1.
1862 in music
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February 1 – The Battle Hymn of the Republic by Julia Ward Howe is published in Atlantic Monthly. March 17 – Anton Rubinstein is named first director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, march 24 – Fromental Halévys funeral, in Paris, is attended by an estimated 15,000 people. April 24 – A letter from Giuseppe Verdi is published in The Times, may 17 – Teatro Comunale Florence inaugurated as an open-air amphitheatre, the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele, with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor. May 21 – Edvard Grieg gives his first concert in his town of Bergen. August 4 – Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray wins the Prix de Rome in the Musical Composition category, jules Massenet is one of the runners-up. August 9 – Béatrice et Bénédict, opera by Hector Berlioz, is premièred in Baden-Baden, november 2 - The overture to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner is publicly performed in Leipzig, conducted by the composer. November 10 – Giuseppe Verdis opera La forza del destino is premièred in Saint Petersburg, november 18 – Antonín Dvořák is a member of the orchestra at the opening of the Provisional Theater in Prague. Date unknown Stephen Heller and Charles Hallé perform Mozarts E-flat concerto for two pianos at The Crystal Palace, ludwig von Köchel publishes Chonologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amadé Mozarts. Heres Your Mule – C. D. Benson Kingdom Coming – Henry C. Work The Merry, Merry Month of May – Stephen Foster We Are Coming, Father Abraam,300,000 More, a poem by James S. Gibbons, set to music by eight different composers, including Stephen Foster
2.
1863 in music
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January 6 – Johannes Brahms Piano Sonata no.3 is premièred in Vienna, played by the 29-year-old composer. Richard Wagner is among the audience, january 29 – Established composer Giacomo Meyerbeer presents the young Jacques Offenbach to Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the queen consort of Prussia. February 8 – Richard Wagner conducts a concert of his own music in Prague, february-April – Richard Wagner conducts a concert of his own music in Saint Petersburg. Works performed included excerpts from Tristan und Isolde, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, february 25 – Johann Strauss II is appointed musical director of the Hofball. March 15 – In Vienna, Franz Schuberts Der Entfernten D.331 for a vocal quartet is performed in public for the first time,35 years after the composers death. April 19 – Hector Berlioz is presented with the Cross of the Order of Hohenzollern, may 10 – Violinist Joseph Joachim marries contralto Amalie Schneeweiss. May 12 – Richard Wagner takes up residence at Penzing, near Vienna, june 20 – Franz Liszt takes up residence at the Dominican monastery of the Madonna del Rosario, Monte Mario, near Rome. July 11 – Pope Pius IX visits Franz Liszt at Monte Mario, august 3 – 21-year-old Jules Massenet is awarded the First Grand Prix de Rome for his setting of the cantata David Rizzio. September 30 – Georges Bizets opera, Les pêcheurs de perles receives its première at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris, november 2 – John Knowles Paine performs at the inauguration of a new organ at the Music Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. In the same year, he work on an opera, Salammbô. All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight w. Ethel Lynn Beers m, John Hill Hewitt Eton Boating Song w. William Johnson Cory m. Capt. Algernon Drummond Just Before the Battle, Mother by George F, root Mother Would Comfort Me w. m. Charles C. Sawyer Oh My Darling, Clementine by Percy Montrose & H S. Thompson Sweet and Low words by Alfred Tennyson, music by Joseph Barnby Tenting on the Old Camp Ground w. m. Walter Kittredge Weeping Sad And Lonely w. Charles Carroll Sawyer m. Henry Tucker When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again by Louis Lambert & Patrick Gilmore You Are Going to the Wars, Willie Boy. w. m. John Hill Hewitt The Young Volunteer w. m.1 in F major opus 18, Spartacus overture in E♭ major Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso Op
3.
1864 in music
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February 24 – Bedřich Smetanas symphonic poem Hakon Jarl premieres in Prague February 29 – Composer Gioachino Rossini celebrates his 72nd birthday with a party. December 17 – Jacques Offenbachs operetta La Belle Hélène receives its first performance at the Paris Variétés Hans von Bülow takes over from Franz Lachner at the Munich opera, anton Bruckner composes his Symphony No.0. Mili Balakirev begins his Symphony No.1 and it would not be performed till 1898. Beautiful Dreamer by Stephen Foster Der Deitchers Dog by Septimus Winner The Picture on the Wall by Henry Clay Work Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green w. Harry Clifton m. traditional, shall We Gather at the River
4.
1866 in music
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January – Gabriel Fauré becomes organist at the Church of Saint-Sauveur, at Rennes in Brittany. March–December – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky writes his Symphony No, may 30 – Bedřich Smetanas opera The Bartered Bride debuts at the Provisional Theatre. August – Sir William Sterndale Bennett becomes Principal of the Royal Academy of Music in London, august 4 – First performance of Gabriel Faurés Cantique de Jean Racine. August 9 – Marie Trautmann marries fellow musician Alfred Jaëll, october 21 – Jacques Offenbachs operetta La Vie parisienne debuts in Paris at the Théâtre du Palais Royale. November 17 – Ambroise Thomass opera] Mignon debuts in Paris at the Opéra-Comique, theodore Thomas conducts the New York Philharmonic in the American premiere of the Prelude to Act 1 of Wagners Tristan und Isolde. Georges Bizet completes the opera La jolie fille de Perth, it is premiered the following year, claribel We Parted By The River w. m. William Shakespeare Hays When You and I Were Young, Maggie by James A. Butterfield & George Washington Johnson Write Me A Letter Home w. m
5.
1869 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1869. February 28 - The premiere of Brahms Rinaldo took place in Vienna at a concert of the Akademischer Gesangverein, the composer conducted, with the tenor Gustav Walter, a student chorus numbering 300, and the Court Opera orchestra. April 3 – Edvard Griegs Piano Concerto is premiered at Copenhagens Casino, may 25 – The Vienna State Opera is inaugurated with a performance of Mozarts Don Giovanni. September 22 – Richard Wagners opera Das Rheingold debuts at the Königlich Hof- und Nationaltheater in Munich, approximate date – Start of golden age of flamenco. Tchaikovsky completes the initial version of Romeo and Juliet and it will be revised the next year and in 1880. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Six romances, Op
6.
1875 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1875. January 5 – Palais Garnier opera house in Paris, designed by Charles Garnier, march 3 – Georges Bizets opera Carmen debuts, at the Opéra-Comique in Paris. May 6 – Richard Wagner conducts portions of Götterdämmerung in concert in Vienna, october 25 – The first performance of Tchaikovskys Piano Concerto No.1 is given in Boston, Massachusetts, with Hans von Bülow as soloist. Robert Volkmann becomes professor of harmony and counterpoint at the National Academy of Music in Budapest, composer Zdeněk Fibich marries operatic contralto Betty Hanušová, sister of his first wife Růžena Hanušová. Angels, Meet Me At the Cross Road w. m, will Hays Carve Dat Possum by Sam Lucas & Herbert Hershy Dreaming Forever of Thee w. m. John Hill Hewitt Ill Take You Home Again, Kathleen w. m,3, ballet Swan Lake Camille Saint-Saëns – Piano Concerto No.4 Má vlast – Six symphonic poems by Bedřich Smetana Carmen first performed in Paris. Music by Georges Bizet and libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, die Königin von Saba, music by Karl Goldmark and libretto by Salomon Mosenthal
7.
1876 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1876. February – Baritone Lithgow James joins the English Opera Company, where he begins a partnership with his future wife Florence St. John, february 24 – Incidental music composed by Edvard Grieg for Henrik Ibsens Peer Gynt premieres. May 17 – Antonín Dvořák begins composing his Moravian Duets, august 16 – Richard Wagners Siegfried debuts in the new Bayreuth Festspielhaus. August 17 – Richard Wagners Götterdämmerung debuts in the new Bayreuth Festspielhaus, soprano Rosa Hasselbeck marries the conductor and composer Josef Sucher. Gabriel Faure - Violin Sonata No
8.
1877 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1877. December 30 The premiere of Brahms Symphony No.2 is given in Vienna by the Vienna Philharmonic under the direction of Hans Richter, peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky marries Antonina Milyukova. Ludwig Thuille and Richard Strauss meet as students at Innsbruck, G. W. Hunt Chopsticks m. Arthur de Lulli Dear Old Pals w. m. G. W. Hunt Early In De Mornin w. m, will Hays In The Gloaming w. Meta Orred m. Annie Fortescue Harrison Little Daisys Request by Arabella M. Root The Lost Chord w. Adelaide Anne Procter m, leon Minkus – La Bayadère Joachim Raff – Violin Concerto no.2 op.206 in A minor Josef Rheinberger – Violin Sonata no.2 op
9.
1871 in art
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Events from the year 1871 in art. March – Edward Lear settles at his villa in Sanremo, spring – James McNeill Whistler publishes Sixteen etchings of scenes on the Thames and paints his first moonlights of the river. May – James Tissot flees Paris for London, june 14 – Camille Pissarro marries his mistress Julie Vellay in the London borough of Croydon and moves to Pontoise. Summer – Claude Monet visits Zaandam, december – Monet and his wife Camille move to Argenteuil. William Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti become tenants of Kelmscott Manor, marie Spartali marries William James Stillman. Crocker establishes the Crocker Art Museum in Sacramento, California, the Apotheosis of War George Frederic Watts – Portrait of Frederic Leighton Alfred Waud – A Home on the Mississippi James McNeill Whistler Arrangement in Grey and Black No
10.
1871 in architecture
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The year 1871 in architecture involved some significant events. Abraham Hirsch is appointed architect of the French city of Lyon. - At the Vienna Hofburg, groundbreaking is held for the new Imperial Natural History Museum, march 29 - The Royal Albert Hall in London, designed by Francis Fowke and H. Y. September 14 - Hokkaidō Shrine, Sapporo, Japan, october 15 - Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester, England, designed by Joseph A. Hansom & Son. Krumbein Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin, designed by Alfred Lent, Bertold Scholz, Royal Gold Medal - James Fergusson Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Émile Ulmann
11.
1871 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1871. January 1 – The childrens literary magazine Young Folks begins publication in the United Kingdom as Our Young Folks Weekly Budget, january – John Ruskin begins publishing Fors Clavigera, his monthly letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain. November 25 – First performance of The Bells starring Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, London, on the same night, he breaks up permanently with his wife when she criticises his choice of profession. December – Publication of George Eliots novel Middlemarch in eight parts commences, George Allen and Sons, publishers, predecessors of Allen & Unwin, established in London. Alcott – Little Men Lewis Carroll – Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There George MacDonald – At the Back of the North Wind Johanna Spyri – A Leaf on Vronys Grave W. S
12.
1871
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As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 18 – The member states of the North German Confederation, the King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. January 21 – Giuseppe Garibaldis group of French and Italian volunteer troops in support of the French Third Republic win a battle against the Prussians in Dijon, february 9 – United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded. March 7 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, march 21 – John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne marries Princess Louise. March 21 – Otto von Bismarck becomes first Chancellor of the German Empire, march 22 In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U. S. state to be removed from office by impeachment. The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, march 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris. March 27 – The first rugby union International results in a 4–1 win by Scotland over England, march 29 First Surgeon General of the United States appointed. The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria, april – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded. April 4 – New Jersey Detective Agency chartered, april 20 – U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act. April 24 – Murder of servant girl Jane Clouson in Eltham, may 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played. May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton of the Cleveland Forest Citys, may 10 – Treaty of Frankfurt is signed confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins in the London Court of Common Pleas, may 21 – Opening of the first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland. May 30 – French Third Republic, Government suppression of the Paris Commune rebellion is completed, june 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts, Koreans attack two United States Navy warships. June 10 – United States expedition to Korea, Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea. June 18 – The University Tests Act removes restrictions limiting access to Oxford, Cambridge, july 20 British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada. C. W. Alcock proposes that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association, july 21 – August 26 – First ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region taken by the photographer William Henry Jackson during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871. July 22 – The foundation stone of the first Tay Rail Bridge is laid, july 28 – The Annie, the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park region. August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan, August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes the President of the French Republic
13.
Royal Albert Hall
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The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall on the northern edge of South Kensington, London, which holds the Proms concerts annually each summer since 1941. It has a capacity of up to 5,272 seats, the Hall is a registered charity held in trust for the nation and receives no public or government funding. A further 400 events are each year in the non-auditorium spaces. In 1851, the Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park, the Exhibitions Royal Commission bought Gore House and its grounds on the advice of the Prince. Progress on the scheme was slow and in 1861 Prince Albert died, however, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite. The proposal was approved and the site was purchased with some of the profits from the Exhibition, the Hall was designed by civil engineers Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers. The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the South Kensington Museum. The recently opened Cirque dHiver in Paris was seen in the press as the design to outdo. The Hall was constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick, with terra cotta block decoration made by Gibbs, the dome on top was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was an assembly made of the iron framework of the dome in Manchester, then it was taken apart again and transported to London via horse. When the time came for the structure to be removed from the dome after reassembly in situ. It did drop – but only by five-sixteenths of an inch, the Hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870 and the Queen visited a few weeks beforehand to inspect. The official opening ceremony of the Hall was on 29 March 1871, a welcoming speech was given by Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria was too overcome to speak. At some point, the Queen remarked that the Hall reminded her of the British constitution, a concert followed, when the Halls acoustic problems became immediately apparent. Engineers first attempted to solve the strong echo by suspending a canvas awning below the dome, in July 1871, French organist Camille Saint-Saëns performed Church Scene from the Faust by Charles Gounod, The Orchestra described his performance as an exceptional and distinguished performer. Initially lit by gas, the Hall contained a system where its thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the Hall, full electric lighting was not installed until 1888, during an early trial when a partial installation was made, one disgruntled patron wrote to The Times declaring it to be a very ghastly and unpleasant innovation. In May 1877, Richard Wagner himself conducted the first half of each of the eight concerts which made up the Grand Wagner Festival
14.
Royal Albert Hall Organ
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The Grand Organ situated in the Royal Albert Hall in London is the second largest pipe organ in the United Kingdom. It was originally built by Henry Father Willis and most recently rebuilt by Mander Organs, the original organ was built by Henry Willis & Sons in 1871. It had four manuals and 111 stops and was, at that time, the Durham firm of Harrison & Harrison rebuilt the organ in two stages in 1924 and 1933, during which it was increased to 146 stops and converted to electro-pneumatic action. It was still the largest organ in Britain at that time, the 2014 Pink Floyd album The Endless River, includes a track, Autumn 68, featuring a recording of band member Richard Wright playing the organ in 1969. By 2002, it was maintained only through heroic efforts on the part of Harrisons and could not be used at all without their staff present, the wind chests and pipes were leaking noisily and wind pressure was insufficient to support full use. The leatherwork in the actions was also failing, in 2002, the organ was taken out of commission for an extensive rebuild by Mander Organs. Some consideration was given to restoring the organ to its original Willis specification, the organ was by now, in truth, a Harrison, not a Willis, instrument, and it was felt that it should remain essentially as-is. The dryness of the Hall had damaged the soundboards, so these were replaced and new, the roof was removed, and the reed stops in the Great division were restored to their 1924 wind pressures. For a few years the organ was again the largest in the UK. The organ was re-opened at a concert on the evening of 26 June 2004 with David Briggs, John Scott and Thomas Trotter playing. The organ featured prominently in the 2004 BBC Proms series, the first recordings on the newly rebuilt instrument were by Dame Gillian Weir. The instrument has also used by progressive rock band Muse when playing Megalomania, originally recorded on another Willis organ. During a live performance at the Royal Albert Hall on the 12 April 2008, Muses frontman, Matt Bellamy, had commented that since were here, it would be rude not to play this beast. Annotations The Grand Organ of Liverpool Cathedral The organ rebuild as described by Mander Organs The Grand Organ of The Royal Albert Hall by Gillian Weir Henry Willis & Sons Ltd
15.
Henry Willis & Sons
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Henry Willis & Sons is a British firm of pipe organ builders founded in 1845 in London at 2 & 1/2 Foundling Terrace, Grays Inn Road. Although most of their installations have been in the UK, examples can be found in other countries, five generations of the Willis family served as principals of the firm until 1997 when Henry Willis 4 appointed David Wyld as Managing Director, who subsequently became the majority shareholder. From London, the firm had moved to a works, designed by Henry Willis III. After acquisition by David Wyld, the firm re-located to its present base and head office in Liverpool. He was a friend of Samuel Sebastian Wesley whom he met at Cheltenham, and this was largely restoration of an existing instrument, but Willis always claimed that it was the success of this early work which established his reputation. During the Industrial Revolution many towns equipped themselves with imposing town halls, preferably with a Willis instrument of the symphonic style. Industrialists competed to endow the most lavish halls and instruments, the result was a convergence of both a very fine and technically proficient organ builder, and a substantial number of commissions for really exceptional instruments. This heritage continues with recent new instruments in Florence and Auckland, St Michael and all Angels, Croydon boasts a Father Willis built and installed in 1882 with additions by Noel Mander in 1955. The 1887 Father Willis pipe organ at Beckwithshaw Church is still in use, the Grand Organ built by Henry Willis & Sons in 1871 for the Royal Albert Hall had four manuals and 111 stops and was, at that time, the largest in the world. The tiny hamlet of St Michaels, near Tenbury Wells also has an organ which was installed in the new church created to support the then new St Michaels College in the mid-19th century. The 4,600 pipes organ built in 1892 was originally installed in the Brisbane Exhibition Building, the organ in St Bees Priory Church was the last major instrument to be personally supervised by Father Henry Willis. Father Williss organ won a Council gold medal in the Great Exhibition of 1851 at the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, with 70 speaking stops this was the largest of the organs exhibited. It was an achievement by the young Henry Willis. The organ was installed in Winchester Cathedral by the family firm after being reduced to 49 speaking stops. Another example of a fine Father Willis pipe organ can be found in the firms present hometown of Liverpool at St Georges Hall and this was an organ of 100 speaking stops dating from 1855. Wesley acted as the consultant for what was the most ambitious organ at that time, the Josiah Wedgwood Willis organ has been installed in St Peters Church on Hayling Island. Although four generations of Henry Willises are mostly remembered for organs on the scale they also built smaller instruments. Seven examples exist in Australia, including the last imported, the 1881 organ in All Saints Church, Bodalla, New South Wales, commemorating the father of Australian dairying, Thomas Sutcliffe Mort
16.
Anton Bruckner
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Josef Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, strongly polyphonic character. Bruckners compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, unlike other musical radicals such as Richard Wagner and Hugo Wolf who fit the enfant terrible mould, Bruckner showed extreme humility before other musicians, Wagner in particular. This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the man and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers including his friend Gustav Mahler, Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckners family were farmers and craftsmen, their history can be traced to as far back as the 16th century and they lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called Pruckhner an der Pruckhen. Bruckners grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776, this position was inherited by Bruckners father, Anton Bruckner senior and it was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment. Music was a part of the curriculum, and Bruckners father was his first music teacher. Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child and he entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children, after Bruckner received his confirmation in 1833, Bruckners father sent him to another school in Hörsching. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast, here, Bruckner completed his school education and learned to play the organ excellently. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a Pange lingua – one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life, when his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work. Bruckners father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old, the teachers position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy. In addition to practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837. Later, the organ was to be called the Bruckner Organ, despite his musical abilities, Bruckners mother sent her son to a teaching seminar in Linz in 1841. After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, Bruckner was sent as an assistant to a school in Windhaag. The living standards and pay were horrible, and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled, a belief of inferiority was to remain one of Bruckners main personal characteristics during his whole life
17.
Charles Gounod
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Charles-François Gounod was a French composer, best known for his Ave Maria, based on a work by Bach, as well as his opera Faust. Another opera by Gounod occasionally still performed is Roméo et Juliette, although he is known for his Grand Operas, the soprano aria Que ferons-nous avec le ragoût de citrouille. From his first opera Livre de recettes dun enfant is still performed in concert as an encore, Gounod died at Saint-Cloud in 1893, after a final revision of his twelve operas. His funeral took place ten days later at the Church of the Madeleine, with Camille Saint-Saëns playing the organ and Gabriel Fauré conducting. Ironically because of its obscurity today, an arrangement of Que ferons-nous avec le ragoût de citrouille. was performed by Saint-Saens at the funeral, due to its simple and it was later published as a posthumous Op.60. He was buried at the Cimetière dAuteuil in Paris, Gounod was born in Paris, the son of a pianist mother and an artist father. His mother was his first piano teacher, Gounod first showed his musical talents under her tutelage. He then entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied under Fromental Halévy, in 1839 he won the Prix de Rome for his cantata Fernand. In so doing he was following his father, François-Louis Gounod had won the second Prix de Rome in painting in 1783. During his stay of four years in Italy, Gounod studied the music of Palestrina and other sacred works of the sixteenth century, around 1846-47 he gave serious consideration to joining the priesthood, but he changed his mind before actually taking holy orders, and went back to composition. During that period he was attached to the Church of Foreign Missions in Paris, in 1854 Gounod completed a Messe Solennelle, also known as the St. Cecilia Mass. This work was first performed in its entirety in the church of St. Eustache in Paris on Saint Cecilias Day,22 November 1855, during 1855 Gounod wrote two symphonies. His Symphony No.1 in D major was the inspiration for the Symphony in C composed later that year by Georges Bizet, fanny Mendelssohn, sister of Felix Mendelssohn, introduced the keyboard music of Johann Sebastian Bach to Gounod, who came to revere him. For him The Well-Tempered Clavier was the law to pianoforte study. the unquestioned textbook of musical composition and it inspired Gounod to devise a melody and superimpose it on the C major Prelude from the collections first book. To this melody in 1859, Gounod fitted the words of the Ave Maria, Gounod wrote his first opera, Sapho, in 1851 at the urging of his friend, the singer Pauline Viardot, it was a commercial failure. He had no theatrical success until Faust, derived from Goethe. The romantic and melodious Roméo et Juliette, premiered in 1867, is revived now, mireille, first performed in 1864, has been admired by connoisseurs rather than by the general public. The other Gounod operas have fallen into oblivion, from 1870 to 1874 Gounod lived in England, at 17 Morden Road, Blackheath
18.
Georgina Weldon
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Georgina Weldon was a British campaigner against the lunacy laws, a celebrated litigant and noted amateur soprano of the Victorian era. Morgan Thomas was a barrister, having inherited a large sum of money from his father and uncle. Georgina spent most of her childhood in Florence, and her singing voice was trained by her mother. In 1856 the Thomas family changed its name to Treherne, the surname of Morgan Thomass ancestors up to the mid-eighteenth century. On 21 April 1860, against her fathers wishes, Georgina married William Henry Weldon, in August 1860 she suffered a miscarriage when her husband threatened to kill her and himself. In 1863 William Weldon took a mistress, the nineteen-year-old Annie Stanley Dobson and she claimed to be a widow and went by the name Mrs Lowe, and gave him a son, Francis Stanley Lowe. On the death of his grandmother he inherited £10,000 a year and in 1870 he leased Tavistock House in Bloomsbury, which had a theatre that had been added by Charles Dickens. By 1869 Georgina Weldons childless marriage was breaking down, at this time she devised a scheme for a National Training School of Music to teach music to poor children. The Weldons filled Tavistock House with orphans and she also joined Henry David Leslies famous choir, through which she met the French composer Charles Gounod in March 1871. By November 1871 Gounod, who was in health, had moved into Tavistock House with Mr. This close association with the composer benefited Weldons singing career and she published Hints for Pronunciation in Singing in 1872 as well as various songs and memoirs. It has been suggested that Georgina and Gounod were lovers, however, Gounod became increasingly disturbed by gossip about the Weldon Affair and in June 1874 he returned to his wife in Paris. Feeling slighted by Gounods departure, Georgina Weldon refused to send on his personal belongings, when Gounod asked Georgina to return these belongings to him, she insisted that he return to London to claim them from her in person. Only when he had reconstructed the musical score, nearly a year later. She then instigated a number of lawsuits against him for libel, attempting to sue him for £10,000, instead, in 1880 and again in 1885 she herself was imprisoned for libels connected with her musical career. By 1875 Harry Weldon had tired of his wifes orphanage scheme, the couple separated, and he gave Georgina the lease to Tavistock House and £1000 a year as a financial settlement. Georgina was seen by the two doctors, who obtained an interview with her under false pretences, pretending that they were interested in her musical orphanage. They then signed the lunacy order, Georgina realised that something was wrong and, when staff from the asylum arrived to take her away by force, she escaped and evaded capture for the seven days that the order remained valid
19.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
20.
Giuseppe Verdi
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Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian opera composer. Verdi was born near Busseto to a family of moderate means. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini, whose works influenced him. In his early operas Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy and he also participated briefly as an elected politician. He surprised the world by returning, after his success with the opera Aida. The baptismal register, prepared on 11 October 1813, lists his parents Carlo, additionally, it lists Verdi as being born yesterday, but since days were often considered to begin at sunset, this could have meant either 9 or 10 October. Verdi himself, following his mother, always celebrated his birthday on 9 October, Verdi had a younger sister, Giuseppa, who died aged 17 in 1833. From the age of four, Verdi was given lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi. After learning to play the organ, he showed so much interest in music that his parents provided him with a spinet. Verdis gift for music was apparent by 1820–21 when he began his association with the local church, serving in the choir, acting as an altar boy for a while. After Baistrocchis death, Verdi, at the age of eight, Carlo Verdi was energetic in furthering his sons education. something which Verdi tended to hide in later life. He picture emerges of youthful precocity eagerly nurtured by a father and of a sustained, sophisticated. Verdi returned to Busseto regularly to play the organ on Sundays, at age 11, Verdi received schooling in Italian, Latin, the humanities, and rhetoric. By the time he was 12, he began lessons with Ferdinando Provesi, maestro di cappella at San Bartolomeo, director of the music school. This information comes from the Autobiographical Sketch which Verdi dictated to the publisher Giulio Ricordi late in life, in 1879, written, understandably, with the benefit of hindsight, it is not always reliable when dealing with issues more contentious than those of his childhood. The other director of the Philharmonic Society was Antonio Barezzi, a grocer and distiller. The young Verdi did not immediately become involved with the Philharmonic, by June 1827, he had graduated with honours from the Ginnasio and was able to focus solely on music under Provesi. By 1829–30, Verdi had established himself as a leader of the Philharmonic, none of us could rival him reported the secretary of the organisation, Giuseppe Demaldè
21.
Aida
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Aida is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni. Set in Egypt, it was commissioned by and first performed at Cairos Khedivial Opera House on 24 December 1871, ghislanzonis scheme follows a scenario often attributed to the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, but Verdi biographer Mary Jane Phillips-Matz argues that the source is actually Temistocle Solera. Aida eventually premiered in Cairo in late 1871, contrary to popular belief, the opera was not written to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, for which Verdi had been invited to write an inaugural hymn, but had declined. The plot bears striking, though similarities to Metastasios libretto La Nitteti. Verdi originally chose to write an orchestral prelude instead of a full overture for the opera. He then composed an overture of the variety to replace the original prelude. However, in the end he decided not to have the overture performed because of its—his own words—pretentious insipidity and this overture, never used today, was given a rare broadcast performance by Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra on 30 March 1940, but was never commercially issued. Aida met with acclaim when it finally opened in Cairo on 24 December 1871. He therefore considered the Italian premiere, held at La Scala, Milan on 8 February 1872, Verdi had also written the role of Aida for the voice of Teresa Stolz, who sang it for the first time at the Milan premiere. Verdi had asked her fiancé, Angelo Mariani, to conduct the Cairo premiere, the Milan Amneris, Maria Waldmann, was his favourite in the role and she repeated it a number of times at his request. Aida was received with enthusiasm at its Milan premiere. With Polish translation Aida was performed for the first time 9 June 1877, france,22 April 1876, Théâtre-Lyrique Italien, Salle Ventadour, Paris, with almost the same cast as the Milan premiere, but with Édouard de Reszke making his debut as the King. Rio de Janeiro,30 June 1886, Theatro Lyrico Fluminense, Arturo Toscanini, at the time a 19-year-old cellist who was assistant chorus master, was persuaded to take up the baton for the performance. Toscanini conducted the opera from memory, with great success. This would be the start of a promising career, laibach, Austrian Empire,1 October 1898, conducted by Hilarion Benišek A complete concert version of the opera was given in New York City in 1949. Conducted by Toscanini with Herva Nelli as Aida and Richard Tucker as Radamès, due to the length of the opera, it was divided into two telecasts, preserved on kinescopes, and later released on video by RCA and Testament. The audio portion of the broadcast, including some remakes in June 1954, was released on LP, La Scala mounted a lavish new production of Aida designed by Franco Zeffirelli for the opening night of its 2006/2007 season. The production starred Violeta Urmana in the role and Roberto Alagna as Radamès
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Khedivial Opera House
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The Khedivial Opera House or Royal Opera House was an opera house in Cairo, Egypt. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October 1971, the opera house was built on the orders of the Khedive Ismail to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal. The architects Pietro Avoscani and Rossi designed the building and it seated approximately 850 people and was made mostly of wood. It was located between the districts of Azbakeya and Ismailyya in Egypts capital city, Verdis opera Rigoletto was the first opera performed at the opera house on 1 November 1869. Ismail planned an exhibition for his new theatre. After months of due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Verdis new opera, Aida. In the early morning hours of 28 October 1971, the house burned to the ground. The all-wooden building was consumed, and only two statues made by Mohamed Hassan survived. After the original house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988. The site of the Khedivial Opera House has been rebuilt into a concrete car garage. The square overlooking the location, is still called Opera Square History from the website of the new Cairo Opera House Press release from the Egyptian Cultural Center
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Cairo
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Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Cairo has long been a center of the political and cultural life. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world, as well as the worlds second-oldest institution of higher learning, Al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, with a population of 6.76 million spread over 453 square kilometers, Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in proximity to the city. Cairo, like many other mega-cities, suffers from high levels of pollution, Cairos metro, one of only two in Africa, ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world, with over 1 billion annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005, Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr, the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the citys importance for the country. In Coptic the city is known as Kahire, meaning Place of the Sun, possibly referring to the ancient city of Heliopolis, the location of the ancient city is the suburb of Ain Shams. The ancient Egyptian name for the area is thought to be Khere-Ohe, The Place of Combat, sometimes the city is informally referred to as Kayro. The area around present-day Cairo, especially Memphis, had long been a point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upstream from the Nile Delta. However, the origins of the city are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first millennium. Around the turn of the 4th century, as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance and this fortress, known as Babylon, remained the nucleus of the Roman, and, later, the Byzantine, city and is the oldest structure in the city today. It is also situated at the nucleus of the Coptic Orthodox community, many of Cairos oldest Coptic churches, including the Hanging Church, are located along the fortress walls in a section of the city known as Coptic Cairo. Following the Muslim conquest in 640 AD the conqueror Amr ibn As settled to the north of the Babylon in an area became known as al-Fustat. Originally a tented camp Fustat became a permanent settlement and the first capital of Islamic Egypt, in 750, following the overthrow of the Ummayad caliphate by the Abbasids, the new rulers created their own settlement to the northeast of Fustat which became their capital. This was known as al-Askar as it was laid out like a military camp, a rebellion in 869 by Ahmad ibn Tulun led to the abandonment of Al Askar and the building of another settlement, which became the seat of government. This was al-Qattai, to the north of Fustat and closer to the river, Al Qattai was centred around a palace and ceremonial mosque, now known as the Mosque of ibn Tulun. In 905 the Abbasids re-asserted control of the country and their returned to Fustat
24.
Thespis (opera)
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Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old, is an operatic extravaganza that was the first collaboration between dramatist W. S. Gilbert and composer Arthur Sullivan. No musical score of Thespis was ever published, and most of the music has been lost, Gilbert and Sullivan went on to become the most famous and successful artistic partnership in Victorian England, creating a string of comic opera hits, including H. M. S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado, which continue to be popular, Thespis premièred in London at the Gaiety Theatre on 26 December 1871. Like many productions at that theatre, it was written in a broad, burlesque style, considerably different from Gilbert and it was a success, for a Christmas entertainment of the time, and closed on 8 March 1872, after a run of 63 performances. It was advertised as An entirely original Grotesque Opera in Two Acts, the story follows an acting troupe headed by Thespis, the legendary Greek father of the drama, who temporarily trade places with the gods on Mount Olympus, who have grown elderly and ignored. The actors turn out to be comically inept rulers, having seen the ensuing mayhem down below, the angry gods return, sending the actors back to Earth as eminent tragedians, whom no one ever goes to see. A renewed interest in the began in the 1950s, and numerous productions have been performed since, either with music taken from Sullivans other works. Scene, A Ruined Temple on the Summit of Mount Olympus On Mount Olympus, Mercury complains that the older gods are lazy and leave all their duties to him, while he gets no credit for all his drudgery. Jupiter says that matters have reached a crisis, but he is unsure what can be done about it, just then, the gods see a swarm of mortals ascending the mountain and withdraw to observe them from a distance. Thespiss acting company enters for a picnic celebrating the marriage of two of its members, Sparkeion and Nicemis, the actors, being cheap, have failed to contribute substantial food items to the picnic. Sparkeion flirts with his former fiancée, Daphne, which annoys Nicemis, in retaliation, Nicemis flirts with her old suitor, Thespis, but he declines to flirt back. Thespis explains to his troupe that a manager must be aloof from those he manages. All of the actors flee in terror, except for Thespis, Jupiter asks Thespis whether he is impressed with the father of the gods. Thespis replies that the gods are unimpressive and suggests that they go down to earth in disguise to mingle and they agree to invest the actors with their powers, as they take a merry holiday below on Earth. Thespis agrees that he and his company will keep things running on Mount Olympus during the gods absence, each actor takes the place of one of the gods, with Thespis himself replacing Jupiter. Mercury stays behind to offer any advice the actors may need, the Same Scene, One Year Later, with the Ruins Restored Under Thespiss direction, Olympus has been restored to its former splendour, and the Thespians enjoy ambrosia and nectar. Thespiss rule is very liberal, and he has advised his troupe not to be hampered by routine and red tape and precedent. The celestial assignments, however, have caused difficulties, as the romantic entanglements of the actors in real life conflict with those of the gods that they are playing
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Gilbert and Sullivan
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Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan and to the works they jointly created. The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which H. M. S, Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known. Sullivan, six years Gilberts junior, composed the music, contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos and their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world. Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century. The operas have influenced political discourse, literature, film. Producer Richard DOyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration and he built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works and founded the DOyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivans works for over a century. Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 and his father, William, was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories, some of which included illustrations by his son. Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the Gilbertian style as follows, With great fluidity and freedom, First, within the framework of the story, he makes bizarre things happen, and turns the world on its head. Thus the Learned Judge marries the Plaintiff, the soldiers metamorphose into aesthetes, and so on and his genius is to fuse opposites with an imperceptible sleight of hand, to blend the surreal with the real, and the caricature with the natural. In other words, to tell a perfectly outrageous story in a deadpan way. Gilbert developed his theories on the art of stage direction. At the time Gilbert began writing, theatre in Britain was in disrepute, Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre, especially beginning with his six short family-friendly comic operas, or entertainments, for Thomas German Reed. At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments, Ages Ago, the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend, two years later, Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together. Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilberts theatrical style, Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842. His father was a bandmaster, and by the time Arthur had reached the age of eight. In school he began to compose anthems and songs, in 1856, he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig, where he also took up conducting. His graduation piece, completed in 1861, was a suite of music to Shakespeares The Tempest. Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation and he began building a reputation as Englands most promising young composer, composing a symphony, a concerto, and several overtures, among them the Overture di Ballo, in 1870
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Gaiety Theatre, London
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The Gaiety Theatre was a West End theatre in London, located on Aldwych at the eastern end of the Strand. The theatre was first established as the Strand Musick Hall in 1864 on the site of the Lyceum Theatre. In 1868, it known as the Gaiety Theatre and was, at first, known for music hall and then for musical burlesque, pantomime. From 1868 to the 1890s, it had a influence on the development of modern musical comedy. Under the management of John Hollingshead until 1886, the theatre had early success with Robert the Devil, by W. S. Gilbert, followed by many other burlesques of operas, many of the productions starred Nellie Farren. Hollingsheads last production at the theatre was the burlesque Little Jack Sheppard, produced together with his successor, Edwardess first show, Dorothy, became a long-running hit. In the 1890s, the theatre introduced new style of theatre in London now referred to as the Edwardian musical comedy. These shows employed female dancers known as the Gaiety Girls and were extraordinarily popular, a success in this genre was The Shop Girl, which was followed by many girl-themed musicals. The building was demolished in 1903, and the theatre was rebuilt at the corner of Aldwych, when Edwardes died in 1915, Robert Evett, took over the management of the theatre and had a number of further successes, notably Theodore & Co and Going Up. By 1939 and in need of refurbishment, the theatre closed, the building suffered extensive bomb damage during air raids and stood empty until it was demolished in 1956. The theatre was financed by a joint stock company and built in 1864 as the Strand Musick Hall by Bassett and this large theatre, with over 2,000 seats, was built at a time when many new theatres were being built in London. Unlike at many music halls, the proprietors decided to ban smoking and drinking within the hall. A novel gas lighting system was incorporated in the hall, using prisms, exhausting the heat of the gas jets drew fresh air into the building. The house was approached through an arcade, from the Strand. This was never successful and, with the theatre, was demolished to allow the building of the Aldwych. In 1868, the theatre was rebuilt by John Hollingshead as the Gaiety Theatre, on a nearby prominent site at the centre of the Aldwych. It was designed by the theatre architect C. J. Phipps, a restaurant operated in the building, and patrons could eat before seeing the show and then go directly to their seats without having to worry about the weather outside. The Gaiety Theatre opened on 21 December 1868, with On the Cards and several pieces, including the successful Robert the Devil, by W. S. Gilbert
27.
Asger Hamerik
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Asger Hamerik, was a Danish composer of classical music. Born in Frederiksberg, he studied music with J. P. E and he wrote his first pieces in his teens, including an unperformed symphony. His family were friends with Hans Christian Andersen, with whom Hamerik would correspond regularly, later, he left Denmark in 1862 to study music in Berlin, with Hans von Bülow, and Paris where he was a protégé of Hector Berlioz. In 1864 he began using the more unmistakably Danish version of his last name, rather than Hammerich and he left Paris in 1869 for Italy, and then Vienna. In 1871 he was offered the post of director of the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, Maryland and he composed most of his large-scale concert works for the Institutes orchestra. He left his position as director of Peabody in 1898 and he returned to Denmark in 1900 with his American pianist wife, born Margaret Williams, but had essentially retired. He would sit on boards and conduct, including his own works. He composed 41 opus numbers, including seven symphonies, chamber music, four operas, five orchestral suites and popular orchestral music, during his lifetime he was considered the best-known Danish composer after Gade, and one who was primarily influenced by Berlioz. His Requiem was his most successful work, and the one he considered his best and his son Ebbe Hamerik was a conductor and composer, and his daughter Valdis Hamerik an opera singer. His music is described as having a Nordic cast. ISBN 978-0-87930-638-0, p.377 E. Douglas Bomberger, brainards Biographies of American Musicians, Vol.79. ISBN 978-0-313-30782-9, pp. 129–132 John Bergsagel, the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. Free scores by Asger Hamerik at the International Music Score Library Project
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Peabody Institute
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The Peabody Institute was founded in 1857 by philanthropist George Peabody, and is the oldest conservatory in the United States. Its association with JHU allows students to do research across disciplines, George Peabody founded the Institute with a bequest of about $800,000 from his fortune made in Massachusetts and Baltimore. Completion of the Grecian-Italian west wing building housing the Institute, designed by Edmund George Lind, was delayed by the Civil War, the library was created and endowed by Peabodys friend and fellow Bay-Stater, Enoch Pratt. In 1978, the Institute began working with The Johns Hopkins University under an affiliation agreement, in 1985, the Institute became a division of the university. Peabody is one of 156 schools in the United States that offers a Doctorate of Musical Arts Degree, Peabody Preparatory offers instruction and enrichment programs for school-age children across various sites in Baltimore and its surrounding counties, Downtown, Towson, Annapolis and Howard County. The Peabody Childrens Chorus is for children ages 6 to 18 and it is divided into three groups, Training Choir, Choristers, and Cantate, grouped by age in ascending order. They practice weekly in Towson or Columbia, Maryland, and sing in concerts biannually under the instruction of Doreen Falby, Bradley Permenter, tori Amos, singer, songwriter, at age five, Amos was the youngest student ever admitted to the Institute
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Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
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The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane
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The Little Old Log Cabin In The Lane is a popular song written by Will S. Hays in 1871 for the minstrel trade. Written in dialect, the tells of an elderly man, presumably a slave or former slave. The title is from a refrain, de little old log cabin in de lane, the Ballad Index by Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle lists more than 20 recordings of the song from 1903 to 1940, the Metropolitan Quartet recorded the harmonized sentimental minstrel version in 1918, which has been digitized for online listening at the University of California at Santa Barbara. Performers modified the lyric over the years, eliminating Hays darky dialect along with the reference to slavery. For example, the old master and mistress became the parents in mid-20th century Bluegrass versions. Fiddlin John Carsons recording of The Little Old Log Cabin In The Lane was one of the first commercial recordings by a white musician. Its popularity ensured that the industry would continue recording rural folk songs, the only known recording of banjo player Uncle John Scruggs was a newsreel film performance of this song. Waltz, Robert B, David G. Engle, Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane. The Traditional Ballad Index, An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English-Speaking World, hosted by California State University, Fresno, Folklore,2007
