1.
1870
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As of the start of 1870, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The first edition of The Northern Echo newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins, january 6 – The Musikverein, Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary. January 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil, january 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey. January 20 – SS City of Boston vanishes at sea with all 177 aboard, january 23 – U. S soldiers attack a peaceful camp of Piegan Blackfeet Indians led by chief Heavy Runner in the Marias Massacre. January 26 – Reconstruction Era, Virginia rejoins the Union, february – Denis Vrain-Lucas is sentenced to 2 years in prison for multiple forgery in Paris. February 1 – Goodna State School in Goodna, Queensland, Australia is founded, february 2 – It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant in the U. S. is just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human. February 3 – The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, february 9 – The U. S. Army Weather Bureau is created. February 10 Anaheim, California is incorporated, the YWCA is founded in New York City. February 12 – Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory, february 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union. February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, february 26 – In New York City, the first pneumatic subway is opened, Beach Pneumatic Transit. February 26 – The German Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg, february 27 – The circle of the sun flag of Japan is adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships by proclamation of the Daijō-kan. February 28 – The Bulgarian Exarchate is established by decree of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire, march – The Mitsubishi company is established in Japan as a shipping firm by Iwasaki Yatarō with Thomas Blake Glover. March 1 – Marshal Francisco Solano Lópezs last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance at the Battle of Cerro Corá in Paraguay, lópez refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the Paraguayan War. March 4 – Thomas Scott is executed by Louis Riels provisional government during the Red River Rebellion in modern-day Manitoba, march 5 – First ever international Association football match, England v Scotland, takes place under the auspices of the Football Association at The Oval, London. March 10 – The Deutsche Bank is founded in Berlin, march 19 – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University. March 24 – Syracuse University is established and officially opens, march 30 The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving blacks the right to vote, is ratified. Texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction, march 31 – Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African-American to vote in an election
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1868 in the United States
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Events from the year 1868 in the United States. President, Andrew Johnson Vice President, vacant Chief Justice, Salmon P. January 9 – John William De Forest, writing for The Nation, calls for a more specifically American literature, February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Johnson is later acquitted by the Senate, the first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana. March 1 – The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia, March 5 – A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson. March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California, March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York. April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, april 29 – After pursuing a policy of total war on the Plain Indians, General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie. May 16 and 26 – President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, may 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time. July 25 – Wyoming Territory is organized, july 28 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law. September – The first volume of Louisa May Alcotts novel Little Women is published, September 18 – The University of the South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee. September 23 – Rebels in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent, October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00. October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder, november 3 – U. S. presidential election,1868, Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the election. December 25 – President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels, maryland School for the Deaf is established. The Roman Catholic See of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, the Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May 8,1897. – Scott Joplin, African American ragtime composer and pianist January 31 – Theodore William Richards, chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914 February 3 – William J. Harris, U. S. E. B. Wood, optical physicist May 10 – Ed Barrow, baseball player and manager June 4 – Thomas F. Bayard, Jr. U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1922 to 1929 June 8 – Robert Robinson Taylor, first accredited African American architect June 28 – John F. Nugent, U. S. S. Senator from Kansas from 1929 to 1931 September 22 – John T. Raulston, state judge October 8 – Coleman Livingston Blease, U. S. Sackett, U. S
4.
1869 in the United States
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Events from the year 1869 in the United States. January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress, sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. March 4 – Ulysses S. Grant succeeds Andrew Johnson as the 18th President of the United States of America, April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York City. May 6 – Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana, may 10 – The golden spike is driven marking the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in Promontory, Utah. May 15 – Womans suffrage, In New York, Susan B, anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association. May 26 – Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, June 1 – The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional baseball team. June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents the first plastic, Celluloid, in Albany, September 24 – Black Friday, The Fisk-Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States. November 6 – The first intercollegiate game of American football is played, December 7 – Outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri. December 10 The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia, the Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, one of the first such laws in the world. Heinz H. J. Heinz Company is founded as Heinz Noble & Company in Sharpsburg, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. Livingstone. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is founded, marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia. Reconstruction era Gilded Age February 2 – Smith W. Brookhart, senator from Iowa from 1922 to 1926 February 19 – Frederic C. Senator from Connecticut from 1929 to 1935 April 2 – Hughie Jennings, baseball player April 4 – Mary Colter, architect April 8 – Harvey Cushing, neurosurgeon April 9 – James Thomas Heflin, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1920 to 1931 May 3 – Warren Terhune, U. S. Navy Commander and 13th Governor of American Samoa June 10 – William Kenyon, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1915 till 1921 December 16 – Bertha Lamme, electrical engineer December 22 Edwin Arlington Robinson, poet Nathan Paine, lumber baron January 1 – Martin W. Bates, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1857 to 1859 January 11 – Sophia Dallas, wife of George M. Dallas, Second Lady of the United States February 18 – Walker Brooke, senator from Mississippi from 1852 to 1853 March 13 – James Guthrie, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1865 to 1868 April 13 – Isaiah Rogers, architect May 23 – Alexander O. Anderson, U. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1840 to 1841 July 18 – Laurent Clerc, advocate for the deaf July 22 – John A. Roebling, bridge engineer July 30 – Isaac Toucey, senator from Connecticut from 1851 to 1857 August 6 – David J. Baker, U. S
5.
1871 in the United States
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Events from the year 1871 in the United States. The U. S. Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, april 20 – The U. S President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Ku Klux Klan Act. May 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played, may 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton of the Cleveland Forest Citys. June 10 – Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 U. S, marines in a naval attack on the Han River forts in Korea. July 21–August 26 – First ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region taken by the photographer William Henry Jackson during Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, July 28 – The Annie, the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park region. Seawanhaka Yacht Club founded at Centre Island, New York, one of the earliest surviving yacht clubs in the Western Hemisphere, September 2 – The disastrous Polaris expedition reaches 82°45′N, the northernmost latitude of any ship to this time. October 8 – Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois, Peshtigo, Wisconsin, Holland, Michigan, november 5 – Wickenburg massacre, Six men travelling by stagecoach are reportedly murdered by the Yavapai Indians in Arizona Territory. November 17 – The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York, december 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three pre-existing towns. William M. Tweed serves his last year as the Boss of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York. The South Improvement Company is formed by John D. Rockefeller, the Harvard Summer School is founded. Reconstruction era Gilded Age March 1 – Ben Harney, composer and ragtime pianist May 19 – Walter Russell, polymath May 31 – John G. Townsend, Jr. U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1929 to 1941 June 17 – James Weldon Johnson, African American songwriter, author, diplomat and educator July 27 – Ollie Murray James, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1913 to 1918 August 19 Joseph E. Widener, art collector Orville Wright, pioneer aviator August 27 – Theodore Dreiser, novelist September 9 – Magnus Johnson, senator from Minnesota from 1923 to 1925 October 14 – William Howard Thompson, U. S. Senator from Kansas from 1913 to 1919 October 11 – Harriet Boyd Hawes, archaeologist October 17 – Thaddeus H. Caraway, U. S
6.
1872 in the United States
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Events from the year 1872 in the United States. February 13 – Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. March 1 – Yellowstone National Park is established as the worlds first national park March 5 – George Westinghouse patents the air brake for railways. March 26 – The 7. 4–7.9 Mw Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X. Twenty-seven people were killed, may 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States. May 22 – Reconstruction, President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law restoring full rights to all. June 4 – Two men lead investors to land near the Wyoming-Colorado border claiming to have found diamonds there, September 4 – The New York Sun breaks the story on the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal September 26 – The first Shriners Temple is established in New York City. October 1 – The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session, October 2 – Morgan State University founded. November – Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley in the U. S, November 5 – Womens suffrage, In defiance of the law, suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time, November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York, bound for Genoa. November 9 – Great Boston Fire of 1872, In Boston, Massachusetts, the two-day event destroyed about 65 acres of city,776 buildings, much of the financial district and caused US$60 million in damage. November 28 – The geologist Clarence King uncovers the hoax in Wyoming in The New York Times. November 29 – Indian Wars, The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River, December 4 – The crewless American-owned ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic. December 9 – P. B. S. Pinchback takes office as Governor of Louisiana, the first African American governor of a U. S. state. Reconstruction era Gilded Age The Wheeler Survey of the southwestern US, 1872–1879 January 20 – Julia Morgan, California architect January 31 – Zane Grey, Western novelist February 1 – Jerome F. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1929 to 1931 March 15 – Harry Holman, character film actor April 5 – Samuel Cate Prescott, food scientist and microbiologist April 23 – Nathan Philemon Bryan, senator from Arkansas from 1913 to 1937 James J. Couzens, U. S. Senator from Arkansas in 1913 November 7 – Leonora Speyer, née von Stosch, classical violinist and poet November 11 – Maude Adams, stage actress December 9 – Thomas W. Hardwick, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1914 to 1919 December 17 – Walter Loving, African American military bandleader January 4 – Arnold Naudain, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1830 to 1836 January 7 – James Fisk, financier January 9 – Henry Halleck, general January 21 – Thomas Bragg, U. S
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Media related to 1870 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
