1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
3.
Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
4.
Radical Republican
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The Radical Republicans were a faction of American politicians within the Republican Party of the United States from around 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During the war, Radical Republicans often opposed Lincoln in terms of selection of generals, Radicals pushed for the uncompensated abolition of slavery, while Lincoln wanted to pay slave owners who were loyal to the Union. After the war, the Radicals demanded civil rights for freedmen and they initiated the various Reconstruction Acts, and limited political and voting rights for ex-Confederate civil officials, military officers and soldiers. They bitterly fought President Andrew Johnson, they weakened his powers and attempted to remove him from office through impeachment, the term radical was in common use in the anti-slavery movement before the Civil War, referring not to abolitionists but to Northern politicians strongly opposed to Slave Power. There was movement in both directions, some of the pre-war radicals became more conservative during the war, while some prewar moderates became Radicals, some wartime radicals had been conservative Democrats before the war, often taking proslavery positions. The Radicals were never organized, and there was movement in. Their most successful and systematic leader was Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens in the House of Representatives, the Democrats were strongly opposed to the Radicals, but they were generally a weak minority in politics until they took control of the House in the 1874 congressional elections. The moderate and conservative Republican factions usually opposed the radicals, Lincoln tried to build a multi-faction coalition, including radicals, conservatives, moderates, and War Democrats, while he was often opposed by the Radicals, he never ostracized them. Andrew Johnson was thought to be a Radical when he became president in 1865, Johnson, however, was so inept as a politician he was unable to form a cohesive support network. Finally in 1872, the Liberal Republicans, most of them ex-radicals, ran a presidential campaign and they argued that Grant and the Radicals were corrupt, and had imposed Reconstruction far too long on the South. They were overwhelmingly defeated and collapsed as a movement, on issues not concerned with the Slave Power, the destruction of the Confederacy, the eradication of slavery and the rights of the Freedmen, Radicals took positions all over the political map. For example, Radicals who had once been Whigs generally supported high tariffs, some men were for hard money and no inflation, and others were for soft money and inflation. On foreign policy issues, the Radicals and moderates generally did not take distinctive positions, after the 1860 elections, moderate Republicans dominated the Congress. Radical Republicans were often critical of Lincoln, who believed was too slow in freeing slaves. Lincoln put all factions in his cabinet, including Radicals like Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln appointed many Radical Republicans, such as journalist James Shepherd Pike, to key diplomatic positions. Angry with Lincoln, in 1864 some Radicals briefly formed a party called the Radical Democracy Party with John C. Frémont as their candidate for president, until Frémont withdrew, an important Republican opponent of the Radical Republicans was Henry Jarvis Raymond. Raymond was both editor of the New York Times and also a chairman of the Republican National Committee, in Congress the most influential Radical Republicans were U. S
5.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
6.
Girard Avenue
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Girard Avenue is a major commercial and residential street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For most of its length it runs east-west, but at Frankford Avenue it makes a 45-degree turn north, at Frankford Avenue it makes a 45-degree turn to the north and becomes East Girard Avenue, running parallel to the Delaware River until it ends at Richmond Street. Girard Avenue was named for banker Stephen Girard – at his death, the first Girard Avenue was a 3-block street in North Philadelphia, between the 1800-block of Ridge Avenue and Corinthian Avenue, approaching the under-construction Girard College. By 1852, the avenue had been extended west to 33rd Street, and in 1855, the 12-block gap between 6th and 18th Streets was filled in before the Civil War. The West Philadelphia section of the avenue was extended to 64th Street in 1868, in 1844, the area surrounding 2nd Street and Franklin Street was the site of several days of anti-Catholic nativist riots. Beginning May 3, the anti-immigrant American Republican Party held rallies in the Irish Catholic neighborhood of Kensington, nativists responded by vandalizing houses and businesses owned by Catholics. Following several deaths, the Pennsylvania militia took control, but nativists returned in larger numbers. The rioting reached its peak on May 8, when St. Michaels Church and its rectory, a Catholic school, as the state militia struggled to regain control in Kensington, another nativist mob burned St. Augustines Church in the Old City neighborhood. In all, more than 14 people were killed, an estimated 50 were injured, the Kensington riots may have been more anti-Irish than anti-Catholic — the nativists did not attack the German Catholic church under construction at 5th Street and Girard Avenue. The major landmark of Girard Avenue in North Philadelphia is Girard College, the avenue merges with South College Avenue between 19th and 25th Streets to bypass the schools 43 acre campus. Girard Avenue Historic District – located between the school and Broad Street – features architecturally significant residential and religious buildings, Girard Avenue West Historic District – located between the school and 29th Street – features architecturally significant commercial and residential buildings. Brewerytown Historic District – located between 30th Street and East Fairmount Park – features architecturally significant residential and industrial buildings, Girard Avenue east of Broad Street was a major shopping and entertainment district for lower North Philadelphia. Most of the late-19th and early-20th century theaters have been demolished, St. Peter the Apostle Church, at 5th Street, houses the National Shrine of Saint John Neumann, the fourth Bishop of Philadelphia and the first American man to be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. The Church of the Gesu, at 18th Street, built as a neighborhood Catholic church, the Green Hill Presbyterian Church, between 16th and 17th Streets, a Gothic Revival church that pre-dated development of the area, was demolished in 2009 following decades of neglect. Medical facilities include the Girard Medical Center, at 8th Street, hatfield House, at 33rd Street, is a colonial villa built in 1760, with Greek Revival additions from 1838. In 1930, it was relocated from Nicetown to East Fairmount Park, the current Girard Avenue Bridge is the third bridge over the Schuylkill River at that location. It incorporates some of the decorative ironwork from the second bridge, the Stephen Smith Home for the Aged, at 44th Street, a nursing home built by Quakers in 1871 to provide care for infirmed African Americans, was demolished in 2009. The Kensington Nation Bank, at Frankford Avenue, is still in use as a bank, the Green Tree Tavern, at Marlborough Street, is on the National Register of Historic Places
7.
Girard College
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Girard College is an independent college preparatory 5-day boarding school located on a 43-acre campus in the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the eastern United States. Girard College enrolls academically capable students, grades one through twelve, the scholarship covers most of the costs of attending Girard, including tuition, room and board, books and school uniforms. The scholarship may be renewed yearly until the high school graduation. Applicants must be at least six years old, demonstrate good social skills and the potential for scholastic achievement, Girard accepts students on the basis of previous school records, admissions testing, a visit and interviews. The process is conducted without preference for race, gender, religion or national origin, born in the Atlantic merchant and naval seaport city of Bordeaux, in the Kingdom of France, Stephen Girard, was the eldest of nine children. His mother died when he was age 11, and he left home at the age of 14 to spend the next 12 years sailing the seas and learning the international mercantile and shipping business. During his 55 years in the City of Brotherly Love, he one of the richest Americans of his time. Girard was married to Mary Lum, from 1777 until her death in 1815 and his initial success in business and the source of his first fortune was international shipping and merchant activities. He sent his cargo sailing ships, crews and captains around the world, trading goods and amassing a fortune. The new First Bank of the U. S. had been established on behalf of private financiers, businessmen. When the First Bank of the U. S and this made him America’s first private banker. He then made his fortune in banking. By the time of his death, his fortune totaled approximately $7.5 million, one of the most interesting chapters of Girard’s life was his role in fighting Philadelphia’s devastating yellow-fever epidemic in the summer of 1793. With the assistance of noted attorney William J. Duane, in the 1820s, he wrote a long will and testament and he delighted in keeping the document secret, knowing that everyone wondered what would happen to his fortune. Immediately after his death in 1831, the provisions of his will were made public, in addition to extensive personal and institutional bequests, he left the bulk of his fortune to the city of Philadelphia to build and operate a residential school for impoverished orphans. In 1831, the bequest was the largest single act of philanthropy up to time in American history. Girard’s will eventually became famous for his restriction that students must be poor, white, male, the school remained for needy white boys for over a century. After an extended, bitter, 14-year civil-rights struggle, the first four black boys entered the school in September 1968, sixteen years later, the policy of an all-male student body was also changed, and the first girls, both black and white, were admitted in 1984
8.
Darius N. Couch
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Darius Nash Couch was an American soldier, businessman, and naturalist. He served as a career U. S. Army officer during the Mexican-American War, the Second Seminole War, during the Civil War, Couch fought notably in the Peninsula and Fredericksburg campaigns of 1862, and the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns of 1863. He rose to command a corps in the Army of the Potomac and he has been described as personally courageous, very thin in build, and frail of health. Couch was born in 1822 on a farm in the village of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, in 1842 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating four years later 13th out of 59 cadets. On July 1,1846, Couch was commissioned a second lieutenant and was assigned to the 4th U. S. Artillery. Couch then saw action with the U. S. Army during the Mexican-American War, for his actions on the second day of this fight, he was brevetted a first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct. After the war ended in 1848 Couch began serving in garrison duty at Fort Monroe in Hampton, the following year he was stationed at Fort Pickens, located near Pensacola, Florida, and then in Key West. Couch next participated in the Seminole Wars during 1849 and into 1850, Couch then took a one-year leave of absence from the army from 1853 to 1854 to conduct a scientific mission for the Smithsonian Institution in northern Mexico. There, he discovered the species that were known as Couchs kingbird, upon his return to the United States in 1854, Couch was ordered to Washington, D. C. on detached service. Later that year he resumed duty in Fort Independence at Castle Island along Boston Harbor. Also in 1854 he was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on April 30,1855, Couch resigned his commission in the U. S. Army. From 1855 to 1857 he was a merchant in New York City and he then moved to Taunton, Massachusetts, and worked as a copper fabricator in the company owned by his wifes family. Couch was still working in Taunton when the American Civil War began in 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War, Couch was appointed commander of the 7th Massachusetts Infantry on June 15,1861, with the rank of colonel in the Union Army. That August he was promoted to brigadier general with a date back to May 17. He was given command in the Military Division then Army of the Potomac that fall. From July 1861 to March 1862 he helped train and then maintain the defenses of Washington and he participated in the Peninsula Campaign, fighting in the Siege of Yorktown on April 5–May 4 and the Battle of Williamsburg the following day. Couch led his division during the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31, as the fighting continued throughout May 31 both Couch and Casey were slowly driven back, with their right flank units in the most peril. Couch continued to lead his division during the 1862 Seven Days Battles that followed, fighting in the Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, later in July Couchs health began to fail, prompting him to offer his resignation
9.
James Lawrence Orr
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James Lawrence Orr was an American politician who served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in the United States Congress. He later served in the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War and was the 73rd Governor of South Carolina, Orr was born at Craytonville, South Carolina located in Anderson County, South Carolina. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1841 and became an attorney and he served as a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina from 1849 to 1859, serving as the Speaker of the House from 1857 to 1859. Orr was an advocate of states rights who used his position to assist those persons who promoted the continuation of slavery and he foresaw the consequences of the decision by South Carolina to attempt to secede from the Union, but he remained loyal to his State. He was one of the three commissioners sent to Washington, D. C, the regiment continued to bear his name throughout the war and fought in some of the most prominent battles of the Army of Northern Virginia. In the Confederate Senate, he remained a proponent of states rights. At the end of the war, Orr was elected governor, in 1872 President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Orr as Minister to Russia in a gesture of post-Civil War reconciliation. Orr died in St. Petersburg, Russia shortly after arriving to begin his service as Minister and he was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Anderson, South Carolina. James Lawrence Orr at Find a Grave
10.
Alexander Randall
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Alexander Williams Randall was a lawyer, judge and politician from Wisconsin. He served as the sixth Governor of Wisconsin from 1858 until 1861 and he was instrumental in raising and organizing the first Wisconsin volunteer troops for the Union Army during the American Civil War. Randall was born in Ames, New York on October 31,1819 and his father, Phineas, was judge of the court of common pleas there from 1837 to 1841. Randall attended Cherry Valley Academy in New York then studied law with his father and he was admitted to the bar in New York at age 19. Shortly after that, he moved to Wisconsin Territory and he opened a law practice in Waukesha in 1840, where he became postmaster in 1845. Randall was a delegate to the states first constitutional convention in 1846, there he successfully advocated for a resolution that would put the question of Negro suffrage to a statewide referendum. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1855, from 1855 to 1857, he was a circuit judge in Milwaukee. Randall was elected governor in 1857 as a Republican, and won re-election in 1859 and he was a dark horse candidate in 1857. The two principal candidates in the convention that year were Edward D. Holton of Milwaukee and Walter McIndoe of Wausau, as such, they split the vote, neither able to garner a majority for the nomination. Randall was the first in a line of Republican governors in Wisconsin. As governor, Randall conducted an investigation of fraud in the distribution of federal land grants in Wisconsin perpetrated by his predecessor. Prior to the beginning of the Civil War, he was an ardent abolitionist, once war began Randall raised 18 regiments,10 artillery batteries, and three cavalry units before leaving office, exceeding Wisconsins quota by 3,232 men. The Union Army created a camp from the former state fairgrounds in Madison, Wisconsin. Camp Randall Stadium is now located on the site of the military camp, in 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Randall U. S. Minister to the Papal States and in 1863 Assistant Postmaster General, President Andrew Johnson appointed him U. S. Postmaster General in 1866 and he remained in position until 1869. When Johnson was impeached, Randall remained loyal, testifying on Johnsons behalf, after leaving the federal government, Randall moved to Elmira, New York, where he resumed practicing law. He died there July 26,1872 and he is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery
11.
John Adams Dix
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John Adams Dix was Secretary of the Treasury, Governor of New York and Union major general during the Civil War. Dix was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, the son of Timothy Dix and Abigail Wilkins and he joined the US Army as an ensign in May 1813, serving under his father. He attained the rank of captain in August 1825, and resigned from the Army in December 1828, in 1826, Dix married Catherine Morgan, the adopted daughter of Congressman John J. Morgan, who gave Dix a job overseeing his upstate New York land holdings in Cooperstown. Dix and his moved to Cooperstown in 1828, and he practiced law in addition to overseeing the land holdings. In 1830, he was appointed by Governor Enos T. Throop as Adjutant General of the New York State Militia and he was Secretary of State of New York from 1833 to 1839, and a member of the New York State Assembly in 1842. Dix was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Wright, Jr. in November 1848, he was the Barnburner/Free-Soil candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish. In February 1849, he ran for re-election to the U. S. Senate as the Barnburners candidate, in 1853 Dix was president of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. He was appointed Postmaster of New York City and served from 1860 to 1861, in addition to his military and public duties, Dix was the president of the Union Pacific from 1863 to 1868 during construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad. He was the figurehead for rail baron Thomas C, durant, in both of his railroad presidencies. He was also briefly President of the Erie Railroad in 1872, Dix was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President James Buchanan in January 1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he sent a telegram to the Treasury agents in New Orleans ordering that, If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot. The saying is found on many Civil War tokens minted during the war, at the start of the American Civil War, Dix was appointed a major general in the New York Militia. He joined the Union Army as the highest ranking general of volunteers during the war, effective May 16,1861. Banks and Benjamin Franklin Butler, but Dixs name appeared first on the promotion list, in the summer of 1861, he commanded the Department of Maryland and the Department of Pennsylvania. His importance at the beginning of the Civil War was in arresting six members of the Maryland legislature and this prevented Maryland from seceding, and earned him President Lincolns gratitude. That winter, he commanded a regional organization known as Dixs Command within Maj. Gen. George B, Dix commanded the Department of Virginia from June 1862 until July 1863, and the Department of the East from July 1863 until April 1865. On July 22,1862, Dix and Confederate Major General Daniel Harvey Hill concluded an agreement for the exchange of prisoners between the Union and Confederate armies. This agreement became known as the Dix-Hill Cartel, Chase for General John A. Dix
12.
James R. Doolittle
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James Rood Doolittle was an American politician who served as a senator from the state of Wisconsin from March 4,1857, to March 4,1869. He was a supporter of President Abraham Lincolns administration during the American Civil War. Born in Hampton, New York, Doolittle was the son of Reuben Doolittle and he attended Middlebury Academy in Wyoming, New York and in 1834, he graduated from Hobart College in Geneva, New York. He subsequently studied law and was admitted to the New York bar association in 1837 and he then established a law practice in Rochester. Doolittle moved to Warsaw, New York, in 1841, from 1847 to 1850, he was the district attorney for Wyoming County. He also served for a time as a colonel in the New York state militia, in 1851, Doolittle moved to Racine, Wisconsin, where he served as a judge from 1853 to 1856. Until the Missouri Compromise was repealed, Doolittle was a Democrat and he was elected and then re-elected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican in 1857 and 1863, respectively. He was a delegate to the Peace conference of 1861 in Washington, during his time as a senator, Doolittle was the Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. During the Civil War, Doolittle supported many of President Lincolns policies, the report of the committee, The Doolittle Survey of 1865, titled The Condition of the Tribes was issued January 26,1867. The Times alleged that the report was printed only after the Cincinnati Gazette obtained a copy of it and he strongly opposed the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on the ground that each state should determine questions of suffrage for itself. After he left Congress, he ran for Governor of Wisconsin in 1871 as a Democrat, Doolittle returned to the Midwest and became a lawyer in Chicago, Illinois, while maintaining his residence in Racine. He served for a year as President of the University of Chicago and he died of Brights disease in Providence, Rhode Island on July 27,1897, and was interred in Mound Cemetery in Racine, Wisconsin. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-04-28 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds. article name needed
13.
Swing Around the Circle
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Swing Around the Circle refers to a disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U. S. Although he believed he could regain the trust of moderate northern Republicans by exploiting tensions between them and their Radical counterparts on the tour, Johnson only alienated them more. This caused a supporter of Johnson to say of the tour that it would have been better had it never been made, Johnson had first intended his approach to reconstruction as a delivery of predecessor Abraham Lincolns promise to benevolently bind up the nations wounds after the war was won. Johnson also managed to alienate his own cabinet, three members of which resigned in disgust in 1866, thus the elections that year were viewed as a referendum on Johnson himself, who had not been elected President but had acceded to power upon Lincolns murder. However, in Johnsons earlier political campaigns he had earned a reputation as a stump speaker. His two dedicated supporters in the cabinet, Secretary of State William Seward and Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, joined him on the tour. Louis, Missouri, Indianapolis, Indiana, Louisville, Kentucky, Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio, because Presidents had traditionally not undertaken political campaigning in the past, Johnsons action was seen even before he began as undignified and beneath the office. Once he began, however, the oratory that had once helped his political fortunes now sank them. Initially, Johnson was enthusiastically received, particularly in Baltimore, Philadelphia, according to Johnson biographer Hans Trefousse, at each stop on the tour he had delivered The press nonetheless gave him overwhelmingly positive coverage throughout the first leg of the tour. Johnsons stop in Cleveland on September 3 marked the point in the tour. In Cleveland, Johnson angrily replied, Why dont you hang Thad Stevens, Johnson nonetheless fared well in Chicago, presenting only a short and pre-written speech. However, his temper got the better of him more in St. Louis on September 9. At other points in Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, spectators drowned out Johnson with calls for Grant, who refused to speak, and for Three cheers for Congress. Finally, on September 14 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, a platform built beside the railroad tracks for the presidents appearance gave way. Though Johnson attempted to halt the train and use it for triage for the injured, a few members of the presidential party left the train to assist the victims, but Johnson and the rest of the party continued onto Harrisburg. To appearances, Johnson had callously abandoned the scene of massive casualties, Johnson gave $500 to assist the victims. The press excoriated Johnson badly for his disastrous appearances and speeches, Johnsons Republican opponents took quick advantage of their good political fortune. Thaddeus Stevens gave a speech referring to the Swing as the circus that traveled through the country that cut outside the circle
14.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
15.
Augustus C. Baldwin
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Augustus Carpenter Baldwin was a politician from the U. S. state of Michigan. Baldwin was born in Salina and attended the public schools and he moved to Oakland County, Michigan, in 1837 and taught school. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842 and commenced practice in Milford and he was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives 1844-1846, serving as Speaker in 1846. He moved to Pontiac, Michigan, in March 1849 and was prosecuting attorney for Oakland County in 1853 and 1854 and he was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore. He unsuccessfully contested the election of Rowland E. Trowbridge to the 39th Congress and he was a delegate to 1864 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and to the 1866 National Union Convention at Philadelphia. He was a member of the board of trustees of the Eastern Michigan Asylum, Baldwin died in Pontiac, aged 85, and was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery there. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, the red book of Michigan, a civil, military and biographical history
16.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
17.
John Botts
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John Minor Botts was a nineteenth-century politician, planter and lawyer from Virginia. He was a prominent Unionist in Richmond, Virginia during the American Civil War, Botts was born in Dumfries, Virginia to prominent lawyer Benjamin Gaines Botts and his wife Jane Tyler Botts. Both of his parents died in the Richmond Theatre fire on 26 December 1811, so John, Botts attended the common schools in Richmond, Virginia, then studied law. He married Mary Whiting Blair, and they had several children. Two sons died in young, their firstborn son, Archibald Blair Botts, joined the U. S. Army and died in Mexico in 1847. Thus, only Beverly Blair Botts, Rosalie S. Botts Lewis, after admission to the Virginia bar in 1830. Botts moved to Henrico County, Virginia outside Richmond and he operated a plantation called Half Sink on the Chickahominy River in Varina Farms area about nine miles east of downtown Richmond. He used the progressive agricultural methods advocated by his brother Charles Taylor Botts in the Southern Planter, Botts also raised racehorses and practiced law, and gained the nickname Bison. Botts lost his first run for office in 1831, but won the following year. In 1835, he seemed to lose to William B, randolph, but successfully challenged the results in court. In 1836, he appeared to lose, to William N. Whiting. In 1838, voters elected Botts as a Whig to the United States House of Representatives and he gained a reputations for independent spirit as well as partisanship. For example, Botts repeatedly blamed the financial hardship caused by the Panic of 1837 on Democrats, Botts served in Congress from 1839 to 1843. He was defeated for reelection in 1842, although a slaveholder, Botts vehemently opposed extension of slavery into territories, and blamed Democrat John C. Calhoun for increasing sectional animosities by trying to annex Texas. This position was the opposite of fellow position and President John Tyler, the Botts bill, however, was tabled until the following January, when it was rejected after Botts defeat for re-election, 127−83. After this defeat, Botts continued to publish letters and articles opposing Texas annexation, Botts won election to Congress again in 1846, serving from 1847 to 1849. He was chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs from 1847 to 1849, voters once again failed to reelect Botts in 1848, but he won again in 1850. Botts also served as one of six delegates represented the city of Richmond and the counties of Charles City, Henrico, and New Kent in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850-1851
18.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
19.
Ralph Pomeroy Buckland
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Ralph Pomeroy Buckland was a U. S. Representative from Ohio, as well as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in Leyden, Massachusetts Buckland moved with his parents to Ravenna, Ohio and he attended the country schools, Tallmadge Academy, and Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1837 and commenced practice in Fremont and he served as the mayor of Fremont from 1843 to 1845 and was a delegate to the Whig National Convention in 1848. He served as a member of the Ohio State Senate from 1855 to 1859, with the outbreak of the Civil War, Buckland entered the Union Army as the colonel of the 72nd Ohio Infantry on January 10,1862. Buckland commanded the Fourth Brigade in William T. Shermans 5th Division of the Army of the Tennessee at the Battle of Shiloh in April and he was commissioned as a brigadier general of volunteers on November 29,1862. During the Siege of Vicksburg in the spring and early summer of 1863 and he resigned from the army January 6,1865, and returned to Ohio after winning election to the United States Congress. In the omnibus promotions following the surrender of the Confederate armies, Buckland was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1868 to the Forty-first Congress and he resumed the practice of law and served as delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists Convention in 1866 and to the Pittsburgh Soldiers Convention. He served as delegate to the 1876 Republican National Convention and he spent his later years involved in the railroad industry, serving as government director of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1877 to 1880. Presidential elector in 1884 for Blaine/Logan, Buckland was one of the most prominent members of St. Pauls Episcopal Church in downtown Fremont. He died in Fremont on May 27,1892, and was interred in Oakwood Cemetery, List of American Civil War generals List of Ohios American Civil War generals Ohio in the American Civil War Media related to Ralph P. Buckland at Wikimedia Commons United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Ohio in the War Her Statesmen Generals and Soldiers. Taylor, William Alexander, Taylor, Aubrey Clarence, Ohio statesmen and annals of progress, from the year 1788 to the year 1900. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
20.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
21.
John Covode
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John Covode was a United States Congressman and abolitionist. Covode was born in West Fairfield, Pennsylvania, after serving an apprenticeship to a blacksmith, he became involved in the Westmoreland Coal Company, serving as the first president of the company in 1854. In 1854, he was elected to Congress as an Opposition Party candidate, after joining the Republican Party, he was re-elected to the 35th Congress in 1856. He was a supporter of the Freedmens Bureau, the Civil Rights Act of 1866. He attended the Union National Convention in Philadelphia in 1866, on February 21,1868, Covode introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives to impeach President Andrew Johnson. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Public Expenditures from 1857 until 1859 and he also served on the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. Covode is most famous for chairing a committee to investigate the possibility of impeaching President James Buchanan during the spring, Covode contested with Henry D. Foster the election to the Forty-first Congress, neither being sworn pending the contest, as no credentials were issued by the Governor. On February 9,1870, the House declared him duly elected, Covode died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, aged 62. His oldest son, George H. Covode, was a colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War and he died on June 25,1864 after being shot in the arm and stomach by Confederate troops he had mistaken for Unionists. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, biography from Spartacus Educational The Political Graveyard John Covode at Find a Grave Papers of John Covode - Peoples Contest Website Chester, Edward W. “The Impact of the Covode Congressional Investigation. ”Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 42, 343-50 Baker, Jean H. James Buchanan, Times Books,2004
22.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
23.
Edgar Cowan
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Edgar Cowan was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and he was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4,1861, to March 4,1867, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Senate. During his tenure in office, he served as chairman, Committee on Patents, Cowan was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Franklin College, Ohio, in 1839 and subsequently became a raftsman, boat builder, schoolmaster, and he studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1842. As senator, he argued against the Civil Rights Act of 1866, in particular, he argued that the federal guarantee of contract rights might allow women to enter into contracts under their own person and not in the person of and with consent of their husbands. Womans ability to enter into contracts was illegal due to coverture law, under coverture, womens husbands owned their wives property, wages, and body. Women had no right to contract, to property, or to bodily autonomy. Senator Cowan cautioned against the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as a bill that would threaten this order, while largely invoking gender and marriage to make his points about states rights, his arguments helped create a legal distinction between sex and race in federal law. In the senate, while trying to elucidate the meaning of the Thirteen Amendment, he stated, was it the right the husband had to the service of his wife. Nobody can pretend that things were within the purview of that Amendment. Thus, involuntary servitude was only to be in reference to men in the service of other men, in response to arguments by the likes of Senator Cowan, The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was written to only apply to race and color, but did not include gender. Following the Civil War, he was appointed by President Andrew Johnson as Minister to Austria in January 1867 and he then resumed the practice of law. Cowan died in Greensburg and was buried in St. Clair Cemetery, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Edgar Cowan at Find a Grave
24.
James A. Cravens
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This article is about the U. S. For his second cousin, also a U. S, representative from Indiana, see James H. Cravens. James Addison Cravens was a politician from Indiana. He was the cousin of James Harrison Cravens. Born in Rockingham County, Virginia, Cravens moved near Hardinsburg, during the lame-duck session of the 38th Congress, he voted against the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. He was a delegate to the National Union Convention in 1866 and he resumed agricultural pursuits until his death in Hardinsburg, Indiana on June 20,1893. He was interred in Hardin Cemetery in Hardinsburg, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-03-18 James A. Cravens
25.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
26.
William E. Dodge
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William Earle Dodge Sr. was a New York businessman, referred to as one of the Merchant Princes of Wall Street in the years leading up to the American Civil War. Dodge saw slavery as an evil to be removed. He was a Native American rights activist and served as the president of the National Temperance Society from 1865 to 1883 and his son, Charles Cleveland Dodge, was one of the youngest brigadier generals in the Union Army during the Civil War at the age of twenty-one. Dodge was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of David Low Dodge, founder of the New York Peace Society, and his wife Sarah Cleveland. He married Melissa Phelps, the daughter of Anson Green Phelps, in 1833, Dodge and his father-in-law founded the trading firm Phelps, Dodge and Company. In 1908 they became one of Americas largest mining companies Phelps Dodge Corporation, Dodge is the namesake of Dodge County, Georgia. A consortium of businessmen led by Dodge purchased large tracts of timberland in this area following the Civil War, the Dodge Land Company laid claim to over 300,000 acres of land through questionable land deeds. The consortiums ownership of these led to land wars which resulted in nearly fifty years of court cases. Dodge and his associates built the Macon and Brunswick Railroad, connecting Macon to what was then an area of the state. Dodge County was formed in 1870 and Eastman, the county seat, was established at the railroads Station Number 13, Dodge visited the area only once, to dedicate a two-story courthouse that he donated to the county. Dodges sons later administered the timber businesses in this area, Dodge was active in the post-Civil War Indian reform movement. He joined Peter Cooper in organizing the privately funded United States Indian Commission in 1868, in 1869, Dodge toured Indian Territory and Kansas as a member of the government-sponsored Board of Indian Commissioners. He met and discussed U. S. Indian policy with representatives of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Dodge lobbied for the prosecution of the U. S. cavalry commanders responsible for the 1870 Marias Massacre in Montana, which left 173 Blackfeet dead. Dodge unsuccessfully campaigned to establish a department for Indian Affairs. He also used his influence in Washington on behalf of Indian educational programs, a monument to William E. Dodge stands on the North side of Bryant Park. Dodge was a member of the Board of Trustees for the Syrian Protestant College. As Treasurer, he laid the cornerstone of College Hall, the first building on the present campus in Ras Beirut and his eldest son, William Earl Dodge Jr. assumed control of the Phelps Dodge company after his death. New York Times obituary United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
27.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
28.
James Rood Doolittle
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James Rood Doolittle was an American politician who served as a senator from the state of Wisconsin from March 4,1857, to March 4,1869. He was a supporter of President Abraham Lincolns administration during the American Civil War. Born in Hampton, New York, Doolittle was the son of Reuben Doolittle and he attended Middlebury Academy in Wyoming, New York and in 1834, he graduated from Hobart College in Geneva, New York. He subsequently studied law and was admitted to the New York bar association in 1837 and he then established a law practice in Rochester. Doolittle moved to Warsaw, New York, in 1841, from 1847 to 1850, he was the district attorney for Wyoming County. He also served for a time as a colonel in the New York state militia, in 1851, Doolittle moved to Racine, Wisconsin, where he served as a judge from 1853 to 1856. Until the Missouri Compromise was repealed, Doolittle was a Democrat and he was elected and then re-elected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican in 1857 and 1863, respectively. He was a delegate to the Peace conference of 1861 in Washington, during his time as a senator, Doolittle was the Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. During the Civil War, Doolittle supported many of President Lincolns policies, the report of the committee, The Doolittle Survey of 1865, titled The Condition of the Tribes was issued January 26,1867. The Times alleged that the report was printed only after the Cincinnati Gazette obtained a copy of it and he strongly opposed the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on the ground that each state should determine questions of suffrage for itself. After he left Congress, he ran for Governor of Wisconsin in 1871 as a Democrat, Doolittle returned to the Midwest and became a lawyer in Chicago, Illinois, while maintaining his residence in Racine. He served for a year as President of the University of Chicago and he died of Brights disease in Providence, Rhode Island on July 27,1897, and was interred in Mound Cemetery in Racine, Wisconsin. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-04-28 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds. article name needed
29.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
30.
Frederick Douglass
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Frederick Douglass was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. In his time, he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders arguments that slaves lacked the capacity to function as independent American citizens. Northerners at the found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. After the Civil War, Douglass remained an active campaigner against slavery and wrote his last autobiography, Life, First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, it covered events during and after the Civil War. Douglass also actively supported womens suffrage, and held public offices. Douglass was a believer in the equality of all peoples, whether black, female, Native American. He was also a believer in dialogue and in making alliances across racial and ideological divides, one biographer argues, The most influential African American of the nineteenth century, Douglass made a career of agitating the American conscience. He spoke and wrote on behalf of a variety of causes, womens rights, temperance, peace, land reform, free public education. But he devoted the bulk of his time, immense talent and these were the central concerns of his long reform career. Douglass understood that the struggle for emancipation and equality demanded forceful, persistent, and he recognized that African Americans must play a conspicuous role in that struggle. Less than a month before his death, when a black man solicited his advice to an African American just starting out in the world, Douglass replied without hesitation. Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Talbot County, the plantation was between Hillsboro and Cordova, his birthplace was likely his grandmothers shack east of Tappers Corner, and west of Tuckahoe Creek. The exact date of his birth is unknown, and he chose to celebrate his birthday on February 14. In his first autobiography, Douglass stated, I have no knowledge of my age. Douglass was of mixed race, which likely included Native American on his mothers side and he was given his name by his mother, Harriet Bailey. After escaping to the North years later, he took the surname Douglass and he wrote of his earliest times with his mother, The opinion was. Whispered that my master was my father, but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing and my mother and I were separated when I was but an infant. It common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, … I do not recollect ever seeing my mother by the light of day
31.
William McKee Dunn
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William McKee Dunn was a U. S. Representative from Indiana and the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, born in Hanover, Jefferson County, Territory of Indiana, Dunn attended school in the first schoolhouse in Hanover. He was graduated from Indiana College in 1832 and from Yale College in 1835 and he subsequently studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He then established a legal practice, Dunn served as member of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1848. He was delegate to the constitutional convention in 1850. Dunn was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses and he served from March 4,1859, until March 3,1863. He served as chairman of the Committee on Patents and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth Congress. Following his unsuccessful bid to remain in Congress, Dunn accepted a commission from the Governor of Indiana. He was a major and judge advocate general in the Department of the Missouri from March 13,1863 and he was appointed lieutenant colonel and Assistant Judge Advocate General of the United States Army on June 22,1864. At the end of the war, he was brevetted as a brigadier general dating from March 13,1865, following the Civil War, Dunn stayed in the Regular Army. He was promoted to general and Judge Advocate General on December 1,1875. He retired from the army on January 22,1881 and he died at his summer residence, Maplewood, in Dunn Loring, Fairfax County, Virginia, on July 24,1887. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D. C, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-10-19 William McKee Dunn and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
32.
Joseph Barton Elam
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Joseph Barton Elam, Sr. was a two-term Democratic U. S. representative from Louisianas 4th congressional district, who service corresponded with the administration of U. S. President Rutherford B. Elam was born near Hope in Hempstead County in southwestern Arkansas, to William Jefferson Elam, a teacher, and his wife, the Elam family moved in 1823 to Ayish Bayou near San Augustine in East Texas, where another son, Charles Wheaton Elam, was born. In 1826, the Elams relocated to Natchitoches, Louisiana, where Mary Jane Elam, was born, by 1833, the family moved to Fort Jessup, Louisiana, the westernmost outpost of the United States at that time. William Elam tutored the officers sons, another son, John Waddill Elam, was born at Fort Jesup in 1833. There was also a daughter, Henrietta Elam, the Elam children were educated at Fort Jessup. Later, Joseph Elam read law with his cousin John Waddill in Alexandria, in 1853, Waddill helped obtain freedom of Solomon Northup, a kidnapped freeman from New York and the subject of the film, Twelve Years a Slave, who had been sold into slavery in Louisiana. Northup had been held for years as a slave in the Red River region. Under its 1841 law, the state of New York commissioned an attorney to help find, Elam was admitted to the bar in October 1843 and began his practice in Alexandria. He moved in 1844 to Sabine Parish and settled in the seat of Many. Elam helped to establish the system in DeSoto Parish, where on August 7,1843. In 1845, Elam was elected to the Sabine Parish Police Jury and he was the jury president from 1846 to 1847. Elam also served as the attorney of Sabine Parish. In 1847, Elam drafted the articles for incorporation for the town of Mansfield and he served as mayor a second time in 1856. He was also a Mansfield alderman, Elam was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives from DeSoto Parish. He served as the House Speaker from 1862 to 1864 and his brother, John Waddill Elam, was elected sheriff of DeSoto Parish. In 1861, Elam was elected a delegate to the Confederate Constitutional Convention, Elam served in the state legislature until the passage in 1867 by Congress of the Reconstruction Acts. Elam attended the National Union Convention as a delegate from Louisiana in 1866, when in 1870, section 99 of this Constitution was repealed, Elam was allowed again to seek office. That year, the U. S. Congress passed the Force Act, Elam was denied office in 1870,1872 and 1874 by the returning boards
33.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
34.
James E. English
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James Edward English was a United States Representative and later U. S. English was born in New Haven, Connecticut and attended the common schools and he was twice married, to Caroline A. Fowler and to Anna Robinson Morris. He had four children, Edward Fowler English, Augusta Caroline English, Edward Fowler English, English engaged in the lumber business, banking, and manufacturing. He was a member of the New Haven board of selectmen from 1847 to 1861, and he was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1855 and of the Connecticut Senate from 1856 to 1858, and was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 1860. English was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1864. He left his ill wife to vote at the U. S. Capitol and his aye prompted applause and the tide turned. However, his reservation was not to be, as he had a successful career afterwards. Regarding his vote in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment, English said to a friend, I suppose I am politically ruined, but that day was the happiest of my life. Unsuccessful in his 1866 gubernatorial bid, English was elected Connecticuts 26th governor on April 1,1867 and he lost his reelection in 1869, but was successfully reelected in 1870 and served from May 4,1870 to May 16,1871. During his tenure, an argument between the railroad and shipping industries was settled with the approval for construction of two new bridges, English was elected again in 1872 to serve in the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was appointed as a Democrat to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Orris S. Ferry and served from November 27,1875, to May 17,1876, when a successor was elected. An unsuccessful candidate for election in 1876 to fill the vacancy, English resumed his manufacturing, English died in New Haven March 2,1890, and is interred at Evergreen Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
35.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
36.
Nathan A. Farwell
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Nathan Allen Farwell was a politician, businessman and United States Senator from Maine. Born in Unity, Maine, he attended the common schools and he moved to East Thomaston, Maine, in 1834 and engaged in the manufacture of lime and in shipbuilding. Farwell subsequently became a mariner and trader. He then studied law and moved to Rockland, Maine, where he founded the Rockland Marine Insurance Co. and served as president and he traveled in Europe from 1845 until 1847. He was a member of the Maine State Senate from 1853 to 1854 and again from 1861 to 1862 and he was a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1860 and again from 1863 to 1864. He was a delegate to the Baltimore Republican National Convention in 1864 and he served in that body from October 27,1864, to March 3,1865, but was not a candidate for reelection in 1865. At that time he resumed his activities in the insurance business and he was delegate to the National Union Convention in Philadelphia in 1866. Farwell died in Rockland, Maine, and is buried in Achorn Cemetery and he was the cousin of Owen Lovejoy and Elijah P. Lovejoy. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-5-13 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds
37.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
38.
Thomas W. Ferry
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Thomas White Ferry was a U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan, Ferry was born in the old Mission House on Mackinac Island. The community on Mackinac at that time included the garrison, the main depot of John Jacob Astors American Fur Company. His father was a Presbyterian pastor, the Rev. William Montague Ferry, Rev. Ferry also was the pastor of the Protestant church on the island. Thomas moved with his parents to Grand Haven, Michigan, attended the public schools and he worked as a store clerk in Elgin, Illinois for two years from 1843 to 1845 before returning to Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives 1850-1852, on January 26,1857, Ferry, with his father William Montague Ferry, platted the village of Ferrysburg, Michigan, which his father had first settled in 1834. He was a delegate to the Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866 and he was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives for the 39th, 40th, and 41st Congresses, serving from March 4,1865 to March 4,1871. He was re-elected to the U. S. House for the 42nd Congress in the election of November 8,1870. The Michigan Legislature subsequently elected him to the U. S. Senate on January 18,1871, Ferry was reelected to the Senate in 1877, and served from March 4,1871 to March 4,1883. He was a candidate for reelection in 1882. Ferry was the first person from Michigan to have served in both houses of the Michigan State Legislature and in houses of the United States Congress. The second person to do so is Debbie Stabenow and he delivered an address as the presiding officer of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition on July 4,1876. As Ulysses Grant was no longer the President, and Hayes had not, at least in Ferrys view, assumed the office, while Senator, Ferry was chairman, Committee on Rules, Committee on Post Office and Post Roads. Ferry died in Grand Haven, Michigan, aged 69, and is interred in Lake Forest Cemetery, William Montague Ferry, Jr. brother Dictionary of American Biography Ziewacz, Lawrence E. The Eighty-First Ballot, The Senatorial Struggle of 1883, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Thomas W. Ferry at The Political Graveyard Thomas W. Ferry at Find a Grave Ferry, Thomas White
39.
Horace Greeley
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Horace Greeley was founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time. Greeley was born to a family in Amherst, New Hampshire. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune and he wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrisons successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the phrase Go West, young man, and grow up with the country, Greeleys alliance with William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found and may have named the Republican Party, Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the Civil War, he mostly supported Lincoln, though urging him to commit to the end of slavery before the President was willing to do so, after Lincolns assassination, he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President Andrew Johnson. He broke with Republican president Ulysses Grant because of corruption and Greeleys sense that Reconstruction policies were no longer needed, Greeley was the new Liberal Republican Partys candidate in the 1872 U. S. presidential election. He lost in a landslide, despite having the support of the Democratic Party. He was devastated by the death of his wife, who died five days before the election, Horace Greeley was born on February 3,1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire. He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life and he was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary Greeley, Zaccheus was not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. Horace attended the schools, and was a brilliant student. Seeing the boys intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horaces way at Phillips Exeter Academy, in 1820, Zaccheuss financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned for debt, and settle in Vermont. Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, in 1822, Horace ran away from home to become a printers apprentice, but was told he was too young. In 1826, at age 15, he was made an apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the Northern Spectator. There, he learned the mechanics of a job, and acquired a reputation as the town encyclopedia
40.
William S. Groesbeck
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William Slocum Groesbeck was a U. S. Born in Kinderhook, New York, Groesbeck moved with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio and his parents were John H. Groesbeck and Mary Slocum Groesbeck. The Groesbeck family was originally from Amsterdam and he attended the common schools and Augusta College. He studied law and was a law clerk in the office of Salmon P. Chase and he was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as member of the State constitutional convention in 1851 and he served as commissioner to codify the laws of Ohio in 1852. Groesbeck was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1858 to the Thirty-sixth Congress. He served as member of the Peace Convention of 1861 held in Washington and he served in the State senate 1862-1864. He served as delegate to the Union National Convention at Philadelphia in 1866 and he was one of President Andrew Johnsons counsel in his impeachment trial in 1868. He served as delegate to the International Monetary Conference in Paris, France and he died in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 7,1897. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery, Groesbeck married Elizabeth Burnet, daughter of Judge Jacob Burnet. She died April 6,1889, leaving five children, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, William S. Groesbeck at Find a Grave Groesbeck, William Slocum. Media related to William S. Groesbeck at Wikimedia Commons
41.
Andrew Jackson Hamilton
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This page is about a former politician, for other people named Andrew Hamilton, see Andrew Hamilton. Andrew Jackson Hamilton was a United States politician during the quarter of the 19th century. He was a lawyer, state representative, military governor of Texas, as well as the 11th Governor of Texas during Reconstruction, Hamilton was born in Huntsville, Alabama on January 28,1815. His education began in Alabama where he went to law school and was admitted to the bar in Talladega. In order to join his older brother Morgan, Hamilton moved to Texas late in 1846 and opened his own law practice in La Grange, three years later he left the city, moving to Austin, Texas to begin his political career. In 1849 Hamilton was appointed as the state attorney general by Texas Governor Peter H. Bell. In 1850 he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives representing Travis County as a Democrat and he would only serve one term, leaving office in 1853. During this time he joined the Opposition Clique, a faction of politicians in the Democratic Party who opposed secession. In 1858, Hamilton was elected to the United States House of Representatives as an Independent Democrat representing the district of Texas. During this time he served on a House committee formed late in 1860 to solve the growing feud between the North and South. He chose not to run for re-election in 1860, but, on his return to Texas in 1861, Hamilton was later forced to resign this post after threats to his life for his pro-Union statements. He fled to Mexico in July 1862, during the American Civil War, Hamilton sided with the Union. After fleeing to Mexico, he went on a tour of the Northeast, giving speeches in New York, Boston and he spoke out in favor of the Union and criticized the slave power of the South. Because of this Hamilton was regarded as a hero by the North, in late 1862 President Abraham Lincoln named Hamilton the Military Governor of Texas with the rank of brigadier general of volunteers. He spent the rest of the war holding this empty position in New Orleans, on June 17,1865, President Andrew Johnson named Hamilton as the provisional civilian governor of the state. Hamilton held office for 14 months during the stages of Reconstruction. He was governor when the nation ratified the Thirteenth Amendment and granted freedom to the newly freed slaves. Hamilton also faced problems such as Indian incursions, general lawlessness, when his plans at the Constitutional Convention of 1866 were not enacted, he rejected Johnsons plan for Reconstruction and aligned himself with the Radical Republicans
42.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
43.
Aaron Harding
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Aaron Harding was a United States Representative from Kentucky. He was born near Campbellsville, in what is now Green County and he became familiar with the classics, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1833, having commenced his practice in Greensburg, Kentucky. He was also known as Aaron Hardin, Harding was elected prosecuting attorney of Green County in 1833. He was member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1840 and was elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses and he was a delegate to the Union National Convention in 1866. After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law in Danville and he died in Georgetown, Kentucky, in 1875 and was interred at Georgetown Cemetery there. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
44.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
45.
Samuel Hooper
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Samuel Hooper was a businessman and member of Congress from Massachusetts. Hooper was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts and his father, Robert Hooper, was a shipping merchant and later served as president of the Grand Bank of Marblehead. After a common education, Hooper traveled aboard his fathers shipping vessels as supercargo. He is known to have visited Cuba, Russia, and Spain, in 1841, Hooper partnered with counting house owner and merchant shipper William Appleton to form William Appleton and Company. Soon the firm was engaged in the California hide trade, trade with the Pacific Northwest, the firm acquired additional partners in 1851 when Appleton joined the Massachusetts congressional delegation. In 1859, Appleton retired from William Appleton and Company, Hooper reorganized the firm with partner Franklin Gordon Dexter, and they adopted the name Samuel Hooper and Company. The firm continued operations after Hoopers death, Hooper was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving from 1851 to 1853. He later served in the Massachusetts Senate in 1858, from 1861 to 1862, his home in Washington D. C. was the headquarters of General George B. McClellan. In 1866, he was a delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists Convention and he turned down reelection to the 44th Congress and died less than a month before completion of his final term. Hooper was briefly the father-in-law of Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts. Sumner had married Hoopers daughter, Alice Mason Hooper, but they divorced after a short marriage, in 1865 Hooper founded the Hooper School of Mining and Practical Geology at Harvard University with an endowment of $50,000. The gift also established the Sturgis Hooper Professorship in Geology, named in honor of Hoopers deceased son Sturgis, the professorship received an additional endowment of $30,000 from Hoopers widow in 1881. John Z. Goodrich, ex-collector of customs Samuel Hooper is the namesake of the city of Hooper and he was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in 1875. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Samuel Hooper at Find a Grave
46.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
47.
Reverdy Johnson
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Reverdy Johnson was a statesman and jurist from Maryland. A former Whig, he was a supporter of the Union war effort. At first he opposed efforts to abolish slavery until 1864. Born in Annapolis, Johnson was the son of a distinguished Maryland lawyer and politician and he graduated from St. Johns College in 1812 and then studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1815, and then moved to Baltimore, from 1821 until 1825 he served in the Maryland State Senate and then returned to practice law for two decades. Reverdy Johnson, along with Judge John Glenn and Evan Ellicott were responsible for exacerbating the Baltimore bank crisis of 1835. Mobs of angry depositors attacked and damaged his home facing Battle Monument Square on the northwest corner of North Calvert and East Fayette Streets, just south of the Baltimore City Courthouse. Following the collapse of the Union Bank of Maryland, Johnson obstructed efforts to obtain a fair and he falsely accused Evan Poultney and Thomas Ellicott of misconduct in order to create a smokescreen to obscure his own misconduct. From 1845 to 1849, he represented Maryland in the United States Senate as a Whig and he resigned that position soon after Millard Fillmore took office. A conservative Democrat, he supported Stephen A. Douglas in the election of 1860. He represented the defendant in the controversial 1857 case Dred Scott v. Sandford. He was personally opposed to slavery and was a key figure in the effort to keep Maryland from seceding from the Union during the American Civil War. He served as a Maryland delegate to the Peace Convention of 1861, during this time he represented Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter at his court-martial, arguing that Porters distinguished record of service ought to put him beyond question. The officers on the court-martial, all handpicked by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, after the war, reflecting the diverse points of view held by his fellow statesmen, Johnson argued for a gentler Reconstruction effort than that advocated by the Radical Republicans. In 1863 he again took a seat in the United States Senate, the antislavery amendment caught Johnsons eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery. In 1865, he defended Mary Surratt before a military tribunal, Surratt was convicted and executed for plotting and aiding Lincolns assassination. In 1866, he was a delegate to the National Union Convention which attempted to support for President Johnson. Senator Johnsons report on the proceedings of the convention was entered into the record of President Johnsons impeachment trial
48.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
49.
James Harlan (senator)
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James Harlan was an attorney and politician, a member of the United States Senate, and a U. S. Cabinet Secretary at the United States Department of Interior under President Andrew Johnson, Harlan was the son of Silas and Mary Harlan. Born on August 26,1820 in Clark County, Illinois and raised in Indiana and he graduated from Indiana Asbury University in 1845. He moved to Iowa City, Iowa, where he served as Superintendent of Schools and he also studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He joined the Whig Party and became active in politics, in 1850 Harlan declined the Whig nomination for Governor of Iowa. From 1853 to 1855 Harlan was president of Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, in 1855 Harlan was elected by the Iowa legislature to the United States Senate as a Free Soil Party candidate. In 1857 the US Senate declared the seat vacant because of irregularities in that legislative election and he was re-elected by the legislature and seated as a Republican, serving until 1865. In 1861 Harlan was a Delegate to the Peace Conference that tried to arrange a compromise to prevent the American Civil War, in 1865 he resigned from the Senate when he was appointed as Secretary of the Interior under President Andrew Johnson, an appointment he held until 1866. As secretary he announced that he intended to house and fired a considerable number of incumbents who were seldom at their respective desks. Among this group was the poet Walt Whitman, then working as a clerk in the department, Harlan had found a copy of Leaves of Grass on Whitmans desk as the poet was making revisions and found it to be morally offensive. I will not have the author of book in this Department. If the President of the United States should order his reinstatement, twenty-nine years later, Harlan defended his firing of Whitman, saying that the clerk was dismissed solely on the grounds that his services were not needed. Harlan was a member of the Southern Treaty Commission that renegotiated treaties with Indian Tribes that had sided with the Confederacy, such as the Cherokee, if they left, the freedmen would become United States citizens. Harlan resigned from the post in 1866 when he no longer supported the policies of President Johnson and he was elected again by the Iowa legislature to the United States Senate in 1867, and served until the end of his term in January 1873. During his Senate service, Harlan was Chairman of the committees of Public Lands, District of Columbia, Education, Harlan was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1872, and was also an unsuccessful candidate for Governor in 1895. From 1882 to 1886, Harlan was appointed as Presiding Judge for the Court of Commissioners, James Harlan died in Mount Pleasant on October 5,1899. A commemorative sculpture was done of him, Iowa installed it in the United States Capitol along with one of pioneer Governor Samuel Kirkwood, the Harlan statue was located in the Hall of Columns until it was replaced in 2014 by a statue of Norman Borlaug. It is now on display at Iowa Wesleyan College, Harlan was a close friend of President Abraham Lincoln and his family
50.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
