1.
1868
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As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia, Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials, January 5 – Paraguayan War, Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunción, Paraguays capital. Some days later he declares the war is over, nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguays president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside. January 7 – Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock, January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees, January 10 – Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperors declaration illegal and prepares to attack Kyoto. February – Foreign ministers meeting in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties, february 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps. February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent, february 19 – in the Passage of Humaitá a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on the River Paraguay, considered by some the turning point in the Paraguayan War. February 24 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate, the first parade to have floats takes place at Mardi Gras in New Orleans. March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans, at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. March 12 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, the prince survives and quickly recovers, OFarrell is executed on April 21 despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him. March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, march 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed. March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, march – The first transnational womens organization, Association internationale des femmes, is founded. April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism. April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala and these are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia, April 11–July – Fall of Edo, the Japanese city is surrendered to the Emperor Meiji. The Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor, April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians. May 10–14 – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle in Japan, forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the troops of the Tokugawa shogunate. May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during his impeachment trial, may 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1866 in the United States
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Events from the year 1866 in the United States. January 1 Fisk University, a black university, is established in Nashville. The last issue of the abolitionist magazine The Liberator is published in Boston, february 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, february 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California. Purported to be evidence of humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, April 10 – The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh. May 16 – The U. S. Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin, eliminating its predecessor, June – Red Clouds War opens. July 4 – The Great Fire of Portland, Maine kills two and leaves 10,000 homeless in the worst fire in an American city at this time. July 23 – The Judicial Circuits Act reduces the number of United States circuit courts to nine, July 24 – Reconstruction, Tennessee becomes the first U. S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War. July 25 – The U. S. Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army, July 28 – The Metric Act of 1866 becomes law and legalizes the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States. August 14–16 – The National Union Convention is held in Philadelphia with hopes to reconcile the Radical Republicans in Congress with the Reconstructionist policies of President Andrew Johnson. November 5 – House of Representatives elections, Despite President Andrew Johnsons Swing Around the Circle tour, December 18 – The College of Wooster is founded in Ohio. The Minneapolis Milling Company, predecessor of General Mills, builds its own mills, Reconstruction Era January 5 – William B. Senator from Mississippi in 1838 March 28 – Solomon Foot, politician April 1 – Chester Harding, portrait painter May 11 – George Edmund Badger, U. S. Senator from North Carolina from 1846 to 1855 May 16 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, American explorer, guide, fur trapper, trader, and Military Scout. May 29 – Winfield Scott, Presidential candidate in 1853, Union Civil War General June 7 – Chief Seattle, Native American leader June 17 – Lewis Cass, U. S. Senator from Michigan from 1845 to 1848 and from 1849 to 1857 July 11 – James H. Lane, Union Civil War General, senator from Kansas from 1861 to 1866 July 25 – Floride Calhoun, wife of John C. Calhoun, Second Lady of the U. S. August 5 – William Burton, 39th Governor of Delaware from 1859 to 1863 September 7 – Clement Comer Clay, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1837 to 1841 October 13 – Celadon Leeds Daboll, merchant and inventor December 20 – James Semple, senator from Illinois from 1843 till 1847 American Annual Cyclopaedia
4.
1867 in the United States
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Events from the year 1867 in the United States. January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia, february 7 West Virginia University is established in Morgantown, West Virginia. Laura Ingalls Wilder is born near Pepin, Wisconsin March – The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is established, March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U. S. state. March 30 – Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre, the news media call this Sewards Folly. June 15 – The Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode mine is named in Montana, June 29 – Kidder massacre, A Sioux and Cheyenne war party kills U. S. Second Lieutenant Lyman Kidder, along with an Indian scout and ten enlisted men in Kansas. July 2 – The first elevated railroad in USA begins service in New York, July 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States. September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island, october 21 – Manifest Destiny – Medicine Lodge Treaty, Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma, November 15 – Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry. December 2 – In a New York City theater, British author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States, December 18 –49 people are killed in a train crash in Angola, New York. Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans, the Prohibition National Committee is formed in the United States. At historic Fountain Point, Michigan, a water spring gushes continuously until the present day. 1867–1873 – Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants lay 30,000 miles of tracks in the United States. Reconstruction era January 1 – Lew Fields, vaudeville performer January 8 – Emily Greene Balch, writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize January 14 – James H. Hughes, navy commander and Governor of American Samoa Kirtland I. Senator from Iowa in 1922 June 8 – Frank Lloyd Wright, architect July 31 – S. S. Kirby, senator from Arkansas from 1916 till 1921 November 24 Possible date – Scott Joplin, ragtime composer Frank L. Smith, elected U. S. Senator from Illinois in 1926 December 23 – Madam C. J. Walker, born Sarah Breedlove, African American entrepreneur and philanthropist December 30 – Simon Guggenheim, U. S. Riddle, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1864 to 1867 April 3 – George W. Randolph, lawyer, planter, Confederate general, 3rd Confederate States Secretary of War May 11 – Joseph A. Wright, U. S. Senator from Indiana from 1862 to 1863 May 27 – Thomas Bulfinch, collector of myths and legends July 3 – Lazarus W. Powell, senator from Kentucky from 1859 to 1865 July 31 – Catharine Sedgwick, novelist September 3 – James A. McDougall, U. S
5.
1869 in the United States
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Events from the year 1869 in the United States. January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress, sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. March 4 – Ulysses S. Grant succeeds Andrew Johnson as the 18th President of the United States of America, April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York City. May 6 – Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana, may 10 – The golden spike is driven marking the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in Promontory, Utah. May 15 – Womans suffrage, In New York, Susan B, anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association. May 26 – Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, June 1 – The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional baseball team. June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents the first plastic, Celluloid, in Albany, September 24 – Black Friday, The Fisk-Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States. November 6 – The first intercollegiate game of American football is played, December 7 – Outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri. December 10 The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia, the Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, one of the first such laws in the world. Heinz H. J. Heinz Company is founded as Heinz Noble & Company in Sharpsburg, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. Livingstone. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is founded, marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia. Reconstruction era Gilded Age February 2 – Smith W. Brookhart, senator from Iowa from 1922 to 1926 February 19 – Frederic C. Senator from Connecticut from 1929 to 1935 April 2 – Hughie Jennings, baseball player April 4 – Mary Colter, architect April 8 – Harvey Cushing, neurosurgeon April 9 – James Thomas Heflin, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1920 to 1931 May 3 – Warren Terhune, U. S. Navy Commander and 13th Governor of American Samoa June 10 – William Kenyon, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1915 till 1921 December 16 – Bertha Lamme, electrical engineer December 22 Edwin Arlington Robinson, poet Nathan Paine, lumber baron January 1 – Martin W. Bates, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1857 to 1859 January 11 – Sophia Dallas, wife of George M. Dallas, Second Lady of the United States February 18 – Walker Brooke, senator from Mississippi from 1852 to 1853 March 13 – James Guthrie, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1865 to 1868 April 13 – Isaiah Rogers, architect May 23 – Alexander O. Anderson, U. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1840 to 1841 July 18 – Laurent Clerc, advocate for the deaf July 22 – John A. Roebling, bridge engineer July 30 – Isaac Toucey, senator from Connecticut from 1851 to 1857 August 6 – David J. Baker, U. S
6.
1870 in the United States
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Events from the year 1870 in the United States. January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins, january 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil. January 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey, january 26 – Reconstruction, Virginia rejoins the Union. January 27 – The first college sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, is established at DePauw University, February 3 – The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing African-American males the right to vote, is ratified. February 10 Anaheim, California is incorporated, the YWCA is founded in New York City. February 12 – Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory, February 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union. February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, February 26 – In New York City, the first pneumatic subway is opened. March 19 – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, march 24 – Syracuse University is established and officially opens. March 30 The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving blacks the right to vote, is proclaimed by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction. March 31 – Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African-American to vote in an election, june 22 – The U. S. Congress creates the United States Department of Justice. June 26 – Christmas is declared a holiday in the United States. July 15 – Reconstruction, Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union, september 6 – Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since 1807. September 18 – Old Faithful Geyser is observed and named by Henry D. Washburn during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition to Yellowstone, first Documented climb of Mt Rainer by medal of Honor winner General Hazard Stevens. October 25 – Eutaw riot, A white mob attacks a group of citizens, killing as many as four of them, in Eutaw. November 1 – The newly created Weather Bureau makes its first official meteorological forecast, High winds at Chicago, Underwood Constitution, A controversial revised Constitution of Virginia goes into effect following a drafting convention that was dominated by the Radical Republicans led by John Underwood. Reconstruction era Gilded Age February 26 – John S. Cohen, may 9 – Lawrence Brainerd, United States Senator from Vermont from 1854 till 1855. July 13 – Daniel Sheldon Norton, United States Senator from Minnesota from 1865 till 1870. August 14 – David Farragut, flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War October 3 – Joseph Mozier, media related to 1870 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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Media related to 1868 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
