1.
1867 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1867 in Ireland. 11 February – Abortive Fenian attempt to seize Chester Castle,5 March – Fenian Rising in County Dublin, County Cork, County Limerick, County Tipperary and County Clare. 12 July – Despite the Party Processions Acts, the Orange Order parades from Bangor to Newtownards in County Down and it is organised by William Johnston and about 30,000 take part. August – Irish Republican Brotherhood convention at Manchester appoints Colonel Thomas J. Kelly to succeed James Stephens,11 September – Thomas J. Kelly and Timothy Deasy are arrested in Manchester. 18 September – Rescue of Kelly and Deasy from a van in Manchester. 12 October –62 Fenians are among the last group of convicts to suffer penal transportation as the convict ship Hougoumont departs from Portsmouth on an 89-day passage to Western Australia. 23 November – William Allen, Michael Larkin and Michael OBrien,13 December – Clerkenwell explosion at Clerkenwell Prison in London during a Fenian escape attempt,12 local residents are killed. Royal Irish Constabulary granted its Royal prefix by Queen Victoria,1 January – Thomas Westropp Bennett, Cumann na nGaedheal member of the Seanad, Cathaoirleach of Seanad. 25 January – Dolway Walkington, Irish national rugby union captain,9 February – James Douglas, journalist. 10 April – George William Russell, critic, poet and artist,19 April – James Cullen, priest and mathematician. 13 May – Thomas Gann, doctor, archaeologist and writer,15 May – Eoin MacNeill, scholar, nationalist and revolutionary. 17 June – John Robert Gregg, creator of Gregg Shorthand,11 August – Martin Morris, 2nd Baron Killanin, barrister and politician. 10 November – John Henry Patterson, soldier, hunter and writer,16 December – Amy Carmichael, Christian missionary and writer. 26 December – Ella Young, poet, undated – Cathal OByrne, singer, poet and writer. 7 February - William Dargan, engineer and railway builder,22 February - Daniel Devlin, businessman and City Chamberlain in New York (born 1814. 12 April - Robert Bell, journalist and writer,20 April - John Lyons, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, in the Crimea. 17 September - Francis Blackburne, Lord Chancellor of Ireland,23 September - Richard W. Dowling, victorious commander at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass in the American Civil War. 31 October - William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, astronomer and builder of the Leviathan of Parsonstown,10 December - Edward Whelan, politician, one of the Fathers of the Canadian Confederation
2.
1866 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1866 in Ireland. 28 January - The Midland Great Western Railway opens to Westport railway station,22 June - Archbishop Cullen is elevated to the cardinalate as the first Irish Cardinal. 13 July - The SS Great Eastern sets out from Valentia Island on the attempt to lay the transatlantic telegraph cable. Robert Halpin is master and William Thomson technical consultant,14 October - St Peters Church, Belfast, later to become the Roman Catholic Cathedral, is dedicated, although the building is incomplete. Maziere Brady retires as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, an office to which he was appointed in 1846, the first modern Irish Derby, created by the 3rd Earl of Howth, the 3rd Marquess of Drogheda and the 3rd Earl of Charlemont, is run at the Curragh Racecourse. The Ulster Yacht Club is revived at Bangor, County Down, on the initiative of Frederick Temple Blackwood, 5th Baron Dufferin,5 February - Domhnall Ua Buachalla, member of 1st Dáil, Fianna Fáil TD, last Governor-General of the Irish Free State. February - Michael Egan, trade unionist, city councillor and Cumann na nGaedheal TD.15 June - Charles Wood,13 July - Emily Winifred Dickson, gynaecologist. 16 August - Dora Sigerson, poet,1 November - Cheiro, born William John Warner, astrologer. 3 December - Ethna Carbery, born Anna Johnston, writer,7 December - Maude Delap, marine biologist December - Thomas Byrne, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1898 at the Battle of Omdurman, Sudan. Éamon a Búrc, tailor and seanchaí, bridget Sullivan, domestic housemaid for Borden family of Fall River, Massachusetts. 5 January - Augustus Warren Baldwin, naval officer and political figure in Upper Canada,11 January - Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, actor. 17 January - George Petrie, painter, musician, antiquary,4 March - Alexander Campbell, religious leader in Britain and the United States. 18 May - Francis Sylvester Mahony, humorist and poet,26 October - John Kinder Labatt, brewer in Canada. 26 October - Patrick McHale, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, full date unknown - Edward Eagar, lawyer and criminal transported to Australia, politician
3.
1865 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1865 in Ireland. 23 July — The SS Great Eastern sets out from Valentia Island on the first attempt to lay the telegraph cable. Work begins on the building of the Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast, as a memorial to Queen Victorias late Prince Consort, Prince Albert. 9 May International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures opens in Dublin 23 December — Gustavus Vaughan Brooke concludes a farewell season in Belfast, samuel Ferguson publishes his collected poems Lays of the Western Gael. 6 February — Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin, astronomer,16 March — Patsy Donovan, Major League Baseball player and manager. 17 March — Patrick Joseph Sullivan, mayor of Casper, Wyoming,20 April — James Macmahon, civil servant and businessman, Under-Secretary for Ireland from 1918 to 1922. 4 May — Charles A. Callis, member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,7 May — John MacBride, nationalist rebel and Easter Rising leader. 8 May — Charles FitzClarence, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 near Mafeking,10 June — Dermod OBrien, painter. 13 June — William Butler Yeats, poet and dramatist,18 June — Henry Allan, painter. 24 June — Harry Plunket Greene, baritone,15 July — Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, newspaper and publishing magnate 16 July — George A. Birmingham, novelist 29 August — Thomas Kent, nationalist rebel. 4 September — Alice Milligan, nationalist and poet,16 October — Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan, British Army commander in World War I, later Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Field Marshal. 12 November — Herbert Trench, poet, robert Henry Woods, Irish Unionist MP.1 April — John Cuffe, 3rd Earl of Desart, Conservative politician. 23 May — Benjamin Holmes, businessman and politician in Quebec,14 July — Nathaniel Burslem, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1860 at the Taku Forts, China. 25 July — Dr James Barry, military surgeon, revealed on death to be a woman,31 August — John Farrell, soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry at the 1854 Charge of the Light Brigade. 2 September — William Rowan Hamilton, mathematician, physicist, and astronomer
4.
1864 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1864 in Ireland. 1 January - Civil registry of births, deaths and marriages replaces parish church registers,30 January - Opening of the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin. May - Theobald Jones presents his Report on the progress made in collecting the Irish lichens to the Natural History Society of Dublin, foundation of the Munster Bank, later rescued as the Munster & Leinster Bank, a constituent of Allied Irish Banks. Sheridan Le Fanu publishes the Gothic locked room mystery-thriller Uncle Silas,31 January - Matilda Cullen Knowles, lichenologist. 13 February - Stephen Gwynn, journalist, writer, poet,22 February - Michael Donohoe, Democrat U. S. 4 March - Daniel Mannix, Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years,5 May - Henry Wilson, British Field Marshal and Conservative Party politician. 11 May - Ethel Lilian Voynich, née Boole, novelist,16 July - Joseph OMara, opera singer. 1 September - Roger Casement, British diplomat, nationalist, poet and Irish revolutionary,19 October - Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford, peer and soldier. 11 November - John Meredith, Australian Army Brigadier General,22 November - Sir William Moore, 1st Baronet, Unionist MP and Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland 1925-1937. 9 December - Willoughby Hamilton, tennis player, Wimbledon Champion in 1890,21 December - James Whiteside McCay, Lieutenant General in the Australian Army, member of the Victorian and Australian Parliaments. 10 January - Nicholas Callan, priest and scientist,20 May - John George Bowes, businessman and political figure in Canada East. 18 June - William Smith OBrien, nationalist,4 July - Thomas Colley Grattan, writer. 23 July - Thomas Laughnan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow,27 July - Joseph Patrick Haverty, painter. 21 November - Charles McNally, Bishop of Clogher 1844-1864,30 November - Patrick Cleburne, major general in Confederate States Army in the American Civil War, killed at the Battle of Franklin. 8 December - George Boole, mathematician,23 December - James Bronterre OBrien, Chartist leader, reformer and journalist. Heron, Denis Caulfield, Ireland in 1864, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, retrieved 13 August 2014
5.
1863 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1863 in Ireland. 2 March - The Ulster Railway, which began construction in 1839,10 March - Riots in Cork, related to nationalist unrest. 21 August - American clipper Anglo Saxon westbound is captured and burned by Confederate privateer Florida off Old Head of Kinsale,28 November - First edition of The Irish People. Belleek Pottery begins to produce Parian Ware, sheridan Le Fanu publishes The House by the Churchyard. 1 February - George Carew, 4th Baron Carew,17 March - P. H. McCarthy, labour leader and mayor of San Francisco. 31 March - Sir Ion Hamilton Benn, 1st Baronet, businessman,2 April - Mabel Cahill, tennis player. 9 April - Henry De Vere Stacpoole, ships doctor and author,12 August - Margaretta Eagar, nurse for the four daughters of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra and memoirist. 25 August - Eugene OGrowney, priest and scholar,7 September - Henry Boyle Townshend Somerville, Royal Navy hydrographic surveyor, murdered by Irish Republican Army. 26 September - Caesar Litton Falkiner, Irish Unionist Party politician, barrister, writer,24 November - Frederick Thomas Trouton, physicist responsible for Troutons Rule. F Elrington Ball, author and legal historian,1 January - Ambrose Madden, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1854 in the Crimea, at Little Inkerman. 16 February - Denis Dynon, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Chota Behar,21 February - Samuel Hill, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India, later killed in action. 6 May - Robert Arbuthnot, British military officer,7 July - William Mulready, painter. 8 July - Francis Kenrick, headed the Diocese of Philadelphia,24 July - Thomas Arthur Bellew, landowner and politician. 17 October - John Dunlay, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow,10 December - James FitzGibbon, British soldier and hero of the War of 1812. Ingham, painter and founder of New York National Academy of Design
6.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
7.
1869 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1869 in Ireland. July 26 - The Royal Assent was given to the Irish Church Act, disestablishing the Church of Ireland with effect from 1871 and it had passed through the House of Commons and the House of Lords. August 31 - Scientist Mary Ward is killed in a car accident at Parsonstown. Anti-Irish riots at Pontlottyn in the Rhymney Valley of Wales result in one death, waterloo Cup won by Master McGrath. The Royal Ulster Yacht Club of Bangor, County Down, receives its royal warrant,16 March - Peter Maher, boxer. 27 March - James McNeill, politician and second Governor-General of the Irish Free State,26 April - Lowry Hamilton, cricketer. 19 May - John Wheatley, socialist politician 23 May - Hamilton Lyster Reed, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 at the Battle of Colenso,29 May - William Harman, cricketer. 1 August - Ambrose Upton Gledstanes Bury, politician in Alberta,6 August - David McKee Wright, poet. 30 November - James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn, Unionist politician,27 December - William Harrington, cricketer. Helen Boyle, physician and psychologist 30 January - William Carleton,11 February - Patrick J. Whelan, tailor and alleged Fenian sympathizer, convicted of assassination of Thomas DArcy McGee in 1868, hanged. 2 March - Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, British Field Marshal,6 March - James Emerson Tennent, politician and traveller. 14 March - Joseph Francis Olliffe, physician,26 March - John T. Mullock, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Johns, Newfoundland. 31 August - Mary Ward, scientist, Joseph Prosser, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sevastopol, Crimea
8.
1870 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1870 in Ireland. 19 May — The Home Government Association is established by Isaac Butt to argue for devolution for Ireland,27 August — White Stars first ocean liner RMS Oceanic is launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast. First Irish Land Act passed in an attempt to secure greater security of tenure for landholders, the building of Belfast Castle is completed, to a design by Charles Lanyon and his son. Work is completed on the building of the Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast, as a memorial to Queen Victorias late Prince Consort, first service is held in the new Saint Fin Barres Cathedral, Cork. The Water Colour Society of Ireland is founded as the Amateur Drawing Society by an group of six well-connected women from County Waterford. 8 February — Beatrice Grimshaw, anthropologist,8 February — Robert Pilkington, lawyer and politician in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly and British House of Commons. 2 April — Edmund Dwyer-Gray, politician and 29th Premier of Tasmania in 1939,17 April — Robert Tressell, born Robert Croker, radical, author of The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists. 5 May — Armar Lowry-Corry, 5th Earl Belmore, High Sheriff,25 June — Robert Erskine Childers, writer, nationalist, executed by Free State firing squad at the Beggars Bush Barracks in Dublin. 8 July — R. A. Stewart Macalister, archaeologist,16 July — Lambert McKenna, Jesuit priest and writer. 19 November — William MacCarthy-Morrogh, cricketer, November — Thomas Moles, Ulster Unionist MP. Undated — P. T. Daly, trade unionist,17 March — John Keegan Casey, poet of the Fenians. 25 April — Daniel Maclise, painter, may — John Skipton Mulvany, architect. 31 May — Chartres Brew, Gold commissioner, Chief Constable,7 September — Hugh Talbot Burgoyne, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 in the Sea of Azov, Crimea. 23 September — Thomas McCarthy, businessman and politician in Quebec,20 October — Michael William Balfe, composer. 9 December — Patrick MacDowell, sculptor,12 December — Martin Cregan, portrait painter
9.
1871 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1871 in Ireland. 1 January – Church of Ireland disestablished, st Patricks Cathedral, Dublin, becomes the National Cathedral. 15 April – Ormeau Park is opened to the public by Belfast City Council,16 June – The Westmeath Act is enacted allowing arrest and detention without trial. J. P. Mahaffy appointed to the Chair of Ancient History at Trinity College, waterloo Cup won by Master McGrath for the third time. 8 January – James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland,14 January – A. M. Sullivan, lawyer. 16 January – Valentine McEntee, 1st Baron McEntee, Labour MP in the United Kingdom,19 January – Frederick Barton Maurice, soldier, military correspondent, writer and academic, founded the British Legion in 1920. 13 February – Joseph Devlin, Nationalist politician and MP in the British House of Commons,16 April – John Millington Synge, dramatist, poet and writer. 18 April – Frederick Field, Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet, may – Elinor Darwin, née Monsell, engraver and portrait painter. 17 July – John Miller Andrews, second Prime Minister of Northern Ireland,30 August – James Nathaniel Halbert, entomologist. 30 November – Thomas ODonnell, barrister, judge, Irish Nationalist, November – Thomas Moles, Ulster Unionist politician and journalist. 2 January – Samuel Blackall, soldier, politician and second Governor of Queensland,3 February – James Sheridan Muspratt, research chemist and teacher. 20 February – Paul Kane, painter in Canada,1 March – Anthony Coningham Sterling, British Army officer and historian. 4 July – James Duffy, author and publisher,2 October – Sir Thomas Deane, architect. 6 October – Edwin Wyndham-Quin, 3rd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl,30 November – John T. Mills, lawyer and Supreme Court Justice for the Republic of Texas. 8 December – James Murray, physician 15 December – John George, politician, judge and in 1859 Solicitor-General for Ireland
10.
1872 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1872 in Ireland. Ulster Hospital for Women and Sick Children is opened in Chichester Street, samuel Ferguson publishes his long poem Congal. Sheridan Le Fanu publishes his short-story collection In a Glass Darkly including the vampire novella Carmilla, Charles Lever publishes his last novel Lord Kilgobbin, a tale of Ireland in our own time. 14 February - Tom Ross, cricketer,31 March - Arthur Griffith, founder and third leader of Sinn Féin, served as President of Dáil Éireann. 26 April - William Cunningham Deane-Tanner, later William Desmond Taylor,13 June - Blayney Hamilton, cricketer. 16 July - George Henry Morris, soldier, first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle,23 July - John J. McGrath, Democrat U. S. 13 August - Robert Johnston, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 at the Battle of Elandslaagte,4 September - James Magee, cricketer. 23 September - Dan Comyn, cricketer,24 October - Peter OConnor, athlete 13 November - John M. Lyle, architect in Canada. 28 November - Ethel Hobday, pianist, John J. OKelly, politician, author and publisher, president of the Gaelic League and Sinn Féin. 8 February - Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo, statesman,1 June - Charles Lever, novelist. 18 October - Michael OConnor, first Catholic Bishop of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, first Catholic Bishop of Erie,23 November - Joseph Ward, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1858 at Gwalior, India. 6 December - James Byrne, recipient of the Victoria Cross
11.
1873 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1873 in Ireland. February - Irish Home Rule Movement, Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain founded in Manchester, March - Gladstones Irish University Bill defeated in the House of Commons. May 4 - The Roman Catholic St Eugenes Cathedral, Derry, is dedicated, November 18–21 - Irish Home Rule Movement, The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League. October - Foundation of County Carlow Football Club, Rugby Union Club 9 January - John Flanagan,27 January - Alexander Young, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Ruiterskraal, South Africa, killed in action. 1 February - John Barry, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Monument Hill,20 March - Cecil Lowry-Corry, 6th Earl Belmore, High Sheriff and councillor. 29 March - Peig Sayers, seanchaí,19 April - Thomas Joseph Crean, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Tygerkloof Spruit, South Africa. 5 May - Lucius Gwynn, cricketer,14 June - William Parsons, 5th Earl of Rosse, soldier. 22 July James Cousins, poet and writer,6 August - James OMara, Irish Parliamentary Party and Sinn Féin MP.2 September - James Duhig, Archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane. 26 September - Annie M. P. Smithson, nurse, novelist, poet,30 October - Dave Gallaher, rugby player for New Zealand, killed at the Battle of Passchendaele. 26 November - Tom Sharkey, boxer,5 December - William Crozier, cricketer. 9 December - James McCombs, politician in New Zealand,12 December - Lola Ridge, anarchist poet and editor. 7 February - Sheridan Le Fanu, novelist,20 February - James Haughton, social reformer and temperance activist. 30 March - Richard Church, soldier, military officer and general in the Greek Army,8 April - Charles Irwin, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India. John Cliffe Watts, military officer, architect in Australia
12.
1868
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As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia, Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials, January 5 – Paraguayan War, Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunción, Paraguays capital. Some days later he declares the war is over, nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguays president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside. January 7 – Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock, January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees, January 10 – Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperors declaration illegal and prepares to attack Kyoto. February – Foreign ministers meeting in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties, february 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps. February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent, february 19 – in the Passage of Humaitá a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on the River Paraguay, considered by some the turning point in the Paraguayan War. February 24 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate, the first parade to have floats takes place at Mardi Gras in New Orleans. March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans, at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. March 12 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, the prince survives and quickly recovers, OFarrell is executed on April 21 despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him. March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, march 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed. March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, march – The first transnational womens organization, Association internationale des femmes, is founded. April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism. April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala and these are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia, April 11–July – Fall of Edo, the Japanese city is surrendered to the Emperor Meiji. The Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor, April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians. May 10–14 – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle in Japan, forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the troops of the Tokugawa shogunate. May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during his impeachment trial, may 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom
13.
Ardagh Hoard
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The Ardagh Hoard, best known for the Ardagh Chalice, is a hoard of metalwork from the 8th and 9th centuries. Found in 1868, it is now on display in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin. The chalice ranks with the Book of Kells as one of the finest known works of Insular art, indeed of Celtic art in general, and is thought to have been made in the 8th century AD. Elaborate brooches, essentially the same as worn by important laypeople. The brooches found with the show that it was not buried until the Viking period. It was sold to George Butler, Catholic Bishop of Limerick, the main body of the chalice is formed from two hemispheres of sheet silver joined with a rivet hidden by a gilt-bronze band. The names of the apostles are incised in a frieze around the bowl, below a girdle bearing inset gold wirework panels of animals, birds, techniques used include hammering, engraving, lost-wax casting, filigree applique, cloisonné and enamel. Even the underside of the chalice is decorated, contrasting markedly with the lavish ornamental spread of the almost contemporary Tara Brooch and the still more elaborate systems of the later period. The bulk of the consists of exquisitely drawn spiral or interlace patterns. At intervals are set cloisonné enamel bosses of blue and red, the chalice is similar to the only other major early Irish example to survive, the Derrynaflan Chalice, found close by in the neighbouring County Tipperary. That was found with a paten and liturgical strainer, at that time the ruling dynasty in Tipperary and most of Munster were the Eóganachta, while their allies and possible cousins the Uí Fidgenti ruled in the Limerick area. Although the early suggestion that the chalice was fabricated at Clonmacnoise and stolen from there by a Limerick Dane is widely circulated, a Munster origin is just as likely if not more so given the 1980 discovery of the sister Derrynaflan Hoard. A Clonmacnoise origin is not mentioned at the National Museum of Ireland website, the chalice was featured on a £1 value definitive postage stamp issued by An Post between 1990 and 1995 as part of the series Irish Heritage and Treasures designed by Michael Craig. Two Gaelic Athletic Association trophies are modelled on the Chalice, the ODuffy Cup, ressad Broighter Gold Derrynaflan Chalice Tara Brooch Cross of Cong NMI, Wallace, Patrick F. OFloinn, Raghnall eds. Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland, Irish Antiquities ISBN 0-7171-2829-6 Stone, sculpture in Britain, The Middle Ages,1955, Penguin Books Begley, John, The Diocese of Limerick, Ancient and Medieval. Bhreathnach, Edel, The cultural and political milieu of the deposition and manufacture of the hoard discovered at Reerasta Rath, Ardagh, Limerick, in Mark Redknap, Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art. Byrne, Francis J. Irish Kings and High-Kings, duffy, Seán, Medieval Ireland, An Encyclopedia
14.
George Francis Train
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In 1870 Train made the first of three widely publicized trips around the globe. He believed that a report of his first journey in a French periodical inspired Jules Vernes novel Around the World in Eighty Days, in 1872 he ran for President of the United States as an independent candidate. That year, he was jailed for having defended Victoria Woodhull against obscenity charges for an issue her newspaper had published on an adulterous affair. Despite his many successes in early life, he was known as an increasingly eccentric figure in American and Australian history. George Francis Train was born on March 24,1829, in Boston, son of Oliver Train and he had a cousin Adeline, who later became a noted author. His parents and three died in a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans in 1833 when George was four. He was raised by his strict Methodist grandparents in Boston and they hoped George would become a minister. He did not go into the ministry as he sought adventure in his life. Train entered the business in Boston, and made it his career all his life in the United States. He initiated numerous new businesses, building the corporate and financial structures to make them work, in 1860 he went to England to found horse tramway companies in Birkenhead and London, where he soon met opposition. He was also involved in the construction of a horse tramway in Cork. Although his trams were popular with passengers, his designs had rails that stood above the road surface, in 1861 Train was arrested and tried for breaking and injuring a London street. He tried again with the Darlington Street Railroad Company in 1862, Train was involved in the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1864 during the Civil War. The federal government chartered the railroad for construction of the portion of the Transcontinental Railroad west of the Missouri River, Train was involved in setting up the shadow finance company for the project, the Crédit Mobilier of America, whose principal officers were the same as those of UP. That year he left the United States for England and he claimed to have been offered the presidency of a proposed Australian republic, but declined. During the American Civil War, he gave speeches in England in favor of the Union. In the middle of his campaign for president in 1870 Train decided to make a trip around the globe, the actual traveling took 80 days, though he stayed two months in France, supporting the Paris Commune for which he spent two weeks in jail. His exploits possibly inspired Jules Vernes novel Around the World in Eighty Days and his protagonist Phileas Fogg is believed to have been partially modeled on Train
15.
Cork (city)
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Cork is a city in Ireland, located in the South-West Region, in the province of Munster. It has a population of 125,622 and is the second largest city in the state, the greater Metropolitan Cork area has a population exceeding 300,000. In 2005, the city was selected as the European Capital of Culture, the city is built on the River Lee which splits into two channels at the western end of the city, the city centre is divided by these channels. They reconverge at the end where the quays and docks along the river banks lead outwards towards Lough Mahon and Cork Harbour. The citys cognomen of the city originates in its support for the Yorkist cause during the English 15th century Wars of the Roses. Corkonians often refer to the city as the capital in reference to the citys role as the centre of anti-treaty forces during the Irish Civil War. Cork was originally a settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman settlers founded a trading port and it has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network. The citys charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, the city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted Black Rent from the citizens to them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the boundaries of the Barony of Cork City. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south, the medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England, oBrien published a third local newspaper, the Cork Free Press. In the War of Independence, the centre of Cork was burnt down by the British Black and Tans, during the Irish Civil War, Cork was for a time held by anti-Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea. The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild oceanic and changeable with abundant rainfall, Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself, there are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill
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Fenian
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The term Fenian is still used today, in Northern Ireland and less so in Scotland, where its original meaning has widened to include all supporters of anything Irish. It has also used as a demeaning term for Irish people of the Catholic faith. Fenianism, according to OMahony, is symbolised by two principles, firstly, that Ireland has a right to independence, and secondly. The term Fenianism was sometimes used by the establishment in the 1860s for any form of mobilisation among the Irish or those who expressed any Irish nationalist sentiments. They warned people about this threat to turn decent civilised society on its head such as that posed by trade unionism to the social order in the United Kingdom. James Stephens, one of the Men of 1848, had established himself in Paris and this would include the Phoenix National and Literary Society, with Jeremiah ODonovan among its more prominent members, had recently been formed at Skibbereen. Along with Thomas Clarke Luby, John OLeary and Charles Kickham he founded the Irish Republican Brotherhood on 17 March 1858 in Lombard Street, the Fenian Rising in 1867 proved to be a doomed rebellion, poorly organised and with minimal public support. The Fenian Brotherhood, the Irish Republican Brotherhoods US branch, was founded by John OMahony and Michael Doheny, in the face of nativist suspicion, it quickly established an independent existence, although it still worked to gain Irish American support for armed rebellion in Ireland. Initially, OMahony ran operations in the US, sending funds to Stephens, the US chapter of the movement was also sometimes referred to as the IRB. After the failed invasion of Canada, it was replaced by Clan na Gael, in Canada, Fenian is used to designate a group of Irish radicals, a. k. a. the American branch of the Fenian Brotherhood in the 1860s. They made several attempts to invade parts of the British colonies of New Brunswick and Canada. The ultimate goal of the Fenian raids was to hold Canada hostage, because of the invasion attempts, support and/or collaboration for the Fenians in Canada became very rare even among the Irish. Francis Bernard McNamee, the man who started the Fenian movement in Montreal, was a case in point, in public, he proclaimed his loyalty to the queen and called for an Irish militia company to defend Canada against the Fenians. The Fenians in England and the Empire were a threat to political stability. In the late 1860s the IRB control centre was in Lancashire, in 1868 the Supreme Council of the IRB, the provisional government of the Irish Republic, was restructured. The four Irish provinces, Connacht, Leinster, Ulster and Munster, Scotland, the north of England, later four honorary members were co-opted. The Council elected three members to the executive, the President was chairman, the Treasurer managed recruitment and finance and the Secretary was director of operations. There were IRB Circles in every city in England
17.
Hanging
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Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. Hanging has been a method of capital punishment since medieval times. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homers Odyssey, in this specialised meaning of the common word hang, the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung. Hanging is also a method of suicide in which a person applies a ligature to the neck and brings about unconsciousness. There are four ways of performing a judicial hanging, suspension hanging, the drop, the standard drop. A mechanised form of hanging, the upright jerker, was experimented with in the 18th century. Suspension, like the drop, causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The short drop is performed by placing the condemned prisoner on the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, the object is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. A ladder was also used with the condemned being forced to ascend, after which the noose was tied. Another method involves using a stool, which the condemned is required to stand on, the executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 4 feet high beside the condemned, and guides the head downward with his hand simultaneous to the efforts of his assistants. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank was also executed in this manner in 1946 in Prague and its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those where judicial systems had an English origin. It was considered an improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the persons neck, causing immediate paralysis. This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that, The hangman botched the execution, a Life magazine report on the execution merely says, The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight and this process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. The careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose contributed to breaking the neck, between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were taken into account
18.
Newgate Prison
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Newgate Prison was a prison in London, at the corner of Newgate Street and Old Bailey just inside the City of London. It was originally located at the site of Newgate, a gate in the Roman London Wall, the gate/prison was rebuilt in the 12th century, and demolished in 1904. The prison was extended and rebuilt many times, and remained in use for over 700 years, in the early 12th century, Henry II instituted legal reforms that gave the Crown more control over the administration of justice. As part of his Assize of Clarendon of 1166, he required the construction of prisons, in 1188, Newgate was the first institution established to meet that purpose. The addition included new dungeons and adjacent buildings, which would remain unaltered for roughly two centuries, by the 15th century, however, Newgate was in need of repair. The building was collapsing and decaying, and many prisoners were dying from the quarters, overcrowding, rampant disease. Indeed, one year,22 prisoners died from gaol fever, the situation in Newgate was so dire that in 1419, city officials temporarily shut down the prison. Some Londoners bequeathed their estates to repair the prison, two decades later, the executors of Lord Mayor Dick Whittington were granted a license to renovate the prison in 1422. The gate and gaol were pulled down and rebuilt, there was a new central hall for meals, a new chapel, and the creation of additional chambers and basement cells with no light or ventilation. The prison housed male and female felons and debtors and separated the prisoners into wards by gender. By the mid-15th century, Newgate could accommodate roughly 300 prisoners, though the prisoners lived in separate quarters, they mixed freely with each other and visitors to the prison. There were three main wards—the Master’s side for those could afford to pay for their own food and accommodations, the Common side for those who were too poor, and a Press Yard for special prisoners. The king often used Newgate as a place for heretics, traitors. The prison was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, the work followed the designs of George Dance and was almost finished when it was stormed by a mob during the Gordon riots in June 1780. The building was gutted by fire, and the badly damaged. The cost of repairs was estimated at £30,000, dance’s new prison was finally completed in 1782. The new prison was constructed to a terrible design intended to discourage law-breaking. The building was laid out around a courtyard, and was divided into two sections, a Common area for poor prisoners and a State area for those able to afford more comfortable accommodation
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Clerkenwell explosion
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The Clerkenwell explosion, also known as the Clerkenwell Outrage, was a bombing in London on 13 December 1867. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, nicknamed the Fenians, exploded a bomb to try to one of their members being held on remand at Clerkenwell Prison. The explosion damaged nearby houses, killed 12 people and caused 120 injuries, the event was described by The Times the following day as a crime of unexampled atrocity, and compared to the infernal machines used in Paris in 1800 and 1835 and the Gunpowder Treason of 1605. The bombing was later described as the most infamous action carried out by the Fenians in Great Britain in the 19th century and it enraged the public, causing a backlash of hostility in Britain which undermined efforts to establish home rule or independence for Ireland. The whole of Ireland had been under British rule since the end of the Nine Years War in 1603, the Irish Republican Brotherhood was a revolutionary fraternal organisation, rather than an insurrectionary conspiracy. It had an estimated 100,000 members by 1865, and was carrying out frequent acts of violence in metropolitan Britain, two succeeded in evading the police and fled to England, but they were arrested in Manchester and held in custody. On 18 September 1867, while they were being transferred from the courthouse to Belle Vue Gaol, Police Sergeant Charles Brett was shot dead during the escape. Five suspected of involvement in the escape were tried for murder, one was pardoned, and one had his sentence commuted, but the remaining three were hanged at Salford Gaol on the morning of Saturday 23 November 1867. Three days earlier, on 20 November 1867, Ricard OSullivan Burke, Burke had purchased weapons for the Fenians in Birmingham. Burke was charged with treason and Casey with assaulting a constable and they were remanded in custody pending trial, and imprisoned at the Middlesex House of Detention, also known as Clerkenwell Prison. Burkes Republican colleagues tried to free him on Thursday 12 December and they tried to blow a hole in the prison wall while the prisoners were exercising in the prison yard, but their bomb failed to explode. They tried again at about 3,45 pm the day,13 December. Charges were laid against eight, but two turned Queens evidence, michael Barrett and five others were tried at the Old Bailey from Monday 20 to Monday 27 April 1868. Lord Chief Justice Cockburn and Mr Baron Bramwell presided with a jury, the prosecution was led by the Attorney General Sir John Karslake and the Solicitor General Sir Baliol Brett supported by Hardinge Giffard QC and two junior counsel. Defence barristers included Montagu Williams and Edward Clarke, Barrett, a native of County Fermanagh, protested his innocence, and some witnesses testified that he was in Scotland on 13 December, but another identified him as being present at the scene. Two defendants were acquitted on the instructions of the judges in the course of the trial. After deliberating for 2½ hours, three of the defendants were acquitted, but Barrett was convicted of murder at around 6, 30pm on 27 April, and sentenced to death. He was the last man to be hanged in England
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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St Colman's Cathedral, Cobh
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The Cathedral Church of St Colman, usually known as Cobh Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cobh, Ireland. It is the church of the Diocese of Cloyne. It overlooks Cork harbour from a prominent position, construction began in 1867 and was not completed until over half a century later due to increases in costs and revisions of the original plans. The architects were Edward Welby Pugin and George Ashlin, construction began in 1867, when Pugin died in 1875, Ashlin took on the services of a Dublin architect, Thomas Aloysius Coleman, to assist him in the completion of the project. The clerk of works was Charles Guilfoyle Doran, who supervised the project until his death in 1909, the cathedral was finally consecrated in 1915. The cathedral contains the only church carillon which, with 49 bells, is one of the largest carillons in the Europe, an automated system strikes the hour and 15 minute intervals while it also rings the bells in appropriate form for Masses, funerals, weddings and events. The carillon is played on special occasions and generally every Sunday afternoon by its current carillonneur Adrian Gebruers. Patrick Thompson, Guide to St. Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, revised edition, Carraig Print, jeremy Williams, A Companion Guide to Architecture in Ireland 1837-1921, Irish Academic Press 1994. Paul Atterbury and Clive Wainwright, Pugin, Yale University Press 1994, Pugin, A Master of Gothic Revival, Yale University Press 1995 Bernard J. Canning, Bishops of Ireland 1870-1987, Donegal Democrat,1987
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Valentia Island
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Valentia Island is one of Irelands most westerly points. It lies off the Iveragh Peninsula in the southwest of County Kerry and it is linked to the mainland by the Maurice ONeill Memorial Bridge at Portmagee. A car ferry departs from Reenard Point to Knightstown, the islands main settlement. A second, smaller village named Chapeltown is located at roughly the midpoint of the island,3 kilometres from the bridge, the permanent population of the island is 665. Its approximately 11 kilometres long by almost 3 kilometres wide, Valentia was the eastern terminus of the first commercially viable transatlantic telegraph cable. The first attempt in 1857 to land a cable from Ballycarbery Strand on the mainland just east of Valentia Island ended in disappointment, Transatlantic telegraph cables operated from Valentia Island for one hundred years, ending with Western Union International terminating its cable operations in 1966. Prior to the telegraph, American longitude measurements had a 2. Benjamin Gould and his partner A. T. Mosman reached Valentia on 2 October 1866 and they built a temporary longitude observatory beside the Foilhommerum Cable Station to support synchronized longitude observations with Hearts Content, Newfoundland. After many rainy and cloudy days, the first transatlantic longitude signals were exchanged between Foilhommerum and Hearts Content on October 24,1866, in 1993, an undergraduate geology student discovered fossilised tetrapod trackways, footprints in mud preserved in Devonian rocks on the north coast of the island. About 385 million years ago, a primitive vertebrate passed along a shoreline in the equatorial swampland that is now southwestern Ireland. The prints were preserved by silt overlying them, and were converted to rock over the ages, the Valentia Island trackways are among the oldest signs of vertebrate life on land. The combined features and history of the make it an attractive tourist destination. Geokaun Mountain and Fogher Cliffs, the highest mountain on Valentia Island, on the northeast of the island stands Glanleam House amid sub-tropical gardens. Protected by windbreaks from Atlantic gales and never touched by frost, the gardens are laid out in a naturalistic style as a series of walks. There are plants from South America, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, the gardens are memorialized in a selected golden-variegated Luma apiculata Glanleam Gold that originated as a sport in the garden. The gardens are open to the public, the slate quarry which reopened in 1998 provided slates for the British Houses of Parliament. The Telegraph Field is the site of the first permanent communications link between Europe and North America Transatlantic telegraph cables operated from Valentia Island from 1866, the Valentia Island Weather Station is located 51°56 23N, 10° 1440W and is 25 metres above mean sea level. It is one of the 22 coastal weather stations whose reports are broadcast as part of the BBC Shipping Forecast, Valentia Observatory is part of Met Éireann, the Irish Meteorological Service
24.
Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan
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Thomas OHagan, 1st Baron OHagan KP, PC, QC, was an Irish lawyer and judge. He served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1868 to 1874, OHagan was born in Belfast, the son of a trader. He was educated at Royal Belfast Academical Institution, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1836, between 1838 and 1841 OHagan was the editor of the Newry Examiner. In 1840 he moved to Dublin, where he appeared for the party in many political trials. In 1865 he was appointed a judge of common pleas, OHagan was the first Roman Catholic to hold the chancellorship since the reign of James II, an Act of Parliament admitting Roman Catholics to the position having been passed in 1867. In 1870 he was created Baron OHagan, of Tullahogue in the County of Tyrone, in 1880 he again became Lord Chancellor on Gladstones return to office, but resigned in 1881. OHagan on his side seems to have regarded Christian as little more than a nuisance, on his retirement from office Lord OHagan was in 1882 appointed a Knight of St Patrick, having become Vice Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland the previous year. He was president of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland between 1867 and 1870, Lord OHagan died at Hereford House, London, in February 1885, aged 72, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Thomas, oHagans sister Mary was Abbess of the Poor Clare convent at Newry and later at Kenmare. Her biography was written by her protege MF Cusack the Nun of Kenmare and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. OHagan, Thomas OHagan, 1st Baron. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Lord OHagan
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Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
26.
James II of England
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James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, the second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britains Protestant political elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and he was replaced by his eldest, Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. James made one attempt to recover his crowns from William. After the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamites at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and he lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV. James, the surviving son of King Charles I and his wife. Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud and he was educated by private tutors, along with his brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral, the position was honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration. He was designated Duke of York at birth, invested with the Order of the Garter in 1642, as the Kings disputes with the English Parliament grew into the English Civil War, James stayed in Oxford, a Royalist stronghold. When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, in 1648, he escaped from the Palace, aided by Joseph Bampfield, and from there he went to The Hague in disguise. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed Jamess older brother as Charles II of England, Charles II was recognised as king by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland, and was crowned King of Scotland at Scone in 1651. Although he was proclaimed King in Jersey, Charles was unable to secure the crown of England and consequently fled to France, like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne against the Fronde, and later against their Spanish allies. In the French army James had his first true experience of battle where, according to one observer, he ventures himself, in the meantime, Charles was attempting to reclaim his throne, but France, although hosting the exiles, had allied itself with Oliver Cromwell. In 1656, Charles turned instead to Spain – an enemy of France – for support, in consequence, James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turennes army. James quarrelled with his brother over the choice of Spain over France. In 1659, the French and Spanish made peace, James, doubtful of his brothers chances of regaining the throne, considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy. Ultimately, he declined the position, by the year the situation in England had changed. After Richard Cromwells resignation as Lord Protector in 1659 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children
27.
Waterloo Cup
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The Waterloo Cup was a coursing event. The three-day event was run annually at Great Altcar in Lancashire, England from 1836 to 2005 and it used to attract tens of thousands of spectators to watch and it was founded by The 2nd Earl of Sefton and, originally, was supported by his patronage. It was the biggest annual hare coursing event in the United Kingdom and was referred to by its supporters as the blue riband event of the coursing year. A hare coursing event of identical name was held in Australia from 1868 to 1985, the Hunting Act 2004 which came into force just after the 2005 cup made hare coursing events illegal in England and Wales, and the Waterloo Cup has not taken place since. The Waterloo Cup was the event in the coursing calendar. It was inaugurated in 1836 by Mr William Lynn, proprietor of the Waterloo Hotel in Liverpools Ranelagh Street. The first winner of the Waterloo Cup was a bitch named Milanie, owned by Lord Molyneux, in addition to stakes of £16, Lord Molyneux won a trophy in the form of a silver snuff box. The first supreme champion in the sport of coursing was Lord Lurgans greyhound Master McGrath who won the Waterloo Cup on three occasions,1868,1869 &1871. The dog became a name in Britain and such was his fame that Queen Victoria commanded his appearance at Windsor Castle. Master McGrath set the standard by which all proceeding greyhounds would be judged, the great Master McGraths record was finally eclipsed by Colonel Norths greyhound Fullerton who recorded four consecutive victories in the Waterloo Cup between 1889 and 1892. In later years the event has been championed by Newmarket trainer Sir Mark Prescott, the 2005 event, held on 14–16 February, was eventually won by a dog called Shashi, bred by Ernest Smith, and owned by him with Albert Shackcloth and Michael Darnell. Trained at Malton, North Yorkshire by the Jonathan Teal, the winner beat Hardy Admiral, owned by Diana Williams, * Cup divided + Substituted event called the Victory Cup Master McGrath Waterloo Cup results 1922 -1963
28.
Master McGrath
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Master McGrath was a famous Greyhound in the sport of hare coursing. Master McGrath was born in County Waterford, Ireland, a small, weak pup, he went on to become the most celebrated and successful dog of his time. Master McGrath was born in 1866 at Colligan Lodge, the home of James Galwey, Master McGrath was one of a litter of seven pups and although small was powerfully built. As a pup his pet name was Dicksy, the dog showed none of the outstanding qualities which were later to make him famous at his first trial, his performance was so bad that his trainer ordered him to be given away. As luck would have it his slipper took charge of him and having faith in him. After these wins he was returned to his trainer and he won the Waterloo Cup on three occasions,1868,1869 and 1871 and was the first greyhound to do so. He became such a celebrity that his owner, Lord Lurgan, was asked to him to be seen by Queen Victoria. His success enabled his owner to build a terrace of houses in Walthamstow from Master McGraths winnings and these houses now form part of Shernhall Street, but are still clearly marked at one end of the terrace as Master McGrath Terrace. Master McGrath died early in 1873 of heart disease which had ended his career as a sire. An autopsy showed that his heart was twice the size of a dogs heart. He was buried in the grounds of a house called Solitude in Lurgan, the house has since been demolished for development and Master McGraths grave lies at a house once owned by an early English settler. On the twelfth of December, that day of renown, McGrath and his keeper they left Lurgan town, A gale in the Channel, it drove them oer. And when they arrived there in big London town, Those great English sportsmen all gathered round - And one of the gave a Ha. Saying, Is that the great dog you call Master McGrath, and one of those gentlemen standing around Says, I dont care a damn for your Irish greyhound, And another he laughs with a scornful Ha. Well soon humble the pride of your Master McGrath, then Lord Lurgan stepped forward and said, Gentlemen, If theres any among you has money to spend - For your grand english nobles I dont care a straw - Heres five thousand to one upon Master McGrath. And Rose stood uncovered, the great English pride, Her master and keeper were close by her side, They have let her away, for the pride of all England – and Master McGrath. As Rose and the Master they both ran along, Now I wonder, says Rose, what took you from your home, You should have stayed there in your Irish domain, And not come to gain laurels on Albions plain. Well, I know, says McGrath, we have wild heather bogs But youll find in old Ireland theres good men, lead on, bold Britannia, give none of your jaw, Stuff that up your nostrils, says Master McGrath
29.
1946 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1946 in Ireland. President, Seán T. OKelly Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera 3 January – William Joyce,21 January – work starts on a comprehensive Irish-English dictionary. 4 February – it is announced that George Bernard Shaw is to be awarded the freedom of Dublin,17 June – Aer Lingus inaugurates a Dublin-Paris air service. 6 July – a new political party, Clann na Poblachta, is formed in Dublin. 25 July – Éamon de Valeras motion to apply for membership of the United Nations is accepted in the Dáil,12 August – a plane bringing 23 French Girl Guides to Dublin crashes into the side of Djouce in the Wicklow Mountains. 29 August – George Bernard Shaw is honoured by being made a freeman of Dublin,2 September – the Emergency Powers Act 1939 expires. The Defence Forces Order,1940, is also revoked by Order with effect from this date, September – the Marine Service is formally disbanded and replaced by the Naval Service as a permanent component of the Irish Defence Forces. 6 October – seventy primary school teachers protest about low pay on the pitch at Croke Park at half-time during the Kerry-Roscommon All-Ireland Football Final,22 November – Walt Disney arrives in Dublin. He has a meeting with the Irish Folklore Commission to further his investigation of leprechauns for a forthcoming film,18 December – the government announces the release of 24 internees, including Brendan Behan. 5 August – Frank Carneys religious melodrama The Righteous are Bold opens at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, denis Devlin publishes his Lough Derg and Other Poems in New York. Patrick Kavanagh publishes his poem On Raglan Road in The Irish Press, mervyn Wall publishes his first novel, The Unfortunate Fursey. Jack Butler Yeats paints Men of Destiny and The Whistle of a Jacket, league of Ireland Winners, Cork United FAI Cup Winners, Drumcondra 2–1 Shamrock Rovers. Irish Open is won by Fred Daly,2 February – Tony Byrne, former soccer player. 2 April – Ruairi Quinn, former leader of the Labour Party and Cabinet Minister,9 April – Charlie OConnor, Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin South-West. 15 April – Michael Neary, Archbishop of Tuam,17 April – Henry Kelly, journalist, writer and television presenter. 25 April – Peter Sutherland, barrister, businessman and former politician, may – Mary Upton, Labour Party TD for Dublin South-Central. 18 June – Ray Treacy, soccer player and manager,12 July – Seán Keane, fiddle player with The Chieftains. 10 August – Jimmy Conway, soccer player,6 August – Brendan Ryan, former Independent then Labour Party Senator
30.
Constance Markievicz
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Constance Georgine Markievicz, known as Countess Markievicz was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette and socialist. In December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, though she did not take her seat and, along with the other Sinn Féin TDs and she was also the second woman to hold a cabinet position in the world. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their fathers example inspired in Gore-Booth and her sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people. The sisters were friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic. Yeats wrote a poem, In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz, Eva later became involved in the labour movement and womens suffrage in England, although initially Constance did not share her sisters ideals. Gore-Booth decided to train as a painter, but, at the time, in 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London. It was at time that Gore-Booth first became politically active. Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her husband, Casimir Markievicz. Markievicz was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, however, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility. Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time that they met and she was afterwards known as Countess Markievicz. She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901, the child was raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents and eventually became estranged from her mother. She undertook the role of mother to Stanislas, Casimirs son from his first marriage, the Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter. This group included the figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland. Although formally apolitical and concerned with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, at Pursers house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John OLeary and Maud Gonne. In 1906, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin, the previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule, Markievicz read these publications and was propelled into action
31.
1927 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1927 in Ireland. 6 April – Dan Breen proposes a Bill in the Dáil that Article 17 of the Irish Free State Constitution be removed, president W. T. Cosgrave opposes the removal of the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown. 13 April – delegates at the conference of the Farmers Party reject proposals to merge with Cumann na nGaedheal. 18 April – Celtic Park in Belfast is opened and it is the first greyhound track in Ireland. 4 June – the results of the General Election are a hung Dáil, with Fianna Fáil entering the Dáil for the first time and removing Cumann na nGaedheals majority. 20 June – in a radio broadcast, the leader of Fianna Fáil, Éamon de Valera,29 June – a morning Solar eclipse takes place across Ireland. 10 July – Kevin OHiggins, Vice-President of the Executive Council,15 July – Constance Markievicz dies aged 59. 28 July – Irelands first automatic telephone exchange is opened in Dublin,11 August – following changes to the electoral laws Fianna Fáil Teachtaí Dála arrive at Leinster House for the first time. They take the Oath of Allegiance, dismissing it as an empty formula,15 September – a new general election is called due to the hung Dáil. Again it was close, with Cumann na nGaedheal winning 62 seats, Fianna Fáil 57, Labour 13, the Farmers Party 6, National League Party 2. November – Ernest Bewley opens his Grafton Street café in Dublin, the Electricity Supply Board is established as an offshoot of the Shannon Scheme. The Agricultural Credit Corporation is set up to encourage investment in agriculture, mary Bailey becomes the first woman to pilot an aeroplane across the Irish Sea. James Joyces Pomes Penyeach is published in Paris, W. B. Yeats October Blast and Stories of Red Hanrahan and the Secret Rose are published in the UK. International Games 23 April, Ireland 1–2 Italy B League of Ireland Winners, Shamrock Rovers FAI Cup Winners, Drumcondra 1–1, 1–0 Brideville The All-Ireland Champions are Dublin, Irish Open is won by George Duncan. 18 April, the first greyhound racing track in Ireland opens at Celtic Park. 15 January – Michael Barrett, Fianna Fáil TD.20 January – John OConnell, Labour Party TD, Cabinet Minister, Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann and MEP.3 February – Val Doonican,5 February – John S. Beckett, musician, composer and conductor. 16 February – Pearse Hutchinson, poet, broadcaster and translator,3 March – Aidan Higgins, writer. 24 April – Eamon Casey, Bishop of Galway, 1976–1992,8 July – John McAndrew, Mayo Gaelic footballer, doctor and greyhound trainer
32.
Aleen Cust
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Aleen Isobel Cust was an Anglo-Irish veterinary surgeon. She was born and began her career in Ireland, in 1922 she became the first female veterinary surgeon to be recognised by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Aleen Cust was born in 1868 in Cordangan Manor, County Tipperary and her father Sir Leopold Cust, 2nd Baronet was the grandson of Brownlow Cust, 1st Baron Brownlow, and worked as a land agent to the Smith-Barry family. Her mother Charlotte Sobieske Isabel was the daughter of Vice-Admiral Charles Orlando Bridgeman, the fourth of six children, she enjoyed the outdoors as a child, and when asked about her future she claimed a vet was my reply ever and always. She began training as a nurse at London Hospital, but gave it up to become a veterinary surgeon, as her mother was acting as a Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria, Cust enrolled under the name A. I. Custance to avoid any embarrassment for her family and she refrained from legal action in London, perhaps due to the potential cost, or potential social embarrassment to her mother. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states that there is reason to believe that Byrne and Cust lived as man and wife and that she had two daughters, born in Scotland, who were later adopted. In 1904 she was engaged to Bertram Widdington, the son of her former guardian, but following objections from his family regarding her career. Cust was later appointed as a veterinary inspector by Galway County Council under the Diseases of Animals Acts, an appointment that was denied by the RCVS due to her lack of professional recognition. The post was advertised again, and when Cust was again selected for the post an agreement was reached under which she carried out the duties of the position with an amended title, upon the death of Byrne in 1910, Cust took over the veterinary practice. She practised from Fort Lyster House near Athleague, in 1917 she was appointed to an army bacteriology laboratory which was associated with a veterinary hospital. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in London did not recognise Custs right to practice in her own right in Britain until 1922, given her years of experience, she was only asked to take the oral part of the final examination. On 21 December 1922, the president of the RCVS, Henry Sumner, personally presented Cust with her diploma, due to failing health, Cust only continued to practice as a veterinarian for another two years, retiring in 1924. Having sold her practice, she moved to the village of Plaitford, in the New Forest in Hampshire and she died of heart failure in Jamaica on 29 January 1937 whilst visiting friends. Upon her death she left the RCVS a sum of money to found the Aleen Cust Research Scholarship, ford, Connie M. Aleen Cust, Veterinary Surgeon – Britains First Woman Vet. Female Veterinary Surgeons in Ireland, 1900-30, Irish Veterinary Journal,59, pp. 388–389
33.
George F. O'Shaunessy
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George Francis OShaunessy was born in Galway, Ireland, May 1,1868, and immigrated to New York in 1872. After attending Columbia College Law School, he was admitted to the bar of New York in 1889 and he served as deputy attorney general of New York in 1904 and 1905 and as assistant corporation counsel of New York City in 1906. He moved to Rhode Island in 1907 and was elected as a Democrat to Congress representing Rhode Islands 1st Congressional District in 1910 and he remained a Representative until 1919, having declined to run in 1918 in order to seek election as a U. S. Senator. OShaunessy then was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson collector of revenue for the district of Rhode Island. He served in that position until Wilson left office in 1921 and he died in Providence in 1934. He was buried in St. Francis Cemetery in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
34.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
35.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
36.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
