is the poetry society currently existing at Eton. It meets at a house and membership is by invitation. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
19.
Derwent Coleridge
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Derwent Coleridge, third child of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was a distinguished English scholar and author. Derwent Coleridge was born at Keswick, Cumberland,14 Sept.1800 and he was sent with his brother Hartley to be educated at a small school near Ambleside. The two brothers were in those days in continual intercourse with Southey and Wordsworth. Derwent was sent to St. Johns College, Cambridge, where he formed lifelong friendships with W. M. Praed, Macaulay, John Moultrie, Sidney Walker, Charles Austin. In the autumn of 1822 he joined them as a contributor to Knights Quarterly Magazine and his contributions, signed DAVENANT CECIL, were mostly poetical. He proceeded B. A.1824, and M. A.1829, after Becoming estranged from his father he moved to Plymouth where he became a teacher. He became involved in the life of the town, joining The Plymouth Institution as a lecturing member. In 1825 he was ordained by William Carey, Bishop of Exeter, soon afterwards he was appointed master of the school at Helston. One of his most distinguished pupils there was Charles Kingsley, while at Helston he published his largest work, The Scriptural Character of the English Church. The avowal that he wished to be regarded as his fathers disciple induced F. D. Maurice to dedicate to him his Kingdom of Christ, coleridges book, though eloquent, missed popularity, perhaps on account of its impartiality. In 1841 he was appointed first principal of St, marks College, Chelsea, just established by the National Society. He held that post until 1864, and undoubtedly did much to shape the course of education in England. He was an advocate of Latin in mental training, placing it altogether above mathematics or physical science. The study of languages was always a passion with him, dean Stanley once declared him the most accomplished linguist in England. He could read Cervantes and Alfieri as easily as Racine and Schiller and he could also read not only Arabic and Coptic, but Zulu and Hawaiian. Under his guidance sacred music was made a part of the training of the college students. Choral services were not known in 1841, except in cathedrals, marks College Chapel pilgrimages used to be made to hear the novelty, not only from all parts of London, but by country clergy. ‘The chapel service is the keystone of the arch, ’ he wrote in an letter to Archdeacon Sinclair
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Joseph Skipsey
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Joseph Skipsey was a Northumberland born poet and songwriter in the middle and late 19th century. His best known work is arguably The Hartley Calamity about the Hartley Colliery Disaster and he was known as The Pitman Poet. Joseph Skipsey was born in Percy Village, in the Parish of Tynemouth on 17 March 1832 and his father Cuthbert, an overman at Percy Main Colliery, and mother, Isabella, had many children, of whom Joseph was the eighth. Joseph Skipsey faced a tragedy when his father, Cuthbert, was shot dead on 8 July 1832 in the wake of a long. On the Sunday evening, an affray occurred between a group of miners and special constables, Cuthbert Skipsey, an overman and someone who the pitmen would look up to, stepped forward in an attempt to defuse the situation. One of the specials, George Weddell, pushed him away, Weddell was arrested, tried, found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to six months hard labour. Like many children of that era, Joseph Skipsey started work in the local pit, in 1852 he walked to London in his search for work and found employment there on the railways. It was here that he met his future bride-to-be and they returned North and he found a job at Choppington, and then Pembroke Colliery, near Sunderland. Joseph Skipsey married Sarah Ann from Watlington, Norfolk in December 1868 and she bore him five sons, the three named children were the only ones to outlive their father. When told by Skipsey of his situation, Clephan obtained a job for him at Hawks Crawshay. The job did not seem to him, and as the pay was poor, he returned to a job in the pits, this time at Backworth. Let me say that three more lovely and affectionate children were never born in this world and their loss has bowed their parents head down to dust of our reflections and their deaths have enlikened the belief that the dear jewels were wrongly treated. Also William - he was killed by a waggon on the Tyne Main Way near Gateshead on 7 September 1860. By 1882 he was 50 years old and starting to feel his age, and so when a position of caretaker became vacant at a new Board School at Mill Lane, Newcastle, he applied for, and won the post. He moved to Stratford-upon-Avon in 1889 when he and his wife were appointed joint custodians of Shakespeares Birthplace, skipseys experience probably inspired Henry James story The Birthplace. He and his wife returned to Tyneside, where they lived off his pension, residing, in turns, Sarah Skipsey died 9 August 1902 age 73. Joseph Skipsey died in the house of his son Cuthbert at 5 Kells Gardens, Low Fell, Gateshead, on 3 September 1903 and he was interred in Gateshead Cemetery. Two of his five sons and the eldest of three survived him
