1.
United States presidential election, 1868
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The United States presidential election of 1868 was the 21st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3,1868. It was the first presidential election to place after the American Civil War. As three of the former Confederate states were not yet restored to the Union, their electors could not vote in the election, by 1868, Johnson had alienated many of his constituents and had been impeached by Congress. Although Johnson kept his office, his presidency was crippled, after numerous ballots, the Democrats nominated former New York Governor Horatio Seymour to take on the Republican candidate, Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant. Grant was one of the most popular men in the North due to his efforts in concluding the Civil War successfully for the Union, although Seymour was buried in the electoral college, he gave Grant a good race for the popular vote. It was the first election in which African Americans could vote in every Northern or Reconstructed Southern state, every state except Florida used popular votes to determine electors for the Electoral College vote. Reconstruction and civil rights of slaves was a hotly debated issue in the Union. Republican candidate, By 1868, the Republicans felt strong enough to drop the Union Party label, the Democratic Party controlled many large Northern states that had a great percentage of the electoral votes. House Speaker Schuyler Colfax, a Radical Republican from Indiana, was nominated for vice-president on the ballot, beating out the early favorite. The Republican platform supported black suffrage in the South as part of the passage to full citizenship for former slaves and it agreed to let northern states decide individually whether to enfranchise blacks. Democratic candidates, The Democratic National Convention was held in New York City between July 4, and July 9,1868, meanwhile, the convention chairman Horatio Seymour, former governor of New York, received nine votes on the fourth ballot from the state of North Carolina. This unexpected move caused “loud and enthusiastic cheering, ” but Seymour refused, saying, “I must not be nominated by this Convention and my own inclination prompted me to decline at the outset, my honor compels me to do so now. It is impossible, consistently with my position, to allow my name to be mentioned in this Convention against my protest. The clerk will proceed with the call. ”After numerous indecisive ballots, the names of John T. Hoffman, Francis P. Blair, none of these candidates, however, gained substantial support. For twenty-one ballots, the opposing candidates battled it out, the East battling the West for control, the two leading candidates were determined that the other should not receive the nomination, because of the two-thirds rule of the convention, a compromise candidate was needed. Seymour still hoped it would be Chief Justice Salmon P. ” Seymour had to wait for the rousing cheers to die down before he could address the delegates, “I have no terms in which to tell of my regret that my name has been brought before this convention. God knows that my life and all that I value most in life I would give for the good of my country, I could not receive the nomination without placing not only myself but the Democratic party in a false position. God bless you for your kindness to me, but your candidate I cannot be. ”Seymour left the platform to cool off and rest
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
4.
Crosby's Opera House
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Crosbys Opera House was an opera house in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It was founded by Uranus H. Crosby in 1865 in an effort to bring a great hall to the city. The building was designed by William W. Boyington, the expense of its construction ruined Crosby. After holding only occasional performances, an association formed to relieve the house of its great debt, a lottery was held that distributed over 210,000 tickets, awarding purchasers great works of art and even the building itself. After it was back to Crosby by the lottery winner. The hall hosted the 1868 Republican National Convention and it was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and never rebuilt. Uranus Harold Crosby came to Chicago from Chatham, Massachusetts, on September 4,1850 and he did so on recommendation of his cousin Albert, who insisted that the city was well-cultured. Albert had arrived two years earlier to establish a liquor and tea trading house, Albert Crosby & Co, in 1851, the cousins established a liquor manufactory and the operation became the largest wholesale distributor of distilled alcohol and camphine. Despite his new-found wealth, Uranus Crosby was disappointed at the lack of culture that he was promised in Chicago, the growing city could offer little more than brothels, saloons, and gambling houses for entertainment. The one theater, built by John Blake Rice in 1847, was destroyed in a fire shortly before Crosbys arrival, when Rice rebuilt the theater in 1851, Crosby was disappointed that he showed little interest in exhibiting opera performances. James Hubert McVicker, a friend of Crosbys who was a neighbor in the Briggs House hotel. Crosby probably assisted McVicker with raising credit for the institution, by 1855, Rice had retired from the theater business, leaving his theater a house of novelty shows. McVickers Theater became the center of Chicago entertainment, but Crosby believed that the city was overdue for a grand opera house like the ones he knew back East. He selected a site on the side of Washington Street between State Street and Dearborn Avenue, then embarked with architect William W. Boyington on a tour of opera houses in Union cities. Boyington then designed Crosbys Opera House with assistant architect John W. Roberts, frescoes were painted by Otto Jevne and Peter M. Almini, who were partners in a Chicago decorating firm specializing in ornamental painting, while William Voegtlin was tasked with other scenic art. Wellbaum & Bauman handled carpentry and masonry with cut stone work by L. H. Boldenweck, the structure cost $600,000, which ruined Crosby financially. Crosbys Opera House was scheduled to open April 17,1865, the conductor Jules Grau would lead the inaugural series of Italian operas, performed by a company from New York Citys Academy of Music featuring Clara Louise Kellogg. However, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln forced a delay in the houses opening
5.
Ulysses S. Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
6.
Schuyler Colfax
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Schuyler Colfax Jr. was a journalist, businessman, and politician from Indiana. He served as a United States Representative, Speaker of the House of Representatives, to date, he is one of only two Americans to have served as both House speaker and vice president. Colfax was known for his opposition to slavery while serving in Congress, in January 1865, as Speaker of the House, Colfax made the unusual choice to cast a vote for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. After winning the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant and Colfax. Grant ran again, and Colfax reversed himself and attempted to win the presidential nomination. In January 1871, Colfax encouraged a unified Italy to adopt a republican government that protected religious freedom, Colfax left the vice presidency at the end of his term in 1873 and never again ran for office. Afterwards he worked as a executive and became a popular lecturer. Colfax died in Mankato, Minnesota on January 13,1885 while changing trains as he was en route to Rock Rapids, Iowa to give a speech. Schuyler Colfax was born on March 23,1823, in New York City to Schuyler Colfax Sr. a bank teller, and Hannah Delameter Stryker, william was commander at Sandy Hook during the War of 1812. Colfaxs father contracted tuberculosis and died on October 30,1822 and his sister Mary died in July 1823,4 months after he was born. His mother later remarried, becoming the wife of George W. Mathews, Colfaxs mother and grandmother ran a boarding house as their primary means of economic support. In 1836 Colfaxs family moved to New Carlisle, Indiana, in 1841 Mathews was elected St. Joseph County Auditor, and he appointed Colfax as his deputy, a post which Colfax held for all eight years Mathews served as auditor. Colfax became interested in journalism and covered the Indiana Senate for the Indiana State Journal, in 1845 Colfax purchased the newspaper and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register. In addition to covering the Indiana Senate, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune, leading to a friendship with its editor, at 19 Colfax became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press. He owned the Register for nine years, at first in support of the Whigs, on October 10,1844 Colfax married childhood friend Evelyn Clark. On November 18,1868, two weeks after he was elected president, Colfax married Ellen M. Wade, a niece of Senator Benjamin Wade. They had one son, Schuyler Colfax III, who served as mayor of South Bend, Colfax was a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention. He was also a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1849-50
7.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
8.
1864 National Union National Convention
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The party name was created in May 1864, during the American Civil War, ahead of the 1864 presidential election, in which President Abraham Lincoln, then a Republican, was running for reelection. Frémont, who had been the Republicans first presidential nominee during the 1856 election, the convention dropped then-Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, a Radical Republican from the ticket, and chose War Democrat Andrew Johnson as Lincolns running mate. The National Unionists hoped that the new party and the Lincoln-Johnson ticket would stress the national character of the war and it also praised the use of black troops and Lincolns management of the war. On the first ballot, Missouri delegates cast their 22 votes for General Ulysses S. Grant, the Missourians quickly changed their votes to make Lincoln’s renomination unanimous. Andrew Johnson, the former Senator from and current Military Governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincolns running-mate, in keeping with the tradition of the time, Lincoln did not attend the convention
9.
1872 Republican National Convention
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The 1872 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 5–6,1872. President Ulysses S. Grant was unanimously nominated for a term by the conventions 752 delegates. Further damage resulted when a movement within the Liberal Republican Party sought to enter his name for their presidential nomination. While neither amounted to more speculation, it likely cost him his chances for renomination. This was the first time in the history of the Republican party nominated a candidate unanimously and it wouldnt happen again for another 28 years. It suppressed a rebellion, emancipated four millions of slaves, decreed the equal citizenship of all. Exhibiting unparalleled magnanimity, it criminally punished no man for political offenses and it has steadily decreased with firm hand the resultant disorders of a great war, and initiated a wise and humane policy toward the Indians. A uniform national currency has been provided, repudiation frowned down, the national credit sustained under the most extraordinary burdens, the revenues have been carefully collected and honestly applied. Menacing foreign difficulties have been peacefully and honorably composed, and the honor and this glorious record of the past is the partys best pledge for the future. We believe the people not in trust the Government to any party or combination of men composed chiefly of those who have resisted every step of this beneficent progress. Neither the law nor its administration should admit any discrimination in respect of citizens by reason of race, creed, fourth, The national government should seek to maintain honorable peace with all nations, protecting its citizens everywhere, and sympathizing with all peoples who strive for greater liberty. Sixth, We are opposed to further grants of lands to corporations and monopolies. Eight, We hold in undying honor the soldiers and sailors whose valor saved the Union and their pensions are a sacred debt of the nation, and the widows and orphans of those who died for their country are entitled to the care of a generous and grateful people. Tenth, The franking privilege ought to be abolished, and the way prepared for a reduction in the rates of postage. Thirteenth, We denounce repudiation of the debt, in any form or disguise. Fourteenth, The Republican party is mindful of its obligations to the women of America for their noble devotion to the cause of freedom. Their admission to wider fields of usefulness is viewed with satisfaction, fifteenth, We heartily approve the action of congress in extending amnesty to those lately in rebellion, and rejoice in the growth of peace and fraternal feeling throughout the land. Sixteenth, The Republican party proposes to respect the rights reserved by the people to themselves, as carefully as the powers delegated by them to the state and to the federal government
10.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
11.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
12.
Cook County, Illinois
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Cook County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is the second-most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County, as of 2015, the population was 5,238,216. Its county seat is Chicago, the largest city in Illinois, more than 40% of all residents of Illinois live in Cook County. Cook Countys population is larger than that of 29 individual U. S. states, there are 135 incorporated municipalities partially or wholly within Cook County, the largest of which is Chicago, which is home to approximately 54% of the population of the county. That part of the county which lies outside of the Chicago city limits is divided into 29 townships, geographically, the county is the sixth-largest in Illinois by land area. It shares the states Lake Michigan shoreline with Lake County, including its lake area, the county has a total area of 1,635 square miles, the largest county in Illinois, of which 945 square miles is land and 690 square miles is water. Land-use in Cook County is mainly urban and densely populated, Cook County is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is surrounded by what are known as the five collar counties, Cook County was created on January 15,1831, out of Putnam County by an act of the Illinois General Assembly. It was the 54th county established in Illinois and was named after Daniel Cook and he served as the second U. S. Representative from Illinois and the states first Attorney General, in 1839, DuPage County was carved out of Cook County. Cook County is the home rule county in Illinois. The Cook County Code is the codification of Cook Countys local ordinances, Cook Countys current County Board president is Toni Preckwinkle. The Circuit Court of Cook County, which is a State agency funded, in part, by Cook County, the Cook County Department of Corrections, also known as the Cook County Jail, is the largest single-site jail in the nation. The Cook County Juvenile Detention Center, under the authority of the Chief Judge of the State court, is the first juvenile center in the nation, the Cook County Law Library is the second-largest county law library in the nation. In the 1980s, Cook County was ground zero to an extensive FBI investigation called Operation Greylord, ninety-two officials were indicted, including 17 judges,48 lawyers,8 policemen,10 deputy sheriffs,8 court officials, and a state legislator. The Bureau of Health Services administers the public health services and is the third-largest public health system in the nation. Three hospitals are part of system, John H. Stroger. Hospital of Cook County, Provident Hospital, and Oak Forest Hospital of Cook County, the Cook County Department of Transportation is responsible for the design and maintenance of roadways in the county
13.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
14.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
15.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
16.
Temperance movement
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The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The temperance movement began in the early 19th century, before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol, an early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence, the American Temperance Society was formed in 1826, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. He mainly concentrated his fire on the elimination of spirits rather than wine, on 14 August 1829 he wrote a letter in the Belfast Telegraph publicizing his views on temperance. He also formed the Ulster Temperance Movement with other Presbyterian clergy, the 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially New Zealand and Australia. In the 1830s a more form of temperance emerged called teetotalism. This movement originated in Preston, England, in 1833, the Catholic temperance movement started in 1838 when the Irish priest Theobald Mathew established the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838. In 1838, the working class movement for universal suffrage for men, Chartism. During the Victorian period, the movement became more radical, advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol. It was also perceived to be tied in both religious renewal and progressive politics, particularly female suffrage. In 1855, an organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work. Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching, the group also campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers. In this period there was success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States, New Zealand. The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time, numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were also published and temperance theatre, which had started in the 1820s, became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time. The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally, maintaining an emphasis on abstinence, many of the most important prohibitionist groups, such as the avowedly prohibitionist United Kingdom Alliance and the US-based Womans Christian Temperance Union, were started in this time. In 1898 the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association was formed by James Cullen, an Irish Catholic, the Anti-Saloon League was an organization that began in 1893 in Ohio. A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was to reduce the heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible
17.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
18.
Point Pleasant, Ohio
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Point Pleasant is a small unincorporated community in southern Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio, United States. It is on the Ohio River, around 25 miles southeast of Cincinnati, U. S. Route 52 passes through Point Pleasant, where it intersects State Route 232. Point Pleasant was platted in 1813, a post office called Point Pleasant that was established in 1826 remained in operation until 1983. By 1833, Point Pleasant had about 130 inhabitants, the Ohio River flood of 1937 inundated the community. Point Pleasant was the birthplace of U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant, the one-story cottage where he was born was taken by barge on a tour across the country, then by rail to Columbus, Ohio where it was displayed at the Ohio State Fairgrounds. It was returned to Point Pleasant in 1936, where it has restored with period furniture. List of cities and towns along the Ohio River
19.
Commanding General of the United States Army
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During the American Revolutionary War, the title was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. In 1783, the title was simplified to Senior Officer of the United States Army, in 1821, the title was changed to Commanding General of the United States Army. The office was referred to by various other titles, such as Major General Commanding the Army or General-in-Chief. From 1789 until its abolition in 1903, the position of Commanding General was legally subordinate to the Secretary of War, the position was abolished with the creation of the statutory Chief of Staff of the Army in 1903. List of United States military leaders by rank Notes Footnotes Historical Resources Branch, Eicher, John H. Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches, United States Army Center of Military History. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
20.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
21.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
22.
Salmon P. Chase
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Salmon Portland Chase was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States from 1864 to his death in 1873. Earlier in his career, Chase was the 23rd Governor of Ohio, senator from Ohio prior to service under Abraham Lincoln as the 25th Secretary of the Treasury. As Secretary of the Treasury, Chase strengthened the government, introducing its first paper currency as well as a national bank. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, Free Soil, Free Labor, Chief Justice Chase presided over the Senate trial of Andrew Johnson during the Presidents impeachment proceedings in 1868. Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on January 13,1808, to Janet Ralston and Ithamar Chase, senator Dudley Chase of Vermont was another uncle. He studied in the schools of Windsor, Vermont, and Worthington, Ohio. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa, while at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in Royalton, Vermont. Chase then moved to the District of Columbia, where he opened a school while studying law under U. S. Attorney General William Wirt. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, Chase moved to a country home near Loveland, Ohio, and practiced law in Cincinnati from 1830. He rose to prominence for his compilation of the states statutes. From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood, he defended runaway slaves and he worked initially with the American Sunday School Union. Chase was also a member of the literary Semi-Colon Club, its members included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the Garrisonian abolitionist movement. For his defense of escaped slaves seized in Ohio under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and his argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U. S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. Elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati City Council in 1840, for seven years he was the leader of the Liberty Party in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his approach and political thought. He was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843, building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848 Chase was leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free Soil Party
23.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
24.
Benjamin Wade
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Benjamin Franklin Bluff Wade was a United States Senator during Civil War reconstruction known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans. Had the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868 led to a conviction at the trial in the Senate, he would have assumed the presidential powers, Wade was born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts, on October 27,1800 to Mary and James Wade. Benjamin Wades first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal and he also taught school before studying law in Ohio with Elisha Whittlesey. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure, in 1831. He became the attorney of Ashtabula County by 1836, and as a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate. He established a new law practice with Rufus P. Ranney and was elected presiding judge of the district in 1847. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge of common pleas in what is now Summit County, after the decline of the Whigs power, Wade joined the Republican Party, and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and he fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He was one of the most radical politicians in America at that time, supporting womens suffrage, trade union rights and he was also critical of how certain aspects of capitalism were practiced in the 19th century. In March 1861, he became chairman of the Committee on Territories, there, he was almost captured by the Confederate Army. After arriving back at Washington, D. C. he was one of those who blamed the attack on the incompetence of the leadership of the Union Army. Wade was also critical of Lincolns Reconstruction Plan, in December 1863, he and Henry Winter Davis sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. The Wade–Davis Bill mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U. S. Senate. Tradition has it that Zachariah Chandler asked him if he plan on signing it or no. and Lincoln replied. On July 4,1864, he vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it. Lincoln later said that he didnt want to be held to one Reconstruction policy and this action drove Wade to sign, along with Davis, the Wade–Davis Manifesto, which accused the president of seeking reelection by the executive establishment of new state governments. On July 28,1866, the 39th Congress passed an act to adjust the peacetime establishment of the United States military, Wade proposed that two of the cavalry regiments should be composed of African American enlisted personnel. These units made up of black enlisted personnel and white officers were not the first of such units to serve on the Western Frontier, Wade, along with most other Radical Republicans, was highly critical of President Andrew Johnson
25.
John Creswell
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Creswell is considered to be one of the ablest, if not the best, Postmaster General in United States history. Creswell modernized the U. S. Postal system to adapt to a demand for increased postal routes throughout the Western states. Creswell also integrated the U. S. Postal system appointing both male and female African American postmasters throughout the United States, giving them signifigant positions of federal authority, Creswell developed a codified classification system of offenses against postal laws. Creswell streamlined and reduced postal costs making the United States Postal System run efficiently creating a fair pricing system domestically, Creswell developed and implemented the United States first penny postcard. After attending an academy, Creswell graduated from Dickinson College in 1848. A former Whig, Creswell joined the Democratic Party and supported James Buchanan for President, when the Civil War broke in 1861, Creswell remained loyal to the Union and supported Abraham Lincoln. Creswell joined the Radical Republicans and supported the end of slavery, in 1861, Creswell was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates and served until 1862, where he helped keep the state from joining the Confederacy. In 1862 Creswell was elected U. S. Representative, senator in 1864 and served from 1865 to 1867. In 1868 Creswell supported Ulysses S. Grant for President, in 1869, President Grant appointed the gifted and debonair Creswell as Postmaster General. His appointment by Grant was very popular in Maryland whose citizens considered themselves part of the South, having retired as Postmaster, Creswell was appointed by President Grant as an Alabama Claims Commissioner, and served from 1874 to 1876. Creswell returned to law practice and worked in the banking industry. S. Postal system, viewing him as a man of the future, John A. J. Creswell was born in Port Deposit, Maryland, then known as Creswells Ferry, on November 18,1828. His father was John G. Creswell, from Maryland of English ancestry and his mother was Rebecca E. Webb, from Pennsylvania, of German and English ancestry. One of Rebeccas forebears was Quaker missionary, Elizabeth Webb, Creswell attended a local academy before moving on to Dickinson College where he graduated with honors in 1848. He studied law for two years and was admitted to the bar in Baltimore in 1850, commencing practice in Elkton, during Creswells early career as a Maryland lawyer, he married Hannah J. Richardson of Maryland. During the early 1850s Creswell was a strongly partisan Whig, in 1850, Creswell was an unsuccessful candidate to the Maryland Reform State Convention. When the Whig party ceased to exist in the mid-1850s, Creswell became a Democrat and he attended the 1856 Democratic convention in Cincinnati, at the outbreak of the Civil War, Creswell became a devoted and strongly influential Radical Republican. In 1861 Creswell was elected for the first time to public office and he served until 1862 and worked to prevent Maryland from leaving the Union and joining the Confederate States
26.
Andrew Gregg Curtin
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Andrew Gregg Curtin was a U. S. lawyer and politician. He served as the Governor of Pennsylvania during the Civil War, Curtin was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. Sources vary as to his birth date, some list April 22,1815, others list April 22,1817. Cutins gravestone uses the 1815 date and his parents were Roland Curtin, Sr. a wealthy Irish-born iron manufacturer from County Clare, and Jane Curtin, the daughter of U. S. His father, with Miles Boggs, established the Eagle Ironworks at Curtin Village in 1810 and he attended Bellefonte Academy and Dickinson College and the Dickinson School of Law and was employed as a lawyer. Curtin first entered politics in the 1840 election, where he campaigned for Whig presidential candidate William Henry Harrison, in 1855, Governor James Pollock appointed him as Superintendent of Public Schools. With the collapse of the Whigs, Curtin switched to the newly formed Republican Party, Curtin won re-election to the office in 1863. In the 1860 presidential election, Curtin helped Abraham Lincoln win the Republican nomination, Curtin was a strong supporter of President Lincolns policies in the Civil War, and Curtin committed Pennsylvania to the war effort. Curtin organized the Pennsylvania Reserves into combat units, and oversaw the construction of the first Union military camp for training militia. It opened in a school nearby Harrisburg as Camp Curtin on April 18,1861. In the years followed, Curtin became a close friend and confidant of Abraham Lincoln. Curtin was very active during the Gettysburg Campaign, working with Major General Darius N, couch and Major Granville O. Haller to delay Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and prevent it from crossing the Susquehanna River. After the Battle of Gettysburg, Governor Curtin was the force behind the establishment of the National Cemetery there. Through his agent, David Wills, Curtin procured the attendance of President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the cemetery, Governor Curtin was sitting with Lincoln on the platform on November 19,1863, when Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address. In his first term, Governor Curtin suffered a breakdown from the stresses of war. Secretary of State Eli Slifer handled governmental affairs during the frequent periods when Curtin was incapacitated. President Lincoln offered the governor a diplomatic position abroad, but he chose to run for reelection in 1863, to coordinate Union war efforts, Curtin convened the Loyal War Governors Conference on September 24 and 25,1862, in Altoona. This event was one of his most significant contributions to the Union war effort and he formed the Pennsylvania State Agency in Washington, and another branch in Nashville, Tennessee, to provide support for wounded soldiers on the battlefield and returned home
27.
Reuben Fenton
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Reuben Eaton Fenton was an American merchant and politician from New York. The son of a farmer, Fenton was born near Frewsburg, in Chautauqua County and he was elected a colonel of the New York State Militia in 1840. He became a merchant, but also studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1841. Fenton entered politics as a Democrat and he was Town Supervisor of Carroll from 1843 to 1850. He was elected as a Democrat to the 33rd United States Congress and he was defeated for re-election that year. He left the Democratic Party to help organize the Republican Party, and was elected, as a Republican, to the 35th, 36th, 37th and 38th United States Congresses. He was Governor of New York from 1865 to 1868, elected in 1864 and 1866, in 1868, he was among the candidates to be Vice President but the nomination went eventually to Schuyler Colfax. In January 1869, he was elected a U. S, senator from New York and served from 1869 to 1875. In 1872 he was among the Republicans opposed to President Ulysses S. Grant who joined the short-lived Liberal Republican Party, in 1878, Fenton represented the United States at the international monetary conference in Paris. He was known as The Soldiers Friend for his efforts to help returning Civil War veterans and he worked to remove tuition charges for public education, helped to establish six schools for training teachers, and signed the charter for Cornell University. After his death, a building at The State University of New York at Fredonia, Fenton Hall, was named in his honor because he had attended the previous incarnation of the school and his former home in Jamestown is the site of the Fenton History Center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, Fenton Avenue in The Bronx, New York, is named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
28.
Hannibal Hamlin
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Hannibal Hamlin was an American attorney and politician from the state of Maine. In a public career that spanned over 50 years, he is most notable for having served as the 15th Vice President of the United States. The first Republican to hold the office, Hamlin served from 1861 to 1865, a native of Paris, Maine, Hamlin was a descendant of an English family that had originally settled in New England in the 1600s. After his early education was complete, Hamlin managed his fathers farm before becoming a newspaper editor and he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and began to practice in Hampden, Maine. Originally a Democrat, Hamlin began his career with election to the Maine House of Representatives in 1835. As an officer in the militia, he took part in the 1839 negotiations that helped end the Aroostook War, in the 1840s Hamlin was elected and served in the United States House of Representatives. In 1848 the state elected him to the United States Senate. He served temporarily as governor for six weeks in the beginning of 1857, Hamlin was an active opponent of slavery, he supported the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the Compromise Measures of 1850. In 1854, he strongly opposed passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Hamlins increasingly anti-slavery views caused him to leave the Democratic Party for the newly formed Republican Party in 1856. The Lincoln and Hamlin ticket was successful, and Hamlin served as Vice President from 1861 to 1865, for the 1864 election, Hamlin was replaced as Vice Presidential nominee by Andrew Johnson, a southern Democrat chosen for his appeal to pro-Union southerners. The Republicans considered their support to be necessary during the reconciliation, Hamlin resigned as Collector because of disagreement with Johnson over Reconstruction of the former Confederacy. In 1869, Hamlin was elected again to the U. S. Senate, after leaving the Senate in 1881, he served briefly as United States Ambassador to Spain before returning to Maine in late 1882. In retirement, Hamlin was a resident of Bangor, Maine and he was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Bangor. Hamlin was born to Cyrus Hamlin and his wife Anna, née Livermore and he was a descendant in the sixth generation of English colonist James Hamlin, who had settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1639. He was a grandnephew of U. S, senator Samuel Livermore II of New Hampshire. Hamlin attended the schools and Hebron Academy and later managed his fathers farm. From 1827 to 1830 he published the Oxford Jeffersonian newspaper in partnership with Horatio King and he studied law with the firm headed by Samuel Fessenden, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and began practicing in Hampden, Maine, where he lived until 1848. Hamlin married Sarah Jane Emery of Paris Hill in 1833 and her father was Stephen Emery, who was appointed as Maines Attorney General in 1839–1840
29.
James Harlan (senator)
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James Harlan was an attorney and politician, a member of the United States Senate, and a U. S. Cabinet Secretary at the United States Department of Interior under President Andrew Johnson, Harlan was the son of Silas and Mary Harlan. Born on August 26,1820 in Clark County, Illinois and raised in Indiana and he graduated from Indiana Asbury University in 1845. He moved to Iowa City, Iowa, where he served as Superintendent of Schools and he also studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He joined the Whig Party and became active in politics, in 1850 Harlan declined the Whig nomination for Governor of Iowa. From 1853 to 1855 Harlan was president of Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, in 1855 Harlan was elected by the Iowa legislature to the United States Senate as a Free Soil Party candidate. In 1857 the US Senate declared the seat vacant because of irregularities in that legislative election and he was re-elected by the legislature and seated as a Republican, serving until 1865. In 1861 Harlan was a Delegate to the Peace Conference that tried to arrange a compromise to prevent the American Civil War, in 1865 he resigned from the Senate when he was appointed as Secretary of the Interior under President Andrew Johnson, an appointment he held until 1866. As secretary he announced that he intended to house and fired a considerable number of incumbents who were seldom at their respective desks. Among this group was the poet Walt Whitman, then working as a clerk in the department, Harlan had found a copy of Leaves of Grass on Whitmans desk as the poet was making revisions and found it to be morally offensive. I will not have the author of book in this Department. If the President of the United States should order his reinstatement, twenty-nine years later, Harlan defended his firing of Whitman, saying that the clerk was dismissed solely on the grounds that his services were not needed. Harlan was a member of the Southern Treaty Commission that renegotiated treaties with Indian Tribes that had sided with the Confederacy, such as the Cherokee, if they left, the freedmen would become United States citizens. Harlan resigned from the post in 1866 when he no longer supported the policies of President Johnson and he was elected again by the Iowa legislature to the United States Senate in 1867, and served until the end of his term in January 1873. During his Senate service, Harlan was Chairman of the committees of Public Lands, District of Columbia, Education, Harlan was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1872, and was also an unsuccessful candidate for Governor in 1895. From 1882 to 1886, Harlan was appointed as Presiding Judge for the Court of Commissioners, James Harlan died in Mount Pleasant on October 5,1899. A commemorative sculpture was done of him, Iowa installed it in the United States Capitol along with one of pioneer Governor Samuel Kirkwood, the Harlan statue was located in the Hall of Columns until it was replaced in 2014 by a statue of Norman Borlaug. It is now on display at Iowa Wesleyan College, Harlan was a close friend of President Abraham Lincoln and his family
30.
William D. Kelley
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William Darrah Kelley was a Republican member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. As an abolitionist, he was one of the founders of the Republican Party in 1854, Kelley was a man of strict principles, advocating the recruitment of black troops in the civil war, and the extending of the vote to them afterwards. His belief in protective tariffs was so extreme that he refused to wear a single imported garment, William Darrah Kelley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Hannah and David Kelley, his father died when he was two. David Kelley had been a watch and clock-maker, and later in life, William Kelleys daughter Florence later told of an incident that had occurred immediately after David Kelleys death. After the auction the woman returned the items to the Kelley family and his mother opened a boarding house to support her children. As a boy Kelley began working as a boy in a Philadelphia bookstore. He later apprenticed as a jeweler, and served in the State Fencibles, a unit commanded by Colonel John Page. Kelley then worked as a jeweler in Boston, Massachusetts for several years. Upon returning to Philadelphia, Kelley began the study of law in Pages office, Kelley was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1841. Kelley came to attention after his 1854 speech against the slave trade, Slavery in the Territories, was published. After the repeal of the Missouri Compromise by the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, Kelley was elected as a Republican to Congress in 1860 and served from March 4,1861, until his death in Washington, D. C. Friendly with Abraham Lincoln, he had served on the committee went to Springfield to inform the Republican that he had been nominated by the Chicago convention in 1860. He became one of the most prominent figures in the Union League in Philadelphia, at the wars end, when the United States flag was raised over Fort Sumter again, Kelley was one of the delegation sent to attend the ceremony. Kelley served as Chairman of the House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures, Ways and Means Committee, as a member of Congress, Kelley was exempt from military service. Nevertheless, during the American Civil War he volunteered during a September,1862 emergency call up for service in the Independent Artillery Company and he served his term of enlistment as a Private. In his later career, Kelley was best known as an advocate of a protective tariff. His support for high duties on two Pennsylvania products, iron and steel, earned him the nickname, Pig-Iron Kelley, contrary to what his critics assumed, he never had any financial investments in ironworks or any branch of the iron trade, mines or mining stock. In 1872, Kelley was among the accused by the New York Sun of having taken bribes from Credit Mobilier
31.
Samuel C. Pomeroy
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Samuel Clarke Pomeroy was an American Republican Senator from Kansas in the mid-19th century, serving in the United States Senate during the American Civil War. Pomeroy served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Pomeroy succeeded Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the railroad on January 13,1864. In 1864, Pomeroy was the chair of a committee supporting Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase for the Republican nomination for President of the United States over the incumbent, Pomeroy also spoke in support of Chases candidacy in the Senate. During the 1880 presidential election Pomeroy was John W. Phelps running mate on the revived Anti-Masonic Party, York publicly disclosed the alleged bribe was an attempt to pin a bribery charge against the senator. Pomeroy ultimately lost the election to John J. Ingalls, state Senator York was also one of the brothers of Dr. William York, one of the murder victims of the Bloody Benders Family. Pomeroy took to the Senate floor on February 10,1873 to deny the allegations as a conspiracy, for the purpose of accomplishing my defeat, and urged the creation of a special committee to investigate the allegations. Senator Allen G. However, Thurman chose not to pursue the matter further, as March 3 coincided with Senator Pomeroys last day in office
32.
James Speed
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James Speed was an American lawyer, politician and professor. In 1864, he was appointed by Abraham Lincoln to be the United States Attorney General and he previously served in the Kentucky Legislature, and in local political office. Speed was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, to Judge John Speed and his second wife and he was the brother of Joshua Fry Speed, as well as a distant descendant of the English cartographer John Speed. He graduated from St. Josephs College in Bardstown, Kentucky, studied law at Transylvania University and was admitted to the bar at Louisville, in 1841 Lincoln met Speed in Kentucky when Lincoln visited Speeds brother, Joshua. James Speed lent Lincoln books from his law library, James Speed joined the Whig Party and became a strong opponent of slavery. In 1847 Speed was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives, at this early point in his career, Speed was already agitating for the emancipation of American slaves. Because of these views, his candidacy for becoming a delegate to the 1849 Kentucky Constitutional Convention was rejected, from 1851 to 1854, Speed served on the Louisville Board of Aldermen, including two years as its president. He taught as a professor in the Law Department of the University of Louisville from 1856 to 1858 and he was one of the founders of the law firm of Stites & Harbison. As the coming Civil War was increasing in likelihood, Speed worked to keep Kentucky in the Union and he also became a commander of the Louisville Home Guard. Elected to the Kentucky Senate in 1861 he became the leader of the pro-Union forces, in 1862 he controversially introduced a bill to confiscate the property of those supporting the Confederacy in Kentucky. In December 1864, United States President Abraham Lincoln appointed Speed Attorney General of the United States, after the assassination of Lincoln he became associated with the Radical Republicans and advocated the vote for male African Americans. Disillusioned with the conservative policies of President Andrew Johnson, Speed resigned from the Cabinet in July 1866. Speeds radical views were unpopular in Kentucky and his attempt to be elected to the Senate in 1867 ended in failure, in 1868, Speed was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States but lost it to Schuyler Colfax. Speed was a delegate to the National Union Convention in Philadelphia in 1866 and he was a candidate for U. S. Representative from Kentuckys 5th District in 1870, and was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Kentucky in 1872. He was elected a 3rd class companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in recognition of his service to the Union during the Civil War, Speed died in Louisville in 1887, and is interred at Cave Hill Cemetery in that city. Speed was portrayed by William von Hardenburg in the 1924 film The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln, the actor John Lescault portrayed Speed in the 1998 television film The Day Lincoln Was Shot. In the 2012 film Lincoln, James Speed was portrayed by Richard Topol, springer, Helen L. James Speed, The Attorney General, 1864-1866
33.
Henry Wilson
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Henry Wilson was the 18th Vice President of the United States and a Senator from Massachusetts. Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and he devoted his energies to the destruction of the Slave Power – the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country. Originally a Whig, Wilson was a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848 and he served as the party chairman before and during the 1852 presidential election. Wilson successfully authored bills that outlawed slavery in Washington D. C. after the Civil War, he supported the Radical Republican program for Reconstruction. In 1872, he was elected Vice President as the mate of Ulysses S. Grant, the incumbent President of the United States. The Grant and Wilson ticket was successful, and Wilson served as Vice President from March 4,1873 until his death on November 22,1875. Throughout his career, Wilson was known for championing causes that were at times unpopular, including the abolition of slavery, Henry Wilson was born in Farmington, New Hampshire on February 16,1812, one of several children born to Winthrop and Abigail Colbath. His father named him Jeremiah Jones Colbath after a neighbor who was a childless bachelor. Winthrop Colbath was a veteran of the War of 1812 who worked as a day laborer and hired himself out to local farms and businesses. The Colbath family was impoverished and, after an elementary education, at the age of 10 Wilson was indentured to a neighboring farmer. During this time two neighbors gave him books and Wilson enhanced his meager education by reading extensively on English and American history, at the end of his service he was given six sheep and a yoke of oxen. Wilson immediately sold his animals for $85, which was the first money he had earned during his indenture, Wilson apparently did not like his birth name, though the reasons given vary. Some sources indicate that he was not close to his family, or disliked his name because of his fathers supposed intemperance, others indicate that he was called Jed and Jerry, and disliked the nicknames so much that he resolved to change his name. Whatever the reason, when he turned 21 he successfully petitioned the New Hampshire General Court to legally change it and he chose the name Henry Wilson, inspired either by a biography of a Philadelphia teacher or a portrait from a book on English clergymen. After trying and failing to work in New Hampshire, in 1833 Wilson walked more than one hundred miles to Natick. Having met William P. Legro, a shoemaker who was willing to train him, Wilson learned the trade in a few weeks, bought out his employment contract for $15, and opened his own shop, intending to save enough money to study law. Wilson had success as a shoemaker, and was able to save several hundred dollars in a short time. Wilsons shoe making experience led to the creation of the nicknames his supporters later used to highlight his working class roots—the Natick Cobbler
34.
John A.J. Creswell
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Creswell is considered to be one of the ablest, if not the best, Postmaster General in United States history. Creswell modernized the U. S. Postal system to adapt to a demand for increased postal routes throughout the Western states. Creswell also integrated the U. S. Postal system appointing both male and female African American postmasters throughout the United States, giving them signifigant positions of federal authority, Creswell developed a codified classification system of offenses against postal laws. Creswell streamlined and reduced postal costs making the United States Postal System run efficiently creating a fair pricing system domestically, Creswell developed and implemented the United States first penny postcard. After attending an academy, Creswell graduated from Dickinson College in 1848. A former Whig, Creswell joined the Democratic Party and supported James Buchanan for President, when the Civil War broke in 1861, Creswell remained loyal to the Union and supported Abraham Lincoln. Creswell joined the Radical Republicans and supported the end of slavery, in 1861, Creswell was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates and served until 1862, where he helped keep the state from joining the Confederacy. In 1862 Creswell was elected U. S. Representative, senator in 1864 and served from 1865 to 1867. In 1868 Creswell supported Ulysses S. Grant for President, in 1869, President Grant appointed the gifted and debonair Creswell as Postmaster General. His appointment by Grant was very popular in Maryland whose citizens considered themselves part of the South, having retired as Postmaster, Creswell was appointed by President Grant as an Alabama Claims Commissioner, and served from 1874 to 1876. Creswell returned to law practice and worked in the banking industry. S. Postal system, viewing him as a man of the future, John A. J. Creswell was born in Port Deposit, Maryland, then known as Creswells Ferry, on November 18,1828. His father was John G. Creswell, from Maryland of English ancestry and his mother was Rebecca E. Webb, from Pennsylvania, of German and English ancestry. One of Rebeccas forebears was Quaker missionary, Elizabeth Webb, Creswell attended a local academy before moving on to Dickinson College where he graduated with honors in 1848. He studied law for two years and was admitted to the bar in Baltimore in 1850, commencing practice in Elkton, during Creswells early career as a Maryland lawyer, he married Hannah J. Richardson of Maryland. During the early 1850s Creswell was a strongly partisan Whig, in 1850, Creswell was an unsuccessful candidate to the Maryland Reform State Convention. When the Whig party ceased to exist in the mid-1850s, Creswell became a Democrat and he attended the 1856 Democratic convention in Cincinnati, at the outbreak of the Civil War, Creswell became a devoted and strongly influential Radical Republican. In 1861 Creswell was elected for the first time to public office and he served until 1862 and worked to prevent Maryland from leaving the Union and joining the Confederate States
35.
1868 Democratic National Convention
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The 1868 Democratic National Convention was held at Tammany Hall in New York City. The slogan for the 1868 Democratic National Convention was, This is a mans country. The convention was notable for the return of Democratic Party politicians from the southern states, the Democratic National Convention was held in New York City between July 4, and July 9,1868. Meanwhile, the convention chairman Horatio Seymour, former governor of New York and this unexpected move caused loud and enthusiastic cheering, but Seymour refused, saying, I must not be nominated by this Convention, as I could not accept the nomination if tendered. My own inclination prompted me to decline at the outset, my honor compels me to do so now and it is impossible, consistently with my position, to allow my name to be mentioned in this Convention against my protest. The clerk will proceed with the call, after numerous indecisive ballots, the names of John T. Hoffman, Francis P. Blair, and Stephen Johnson Field were placed in nomination. None of these candidates, however, gained any support, for twenty-one ballots, the opposing candidates battled it out, the East battling the West for control, the conservatives battling the radicals. The two leading candidates were determined that the other should not receive the nomination, because of the rule of the convention. Seymour still hoped it would be Chief Justice Salmon P. Seymour had to wait for the rousing cheers to die down before he could address the delegates, I have no terms in which to tell of my regret that my name has been brought before this convention. God knows that my life and all that I value most in life I would give for the good of my country, cried someone from the floor. but when I said that I could not be a candidate, I mean it. I could not receive the nomination without placing not only myself, god bless you for your kindness to me, but your candidate I cannot be. Seymour left to platform to cool off and rest, no sooner had he left the hall than the Ohio chairman cried that his delegation would not accept Seymours declination, Utahs chairman rose to say that Seymour was the man they had to have. While Seymour was waiting in the vestibule, the convention nominated him unanimously, in 1868, the States of Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana were readmitted to the Union. Nebraska had been admitted to the Union on March 1,1867, texas, Mississippi and Virginia had not yet been readmitted to the Union. Exhausted, the delegates unanimously nominated General Francis Preston Blair, Jr. for vice-president on the first ballot after John A. McClernand, dodge, and Thomas Ewing, Jr. withdrew their names from consideration. Blairs nomination reflected a desire to balance the ticket east and west as well as north and south, Blair had worked hard to acquire the Democratic nomination and accepted second place on the ticket, finding himself in controversy. Blair had gained attention by a letter addressed to Colonel James O. Broadhead. In his letter, Blair wrote that the real and only issue in this contest was the overthrow of Reconstruction, as the radical Republicans had forced it in the South
36.
History of the United States Republican Party
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The Republican Party, also commonly called the GOP, is one of the worlds oldest extant political parties. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival, the Democratic Party. The Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States, with its election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, and its success in guiding the Union to victory and abolishing slavery, the party came to dominate the national political scene until 1932. The Republican Party was based on northern white Protestants, businessmen, small business owners, professionals, factory workers, farmers and it was pro-business, supporting banks, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry faster. Under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, it emphasized a foreign policy. The GOP lost its majorities during the Great Depression, instead, the Democrats under Franklin D. Roosevelt formed a winning New Deal coalition, which was dominant from 1932 through 1964. That coalition collapsed in the mid-1960s, partly because of white Southern Democrats disaffection with passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Republicans won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988, with Ronald Reagan as the partys iconic conservative hero. The GOP expanded its base throughout the South after 1968, largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics. The Republican Partys transforming leader by 1980 was Reagan, whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation, lower taxes, and his influence upon the party persists, as nearly every GOP speaker still reveres him. This includes current US President Donald Trump, who utilized his own version of Reagans Make America Great Again slogan during the 2016 US Election. Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue, The Republican party, nationally, moved from right-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s. The Republican party began as a coalition of anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and Free Soil Democrats opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act and this change was viewed by Free Soil and Abolitionist Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. The Act was supported by all Southerners, by Northern Doughface Democrats, in the North, the old Whig Party was almost defunct. The opponents were motivated and began forming a new party. The new party went well beyond the issue of slavery in the territories and it envisioned modernizing the United States—emphasizing giving free western land to farmers as opposed to letting slave owners buy up the best lands, expanded banking, more railroads, and factories. They vigorously argued that free labor was superior to slavery. The Republicans absorbed the traditions of its members, most of whom had been Whigs. Many Democrats who joined were rewarded with governorships, or seats in the U. S. Senate, or House of Representatives
37.
United States presidential nominating convention
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Other delegates to these conventions include political party members who are seated automatically, and are called unpledged delegates because they can choose for themselves for whom they vote for. Generally, usage of “presidential campaign nominating convention” refers to the two major parties’ quadrennial events, the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention. Some minor parties also select their nominees by convention, including the Green Party, the Socialist Party USA, the Libertarian Party, the Constitution Party, the convention cycle begins with the Call to Convention. Usually issued about 18 months in advance, the Call is an invitation from the party to the state. It also sets out the number of delegates to be awarded to each, the conventions are usually scheduled for four days of business, with the exception of the 1972 Republican and 2012 Democratic conventions, which were three days each. There is no rule dictating the order of the conventions, between 1864 and 1952, the Democrats went second every year. In 1956, when Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was the incumbent, the Democrats went first, since 1952, all major party conventions have been held in the months of July, August or, early September. In 1996, both were held in August to accommodate the Atlanta Olympics in July, the last Summer Olympics to date to be played in the U. S, in 2000, both conventions preceded the Sydney Olympics in late September. In 2008 and 2012, the Democratic and Republican conventions were moved to back-to-back weeks following the conclusion of the Olympics, finally, the parties also did not want to schedule their conventions around the Olympics. But moving the conventions later into early September led to conflicts with the National Football Leagues season kickoff game, however, the NFL accommodated the conventions and moved its games to an earlier start time in 2008, and an earlier date in 2012. In 2016, both the Republican and Democratic conventions moved to July, before the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in August. The Democrats then followed suit so they could provide a response to the Republicans. Each party sets its own rules for the participation and format of the convention, broadly speaking, each U. S. state and territory party is apportioned a select number of voting representatives, individually known as delegates and collectively as the delegation. The selection of delegates and their alternates, too, is governed by the bylaws of each state party. The 2004 Democratic National Convention counted 4,353 delegates and 611 alternates, the 2004 Republican National Convention had 2,509 delegates and 2,344 alternates. But these individuals are dwarfed by other attendees who do not participate in the business of the convention. The convention is held in a major city selected by the national party organization 18–24 months before the election is to be held. In the present day, political symbolism affects the selection of the host city as much as economic or logistical ones do, a particular city might be selected to enhance the standing of a favorite son, or in an effort to curry favor with residents of that state
38.
Republican National Convention
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The Republican National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions of the United States Republican Party since 1856. Like the Democratic National Convention, it signifies the end of a primary season. In recent years, the nominee has been known well before the convention, some 2,472 delegates have attended the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, July 18–21 to select the presidential nominee. The winner must carry 1, 237—half of the total, plus one, if no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates after the first ballot, a brokered convention results. It has never happened since the 1976 Republican National Convention, historically, the convention was the final determinant of the nomination, and often contentious as various factions of party insiders maneuvered to advance their candidates. Since the almost universal adoption of the election for selecting delegates in the last quarter of the 20th century, however. On the second ballot,55 percent of the delegates are free to vote for whomever they want, by the third ballot,85 percent of the delegates are free. The size of delegations to the Republican National Convention, for state, territory. Virgin Islands, are nominated as delegates to the national convention. In addition, each of the fifty states are allowed ten additional at-large delegates, Congressional delegation delegates Each state is allowed three district delegates for each member of the United States House of Representatives. Presidential support delegates A state can earn additional delegates if the state voted in the plurality for the GOP candidate, should Puerto Rico become a state between national conventions, it would earn additional delegates under this provision regardless of whether its voters supported the GOP or Democratic candidate. Republican state success delegates Each state can earn additional delegates based on how well the state party does in electing candidates to state, the composition of the individual state and territory delegations is determined by the bylaws of their respective state and territory parties. In the past, competing factions of a state party sometimes drew up lists of delegates. One of the first agenda items at a convention is therefore credentialing, Texas is the second-most populous state, and it is also a Republican stronghold. Its delegation would consist of 155 members, as follows, Under the at-large rule, under the Congressional delegation rule, Texas has 36 members in the House of Representatives, thus, Texas is allowed 108 delegates. Both houses of the Texas Legislature are controlled by the Republican Party, both United States Senators from Texas are Republicans, thus, Texas earns two additional delegates under this provision. The Texas delegation would thus consist of 10 +3 +108 +28 +1 +1 +2 +2 =155 members, California is the most-populous state, however, it is a Democratic Party stronghold. Its delegation would consist of 172 members, as follows, Under the at-large rule, under the Congressional delegation rule, California has 53 members in the House of Representatives, thus, California is allowed 159 delegates
39.
United States presidential election, 1864
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The United States presidential election of 1864 was the 20th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,1864. In this match, incumbent president Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for re-election against Democratic candidate George B, McClellan, who tried to portray himself to the voters as the peace candidate who wanted to bring the American Civil War to a speedy end. Lincoln was re-elected president by a landslide in the Electoral College, since the election of 1860, the Electoral College had expanded with the admission of Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada as free-soil states. As the Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the southern states that had joined the Confederate States of America. The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln took place on March 4,1865, Lincolns second term is the second shortest term served by any U. S. president, next to the 31-day presidency of William Henry Harrison. The Presidential election of 1864 took place during the American Civil War, according to the Miller Center for the study of the presidency, the election was noteworthy for occurring at all, an unprecedented democratic exercise in the midst of a civil war. A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party, Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln, in the Border States, War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket. The National Union Party was a name used to attract War Democrats. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats, the 1864 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the partys popular vote. Senators Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson from Massachusetts wanted the Republican Party to advocate constitutional amendments to prohibit slavery, initially, not all northern Republicans supported such measures. Democratic leaders hoped that the radical Republicans would put forth their own ticket in the election, Frémont supporters in New York City established a newspaper called the New Nation, which declared in one of its initial issues that the National Union Convention would be a nonentity. Before the election, some War Democrats joined the Republicans to form the National Union Party, the party platform included these goals. It also praised the use of troops and Lincolns management of the war. Andrew Johnson, the senator from and current military governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincolns vice presidential running-mate. Moderate Peace Democrats who supported the war against the Confederacy, such as Horatio Seymour, were preaching the wisdom of a negotiated peace, after the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, moderate Peace Democrats proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action, because an armistice could finish the war without devastating the South. Radical Peace Democrats known as Copperheads, such as Thomas H. Seymour, declared the war to be a failure, George B. McClellan vied for the presidential nomination
40.
United States presidential election, 1872
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The United States presidential election of 1872 was the 22nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5,1872. The incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant was easily elected to a term in office. Grants decisive re-election was achieved in the face of a split within the Republican Party that resulted in a party of Liberal Republicans nominating Horace Greeley to oppose Grant. This action caused the Democratic Party to cancel its convention, support Greeley as well, on November 29,1872, after the popular vote was counted, but before the Electoral College cast its votes, Greeley died. As a result, electors previously committed to Greeley voted for four different candidates for president, Greeley himself received three posthumous electoral votes, but these votes were disallowed by Congress. The election of 1872 is the only United States presidential election in which a party nominee died during the electoral process. It was the last instance until the 2016 presidential election in more than one presidential elector voted for a candidate to which they were not pledged. Others, who had grown weary of the corruption of the Grant administration, in the hope of defeating Grant, the Democratic party endorsed the nominees of the Liberal Republican Party. An influential group of dissident Republicans split from the party to form the Liberal Republican Party in 1870, at the partys only national convention, held in Cincinnati in 1872, New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley was nominated for president on the sixth ballot, defeating Charles Francis Adams. Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown was nominated for vice-president on the second ballot, the 1872 Democratic National Convention met in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 9–10. Because of its desire to defeat Ulysses S. Grant. Greeley received 686 of the 732 delegate votes cast, while Brown received 713, accepting the Liberal platform meant the Democrats had accepted the New Departure strategy, which rejected the anti-Reconstruction platform of 1868. They realized that to win the election they had to look forward, also, they realized they would only split the anti-Grant vote if they nominated a candidate other than Greeley. Bayard that sought to act independently of the Liberal Republican ticket, the convention, which lasted only six hours stretched over two days, is the shortest major political party convention in history. Presidential Candidates, The Labor Reform Party had only been organized in 1870, with its first National Convention meeting held in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 22,1872. Every motion to that effect lost, and a number of ballots were taken that resulted in the nomination of David Davis, joel Parker, the Governor of New Jersey, was nominated for vice-president. After their convention, in which he failed to attain the nomination, Davis telegraphed the Labor Reform party, unfortunately for the aims of the party, that movements nominee, Charles OConor, also declined to run. Recognizing that it was now too late to nominate a ticket of their own, the various state affiliates grew less and less active, and by the following year, the party ceased to exist
41.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Horatio Seymour
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Horatio Seymour was an American politician. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854, a leading Democrat, in the 1850s he supported the popular sovereignty ideas of Senator Stephen Douglas. During the war he opposed any efforts to abolish slavery. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the election of 1868. Horatio Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, Onondaga County, New York and his father was Henry Seymour, a merchant and politician, his mother, Mary Ledyard Forman, of Matawan, New Jersey, was the daughter of General Benjamin Forman and Mary Ledyard. At the age of 10 he moved with the rest of his family to Utica, in the autumn of 1824 he was sent to the American Literary, Scientific & Military Academy. Upon his return to Utica after graduating in 1828, Seymour read for the law in the offices of Greene Bronson, though admitted to the bar in 1832, he did not enjoy work as an attorney and was primarily preoccupied with politics and managing his familys business interests. He married Mary Bleecker in 1835, Seymours first role in politics came in 1833, when he was named military secretary to the states newly elected Democratic governor, William L. Marcy with the rank of colonel. The six years in that position gave Seymour an invaluable education in the politics of the state, and established a firm friendship between the two men. In 1839 he returned to Utica to take over the management of his familys estate in the aftermath of his fathers suicide two years earlier, investing in real estate and in financial stocks. In 1841 he won election to the New York State Assembly and he won reelection in 1842, and again from 1844 to 1846, and thanks in part to massive turnover in the ranks of the Democratic caucus was elected speaker in 1845. In 1850, Seymour was the candidate of the reunited Democratic Party. Seymour and the Softs supported the candidacy of their leader, Marcy, for the presidency in 1852, Seymours first term as governor of New York proved turbulent. He won approval of a measure to finance the enlargement of the Erie Canal via a $10.5 million loan in an election in February 1854. But much of his tenure was plagued by factional chaos within the state Democratic Party, the Pierce administrations use of the patronage power alienated the Hards, who determined to run their own gubernatorial candidate against Seymour in 1854. Furthermore, the support of the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act, with which Seymour was associated indirectly through his friendship with Marcy. In the end, however, the tide was too strong, and in the four-way race Clark. Despite his defeat, as a governor of the largest state of the Union
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Francis Preston Blair Jr.
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Francis Preston Blair Jr. was an American jurist, politician and soldier. Blair was instrumental in appointing Nathaniel Lyon as the new commander of the Western Department of the U. S. Army. He assisted Lyon in securing help of the St. Louis Home Guard in moving over 20,000 rifles, Missouri secessionists considered this event as breaking of informal truce established in the state. This set the scene for the Camp Jackson Affair and continuing guerrilla activity by outraged pro-slavery elements, in 1868, he was Horatio Seymours vice-presidential candidate, but his dramatic speeches about the dangers of black emancipation were believed by some to have cost the Democrats the election. He suffered a stroke in 1872, but continued to be active in state politics till his death. Blair was born in Lexington, Kentucky and he was the third and youngest son of newspaper editor and politician Francis Preston Blair, and Eliza Violet Blair. He was the brother of Montgomery Blair, a Mayor of St. Louis and Postmaster General under Lincoln, and the cousin of B. After his admission to the Kentucky bar in Lexington, he went on to practice in St. Louis in 1842 with his brother, in 1842-1845. In fall 1845, Blair traveled to the West for buffalo hunt and stayed for a winter in eastern Colorado with his cousin George Bent in Bent’s Fort, being more interested in politics than law, Blair came back to St. Louis in the summer of 1847. A personal and political friend of Thomas Hart Benton, he known for his views opposing slavery. Blair served in the Missouri House of Representatives from 1852 to 1856 and he was an outspoken Free-Soiler and was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1856. On January 14,1858, he delivered a speech describing slavery as a national problem and proposing to solve it by gradual emancipation and settling freed slaves in South. A year later, he gained prominence with his speech in Boston. Blair was defeated in 1858, but won the election in 1860 to the 37th Congress. The election results were contested by his opponents, Blair was seated in Congress on June 8,1860 and he was subsequently elected in 1862 to the 38th Congress, but had to relinquish his seat on June 10,1864, after Samuel Knox successfully contested his election. In Congress, he served as chairman of the important Military Affairs Committee, the Blairs were unwavering supporters of Abraham Lincoln during his rise to the presidency and years in office, and in return enjoyed his political patronage. In December 1863, Lincoln said that, The Blairs have to a degree the spirit of clan. Their family is a close corporation, Frank is their hope and pride
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George H. Pendleton
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George Hunt Pendleton was a Representative and a Senator from Ohio. McClellan, they lost to Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson and he is best known as the principal author of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. Pendleton was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and he was the son of Nathanael Greene Pendleton and attended the local schools and Cincinnati College and the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Pendleton studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1847, in 1854 he ran unsuccessfully for the Thirty-fourth United States Congress. Three years later he was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress and he was a leader of the peace faction of the Democratic party, with close ties to the Copperheads. He voted against the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Pendleton ran as an anti-war Democrat in the 1864 U. S. presidential elections for Vice President, together with George McClellan. Their opponents were Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, at age 39, Pendleton was one of the youngest candidates for national office in U. S. history. McClellan and Pendleton lost, receiving about 45% of the vote, in the same election, Pendleton also lost re-election to the Thirty-ninth Congress. Out of office for the first time in a decade, Pendleton ran for his old seat in 1866. In 1868 he sought the Democratic Partys presidential nomination and he led for the first 15 ballots and was nearly the nominee, but his support disappeared and he lost to Horatio Seymour, primarily due to his support of the Ohio idea. The following year, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Ohio and again lost, Pendleton stepped away from politics and in 1869 he became president of the Kentucky Central Railroad. In 1879, he made his comeback when he was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate, during his one term, from 1881 to 1885, he served concurrently as the Chairman of the Democratic Conference. Following the 1881 assassination of James A. Garfield, he passed his most notable legislation, known as the Pendleton Act of 1883, requiring civil service exams for government positions. The Act helped put an end to the system of patronage that was in use at the time. He was thus not renominated to the Senate, instead, President Grover Cleveland appointed him Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Germany the year he left office, and he served in that role until April 1889. Five months later, during his trip to the United States, he died in Brussels. He is interred in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio, Pendleton had a very Jacksonian commitment to the Democratic party as the best, perhaps the only, mechanism through which ordinary Americans could shape government policies. Mach argues that Pendletons chief contribution was to demonstrate a Whiggish willingness to use the power of government to achieve Jacksonian ideals, what appeared to be a substantive ideological shift, Mach argues, represented Pendletons pragmatic willingness to use new means to achieve old ends
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Thomas A. Hendricks
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Thomas Andrews Hendricks was an American politician and lawyer from Indiana who served as the 16th Governor of Indiana and the 21st Vice President of the United States. Hendricks represented Indiana in the U. S. House of Representatives and he also represented Shelby County, Indiana, in the Indiana General Assembly and as a delegate to the 1851 Indiana constitutional convention. In addition, Hendricks served as commissioner of the General Land Office, Hendricks, a popular member of the Democratic Party, was a fiscal conservative known for his honesty and adherence to the U. S. Constitution. He also opposed Radical Reconstruction and President Andrew Johnsons removal from office following Johnsons impeachment in the U. S. House, born in Muskingum County, Ohio, Hendricks moved to Indiana, with his parents in 1820, the family settled in Shelby County in 1822. After graduating from Hanover College, class of 1841, Hendricks studied law in Shelbyville, Indiana and he was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1843. Hendricks began his law practice in Shelbyville, moved to Indianapolis in 1860, the firm evolved into Baker & Daniels, one of the states leading law firms. Hendricks also ran for election as Indianas governor three times, but won only once, in 1872, on his third and final attempt, Hendricks defeated General Thomas M. Brown by a margin of 1,148 votes. His term as governor of Indiana was marked by challenges, including a strong Republican majority in the Indiana General Assembly, the economic Panic of 1873. One of Hendrickss lasting legacies during his tenure as governor was initiating discussions to fund construction of the present-day Indiana Statehouse, a memorial to Hendricks was installed on the southeast corner of its grounds in 1890. Hendricks, a lifelong Democrat, was his partys candidate for U. S. vice president with New York governor Samuel Tilden as its nominee in the controversial presidential election of 1876. Although they won the vote, Tilden and Hendricks lost the election by one vote in the Electoral College to the Republican Partys presidential nominee. Hayes, and his presidential running mate, William A. Wheeler. Despite his poor health, Hendricks accepted his partys nomination for president in the election of 1884 as Grover Clevelands running mate. Cleveland and Hendricks won the election, but Hendricks only served as president about eight months, from March 4,1885, until his death on November 25,1885. He is buried in Indianapoliss Crown Hill Cemetery, Hendricks was born on September 7,1819, in Muskingum County, Ohio, near East Fultonham and Zanesville. He was the second of eight born to John and Jane Hendricks. Thomass family first settled on a farm near his uncles home in Madison, Indianas Democratic Party leaders frequently visited the Hendricks home in Shelbyville, and from an early age Hendricks was influenced to enter politics. He graduated from Hanover College in Hanover, Indiana, in 1841, in the class as Albert G. Porter
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Winfield Scott Hancock
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Winfield Scott Hancock was a career U. S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880. He served with distinction in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican-American War, known to his Army colleagues as Hancock the Superb, he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. One military historian wrote, No other Union general at Gettysburg dominated men by the force of their presence more completely than Hancock. As another wrote, his tactical skill had won him the admiration of adversaries who had come to know him as the Thunderbolt of the Army of the Potomac. His military service continued after the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South, Hancocks reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg, combined with his status as a Unionist and supporter of states rights, made him a potential presidential candidate. His noted integrity was a counterpoint to the corruption of the era, when the Democrats nominated him for President in 1880, he ran a strong campaign, but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A. Garfield. The twins were the sons of Benjamin Franklin Hancock and Elizabeth Hoxworth Hancock, Winfield was named after Winfield Scott, a prominent general in the War of 1812. The Hancock and Hoxworth families had lived in Montgomery County for several generations, Benjamin Hancock was a schoolteacher when his sons were born. A few years after their birth, he moved the family to Norristown, the county seat, Benjamin was also a deacon in the Baptist church and participated in municipal government. Hancock was at first educated at Norristown Academy, but removed to the schools when the first one opened in Norristown in the late 1830s. In 1840, Joseph Fornance, the local Congressman, nominated Hancock to the United States Military Academy at West Point, Hancocks progress at West Point was average. He graduated 18th in his class of 25 in 1844, Hancock was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 6th U. S. Infantry regiment, and initially was stationed in Indian Territory in the Red River Valley, the region was quiet at the time, and Hancocks time there was uneventful. Upon the outbreak of war with Mexico in 1846, Hancock worked to secure himself a place at the front, initially assigned to recruiting duties in Kentucky, he proved so adept at signing up soldiers that his superiors were reluctant to release him from his post. By July 1847, however, Hancock was permitted to join his regiment in Puebla, Mexico, scotts army moved farther inland from Puebla unopposed and attacked Mexico City from the south. During that campaign in 1847, Hancock first encountered battle at Contreras and he was appointed a brevet first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious service in those actions. Hancock was wounded in the knee at Churubusco and developed a fever, although he was well enough to join his regiment at Molino del Rey, fever kept Hancock from participating in the final breakthrough to Mexico City, something he would regret for the rest of his life. After the final victory, Hancock remained in Mexico with the 6th Infantry until the treaty of peace was signed in 1848, Hancock served in a number of assignments as an army quartermaster and adjutant, mostly in Fort Snelling, Minnesota and St. Louis, Missouri
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Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
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Sanford E. Church
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Sanford Elias Church was an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He served as Lieutenant Governor of the state of New York, from 1835 on he resided in Albion, New York, with the exception of a brief residence in Rochester, New York. Church studied law with Benjamin L. Bessac, and was admitted to the bar in 1842, then he associated himself with Noah Davis. This firm continued for a period of thirteen years, on its dissolution the firm of Church & Sawyer was established at Albion. Church was a member from Orleans County of the New York State Assembly in 1842, in 1850 Church was nominated by the Democrats for lieutenant governor with Horatio Seymour for governor. Seymour was defeated by Washington Hunt, the Whig candidate, by two hundred majority, but Church ran ahead of his ticket and was elected. In 1852, he was re-elected to the office. In 1857 Church was elected New York State Comptroller, but was defeated in 1859 and 1863 when a candidate for re-election, in 1867 he was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, and was chairman of its finance committee. During the Civil War, Church vilified the Lincoln administration for seeking to absorb, centralize and consolidate the rights, a delegate to the 1844,1860,1864 and 1868 Democratic National Conventions, Church, in 1860, advocated the nomination of Stephen A. Douglas. Tilden, the chairman of the delegation, who cast the vote of the State for him for the first seven ballots, New York then switched to Thomas A. Hendricks from the eighth to the ballots until a break was made by other states to Horatio Seymour, the chairman of the convention. In the spring of 1870, Church was nominated by the Democratic convention for chief judge of the Court of Appeals, the opposing candidate in the convention was George F. Comstock, and the opposing candidate in the election was Henry R. Selden. Church was elected by nearly ninety thousand majority and he was 65 years,25 days of age and is interred at the Mt. Albion Cemetery in Albion, New York. Churchs parents, Ozias and Permelia Church, were of English and he married Ann Wild in 1840 in Barre Center, New York. They had a daughter, Nellie Church, and a son, NY Court History Google Book The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough Sanford E
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Asa Packer
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Asa Packer was an American businessman who pioneered railroad construction, was active in Pennsylvania politics, and founded Lehigh University. A conservative and religious man, he reflected the image of the typical Connecticut Yankee and his knowledge of construction and engineering was put to good use on behalf of his university. Packer also served two terms in the United States House of Representatives, Packer was born in Mystic, Connecticut in 1805. He also worked seasonally as a carpenter in New York City and later in Springville and it was in Springville where he met his wife, Sarah Minerva Blakslee. Dr. Yates writes of his life, Asa and Sarah settled on a farm. In 1833, Packer settled at Mauch Chunk, in Carbon County, Packer then established the firm of A. & R. W. Packer, which built canal-boats and locks for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, probably the first through shippers to New York. He urged the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company to adopt a steam railway as a coal carrier, construction commenced on the Mauch Chunk-Easton line just as Packers five year charter was to expire. Among his clerks and associates during this period was future businessman, Packer also took an active part in politics. In 1842–1843, he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, in 1843–1844, he was county judge of Carbon County under Governor David R. Porter. He served two terms as a Democratic member of the U. S. House of Representatives beginning in 1853, Packer made an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic Partys Presidential nomination in 1868. He got the nod for the 1869 Pennsylvania Governors race. Asa Packer was rather laconic and reticent, when word spread that Packer was to found a university, or aid one, Lehigh University was chartered, and instruction began, in 1866. The first main building, Packer Hall was completed in 1869, both were relatively large prominent structures, and all of stone. As a general rule, this stands even until today, after the initial gift of one half million dollars, Packer was still able to consistently give to the young University. He was quite active in management, though his ideas were not always determinative, Packer was married to Sarah Minerva Blakslee, daughter to Zophar and Clarinda Whitmer Blakslee. The Packers had seven children, Lucy Packer Linderman, Catherine Packer, Mary Packer Cummings, Malvina Fitzrandolph Packer, Robert Asa Packer, Gertrude Packer, and Harry Eldred Packer. Packers residence, the Asa Packer Mansion became a museum, opened for tours in 1956, Packer was a member of St. Marks Episcopal Church and contributed large amounts of money to this beautiful Gothic Revival Church that is located in downtown Jim Thorpe, marks was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987
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