1.
1861 in art
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Events from the year 1861 in art. February – Hilda Sjölin opens a studio in Malmö, making her one of the first known Swedish female professional photographers. Paul Cézanne and his friend Émile Zola arrive in Paris, berthe Morisot becomes a pupil of Corot. Édouard Manet has his first paintings accepted by the Salon, william Bell Scott concludes his series of murals of Northumbrian history at Wallington Hall with Iron and Coal, the Nineteenth Century
2.
1863 in art
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Events from the year 1863 in art. March – American-born painter James McNeill Whistler settles close to the River Thames in Chelsea, London, the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris becomes independent of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Julia Margaret Cameron takes up photography, alexander Gilchrists Life of William Blake, Pictor Ignotus is published in London, edited posthumously by Anne Gilchrist. May 17 – Opening of first exhibition of the Salon des Refusés in Paris, and coining of the term avant-garde
3.
1864 in art
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Events from the year 1864 in art. January 30 – National Gallery of Ireland opens to the public in Dublin in a designed by Francis Fowke based on early plans by Charles Lanyon. February 20 – Painter George Frederic Watts marries his 16-year-old model and she elopes less than a year later. December 30 – Julia Margaret Cameron sends John Herschel an album of her first years photography including her iconic portrait of him, stanisław Chlebowski takes up a post as master painter to Sultan Abdülaziz in Istanbul. The National Gallery in London acquires The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius from Lord Taunton, F. Watts – Choosing James McNeill Whistler Caprice in Purple and Gold, The Golden Screen Symphony in White, No
4.
1865 in art
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Events from the year 1865 in art. July 21 – Charles Dodgson photographs Effie Gray Millais, John Everett Millais, ford Madox Brown completes his painting Work after thirteen years. Édouard Manets painting Olympia is first exhibited, at the Salon, jean-François Millets painting The Angelus is first exhibited and becomes very popular in France. The Bargello in Florence becomes an art museum
5.
1870 in art
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Events from the year 1870 in art. June 28 – Claude Monet marries his mistress and model Camille Doncieux in Paris, july – Franco-Prussian War breaks out, Monet and Pissarro flee to London, Cézanne and his mistress, Marie-Hortense Fiquet, leave Paris for LEstaque where he predominantly paints landscapes. In September the Dutch painter Lourens Alma Tadema moves permanently to London where he adopts the name Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Édouard Manet and Louis Edmond Duranty fight a duel at Café Guerbois, Paris. Russian industrialist and patron of the arts Savva Mamontov acquires the Abramtsevo Colony, dante Gabriel Rossettis Poems are published, exhumed from Elizabeth Siddals grave. Daoud Corm goes to Rome to study under Roberto Bompiani at the Accademia di San Luca
6.
1872 in art
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Events from the year 1872 in art. February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. A, november 13 – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre. November – Edward Lear acquires his cat Foss, date unknown William De Morgan sets up an art pottery in Chelsea, London. The first Wallace fountains, to the design of sculptor Charles-Auguste Lebourg, are installed in Paris
7.
1873 in art
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Events from the year 1873 in art. Early – Pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon is arrested in a urinal in London. May – Vincent van Gogh is re-located to London by his employer, monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organize the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. for the purpose of exhibiting artworks independently. The collection forming the Galleria Nazionale dellUmbria is moved to the Palazzo dei Priori, new Accademia delle Arti del Disegno established in Florence. Leslie Ward, as Spy, begins producing caricatures for the British magazine Vanity Fair
8.
1874 in art
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Events from the year 1874 in art. August 22 – English illustrator Helen Paterson marries Irish poet and editor William Allingham, december 19 – Monet begins painting his Snow at Argenteuil series. December 22 – Berthe Morisot, who has exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition, marries Eugène, brother of Édouard Manet, goyas Black Paintings are transferred to canvas
9.
1876 in art
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Events from the year 1876 in art. April – Impressionist exhibition at the house of Paul Durand-Ruel,11 rue Peletier, may 16 – German American Napoleon of crime Adam Worth steals Gainsboroughs portrait Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from Agnews gallery in Old Bond Street, London. Henrietta Montalba exhibits at the Royal Academy for the first time, kathleen Newton moves into the London home of James Tissot, becoming his mistress and model
10.
1879 in art
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Events from the year 1879 in art. April 10–May 11 – Fourth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, arranged by Gustave Caillebotte at 28 avenue de lOpéra, ford Madox Brown begins painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall. Chicago Academy of Fine Arts established, guimet Museum of Asian art established in Lyon, France. Museum of Fine Arts Berne established in Switzerland, kate Greenaways first book, with her own colour illustrations, Under the Window, Pictures & Rhymes for Children, is published in London
11.
1880 in art
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Events from the year 1880 in art. October – Vincent van Gogh enrolls in an art course at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Fifth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at 10 rue des Pyramides, the realist painter Jean-François Raffaëlli is also invited by Degas to exhibit. Silver Studio founded by Arthur Silver in London for textile and wallpaper design, anton Mauve paints Changing Pasture, his palette and usage of colour influences Vincent van Gogh. Michael Ancher marries fellow painter Anna Brøndum, national Gallery of Canada established in Ottawa. Grand Prix de Rome, painting, Henri Lucien Doucet, Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Grand Prix de Rome, music, Lucien Joseph Edouard Hillemacher
12.
1881 in art
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Events from the year 1881 in art. April – Sixth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at Nadars studio, august 31 – English painters Thomas Cooper Gotch and Caroline Burland Yates marry at Newlyn. The Société des Artistes Français is established, with William-Adolphe Bouguereau as its first president. Vincent van Gogh returns from study in Brussels to his parents home in Etten where he produces a number of works, including the start of his series of peasant character studies. Art Gallery of South Australia established in Adelaide, St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts established at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, under the direction of Halsey Ives. Dante Gabriel Rossettis Ballads and Sonnets published
13.
1871 in architecture
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The year 1871 in architecture involved some significant events. Abraham Hirsch is appointed architect of the French city of Lyon. - At the Vienna Hofburg, groundbreaking is held for the new Imperial Natural History Museum, march 29 - The Royal Albert Hall in London, designed by Francis Fowke and H. Y. September 14 - Hokkaidō Shrine, Sapporo, Japan, october 15 - Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester, England, designed by Joseph A. Hansom & Son. Krumbein Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin, designed by Alfred Lent, Bertold Scholz, Royal Gold Medal - James Fergusson Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Émile Ulmann
14.
1871 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1871. January 1 – The childrens literary magazine Young Folks begins publication in the United Kingdom as Our Young Folks Weekly Budget, january – John Ruskin begins publishing Fors Clavigera, his monthly letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain. November 25 – First performance of The Bells starring Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, London, on the same night, he breaks up permanently with his wife when she criticises his choice of profession. December – Publication of George Eliots novel Middlemarch in eight parts commences, George Allen and Sons, publishers, predecessors of Allen & Unwin, established in London. Alcott – Little Men Lewis Carroll – Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There George MacDonald – At the Back of the North Wind Johanna Spyri – A Leaf on Vronys Grave W. S
15.
Edward Lear
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Edward Lear was an English artist, illustrator, musician, author and poet, and is known now mostly for his literary nonsense in poetry and prose and especially his limericks, a form he popularised. As an author, he is principally for his popular nonsense collections of poems, songs, short stories, botanical drawings, recipes. He also composed and published twelve musical settings of Tennysons poetry, Lear was born into a middle-class family at Holloway, North London, the penultimate of twenty-one children of Ann Clark Skerrett and Jeremiah Lear. He was raised by his eldest sister, also named Ann,21 years his senior, owing to the familys limited finances, Lear and his sister were required to leave the family home and live together when he was aged four. Ann doted on Edward and continued to act as a mother for him until her death, Lear suffered from lifelong health afflictions. From the age of six he suffered frequent grand mal seizures, and bronchitis, asthma. Lear experienced his first seizure at a fair near Highgate with his father, the event scared and embarrassed him. Lear felt lifelong guilt and shame for his epileptic condition and his adult diaries indicate that he always sensed the onset of a seizure in time to remove himself from public view. When Lear was about seven years old he began to show signs of depression and he suffered from periods of severe melancholia which he referred to as the Morbids. He was the first major bird artist to draw birds from real live birds, Lears first publication, published when he was 19 years old, was Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots in 1830. One of the greatest ornithological artists of his era, he contributed to John Goulds works and was compared favourably with the naturalist John James Audubon. Unfortunately his eyesight deteriorated too much to work with precision on the fine drawings and etchings of plates used in lithography, thus he turned to landscape painting. Among other travels, he visited Greece and Egypt during 1848–49 and his landscape style often shows views with strong sunlight, with intense contrasts of colour. Between 1878 and 1883 Lear spent his summers on Monte Generoso and his oil painting The Plains of Lombardy from Monte Generoso is in the Ashmolean Museum in the English city of Oxford. Throughout his life he continued to paint seriously and he had a lifelong ambition to illustrate Tennysons poems, near the end of his life a volume with a small number of illustrations was published. In 1842 Lear began a journey into the Italian peninsula, travelling through the Lazio, Rome, Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily. In personal notes, together with drawings, Lear gathered his impressions on the Italian way of life, folk traditions, and the beauty of the ancient monuments. Of particular interest to Lear was the Abruzzo, which he visited in 1843, through the Marsica, at Castel di Sangro, Lear described the winter stillness of the mountains and the beautiful basilica
16.
Sanremo
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Sanremo or San Remo is a city on the Mediterranean coast of western Liguria in north-western Italy. Founded in Roman times, it has a population of 57,000 and it hosts numerous cultural events, such as the Sanremo Music Festival and the Milan–San Remo cycling classic. The name of the city is a contraction of SantEremo di San Romolo, which refers to Romulus of Genoa. It is often stated in modern folk stories that Sanremo is a translation of Saint Remus, in Ligurian, his name is San Rœmu. The spelling San Remo is on all ancient maps of Liguria, the ancient Republic of Genoa, Italy in the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and it was used in 1924 in official documents under Mussolini. This form of the name appears still on road signs and, more rarely. It has been the most widely used form of the name in English at least since the 19th century, once the Roman settlement of Matutia or Villa Matutiana, Sanremo expanded in the Early Middle Ages when the population moved to the high grounds. The nobility built a castle and the village of La Pigna to protect the town from Saracen raids. At first subjected to the countship of Ventimiglia, the community later passed under the dominion of the Genoese bishops, in 1297 they sold it to the Doria and De Mari families. It became a town in the second half of the 15th century, after which it expanded to the Pigna hill. The almost perfectly preserved old village remains, Sanremo remained independent from Genoese Republic. In 1753, after 20 years of conflicts, it rose against Genoese hegemonical attempts. At that time the latter polity built the fortress of Santa Tecla, the fortress was used as a prison until 2002. It is now being transformed into a museum, after the French domination and the Savoy restoration in 1814, Sanremo was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. From the middle of the 18th century the town grew rapidly, in due to the development of tourism, which saw the first grand hotels built. The Empress Sissi of Austria, Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, the most notable of these was the British Mandate of Palestine. Sanremo is the home of International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the most notable institute in courses about refugees, sanremos Mediterranean climate and attractive seacoast setting on the Italian Riviera make it a popular tourist destination. Besides tourism, the city is active in the production of extra virgin-grade olive oil and it is one of the agricultural commodities in western Liguria and in particular within the province of Imperia
17.
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist, active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a proponent of the credo art for arts sake. His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail, the symbol was apt, for it combined both aspects of his personality—his art was characterized by a subtle delicacy, while his public persona was combative. Finding a parallel between painting and music, Whistler entitled many of his paintings arrangements, harmonies, and nocturnes and his most famous painting is Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, commonly known as Whistlers Mother, the revered and oft-parodied portrait of motherhood, Whistler influenced the art world and the broader culture of his time with his artistic theories and his friendships with leading artists and writers. James Abbott Whistler was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on July 10,1834 and his father was a railroad engineer, and Anna was his second wife. James lived the first three years of his life in a modest house at 243 Worthen Street in Lowell, today, the house is a museum dedicated to Whistler. During the Ruskin trial, Whistler claimed St. Petersburg, Russia, as his birthplace, declaring, I shall be born when and where I want, in 1837, the Whistlers moved from Lowell to Stonington, Connecticut, where George Whistler worked for the Stonington Railroad. Sadly, during this period, three of George and Anna Whistlers children died in infancy, in 1839, the Whistlers fortunes improved considerably when George Whistler received the appointment that would make his fortune and fame - that of chief engineer for the Boston & Albany Railroad. Thus, the moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, then one of the United States most prosperous cities. The Whistlers lived in Springfield until they left the United States in late 1842, Nicholas I of Russia learned of George Whistlers ingenuity in engineering the Boston & Albany Railroad, and offered Whistler a position in 1842 engineering a railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In the winter of 1842, the Whistlers moved from Springfield to St. Petersburg, in later years, James Whistler played up his mothers connection to the American South and its roots, and presented himself as an impoverished Southern aristocrat. After her death, he adopted her name, using it as an additional middle name. Young Whistler was a moody child prone to fits of temper and insolence and his parents discovered in his early youth that drawing often settled him down and helped focus his attention. Beginning in 1842, his father was employed to work on a railroad in Russia, after moving to St. Petersburg to join his father a year later, the young Whistler took private art lessons, then enrolled in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts at age eleven. In 1844, he met the noted artist Sir William Allan, Whistlers mother noted in her diary, the great artist remarked to me Your little boy has uncommon genius, but do not urge him beyond his inclination. In 1847-48, his family spent some time in London with relatives, Whistlers brother-in-law Francis Haden, a physician who was also an artist, spurred his interest in art and photography. Haden took Whistler to visit collectors and to lectures, and gave him a set with instruction
18.
James Tissot
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Jacques Joseph Tissot, Anglicized as James Tissot, was a French painter and illustrator. He was a painter of Paris society before moving to London in 1871. He became famous as a painter of fashionably dressed women shown in various scenes of everyday life. He also painted scenes and characters from the Bible, jacques Tissot was born in the port town of Nantes, France and spent his early childhood there. His father, Marcel Théodore Tissot, was a successful drapery merchant and his mother, Marie Durand, assisted her husband in the family business and designed hats. A devout Catholic, Tissots mother instilled pious devotion in the future artist from a young age. Tissots youth spent in Nantes likely contributed to his frequent depiction of shipping vessels, the involvement of his parents in the fashion industry is believed to have been an influence on his painting style, as he depicted womens clothing in fine detail. By the time Tissot was 17, he knew he wanted to pursue painting as a career and his father opposed this, preferring his son to follow a business profession, but the young Tissot gained his mothers support for his chosen vocation. Around this time, he began using the name of James. By 1854 he was known as James Tissot, he may have adopted it because of his increasing interest in everything English. In 1856 or 1857, Tissot travelled to Paris to pursue an education in art, while staying with a friend of his mother, painter Elie Delaunay, Tissot enrolled at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts to study in the studios of Hippolyte Flandrin and Louis Lamothe. Both were successful Lyonnaise painters who moved to Paris to study under Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Lamothe provided the majority of Tissots studio education, and the young artist studied on his own by copying works at the Louvre, as did most other artists of the time in their early years. Around this time, Tissot also made the acquaintance of the American James McNeill Whistler, and French painters Edgar Degas, in 1859, Tissot exhibited in the Paris Salon for the first time. He showed five paintings of scenes from the Middle Ages, many depicting scenes from Goethes Faust and these works show the influence in his work of the Belgian painter Henri Leys, whom Tissot had met in Antwerp earlier that same year. Other influences include the works of the German painters Peter von Cornelius, in about 1863, Tissot suddenly shifted his focus from the medieval style to the depiction of modern life through portraits. During this period, Tissot gained high acclaim, and quickly became a success as an artist. Like contemporaries such as Alfred Stevens and Claude Monet, Tissot also explored japonisme, including Japanese objects and costumes in his pictures, Degas painted a portrait of Tissot from these years, in which he is sitting below a Japanese screen hanging on the wall. Tissot fought in the Franco-Prussian War as part of the defence of Paris
19.
Camille Pissarro
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Camille Pissarro was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas. His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54, in 1873 he helped establish a collective society of fifteen aspiring artists, becoming the pivotal figure in holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Cézanne said he was a father for me, a man to consult and a little like the good Lord, and he was also one of Gauguins masters. Renoir referred to his work as revolutionary, through his portrayals of the common man. Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions and he acted as a father figure not only to the Impressionists but to all four of the major Post-Impressionists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro was born on 10 July 1830 on the island of St. Thomas to Frederick and his father was of Portuguese Jewish descent and held French nationality. His mother was from a French-Jewish family from the island of St. Thomas and his father was a merchant who came to the island from France to deal with the hardware store of a deceased uncle and married his widow. The marriage caused a stir within St. Thomas small Jewish community because she was married to Fredericks uncle. In subsequent years his four children were forced to attend the primary school. Upon his death, his will specified that his estate be split equally between the synagogue and St. Thomas Protestant church, when Camille was twelve his father sent him to boarding school in France. He studied at the Savary Academy in Passy near Paris, while a young student, he developed an early appreciation of the French art masters. Monsieur Savary himself gave him a grounding in drawing and painting and suggested he draw from nature when he returned to St. Thomas. However, his father preferred he work in his business, giving him a job working as a cargo clerk and he took every opportunity during those next five years at the job to practise drawing during breaks and after work. When he turned twenty-one, Danish artist Fritz Melbye, then living on St. Thomas, inspired Pissarro to take on painting as a profession, becoming his teacher. Pissarro then chose to leave his family and job and live in Venezuela and he drew everything he could, including landscapes, village scenes, and numerous sketches, enough to fill up multiple sketchbooks. In 1855 he moved back to Paris where he working as assistant to Anton Melbye. In Paris he worked as assistant to Danish painter Anton Melbye and he also studied paintings by other artists whose style impressed him, Courbet, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and Corot
20.
Croydon
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Croydon is a large town in south London, England,9.5 miles south of Charing Cross. The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon, it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London, with a shopping district. Its population of 52,104 at the 2011 census includes the wards of Addiscombe, Broad Green, Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production, leather tanning and brewing. The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the worlds first public railway, later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydons growth as a commuter town for London. By the early 20th century, Croydon was an important industrial area, known for car manufacture, metal working, Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965. Road traffic is diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre, East Croydon is a major hub of the national railway transport system, with frequent fast services to central London, Brighton and the south coast. The town is unique in Greater London for its Tramlink light rail transport system, alternative, although less probable, theories of the names origin have been proposed. According to John Corbett Anderson, The earliest mention of Croydon is in the joint will of Beorhtric and Aelfswth, in this Anglo-Saxon document the name is spelt Crogdaene. Crog was, and still is, the Norse or Danish word for crooked, which is expressed in Anglo-Saxon by crumb, from the Danish came our crook and crooked. This term accurately describes the locality, it is a crooked or winding valley, in reference to the valley runs in an oblique. However, there was no long-term Danish occupation in Surrey, which was part of Wessex, and Danish-derived nomenclature is also highly unlikely. The town lies on the line of the Roman road from London to Portslade, later, in the 5th to 7th centuries, a large pagan Saxon cemetery was situated on what is now Park Lane, although the extent of any associated settlement is unknown. By the late Saxon period Croydon was the hub of an estate belonging to the Archbishops of Canterbury, the church and the archbishops manor house occupied the area still known as Old Town. Croydon appears in Domesday Book as Croindene, held by Archbishop Lanfranc and its Domesday assets were,16 hides and 1 virgate,1 church,1 mill worth 5s,38 ploughs,8 acres of meadow, woodland worth 200 hogs. The church had established in the middle Saxon period, and was probably a minster church. A charter issued by King Coenwulf of Mercia refers to a council that had taken place close to the monasterium of Croydon, an Anglo-Saxon will made in about 960 is witnessed by Elfsies, priest of Croydon, and the church is also mentioned in Domesday Book. The will of John de Croydon, fishmonger, dated 6 December 1347, includes a bequest to the church of S John de Croydon, the church still bears the arms of Archbishop Courtenay and Archbishop Chichele, believed to have been its benefactors. In 1276 Archbishop Robert Kilwardby acquired a charter for a market
21.
Pontoise
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Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km from the centre of Paris, Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise. Known as being a violent city in the past, with a rate of 137.62 incidents per 1000 inhabitants. By 2008 the rate had declined to 99.87, although this is considered high. Pontoise is the capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from Roman times, at that time, the rock peak overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia and Rotomagus. The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen and it is also known to many people as the birthplace of the alchemist Nicholas Flamel. With an over 2,000 year patrimonium, Pontoise still has vestige of the past, of which medieval lanes, convents, churches and museums, and was awarded the City of Art and History Label in 2006. The impressionnist painter Camille Pissarro made it famous through many paintings which are present nowadays in the most famous art galleries in the world, at the census of 1999, the population was 27,494. The estimate for 2005 was 28,500, some trains originating at Gare Saint-Lazare continue onto Gisors. For bus services, Stivo operates within the new town of Cergy-Pontoise, Pontoise – Cormeilles Aerodrome is the area airport. Many painters took as a point the city and its area for the creation of landscapes. Camille Pissarro lived there for seventeen years, other artists lived or worked in the area such as Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Charles-François Daubigny, Gustave Caillebotte, Gustave Loiseau, etc. It was built in the 12th century and reconstructed and enlarged in the 15th and 16th centuries, the tower as well as the central portal is in flamboyant style. The central body is flanked by Renaissance additions. The remaining 12th century part of the cathedral is to the back, to the North of the building is a Renaissance portal. The museum houses sculptures from the Middle Ages, manuscripts from the century and paintings from the twentieth century Musée Pissarro. The Museum is situated in a house at the entrance of the old castle
22.
Claude Monet
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Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
23.
Zaandam
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Zaandam is a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is the city of the municipality of Zaanstad. It is located on the Zaan, nearby the North Sea Canal, the statistical district Zaandam, which covers the city and the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 72,597. Zaandam was a municipality until 1974, when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad. Zaandam and the surrounding Zaan River region, called the Zaanstreek, in the Dutch Golden Age, Zaandam served as a large milling centre. Thousands of windmills powered saws that were processing Scandinavian wood for the shipbuilding, a statue was commissioned from the Bosnian Serb sculptor Slavomir Miletić in honour of this era, and the statue, “The Woodworker”, was installed on 20 June 2004. Zaandam was a city in the first Industrial Revolution. Into the second half of the 20th century, Zaandam was still an important lumber port, Zaandam is also historically linked with the whaling industry. In 1697, the czar Peter I of Russia spent some time in Zaandam, the house he stayed in has been preserved as a small museum, the Czar Peter House. In 1871, the impressionist painter Claude Monet lived in Zaandam for approximately half a year, during that time, he made 25 paintings of the area, including Bateaux en Hollande pres de Zaandam and A windmill at Zaandam. The first European McDonalds restaurant opened in Zaandam in 1971, football club AZ was founded in Zaandam on May 10,1967. Kuyper, Gemeente Atlas van Nederland, 1865-1870, Zaandam, map of the former municipality, around 1868
24.
Camille Doncieux
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Camille Doncieux was the first wife of French painter Claude Monet. She was the subject of a number of paintings by Monet, as well as Pierre-Auguste Renoir and she was mother to two sons with Monet. Camille-Léonie Doncieux was born in the town of La Guillotiere, now part of Lyons, France and her father, Charles Claude Doncieux, was a merchant. He moved with his wife and daughter to Paris, near the Sorbonne, a few years after the birth of her sister, Geneviève-François in 1857, the family moved to Batignolles, now a part of the northwestern section of Paris. While in her teens, Doncieux began work as a model and she met Monet, seven years her senior, in 1865 and became his model posing for numerous paintings. She was Monets mistress, living in poverty at the beginning of his career and his aunt and father did not approve of the relationship with Camille. She was left behind in Paris without funds for her care, in Paris on 8 August 1867, Camille Doncieux gave birth to Jean, her first son with Claude Monet. He returned to Paris at the end of the year for the holidays, in 1868 Monet went to live with Camille and Jean in Paris, hiding the fact from his father and aunt who thought he abandoned his mistress and child. To escape his creditors and live in an expensive place. They were thrown out of the inn they were staying in for non-payment, Camille and Jean were able to stay with someone in the country, while Monet tried to obtain monies for survival. Camille and Monet were married on 28 June 1870 in the 8th arrondissement of Paris during a civil ceremony, painter Gustave Courbet was a witness. Although Monets father was not present because he did not approve of his marriage, upon her marriage, Camille received a 1,200 franc dowry, which represented two years interest on a principal investment that she would receive upon her fathers death. Her parents stipulated that the money should be kept in a separate account in Camilles name. This was done to protect the money from Claude Monets creditors, the couple took their son Jean with them on their honeymoon to Trouville-sur-Mer and stayed at the Hotel Trivoli. Continuing to avoid creditors, Monet also sought to avoid being drafted to serve during the Franco-Prussian War. He left his bride and son to go to Le Havre, France to visit his father and then on to England. Camille and Jean met up with him in England in October 1870 and they lived at Bath Place, now Kensington High Street, by early 1871. It was here that Monet made the painting of Camille that he made in London
25.
Argenteuil
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Argenteuil is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.3 km from the center of Paris, Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-dOise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil. Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century, the monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution. A rural escape for Parisians, it is now a suburb of Paris, painters made Argenteuil famous, including Claude Monet, Jean-Étienne Delacroix, Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Alfred Sisley and Georges Braque. As of 2016 the communes schools have over 12,000 students, the Conservatoire à rayonnement départemental de Musique, Danse et Théâtre is located in Argenteuil. André Bon is one of its former students
26.
William Morris
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William Morris was an English textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist. Associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement, he was a contributor to the revival of traditional British textile arts. His literary contributions helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, while he played a significant role in propagating the early socialist movement in Britain. Born in Walthamstow, Essex, to a wealthy family, Morris came under the strong influence of medievalism while studying Classics at Oxford University. Webb and Morris designed a home, Red House, then in Kent. In 1861, Morris founded a decorative arts firm with Burne-Jones, Rossetti, Webb, and others, in 1875, Morris assumed total control of the company, which was renamed Morris & Co. Although retaining a main home in London, from 1871 Morris rented the rural retreat of Kelmscott Manor, greatly influenced by visits to Iceland, with Eiríkr Magnússon he produced a series of English-language translations of Icelandic Sagas. In 1877 he founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings to campaign against the damage caused by architectural restoration, in 1891 he founded the Kelmscott Press to publish limited-edition, illuminated-style print books, a cause to which he devoted his final years. Morris is recognised as one of the most significant cultural figures of Victorian Britain, though best known in his lifetime as a poet, founded in 1955, the William Morris Society is devoted to his legacy, while multiple biographies and studies of his work have seen publication. Many of the associated with his life are open to visitors, much of his work can be found in art galleries and museums. Morris was born at Elm House in Walthamstow, Essex, on 24 March 1834. Raised into a wealthy family, he was named after his father. His mother was Emma Morris, who came from Woodford Hall in Woodford, Essex and he also took rides through the Essex countryside on his pony, and visited the various churches and cathedrals throughout the country, marveling at their architecture. His father took him on visits outside of the county, for instance to Canterbury Cathedral, the Chiswick Horticultural Gardens, and to the Isle of Wight, where he adored Blackgang Chine. In February 1848 Morris began his studies at Marlborough College in Marlborough, Wiltshire and he despised his time there, being bullied, bored, and homesick. He did use the opportunity to many of the prehistoric sites of Wiltshire, such as Avebury and Silbury Hill. At Christmas 1851, Morris was removed from the school and returned to Water House, guy, Assistant Master at the nearby Forest School. In June 1852 Morris entered Oxford Universitys Exeter College, although since the college was full and he disliked the college and was bored by the manner in which they taught him Classics
27.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
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Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English poet, illustrator, painter and translator. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt, Rossetti was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement, most notably William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a precursor of the Aesthetic movement. Rossettis art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism and his early poetry was influenced by John Keats. His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossettis work. Rossettis personal life was linked to his work, especially his relationships with his models and muses Elizabeth Siddal, Fanny Cornforth. The son of émigré Italian scholar Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti and his wife Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, Rossetti was born in London, England and his family and friends called him Gabriel, but in publications he put the name Dante first in honour of Dante Alighieri. He was the brother of poet Christina Rossetti, critic William Michael Rossetti and his father was a Roman Catholic, at least prior to his marriage, and his mother was an Anglican, ostensibly Gabriel was baptized as and was a practicing Anglican. During his childhood, Rossetti was home educated and often read the Bible, along with the works of Shakespeare, Dickens, Sir Walter Scott, the youthful Rossetti is described as self-possessed, articulate, passionate and charismatic but also ardent, poetic and feckless. Like all his siblings, he aspired to be a poet and attended Kings College School and he also wished to be a painter, having shown a great interest in Medieval Italian art. He studied at Henry Sass Drawing Academy from 1841 to 1845, when he enrolled in the Antique School of the Royal Academy, after leaving the Royal Academy, Rossetti studied under Ford Madox Brown, with whom he retained a close relationship throughout his life. Following the exhibition of William Holman Hunts painting The Eve of St. Agnes, the painting illustrated a poem by the little-known John Keats. Rossettis own poem, The Blessed Damozel, was an imitation of Keats, together they developed the philosophy of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood which they founded along with John Everett Millais. Their approach was to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, the eminent critic John Ruskin wrote, Every Pre-Raphaelite landscape background is painted to the last touch, in the open air, from the thing itself. Every Pre-Raphaelite figure, however studied in expression, is a portrait of some living person. Rossettis first major paintings in oil display the realist qualities of the early Pre-Raphaelite movement and his Girlhood of Mary Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domini portray Mary as a teenage girl. I saw at once that he was not an orthodox boy, the mixture of genius and dilettantism of both men shut me up for the moment, and whetted my curiosity. Although his work subsequently won support from John Ruskin, Rossetti only rarely exhibited thereafter, in 1850, Rossetti met Elizabeth Siddal, an important model for the Pre-Raphaelite painters
28.
Kelmscott Manor
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Kelmscott Manor is a limestone manor house in the Cotswolds village of Kelmscott, in West Oxfordshire, southern England. It dates from around 1570, with a late 17th-century wing and it is situated close to the River Thames, and it is frequently flooded. The nearest town is Faringdon in the Vale of the White Horse, the house was built by local farmer Thomas Turner and remained in the family for many generations. After George Turner died in 1734, the house was rented out, the house was originally called Lower House, but became Kelmscott Manor when James Turner purchased 53½ acres of manorial land together with the lordship in 1864. After James died the manor passed to his nephew, Charles Hobbs, Kelmscott Manor was the country home of the writer, designer and socialist William Morris from 1871 until his death in 1896. Today it is owned by the Society of Antiquaries of London, Morris drew great inspiration from the unspoilt authenticity of the houses architecture and craftsmanship, and its organic relationship with its setting, especially its garden. The Manor is featured in Morris work News from Nowhere and it also appears in the background of Water Willow, a portrait of his wife, Jane Morris, painted by Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1871. After William Morriss death in 1896, the Manor continued to be occupied by his widow, Jane Morris and later, may Morris died in 1938 and bequeathed the house to Oxford University, on the basis the contents were preserved and the public were granted access. The University were unwilling to preserve the house as a piece and passed the house. The internal decor today is substantially that of Morris, and includes many of his famous textile patterns as well as much of his furniture, there is a display of his textile designs in the converted loft, which would originally have been used for farm labourers. His bedroom contains many of his books, and a collection of Dürer prints. The state of the house is much as it was left by Morris after his death, the garden includes many old trees, including a very old black mulberry at the rear of the house. The front garden is walled with a house in one corner. The front garden contains many standard roses, although part of the original orchard has been removed to make a small car park, many fruit trees have been left intact. William Morris named his London residence Kelmscott House and the press that he founded the Kelmscott Press after Kelmscott. He was buried in the churchyard in a tomb designed by his friend. Arts and Crafts movement Crossley, Alan E. Hassall, Tom, Salway, William Morriss Kelmscott, Landscape and History. William Morris, A Life For Our Time
29.
Jane Morris
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Jane Morris was an English artists model who embodied the Pre-Raphaelite ideal of beauty. She was a model and muse to William Morris, the English textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist, whom she later married, and to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Jane Burden was born in Oxford, the daughter of a stableman, Robert Burden, and his wife Ann Maizey, who was a laundress. At the time of her birth, her parents were living at St Helens Passage, in the parish of St Peter-in-the-East and her mother Ann was illiterate and probably came to Oxford as a domestic servant. Little is known of Jane Burdens childhood, but it was poor, in October 1857, Burden and her sister Elizabeth, known as Bessie, attended a performance of the Drury Lane Theatre Company in Oxford. Jane Burden was noticed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones who were members of a group of artists painting the Oxford Union murals, struck by her beauty, they asked her to model for them. Burden sat mostly for Rossetti as a model for Queen Guinevere and afterwards for William Morris, like Rossetti, Morris used Burden as the model for his painting of Queen Guinevere. During this period, Morris fell in love with Burden and they became engaged, Burdens education was limited and she was probably destined to go into domestic service like her mother. After her engagement, she was educated to become a rich gentlemans wife. Her keen intelligence allowed her to recreate herself and she was a voracious reader who became proficient in French and Italian and became an accomplished pianist with a strong background in classical music. Her manners and speech became refined to an extent that contemporaries referred to her as Queenly, later in life, she had no trouble moving in upper class circles. She also became a skilled needlewoman who would be renowned for her embroideries. Jane married William Morris at St Michael at the Northgate in Oxford on 26 April 1859 and her father was described as a groom, in stables at 65 Holywell Street. After the marriage, the Morrises lived at the Red House in Bexleyheath, while living there, they had two daughters, Jane Alice Jenny, born in January 1861, and Mary May, who later edited her fathers works. They moved to Queens Square in London and later bought Kelmscott House in Hammersmith as their main residence, in 1871, Morris and Rossetti took out a joint tenancy on Kelmscott Manor on the Gloucestershire-Oxfordshire-Wiltshire borders. William Morris went to Iceland, leaving his wife and Rossetti to furnish the house, Jane Morris had become closely attached to Rossetti and became a favourite muse of his. Their relationship is reputed to have started in 1865 and lasted, on differing levels and they shared a deep emotional relationship, and she inspired Rossetti to write poetry and create some of his best paintings. Her discovery of his dependence on the drug, chloral hydrate, in 1884, Jane Morris met the poet and political activist Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at a house party given by her close friend, Rosalind Howard
30.
Marie Spartali Stillman
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Marie Euphrosyne Spartali, later Stillman, was a British Pre-Raphaelite painter of Greek descent, arguably the greatest female artist of that movement. During a sixty-year career, she produced one hundred works, contributing regularly to exhibitions in Great Britain. Maria Spartali was the eldest daughter of Michael Spartali, a merchant, principal of the firm Spartali & Co. He had moved to London around 1828, in London he married Euphrosyne, the daughter of a Greek merchant from Genoa. The family lived in their Georgian country house with a circular hallway, on Clapham Common, known as The Shrubbery with a huge garden and views over the Thames. In the summer months, they moved to their house on the Isle of Wight where her father developed the cultivation of grapes on his lands. In London, her father was fond of lavish parties where he invited up and coming young writers. It was in the house of the Greek businessman A. C. Ionides at Tulse Hill, in south London and they were dressed in white with blue ribbon sashes. Swinburne was so overcome that he said of Spartali, She is so beautiful that I want to sit down and cry. Marie was a figure, around 1.9 metres tall and, in her later years, dressed in long flowing black garments with a lace hood. Spartali studied under Ford Madox Brown for several years from 1864, with his children Lucy, Catherine, Rossetti, on hearing that she was to become a pupil to Madox Brown, wrote to him, I just hear Miss Spartali is to be your pupil. I hear too that she is one and the same with a beauty of whom I have heard much talk. So box her up and dont let fellows see her, as I mean to have first shy at her in the way of sitting and she first sat for him in 1867. He wrote to Jane Morris on 14 August, I find her head the most difficult I ever drew and it depends not so much on real form as on a subtle charm of life which one cannot recreate. She was the most intellectual of his models and she modelled for, Brown, Burne-Jones, Julia Margaret Cameron, Rossetti, and Spencer Stanhope. In 1871, against her parents wishes, she married American journalist and she was his second wife, his first having committed suicide two years before. The couple had posed for Rossetti in his famous Dante pictures and he first worked for the American Art Magazine, The Crayon. His later job was a correspondent for The Times
31.
William James Stillman
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William James Stillman was an American journalist, diplomat, author, historian, and photographer. Educated as an artist, Stillman subsequently converted to the profession of journalism, working primarily as a war correspondent in Crete and the Balkans, for a time, he also served as United States ambassador in Rome, and afterward in Crete during the Cretan insurrections. He helped to train the young Arthur Evans as a war correspondent in the Balkans, Stillman wrote several books, one of which, his Autobiography of a Journalist, suggests that he viewed himself primarily as a writer. Stillman was born in Schenectady, New York in 1828 and his parents were Seventh Day Baptists, and his early religious training influenced him throughout his life. He was sent to school in New York by his mother, who made great sacrifices so that he might get an education, and he graduated from Union College of Schenectady in 1848. In 1852 Lajos Kossuth sent him on an errand to Hungary to dig up crown jewels. It numbered Lowell, Aldrich and Charles Eliot Norton among its contributors, there he passed several years, but a fit of restlessness started him off once more to England. He renewed his friendship with Ruskin, and went with him to Switzerland to paint and draw in the Alps and he then lived in Paris and was in Normandy in 1861 when the American Civil War broke out. He made more than one attempt to serve in the Northern ranks, in September 1868 he resigned and went to Athens, where his first wife, worn out by the excitement of life in Crete, committed suicide. He was an editor of Scribners Magazine for a time and then went to London. In 1871 he married artist Marie Spartali, a daughter of the Greek consul-general Michael Spartali, in 1877-1883 he served as the correspondent of The Times at Athens, in 1886-1898 at Rome. During this time he was assisted in his work by the nascent archaeologist and photographer. He was a critic of Italian statesmen, and embroiled himself at various times with various politicians. After his retirement he lived in Surrey, England where he died on July 6,1901 at Frimley Green, the first series was photographed in 1869 and privately published in 1870, Stillman rephotographed the Acropolis in 1882 and subsequently reordered the combined series in a second album. The Last Amateur, The Life of William J. Stillman Stillman and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Biography Stillman, William James, The Autobiography of a Journalist
32.
Edwin B. Crocker
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Edwin Bryant Crocker was a California Supreme Court Justice and founder of the Crocker Art Museum in Sacramento, California. Crocker was born in Jamesville, New York and he earned a degree in civil engineering at Rensselaer Institute in Troy, New York. He went on to law in Indiana. While there, he started a practice that earned him a reputation as an abolitionist, upon his second marriage, to Margaret Rhodes on July 8,1852, Crocker and his wife moved to Sacramento, California. When they arrived in Sacramento, Crocker resumed his legal career and he was also involved in politics. In 1854, he became the chair of the Republican Party, in 1863, then-Governor Leland Stanford appointed him as a Justice of the California Supreme Court. The next year, Crocker agreed to serve as counsel for the Central Pacific Railroad, a company run by the Big Four. The stress of all of his work took a toll on Crocker and he suffered from a stroke in June 1869. He retired from his other pursuits and took up less stressful hobbies, Crocker and his family traveled throughout Europe and collected art. His family renovated their home to include an art gallery and their home and the art that they had acquired would eventually become the Crocker Art Museum. After his stroke, Crockers health never fully recovered, on June 24,1875, he died in Sacramento. He is interred in the Sacramento Historic City Cemetery in Sacramento, California
33.
Crocker Art Museum
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The Crocker Art Museum, formerly the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery is the longest continuously-operating art museum in the West, located in Sacramento, California, the Museum hosts one of the state’s premier collections of Californian art. As a prominent California family, the Crockers supported many social, Judge Crocker served on the State Supreme Court. His brother was Charles Crocker, one of the “Big Four” railroad barons, in 1885, his widow, Margaret, fulfilled their shared vision of creating a public art museum when she presented the E. B. Crocker Art Gallery and collection to the City of Sacramento and the California Museum Association, in 2000, the Crocker began a master planning process with Gwathmey Siegel & Associates and in 2002 commissioned the firm to design a major expansion of the Museum. The expanded Crocker Art Museum opened on October 10,2010, the Californian art collection includes works dating from statehood to the present day. The core collection of early Californian art was assembled by Judge E. B. the collection also includes American art from the late-19th century to the present. American impressionists and modernists are a strength, with works by Childe Hassam, Robert Henri. Other 20th-century painters represented include Granville Redmond, Edwin Deakin, Maynard Dixon, Richard Diebenkorn, Mel Ramos, Jim Piskoti, Jess, Sacramento painter Amanda Austin is also represented in the collection. The collection of approximately 1,500 master drawings include examples from the major European schools, Collection strengths include European drawings from the 17th and 18th centuries. Major drawings by such as Albrecht Dürer, Fra Bartolommeo, François Boucher. American photography and modern and contemporary California prints are also strengths of the works on paper collection, the collection of European art was shaped by the Crocker family’s purchase of paintings during their grand tour of Europe between 1869 and 1871. This core collection focuses on Central European painting of the 19th century, Dutch and Flemish 16th- and 17th-century painting, since midcentury, the Museum has followed the development of notable Californian, American, and international ceramists such as Hamada Shoji and Lucie Rie. The history of ceramics is also explored through a collection of 18th-century Meissen porcelain tableware, the collection of Asian art is noted for its holdings of Chinese tomb furnishings and trade ceramics, and Japanese armor and tea ware. The collection is notable for Korean ceramics, which began with a gift by Judge E. B. The collection of African and Oceanic art features a variety of objects created for daily life, the art of the Asmat of New Guinea is strikingly evidenced in the towering memorials to ancestors, called bis poles. A biennial exhibition has been held by the museum in cooperation with the Kingsley Art Club since 1927, artists whose works have appeared include Robert Arneson, Elmer Bischoff, David Gilhooly, Ralph Goings, Roland Petersen, Mel Ramos, Fritz Scholder, and Wayne Thiebaud. Crocker purchased the property and existing buildings on the corner of Third and he then commissioned Seth Babson, a local architect, to redesign and renovate the home into a grander, Italianate mansion
34.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
35.
Whistler's Mother
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Arrangement in Grey and Black No.1, best known under its colloquial name Whistlers Mother, is a painting in oils on canvas created by the American-born painter James McNeill Whistler in 1871. The subject of the painting is Whistlers mother, Anna McNeill Whistler, the painting is 56.81 by 63.94 inches, displayed in a frame of Whistlers own design. It is exhibited in and held by the Musée dOrsay in Paris and it is one of the most famous works by an American artist outside the United States. It has been described as an American icon and a Victorian Mona Lisa. Whistlers Mother is currently on display at the Art Institute of Chicago through May 21,2017, Anna McNeill Whistler posed for the painting while living in London with her son at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. Several unverifiable stories relate to the painting of the work, one is that Anna Whistler acted as a replacement for another model who couldnt make the appointment. It is also said that Whistler originally envisioned painting the model standing up, another story associated with the painting is that Whistler called upon his beautiful young neighbour, Helena Amelia Lindgren, of number 5, Lindsey Row, to sit in Annas place when she grew too tired. Well into her old age, Helena talked of secretly modelling for Whistler, according to a surviving letter of 1935, Anna had first called on the Lindgrens to ask that Helenas older sister, Christina, be her stand-in. However, Christinas mother, Eliza Lyle née Warlters, forbade it, ever a free spirit, Helena secretly offered herself instead and modeled for the portrait without her mothers knowledge. The work was shown at the 104th Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Art in London and this episode worsened the rift between Whistler and the British art world, Arrangement was the last painting he submitted for the Academys approval. From this the work acquired its popular name, after Thomas Carlyle viewed the painting, he agreed to sit for a similar composition, this one titled Arrangement in Grey and Black, No.2. Thus the previous painting became Arrangement in Grey and Black, No.1 more or less by default, Whistler eventually pawned the painting, which was acquired in 1891 by Paris Musée du Luxembourg. For Whistler, having one of his paintings displayed in a major museum helped attract wealthy patrons. a tremendous slap in the face to the Academy and the rest. Really it is like a dream, as a proponent of art for arts sake, Whistler professed to be perplexed and annoyed by the insistence of others upon viewing his work as a portrait. In his 1890 book The Gentle Art of Making Enemies, he wrote, Take the picture of my mother, exhibited at the Royal Academy as an Arrangement in Grey and Black. To me it is interesting as a picture of my mother, the image has been used since the Victorian era, especially in the United States, as an icon for motherhood, affection for parents, and family values in general. For example, in 1934 the U. S, post office issued a stamp engraved with a stylized image of Whistlers Mother, accompanied by the slogan In Memory and In Honor of the Mothers of America. Both Whistlers Mother and Thomas Carlyle were engraved by the English engraver Richard Josey, in the Borough of Ashland, Pennsylvania, an eight-foot high statue based on the painting was erected by the Ashland Boys Association in 1938 during the Great Depression as a tribute to mothers
36.
Frederic Edwin Church
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Frederic Edwin Church was an American landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. Churchs paintings put an emphasis on light and a respect for natural detail. In his later years, Church painted classical Mediterranean and Middle Eastern scenes and cityscapes, Church was the son of Eliza and Joseph Church. The familys wealth came from Churchs father, a silversmith and watchmaker in Hartford, Joseph, in turn, was the son of Samuel Church, who founded the first paper mill in Lee, Massachusetts in the Berkshires. Joseph later became an official and a director of The Aetna Life Insurance Company, the familys wealth allowed Frederic Church to pursue his interest in art from a very early age. At eighteen years of age, Church became the pupil of Thomas Cole in Catskill, New York after Daniel Wadsworth, in May 1849, Church was elected as the youngest Associate of the National Academy of Design and was promoted to Academician the following year. Soon after, he sold his first major work to Hartfords Wadsworth Athenaeum, Church was the product of the second generation of the Hudson River School and the pupil of Thomas Cole, the school’s founder. The Hudson River School was established by the British Thomas Cole when he moved to America and started painting landscapes, mostly of mountains, both Cole and Church were devout Protestants and the latters beliefs played a role in his paintings especially his early canvases. Cole, along with his friend Asher Durand, started school in New York. The paintings were characterized by their focus on traditional American pastoral settings, especially the Catskill Mountains and this style attempted to capture the wild realism of an unsettled America that was quickly disappearing, and the feelings of discovery and appreciation for natural beauty. His American frontier landscapes show the expansionist and optimistic outlook of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, Church did differ from Cole in the topics of his paintings, he preferred natural and often majestic scenes over Coles propensity towards allegory. Church, like most second generation Hudson River School painters, used extraordinary detail, romanticism, romanticism was prominent in Britain and France in the early 1800s as a counter-movement to the Enlightenment virtues of order and logic. Artists of the Romantic period often depicted nature in idealized scenes that depicted the richness and beauty of nature and this tradition carries on in the works of Frederic Church, who idealizes an uninterrupted nature, highlighted by creating excruciatingly detailed art. The technical skill comes in the form of luminism, a Hudson River School innovation particularly present in Churchs works, luminism is also cited as encompassing several technical aspects, which can be seen in Church’s works. One example is the attempt to “hide brushstrokes, ” which makes the scene more realistic. Most importantly is the emphasis on light in these scenes, the several sources of light create contrast in the pictures that highlights the beauty and detailed imagery in the painting. Church began his career by painting classic Hudson River School scenes of New York and New England, Church’s method consisted of creating paintings in his studio based on sketches created of views in the summer months. In these earlier years of his career, Church’s style was reminiscent of that of his teacher, Thomas Cole, Church’s work was immediately divergent from Cole’s focus on ethereal, almost mythological, scenes, but his early work did resemble Cole’s tone
