1.
1870 in art
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Events from the year 1870 in art. June 28 – Claude Monet marries his mistress and model Camille Doncieux in Paris, july – Franco-Prussian War breaks out, Monet and Pissarro flee to London, Cézanne and his mistress, Marie-Hortense Fiquet, leave Paris for LEstaque where he predominantly paints landscapes. In September the Dutch painter Lourens Alma Tadema moves permanently to London where he adopts the name Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Édouard Manet and Louis Edmond Duranty fight a duel at Café Guerbois, Paris. Russian industrialist and patron of the arts Savva Mamontov acquires the Abramtsevo Colony, dante Gabriel Rossettis Poems are published, exhumed from Elizabeth Siddals grave. Daoud Corm goes to Rome to study under Roberto Bompiani at the Accademia di San Luca
2.
1871 in art
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Events from the year 1871 in art. March – Edward Lear settles at his villa in Sanremo, spring – James McNeill Whistler publishes Sixteen etchings of scenes on the Thames and paints his first moonlights of the river. May – James Tissot flees Paris for London, june 14 – Camille Pissarro marries his mistress Julie Vellay in the London borough of Croydon and moves to Pontoise. Summer – Claude Monet visits Zaandam, december – Monet and his wife Camille move to Argenteuil. William Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti become tenants of Kelmscott Manor, marie Spartali marries William James Stillman. Crocker establishes the Crocker Art Museum in Sacramento, California, the Apotheosis of War George Frederic Watts – Portrait of Frederic Leighton Alfred Waud – A Home on the Mississippi James McNeill Whistler Arrangement in Grey and Black No
3.
1872 in art
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Events from the year 1872 in art. February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. A, november 13 – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre. November – Edward Lear acquires his cat Foss, date unknown William De Morgan sets up an art pottery in Chelsea, London. The first Wallace fountains, to the design of sculptor Charles-Auguste Lebourg, are installed in Paris
4.
1873 in art
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Events from the year 1873 in art. Early – Pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon is arrested in a urinal in London. May – Vincent van Gogh is re-located to London by his employer, monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organize the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. for the purpose of exhibiting artworks independently. The collection forming the Galleria Nazionale dellUmbria is moved to the Palazzo dei Priori, new Accademia delle Arti del Disegno established in Florence. Leslie Ward, as Spy, begins producing caricatures for the British magazine Vanity Fair
5.
1874 in art
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Events from the year 1874 in art. August 22 – English illustrator Helen Paterson marries Irish poet and editor William Allingham, december 19 – Monet begins painting his Snow at Argenteuil series. December 22 – Berthe Morisot, who has exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition, marries Eugène, brother of Édouard Manet, goyas Black Paintings are transferred to canvas
6.
1876 in art
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Events from the year 1876 in art. April – Impressionist exhibition at the house of Paul Durand-Ruel,11 rue Peletier, may 16 – German American Napoleon of crime Adam Worth steals Gainsboroughs portrait Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from Agnews gallery in Old Bond Street, London. Henrietta Montalba exhibits at the Royal Academy for the first time, kathleen Newton moves into the London home of James Tissot, becoming his mistress and model
7.
1879 in art
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Events from the year 1879 in art. April 10–May 11 – Fourth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, arranged by Gustave Caillebotte at 28 avenue de lOpéra, ford Madox Brown begins painting the The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall. Chicago Academy of Fine Arts established, guimet Museum of Asian art established in Lyon, France. Museum of Fine Arts Berne established in Switzerland, kate Greenaways first book, with her own colour illustrations, Under the Window, Pictures & Rhymes for Children, is published in London
8.
1880 in art
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Events from the year 1880 in art. October – Vincent van Gogh enrolls in an art course at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Fifth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at 10 rue des Pyramides, the realist painter Jean-François Raffaëlli is also invited by Degas to exhibit. Silver Studio founded by Arthur Silver in London for textile and wallpaper design, anton Mauve paints Changing Pasture, his palette and usage of colour influences Vincent van Gogh. Michael Ancher marries fellow painter Anna Brøndum, national Gallery of Canada established in Ottawa. Grand Prix de Rome, painting, Henri Lucien Doucet, Grand Prix de Rome, sculpture, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Grand Prix de Rome, music, Lucien Joseph Edouard Hillemacher
9.
1881 in art
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Events from the year 1881 in art. April – Sixth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, at Nadars studio, august 31 – English painters Thomas Cooper Gotch and Caroline Burland Yates marry at Newlyn. The Société des Artistes Français is established, with William-Adolphe Bouguereau as its first president. Vincent van Gogh returns from study in Brussels to his parents home in Etten where he produces a number of works, including the start of his series of peasant character studies. Art Gallery of South Australia established in Adelaide, St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts established at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, under the direction of Halsey Ives. Dante Gabriel Rossettis Ballads and Sonnets published
10.
1882 in art
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Events from the year 1882 in art. April 9 – English poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies aged 53 of Brights disease at Birchington-on-Sea in the care of his brother, march 1 – Seventh Impressionist exhibition in Paris opens at 251 rue Saint-Honoré. August – Vincent van Gogh starts painting in oil on the sea coast at Scheveningen, walter Langley moves to Newlyn on the coast of Cornwall, becoming the first resident artist of the Newlyn School. The gallery of botanical illustrations made and donated by Marianne North is opened at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Royal Manchester Institution transfers its galleries and collections to Manchester Corporation as Manchester Art Gallery. Todor Švrakić, Serbian painter January 14 – Timothy H
11.
1883 in art
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20 April – Claude Monet moves to the house in Giverny which will be his main residence for the rest of his life. 28 October – Les XX established in Brussels by Octave Maus, L. Wyllie – Toil, Glitter, Grime and Wealth on a Flowing Tide 3 February – Camille Bombois, French naïve painter. 18 February – Jacques Ochs, French artist, épée and foil fencer,12 April Francis Cadell, Scottish Colourist painter Imogen Cunningham, American photographer. 24 June – Jean Metzinger, French painter and art theorist,16 July – Charles Sheeler, American modernist painter and photographer. 31 July – Erich Heckel, German painter and printmaker,19 August – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer. 14 September – Richard Gerstl, Austrian painter and draughtsman,9 November – Charles Demuth, American painter. 4 December – Felice Casorati, Italian painter,24 December – Stojan Aralica, famous Serbian Impressionist painter and academic. 26 December – Maurice Utrillo, French painter, date unknown – Charles Jourdan, French fashion designer
12.
1884 in art
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February 2 – First annual exhibition of Les XX opens at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Auguste Rodin, James McNeill Whistler, march – Theo van Gogh starts buying and selling Impressionist works, beginning with a painting by Pissarro. April – Camille Pissarro moves to Éragny-sur-Epte, may 15–July 15 – Groupe des Artistes Indépendants stages the first officially sanctioned open exhibition of contemporary art in Paris. July 29 – Société des Artistes Indépendants established in Paris under the leadership of Albert Dubois-Pillet, august 30 – Austrian painter Marianne Preindlsberger marries English painter Adrian Scott Stokes
13.
1885 in art
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July 13 – New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers, opens. August – First public display of works by Vincent van Gogh, Glasgow Boys first exhibit collectively, at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Aberdeen Art Gallery opens in Scotland, birmingham Museum and Art Gallery opens in England. The Guildhall Art Gallery opens in the City of London, crocker Art Gallery is presented to the people of Sacramento, California. John Everett Millais is granted a baronetcy in the United Kingdom, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title
14.
1886 in art
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April 28 – Paul Cézanne marries his model and former lover Marie-Hortense Fiquet, despite having publicly stated that he has no feelings for her. May–June – Eighth and last collective Impressionist exhibition in Paris at 1 rue Laffitte introduces Georges Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, august 21 – September 21 – Second exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. October 28 – Dedication of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, P. H. Emerson publishes his first photographic book, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads. Publication in French of Irish-born writer George Moores autobiographical novel Confessions of a Young Man describing bohemian life in 1870s Paris among the Impressionists, publication of Émile Zolas novel LŒuvre based on his friendship with Paul Cézanne
15.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter
16.
1888 in art
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February – Fifth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels. W. W. January 17 – Mohamed Nagy, Egyptian painter, february 22 – Horace Pippin, self-taught African-American painter. March 14 – Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Canadian painter, march 19 – Josef Albers, German artist, mathematician and educator. April 6 – Hans Richter, German painter, graphic artist, avant-gardist, june 12 – Tom Purvis, English poster artist. July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter, august 13 – Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor. August 14 – Sydney Carline, English painter, war artist, august 30 – Siri Derkert, Swedish artist, sculptor and political campaigner. November 7 – Mariano Andreu, Spanish painter, enamelling master, sculptor, november 11 – Johannes Itten, Swiss colour theorist, painter and designer. Stanley Royle, English post-impressionist landscape painter
17.
1878 in architecture
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The year 1878 in architecture involved some significant events. Work begins on the Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria, designed by Georg Dollman, the Semperoper in Dresden, designed by Gottfried Semper, is completed. The Tower House, Kensington, designed by William Burges for himself, is completed, the White House and No.1 Tite Street, Chelsea, London, designed by Edward William Godwin, are completed. The Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan is completed, construction begins on the Indiana Statehouse Indianapolis, Indiana Royal Gold Medal - Alfred Waterhouse. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Victor Laloux, thaddeus Hyatt introduces a patent for reinforced concrete to the United States
18.
1878 in science
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The year 1878 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Proctor describes the Zone of Avoidance, the area of the sky that is obscured by our own galaxy. Death of last confirmed Cape Lion, the rare earth element holmium is identified in erbium by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in Geneva and by Per Teodor Cleve in Sweden. An Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom places Epping Forest in the care of the City of London Corporation to remain unenclosed. June 22 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld sets out on the year-long first navigation of the Northern Sea Route, belgian mathematician Victor DHondt describes the DHondt method of voting. English mathematician Rev. William Allen Whitworth is the first to publish Bertrands ballot theorem, Ádám Politzer publishes Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde, a major otology textbook. Dentists Act in the United Kingdom limits the title of dentist, february 11 – The first weekly weather report is published in the United Kingdom. 31 Iguanodon skeletons are discovered in a mine at Bernissart. February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison, the oldest known audio recording is recovered from this device in 2012. March – The basic process, enabling the use of iron ore in steelmaking, developed at Blaenavon Ironworks by Percy Gilchrist. May 22 – John Philip Hollands experimental powered submarine Holland I is launched in Paterson, august – Cleopatras Needle is raised onto its base in London. October 14 – The worlds first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, december 18 – Joseph Swan of Newcastle upon Tyne in England announces his invention of an incandescent light bulb. December 31 – Karl Benz produces a gas engine. William Crookes invents the Crookes tube which produces cathode rays, gustav Kessel obtains a patent in Germany for an espresso machine. Czech painter Karel Klíč perfects the photogravure process, lester Allan Pelton produces the first operational Pelton wheel. Remington, in the United States, introduce their No.2 typewriter, october 1 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in the United States. Copley Medal, Jean Baptiste Boussingault Wollaston Medal for Geology, Thomas Wright January 1 – A
19.
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
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James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist, active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a proponent of the credo art for arts sake. His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail, the symbol was apt, for it combined both aspects of his personality—his art was characterized by a subtle delicacy, while his public persona was combative. Finding a parallel between painting and music, Whistler entitled many of his paintings arrangements, harmonies, and nocturnes and his most famous painting is Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, commonly known as Whistlers Mother, the revered and oft-parodied portrait of motherhood, Whistler influenced the art world and the broader culture of his time with his artistic theories and his friendships with leading artists and writers. James Abbott Whistler was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on July 10,1834 and his father was a railroad engineer, and Anna was his second wife. James lived the first three years of his life in a modest house at 243 Worthen Street in Lowell, today, the house is a museum dedicated to Whistler. During the Ruskin trial, Whistler claimed St. Petersburg, Russia, as his birthplace, declaring, I shall be born when and where I want, in 1837, the Whistlers moved from Lowell to Stonington, Connecticut, where George Whistler worked for the Stonington Railroad. Sadly, during this period, three of George and Anna Whistlers children died in infancy, in 1839, the Whistlers fortunes improved considerably when George Whistler received the appointment that would make his fortune and fame - that of chief engineer for the Boston & Albany Railroad. Thus, the moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, then one of the United States most prosperous cities. The Whistlers lived in Springfield until they left the United States in late 1842, Nicholas I of Russia learned of George Whistlers ingenuity in engineering the Boston & Albany Railroad, and offered Whistler a position in 1842 engineering a railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In the winter of 1842, the Whistlers moved from Springfield to St. Petersburg, in later years, James Whistler played up his mothers connection to the American South and its roots, and presented himself as an impoverished Southern aristocrat. After her death, he adopted her name, using it as an additional middle name. Young Whistler was a moody child prone to fits of temper and insolence and his parents discovered in his early youth that drawing often settled him down and helped focus his attention. Beginning in 1842, his father was employed to work on a railroad in Russia, after moving to St. Petersburg to join his father a year later, the young Whistler took private art lessons, then enrolled in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts at age eleven. In 1844, he met the noted artist Sir William Allan, Whistlers mother noted in her diary, the great artist remarked to me Your little boy has uncommon genius, but do not urge him beyond his inclination. In 1847-48, his family spent some time in London with relatives, Whistlers brother-in-law Francis Haden, a physician who was also an artist, spurred his interest in art and photography. Haden took Whistler to visit collectors and to lectures, and gave him a set with instruction
20.
Defamation
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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
21.
John Ruskin
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John Ruskin was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and his writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin also penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters, the elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society and he also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation. He was hugely influential in the half of the 19th century. After a period of decline, his reputation has steadily improved since the 1960s with the publication of numerous academic studies of his work. Today, his ideas and concerns are widely recognised as having anticipated interest in environmentalism, sustainability, from the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. His work increasingly focused on social and political issues, Unto This Last marked the shift in emphasis. In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, in 1871, he began his monthly letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain, published under the title Fors Clavigera. In the course of this complex and deeply personal work, he developed the principles underlying his ideal society, as a result, he founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that endures today. Ruskin was the child of first cousins. His father, John James Ruskin, was a sherry and wine importer founding partner and de facto manager of Ruskin, Telford. John James was born and brought up in Edinburgh, Scotland, to a mother from Glenluce and his wife, Margaret Cox, née Cock, was the daughter of an aunt on the English side of the family and a publican in Croydon. She had joined the Ruskin household when she became companion to John Jamess mother, John James had hoped to practice law, but was instead articled as a clerk in London. His father, John Thomas Ruskin, described as a grocer, was an inadequate businessman, to save the family from bankruptcy, John James, whose prudence and success were in stark contrast to his father, took on all debts, settling the last of them in 1832. John James and Margaret were engaged in 1809, but opposition to the union from John Thomas, Ruskin was born at 54 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, south of St Pancras railway station. His childhood was characterised by the influences of his father and mother. John James Ruskin helped to develop his sons Romanticism and they shared a passion for the works of Byron, Shakespeare and especially Walter Scott
22.
High Court of Justice
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Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England is, together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court, one of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. Its name is abbreviated as EWHC for legal citation purposes and it has three main divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division. The jurisdictions overlap in some cases, and cases started in one division may be transferred by order to another where appropriate. Most High Court proceedings are heard by a judge, but certain kinds of proceedings, especially in the Queens Bench Division, are assigned to a Divisional Court. Exceptionally the court may sit with a jury, but in practice only in defamation cases or cases against the police. Litigants are normally represented by counsel, but may be represented by solicitors qualified to hold a right of audience, in principle the High Court is bound by its own previous decisions, but there are conflicting authorities as to what extent. In criminal matters appeals from the Queens Bench Divisional Court are made directly to the Supreme Court, the High Court is based at the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand in the City of Westminster, London. It has district registries across England and Wales and almost all High Court proceedings may be issued, the High Court is headed by the Lord Chief Justice. The High Court is organised into three divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division, a list of hearings in the High Courts divisions is published daily. The Queens Bench Division – or Kings Bench Division when the monarch is male – has two roles and it hears a wide range of common law cases and also has special responsibility as a supervisory court. Until 2005, the head of the QBD was the Lord Chief Justice, Sir Igor Judge was the first person to hold this office, appointed in October 2005. A single judge first decides whether the matter is fit to bring to the court, in addition, the Queens Bench Divisional Court hears appeals on points of law from the Magistrates Court and from the Crown Court. These are known as appeals by way of case stated, since the questions of law are considered solely on the basis of the facts found, other specialised courts of the Queens Bench Division include the Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, and the Admiralty Court. The specialised judges and procedures of these courts are tailored to their type of business, appeals from the High Court in civil matters are made to the Court of Appeal, in criminal matters appeal from the Divisional Court is made only to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Chancery Division deals with law, trusts law, probate law, insolvency. It has specialist courts which deal with patents and registered designs, all tax appeals are assigned to the Chancery Division. The head of the Chancery Division was known as the Vice-Chancellor until October 2005, the first Chancellor was Sir Andrew Morritt, who retired in 2013 to be succeeded by Sir Terence Etherton. In 2016, Sir Geoffrey Vos succeeded Sir Terence as Chancellor on the appointment as Master of the Rolls
23.
Farthing (British coin)
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The British farthing coin, from fourthing, was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, or one nine hundred and sixtieth of a pound sterling. It was minted in bronze, and replaced the earlier copper farthings and it was used during the reign of six monarchs, Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II, ceasing to be legal tender in 1960. It featured two different designs on its reverse during its one hundred years in circulation, from 1860 until 1936, the image of Britannia, and from 1937 onwards, like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse. Before Decimal Day in 1971, there were two hundred and forty pence in one pound sterling, there were four farthings in a penny, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence, values of less than a shilling were simply written in terms of pence, e. g. 8d, pronounced eightpence. A price with a farthing in it would be written like this, pronounced nineteen, as of 2014, the purchasing power of a farthing in 1960 ranged between 2p and 7p. The original reverse of the coin, designed by Leonard Charles Wyon, is a seated Britannia, holding a trident, issues before 1895 also feature a lighthouse to Britannias left and a ship to her right. Various minor adjustments to the level of the sea depicted around Britannia, some issues feature toothed edges, while others feature beading. Over the years, seven different obverses were used, Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for farthings produced during their respective reigns. Over the long reign of Queen Victoria two different obverses were used, and the reign of Edward VIII meant that no farthings bearing his likeness were ever issued. The farthing was first issued with the so-called bun head, or draped bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse, the inscription around the bust read VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D. This was replaced in 1895 by the old head, or veiled bust, the inscription on these coins read VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP. Coins issued during the reign of Edward VII feature his likeness, similarly, those issued during the reign of George V feature his likeness and bear the inscription GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP. The obverse shows a portrait of the king, the inscription on the obverse is EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP. The pattern coin of Edward VIII and regular-issue farthings of George VI and Elizabeth II feature a redesigned reverse displaying the wren, one of Britains smallest birds. George VI issue coins feature the inscription GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP before 1949, and GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX FIDEI DEF thereafter
24.
Photogravure
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The earliest forms of photogravure were developed by two original pioneers of photography itself, first Nicéphore Niépce in France in the 1820s, and later Henry Fox Talbot in England. Niépce was seeking a means to create images on plates that could then be etched and used to make prints on paper with a traditional printing press. Niépces early images were among the first photographs, pre-dating daguerreotypes, Talbot, inventor of the calotype paper negative process, wanted to make paper prints that would not fade. He worked on his process in the 1850s and patented it in 1852 and 1858. Photogravure in its form was developed in 1878 by Czech painter Karel Klíč. This process, the one still in use today, is called the Talbot-Klič process, because of its high quality and richness, photogravure was used for both original fine art prints and for photo-reproduction of works from other media such as paintings. In France the correct term for photogravure is héliogravure, while the French term photogravure refers to any photo-based etching technique, Photogravure registers a wide variety of tones, through the transfer of etching ink from an etched copper plate to special dampened paper run through an etching press. The unique tonal range comes from photogravures variable depth of etch, that is, Photogravure practitioners such as Peter Henry Emerson and others brought the art to a high standard in the late 19th century. This continued with the work of Alfred Stieglitz in the early 20th century and this publication also featured the photogravures of Alvin Langdon Coburn who was a fine gravure printer and envisioned his photographic work as gravures rather than other photo-based processes. The speed and convenience of silver-gelatin photography eventually displaced photogravure which fell into disuse after the Edward S. Curtis gravures in the 1920s. One of the last major portfolios of fine art photogravures was Paul Strands Photographs from Mexico from 1940, many years later, photogravure has experienced a revival in the hands of Aperture and Jon Goodman, who studied it in Europe. Photogravure is now practiced in several dozen workshops around the world. Photogravure plates go through several stages, First, a continuous tone film positive is made from the original photographic negative. A smaller negative can be enlarged onto a sheet of film, the second stage is to sensitize a sheet of pigmented gelatin tissue by immersion into a 3. 5% solution of potassium dichromate for 3 minutes. Once dried against a Plexiglas surface, it is ready for the next stage, the third stage is to expose the film positive to the sensitized gravure tissue. The positive is placed on top of the sheet of pigmented gelatin tissue. The sandwich is then exposed to ultraviolet light, the UV light travels through the positive and screen in succession, each time hardening the gelatin in proportion to the degree of light exposed to it. The fourth stage is to adhere the exposed tissue to the copper plate, the gelatin tissue is adhered or laid down onto the highly polished copper plate under a layer of cool water
25.
William Frederick Yeames
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William Frederick Yeames RA was a British painter best known for his oil-on-canvas problem picture And When Did You Last See Your Father. Which depicts the son of a Royalist being questioned by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War, Yeames was born in Taganrog, Russia, the son of a British consul based in Russia. After the death of his father in 1842, Yeames was sent to school in Dresden where he began studying painting, after a change in the fortunes of his family, they moved to London in 1848. Yeames learnt anatomy and composition from George Scharf and took art lessons from F. A. Westmacott, in 1852 he journeyed to Florence where he studied with Enrico Pollastrini and Raphael Buonajuti. During his time there he painted at the Life School at the Grand Ducal Academy, drawing from frescoes by Andrea del Sarto, Ghirlandaio, continuing on to Rome, he painted landscape studies and copied Old Masters, including the frescoes of Raphael in the Vatican. The group concentrated on subjects of a nature and narrative paintings in which the story was revealed by close study of the actions and expressions of the subjects. In Yeamess work this technique evolved into the known as the problem picture. In 1905 he painted a mural for the Royal Exchange, London The Foundation of St Paul’s School,1509, Yeames married on 18 August 1865 Anne Winfield, daughter of Major James Stainbank Winfield of the East India Company. Yeames managed to overcome this problem and from 1859 exhibited at the Royal Academy and was made an Associate in 1866. Unlike other artist circles of the time, the St Johns Wood Clique did not lead a lifestyle, Yeames took holidays at Hever Castle. He and Goodall specialized in Tudor and Stuart subjects, but did not always portray the events they depicted with historical accuracy - instead using them as inspiration and he died in Teignmouth, Devon on 3 May 1918. In 2000, a plaque commemorating Yeames was installed at his former home,8 Campbell Road, Hanwell, London. The oil-on-canvas picture, painted in 1878, depicts a scene in an imaginary Royalist household during the English Civil War, the Parliamentarians have taken over the house and question the son about his Royalist father. Yeames was inspired to paint the picture to show the crises that could arise from the natural frankness of young children. Here, if the boy tells the truth he will endanger his father, the boy in the pictures is based on Thomas Gainsboroughs painting The Blue Boy. It was modelled by Yeames nephew, James Lambe Yeames, behind the boy, there is a girl, probably the daughter, waiting her turn to be questioned. The girl was based on Yeames niece, Mary Yeames, at the back of the hall the mother and elder daughter wait anxiously on the boys reply. The painting is at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, having been bought in 1878, madame Tussauds in London has a life-size waxwork tableau of the scene, faithfully reproduced from the painting
26.
Ivan Aivazovsky
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Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky was a Russian Romantic painter. He is considered one of the greatest marine artists in history, baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian, Aivazovsky was born into an Armenian family in the Black Sea port of Feodosia in Crimea and was mostly based there. Following his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts, Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and he then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the Russian Navy. Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the Russian Empire and he was sponsored by the state and was well-regarded during his lifetime. The saying worthy of Aivazovskys brush, popularized by Anton Chekhov, was used in Russia for describing something ineffably lovely, one of the most prominent Russian artists of his time, Aivazovsky was also popular outside Russia. He held numerous exhibitions in Europe and the United States. During his almost 60-year career, he created around 6,000 paintings, the vast majority of his works are seascapes, but he often depicted battle scenes, Armenian themes, and portraiture. Most of Aivazovskys works are kept in Russian, Ukrainian and Armenian museums as well as private collections, Ivan Aivazovsky was born on 17 July 1817 in the city of Feodosia, Crimea, Russian Empire. In the baptismal records of the local St. Sargis Armenian Church, Aivazovsky was listed as Hovhannes, during his study at the Imperial Academy of Arts, he was known in Russian as Ivan Gaivazovsky. He became known as Aivazovsky since c. He signed a 1844 letter with the version of his name. His father, Konstantin, was an Armenian merchant from the Polish region of Galicia and his family had migrated to Europe from Western Armenia in the 18th century. After numerous familial conflicts, Konstantin left Galicia for Moldavia, later moving to Bukovina and he was initially known as Gevorg Aivazian, but he changed his last name to Gaivazovsky by adding the Polish -sky. Aivazovskys mother, Ripsime, was a Feodosia Armenian, the couple had five children—three daughters and two sons. Aivazovskys elder brother, Gabriel, was a prominent historian and an Armenian Apostolic archbishop, the young Aivazovsky received parochial education at Feodosias St. Sargis Armenian Church. He was taught drawing by Jacob Koch, a local architect, Aivazovsky moved to Simferopol with Taurida Governor Alexander Kaznacheyevs family in 1830 and attended the citys Russian gymnasium. In 1833, Aivazovsky arrived in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, in 1835, he was awarded with a silver medal and appointed assistant to the French painter Philippe Tanneur. In September 1836, Aivazovsky met Russias national poet Alexander Pushkin during the visit to the Academy. In 1837, Aivazovsky joined the class of Alexander Sauerweid
27.
Jules Bastien-Lepage
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Jules Bastien-Lepage was a French painter closely associated with the beginning of naturalism, an artistic style that emerged from the later phase of the Realist movement. Bastien-Lepage was born in the village of Damvillers, Meuse, bastiens father grew grapes in a vineyard to support the family. His grandfather also lived in the village, his garden had fruit trees of apple, pear, Bastien took an early liking to drawing, and his parents fostered his creativity by buying prints of paintings for him to copy. Jules Bastien-Lepages first teacher was his father, himself an artist and his first formal training was at Verdun, and prompted by a love of art he went to Paris in 1867, where he was admitted to the École des Beaux-arts, working under Cabanel. He was awarded first place for drawing but spent most of his time working alone, nevertheless, he completed three years at the école. In a letter to his parents, he complained that the model was a man in the pose of a mediaeval lutanist. During the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, Bastien fought and was wounded, after the war, he returned home to paint the villagers and recover from his wound. In 1873 he painted his grandfather in the garden, a work that would bring the artist his first success at the Paris Salon. After exhibiting works in the Salons of 1870 and 1872 which attracted no attention, in 1874 his Portrait of my Grandfather garnered critical acclaim and received a third-class medal. He also showed Song of Spring, a study of rural life, representing a peasant girl sitting on a knoll above a village. His initial success was confirmed in 1875 by the First Communion, a picture of a little girl minutely worked up in manner that was compared to Hans Holbein, and a Portrait of M. Hayern. In 1875 he took place in the competition for the Prix de Rome with his Angels appearing to the Shepherds. His next attempt to win the Prix de Rome in 1876 with Priam at the Feet of Achilles was again unsuccessful, and the painter determined to return to country life. To the Salon of 1877 he sent a full-length Portrait of Lady L. and My Parents, the last picture, now in the Musée dOrsay, was widely praised by critics and the public alike. It secured his status as one of the first painters in the Naturalist school, after the success of Haymaking, Bastien-Lepage was recognized in France as the leader of the emerging Naturalist school. By 1883, a critic could proclaim that The whole world paints so much today like M. Bastien-Lepage that M. Bastien-Lepage seems to paint like the whole world and this fame brought him prominent commissions. His Portrait of Mlle Sarah Bernhardt, painted in a light key, in 1879 he was commissioned to paint the Prince of Wales. In 1880 he exhibited a portrait of M. Andrieux and Joan of Arc listening to the Voices, and in the same year, at the Royal Academy
28.
Reinhold Begas
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Reinhold Begas was a German sculptor. Begas was born in Berlin, son of the painter Carl Joseph Begas and he received his early education studying under Christian Daniel Rauch and Ludwig Wilhelm Wichmann. During a period of study in Italy, from 1856 to 1858, he was influenced by Arnold Böcklin and this tendency was marked in the group Borussia, executed for the facade of the exchange in Berlin, which first brought him into general notice. In 1861 Begas was appointed professor at the art school at Weimar, since the year 1870, Begas dominated the plastic art in the Kingdom of Prussia, but especially in Berlin. Centaur and Nymph Mercury and Psyche Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Begas. Works by or about Reinhold Begas at Internet Archive
29.
Gustave Caillebotte
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Gustave Caillebotte was a French painter, member and patron of the artists known as Impressionists, although he painted in a much more realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was noted for his early interest in photography as an art form, Gustave Caillebotte was born on 19 August 1848 to an upper-class Parisian family living in the rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis. His father, Martial Caillebotte, was the inheritor of the familys textile business and was also a judge at the Seine departments Tribunal de commerce. Caillebottes father was widowed before marrying Caillebottes mother, Céleste Daufresne. Caillebotte was born at home on rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis in Paris, and lived there until 1866 and it probably was around this time that Caillebotte began to draw and paint. Caillebotte earned a law degree in 1868 and a licence to practise law in 1870, shortly after his education, he was drafted to fight in the Franco-Prussian war, and served from July 1870 to March 1871 in the Garde Nationale Mobile de la Seine. After the war, Caillebotte began visiting the studio of painter Léon Bonnat and he developed an accomplished style in a relatively short time and had his first studio in his parents home. In 1873, Caillebotte entered the École des Beaux-Arts, but apparently did not spend time there. He inherited his fathers fortune in 1874 and the surviving sons divided the family fortune after their mothers death in 1878, the Impressionists – also called the Independents, Intransigents, and Intentionalists – had broken away from the academic painters showing in the annual Salons. Caillebotte made his debut in the second Impressionist exhibition in 1876, showing eight paintings, including, Les raboteurs de parquet, his earliest masterpiece. Its subject matter, the depiction of labourers preparing a wooden floor was considered vulgar by some critics, at the time, the art establishment deemed only rustic peasants or farmers acceptable subjects from the working class. The painting is now at the Musée dOrsay, a second version, in a more realistic style resembling that of Degas, also was exhibited, demonstrating Caillebottes range of technique and his adept restatement of the same subject matter. With regard to the composition and painting style of his works, the second period of Pointillism, whose main representative was Georges Seurat, announced its influence in the late works that Caillebotte painted at his country house in Petit Gennevilliers. Caillebottes style belongs to the School of Realism, but was influenced by his Impressionist associates. A large number of Caillebottes works also employ a very high point, including View of Rooftops, Boulevard Seen from Above. Caillebotte painted many domestic and familial scenes, interiors, and portraits, there are scenes of dining, card playing, piano playing, reading, and sewing, all executed in an intimate, unobtrusive manner that portrays the quiet ritual of upper-class indoor life. His country scenes at Yerres focus on pleasure boating on the stream as well as fishing and swimming. He often used a soft impressionistic technique reminiscent of Renoir to convey the nature of the countryside
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Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
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The Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes is a municipal museum of fine arts in the French city of Rennes, the capital of Brittany. Its collections range from ancient Egypt antiquities to the Modern art period and make the one of the most important in France outside Paris. The museum was established in 1794 during the French Revolution like most of the main French museums and its first collections were the confiscated artworks of the churches and public buildings of Rennes. It comprised drawings, prints, paintings, antiques and sculptures, the museums collections continued to expand during the 19th and the 20th centuries thanks to donations and acquisitions. The building housing the museum was built between in 1847 and 1855 but it is only since 1911 that it is devoted to the museums collections. The building and the rooms have been restored and modified several times. The collection include paintings created between the 14th and 20th centuries, primitive and Renaissance painting is represented with works by Paris Bordone, Paolo Veronese, Leandro Bassano, Maarten van Heemskerck and of the School of Fontainebleau. The 17th century is one of the highlights of the museum, italian painting is featured with Ludovico Carracci, Guercino, Pietro da Cortona, Guido Reni and also Luca Giordano. Dutch and Flemish painting is represented by Rubens, Jacob Jordaens, Gaspar De Crayer, Peter Lely, Adriaen Brouwer, Adriaen van Ostade, Matthias Stom, Gerrit van Honthorst, 19th-century holdings are important with some 300 paintings in the collection. At that time Brittany was a destination for academist and modern painters. The drawings holdings are one of the treasures of the museum as they include very valuable pieces and rare names, official Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes website—
31.
Les Orangers
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Les Orangers is an oil painting by French impressionist Gustave Caillebotte. The canvas measures 155 by 117 centimetres and it was acquired by Audrey Jones Beck and was part of a collection that was on a long-term loan to the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, before the collection was donated to the museum in 1999. The painting now hangs in the building named for Beck. Caillebotte, in common with other impressionist painters of the time, had an affinity for horticulture and was one of the movements most avid gardeners, while many of his contemporaries preferred more organic and wild settings, Caillebotte preferred manicured, formal arrangements. He trained his fruit trees with careful pruning to encourage compact growth, critics have suggested that this may have been in keeping with his interest in perspective. Caillebotte painted this canvas en plein air at the country estate in Yerres in 1878. Caillebotte obtained one such example, Le Déjeuner by Claude Monet in March of that year, the image depicts a daytime scene. Caillebottes brother Martial is reading while sitting in the shade of the trees with his back towards the viewer. He is dressed in the way as Gustave himself in Renoirs Oarsmen at Chatou. Their cousin, Zoé Caillebotte, is standing at one of the Versailles tubs, then fashionable as garden planters, the poses of Martial and Zoé suggest that they are each enjoying the afternoon quietly with their private thoughts. The lightweight painted sprung-steel garden chairs in the foreground appear in other works painted at Yerres, in the background, the bright sunlight illuminates a circular flower bed surrounded by a curving gravel path, at the edge of which a dog appears to be sleeping. Caillebotte employs sharp contrast between the foreground in the lower part of the image and the bright background. The shadows are painted in muted greens and purples, while the lawn and flower beds are brilliant greens, reds, the strong definition between the areas of sunlight and shadow is a departure from the dappled light that occurs in similar outdoor scenes by Impressionists Renoir and Monet. Art historian and critic Kirk Varnedoe suggests that this contrast contributes to a sense of afternoon heat, herbert, Robert L. Impressionism, Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. Caillebotte and His Garden at Yerres
32.
Vue de toits (Effet de neige)
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Vue de toits is an oil painting by French impressionist Gustave Caillebotte executed in the winter of 1878 and 1879. The canvas measures 81 by 65 centimetres and it was originally gifted by Caillebottes brother in 1894 to the Musée du Luxembourg, then transferred to the Musée du Louvre in 1929. In 1947, it was moved to the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume, in 1986, it was transferred again to the Musée dOrsay in Paris, where it is currently displayed. The painting is one of the few Caillebotte works that have remained in view since the artists death in 1894. Vue de toits depicts snow-covered rooftops in Montmartre, Paris from a vantage point. Here Caillebotte employs a monochromatic palette of grays, adding additional color to highlight building features. This perspective was not at all common in French paintings, the painting was first shown at the fourth Impressionist Exhibition held in Paris in 1879, one of 25 works Caillebotte brought to the show. At the time, it did not garner much interest from the crowds, however, this image, and one other showing views of rooftops at that show, are now considered important works
33.
Mary Cassatt
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Mary Stevenson Cassatt was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in Pennsylvania, but lived much of her life in France. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women and she was described by Gustave Geffroy in 1894 as one of les trois grandes dames of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and Berthe Morisot. Cassatt was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, which is now part of Pittsburgh and she was born into an upper-middle-class family, Her father, Robert Simpson Cassat, was a successful stockbroker and land speculator. He was descended from the French Huguenot Jacques Cossart, who came to New Amsterdam in 1662 and her mother, Katherine Kelso Johnston, came from a banking family. Katherine Cassatt, educated and well-read, had a influence on her daughter. The ancestral name had been Cossart, a distant cousin of artist Robert Henri, Cassatt was one of seven children, of whom two died in infancy. One brother, Alexander Johnston Cassatt, later president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The family moved eastward, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then to the Philadelphia area, Cassatt grew up in an environment that viewed travel as integral to education, she spent five years in Europe and visited many of the capitals, including London, Paris, and Berlin. While abroad she learned German and French and had her first lessons in drawing and it is likely that her first exposure to French artists Ingres, Delacroix, Corot, and Courbet was at the Paris World’s Fair of 1855. Also in the exhibition were Degas and Pissarro, both of whom were later her colleagues and mentors, though her family objected to her becoming a professional artist, Cassatt began studying painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia at the early age of 15. Part of her parents concern may have been Cassatts exposure to feminist ideas, although about 20 percent of the students were female, most viewed art as a socially valuable skill, few of them were determined, as Cassatt was, to make art their career. She continued her studies from 1861 through 1865, the duration of the American Civil War, among her fellow students was Thomas Eakins, later the controversial director of the Academy. Impatient with the pace of instruction and the patronizing attitude of the male students and teachers. She later said, There was no teaching at the Academy, female students could not use live models, until somewhat later, and the principal training was primarily drawing from casts. Cassatt decided to end her studies, At that time, no degree was granted, after overcoming her fathers objections, she moved to Paris in 1866, with her mother and family friends acting as chaperones. The museum also served as a place for Frenchmen and American female students. In this manner, fellow artist and friend Elizabeth Jane Gardner met, toward the end of 1866, she joined a painting class taught by Charles Chaplin, a noted genre artist
34.
Eduard Charlemont
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Eduard Charlemont was an Austrian painter. Eduard Charlemont was born in Vienna, capital of the Austrian Empire in 1848 and his father, Matthias Adolf Charlemont, was also a painter, specializing in painting miniature portraits. His younger brother Hugo Charlemont was an equally famous impressionist painter, at the age of fifteen Charlemont exhibited his works for the first time at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, where he studied fine arts. At the same age Eduard Charlemont was also hired by a school to teach drawing. After graduating from the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Charlemont traveled to countries in central Europe and finally settled in Paris. In Paris, several times he won the first prize of the Paris Salon, the most famous work of Charlemont is The Guardian of the Seraglio, widely known as The Moorish Chief, depicting a Moorish swordsman guarding a seraglio. In 1899 he won the medal at the Exposition Universelle. Charlemont was also known for his murals and he painted three of the murals of the Burgtheater totaling a length of about 55 meters. He died in Vienna in 1906, today, reproductions of his painting The Moorish Chief are the best-selling items in the museum store of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Guardian of the Seraglio,1878, better known as The Moorish Chief. Arranging her Still Life,1884 At the toilette The Music Lesson Hans Makart in his Atelier Tunisian Artisan A Drink for the Drummer,1889, artist in his Studio,1890 A Gentleman in an Interior Wooden Bridge Scène dintérieur La Parisienne,1900 Cupid sharpening his arrow
35.
William Merritt Chase
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William Merritt Chase was an American painter, known as an exponent of Impressionism and as a teacher. He is also responsible for establishing the Chase School, which later would become Parsons The New School for Design. William Merritt Chase was born on November 1,1849, in Williamsburg, Indiana, to the family of Sarah Swain and David H. Chase, Chases father moved the family to Indianapolis in 1861, and employed his son as a salesman in the family business. Chase showed an early interest in art, and studied under local, self-taught artists Barton S. Hays, after a brief stint in the Navy, Chases teachers urged him to travel to New York to further his artistic training. In 1870, declining family fortunes forced Chase to leave New York for St. Louis, Missouri, while he worked to help support his family he became active in the St. Louis art community, winning prizes for his paintings at a local exhibition. He also exhibited his first painting at the National Academy in 1871 and he studied under Alexander von Wagner and Karl von Piloty, and befriended American artists Walter Shirlaw, Frank Duveneck, and J Frank Currier. In Munich, Chase employed his rapidly burgeoning talent most often in figurative works that he painted in the loosely brushed style popular with his instructors, home in America, he exhibited his painting Ready for the Ride with the newly formed Society of American Artists in 1878. He also opened a studio in New York in the Tenth Street Studio Building and he was a member of the Tilers, a group of artists and authors, among whom were some of his notable friends, Winslow Homer, Arthur Quartley and Augustus Saint Gaudens. In 1881, friend and artist William Preston Phelps travelled back to Europe to team up with Chase to go on a tour of Italy, Venice. Chase cultivated multiple personae, sophisticated cosmopolitan, devoted family man, Chase married Alice Gerson in 1887 and together they raised eight children during Chases most energetic artistic period. His eldest daughters, Alice Dieudonnee Chase and Dorothy Bremond Chase, in New York City, however, Chase became known for his flamboyance, especially in his dress, his manners, and most of all in his studio. At Tenth Street, Chase had moved into Albert Bierstadts old studio and had decorated it as an extension of his own art, Chase filled the studio with lavish furniture, decorative objects, stuffed birds, oriental carpets, and exotic musical instruments. The studio served as a point for the sophisticated and fashionable members of the New York City art world of the late 19th century. By 1895 the cost of maintaining the studio, in addition to his residences, forced Chase to close it. In addition to his painting, Chase actively developed an interest in teaching, initially he took on private pupils, among his first being Dora Wheeler, a student from 1879 to 1881 who became a professional artist and a lifelong friend. Later, somewhat against his will, he was persuaded to take charge of an art-school at Shinnecock Hills, “ At the instigation of Mrs. William Hoyt, Chase opened the Shinnecock Hills Summer School on eastern Long Island, New York in 1891. Chase adopted the plein air method of painting, and often taught his students in outdoor classes and he also opened the Chase School of Art in 1896, which became the New York School of Art two years later with Chase staying on as instructor until 1907. Along with Robert Henri, who became an instructor, Chase was the most important teacher of American artists around the turn of the 20th century
36.
James Collinson
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James Collinson was a Victorian painter who was a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 to 1850. He was born at Mansfield, Nottinghamshire and was the son of a bookseller and he entered the Royal Academy School, and was also a fellow-student with Holman Hunt, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Collinson was a devout Christian who was attracted to the devotional, a convert to Catholicism, Collinson reverted to high Anglicanism in order to marry Christina Rossetti, but his conscience forced his return to Catholicism and the break-up of the engagement. When Millais painting Christ in the House of his Parents was accused of blasphemy, during his period as a Pre-Raphaelite, Collinson contributed a long devotional poem to The Germ and produced a number of religious works, most importantly The Renunciation of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. After his resignation Collinson trained for the priesthood at a Jesuit college, in 1858, he married Eliza Wheeler, the sister in law of the painter John Rogers Herbert, one of the early influences on the Pre-Raphaelites. He was secretary of the Society of British Artists from 1861 to 1870, in the latter part of his life he lived in Brittany, where he painted The Holy Family. List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings - including the work of James Collinson, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cust, Lionel Henry. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 381–382, media related to James Collinson at Wikimedia Commons
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