1.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
2.
1878
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As of the start of 1878, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – Battle of Shipka Pass IV, Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire, January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. January 17 – Battle of Philippopolis, Russian troops defeat the Turks, January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles. January 24 – The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, January 28 – The Yale News becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States. January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople, february 2 – Greece declares war on Turkey. February 7 – Pope Pius IX dies after a 31½ year reign, february 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off Istanbul, Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat. February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, february 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. February 20 – Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope, february 23 - Sadguru Shri Gajanan Maharaj appeared at Shegaon, Dist, Buldhana, Maharashtra. February 24 – Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London, february 28 – Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature. March 25 – Russia rejects a British proposal to lay the San Stefano treaty before a European congress, march 27 – In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to Malta. April 20 – The Stawell Gift is run for the first time in Australia, may 2 – The Washburn A Mill in Minneapolis explodes, killing 18. May 15 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established, may 25 – Gilbert and Sullivans comic opera H. M. S. Pinafore debuts in London at the Opera Comique with a first run of 571 performances, june 1 – General Postal Union renamed Universal Postal Union. June 4 – Cyprus Convention, The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, june 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire. Coastal Survey renamed U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, july 4 – A match race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville and inspires the folk song, Molly and Tenbrooks. July 26 – In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself Black Bart makes his last clean getaway when he steals a box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is later with a taunting poem inside. August 7 – The Salvation Army foundation deed is signed, august 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more
3.
1845 to 1868 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the years 1845 to 1868 throughout the world. 1845 September 10 – A baseball game is played that is described the day in the New York Morning News. 1845 September 23 – The New York Knickerbockers draw up the Knickerbocker Rules,1846 June 19 – The New York Knickerbockers play the New York Nine at Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey. The Knickerbockers lose to the New Yorks by a score of 23 to 1 in four innings of play,1854 – The Excelsior club established in Brooklyn. 1855 – The Atlantic and Eckford clubs established in Brooklyn,1856 – The Union of Morrisania club established in the latter-day Bronx, New York. 1857 – The National Association of Base Ball Players is formed in meetings of sixteen New York area baseball clubs, the New York Mutuals and Newark Adriatics teams are formed. C. 1859 July 1 – Amherst College defeats Williams College 73–32 in a game played in Pittsfield,1860 – The Philadelphia Athletics team is formed. The Philadelphia Olympic Club changes from Philadelphia rules townball to New York rules, the Newark Eurekas team starts playing other teams in the NABBP. The Union Club of Lansingburgh team is formed, which would become the Troy Haymakers of the NABBP. 1860 February 22 – First recorded baseball game played in San Francisco,1860 September 28 – The first baseball game reported between two named black teams. At Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey, the Weeksville of New York beat the Colored Union Club 11–0,1862 April – The Summit City Club is formed in Fort Wayne, Indiana. 1865 October – The Milwaukee Cream Citys team is formed,1866 – The Fort Wayne Kekiongas team is reformed after the end of the Civil War. 1866–1868 – The Rockford Forest Citys feature future superstars Albert Spalding,1866 June 23 – The Cincinnati Base Ball Club is formed and plays four outside matches. 1867 – The Cincinnati Base Ball Club plays in the NABBP, twelve existing members did go pro and constitute the professional field for 1869. Marshall Wright publishes 1868 season records for 98 teams, many of them incomplete, bill Ryczek calls 15 of that seasons teams major. This table covers all of those majors, all of the 1869 pros, all 14 member clubs with at least twelve wins on record, for the seven listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column, the comment gives their locales. Meanwhile, only two new professional baseball clubs would be established in the next three years, the Chicago White Stockings for 1870 and the Boston Red Stockings for 1871. Their commercial origins may be related to their survival alone by 1877, Marshall Wright publishes 1867 season records for 89 teams, many of them incomplete
4.
1869 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1869 throughout the world. National Association of Base Ball Players, Atlantic of Brooklyn March 19 - The first openly all-professional baseball club is formed as the Cincinnati Red Stockings, may 4 - The Cincinnati Red Stockings debut as the sports first openly all-professional team, defeating the Great Westerns 45-9. June 8 - An amateur club in Buffalo, New York called the Niagaras defeated another club called the Columbias 209-10 in the baseball game ever. June 15–17 - As part of their Eastern tour the Red Stockings defeat the Mutual of New York, Atlantic of Brooklyn, and Eckford of Brooklyn clubs 4-2, 32-10, and 34-5 respectively. July 3 - The Eckford of Brooklyn club defeats the defending champion Mutual of New York club for the time this season by a score of 31-5. This puts the championship flag in the possession of the Eckfords under the current rules, august 16 - The Red Stockings win over the visiting Eckford club 45-18 at their own Union Grounds. Late September/Early October - Travelling west over the newly completed First Transcontinental Railroad, October 12 - The Chicago Base-Ball Association is founded. The association exists today as the Chicago Cubs, november 5 - The Red Stockings complete an undefeated season with their 60th victory in as many contests, defeating the visiting Mutual Green Stockings of New York 17-8 before 7,000 spectators. November 8 - For the second time since the Eckfords won the flag and this gives the Atlantics the championship for the year by a 15-12 score. At its December 1868 meeting the NABBP permitted professional clubs for the first time, there had been no professional clubs outside the Association and no brand new professional clubs were established for 1869. Rather, the entire effect of the change was that twelve existing members declared professional status. All of them had fielded at least regionally strong teams in 1868, the Cincinnati Red Stockings were first to sign an all-salary team, ten men for eight months. From the west, the strongest team in Cleveland also joined the pro field, from the eastern corridor there were ten including all of the one-time champions and claimants. Otherwise the record of matches is remarkable for its balance, relative to the records of the stronger teams during the amateur era. The Irvingtons did not travel, or win, after July they played two matches with the Mutuals. Forest City of Cleveland did not travel far, only to Cincinnati and those two did not face each other or any of the three teams standing just above them. That imbalance, typical of the time, contributed to the records of all five. Weaker teams were weaker gate attractions with less incentive and almost always less ability to travel, the Irvingtons disbanded and the Keystones returned to amateur ranks but all the others remained in the professional field for 1870
5.
1872 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1872 throughout the world. National Association, Boston Red Stockings March 4 – At its annual convention being held in Cleveland, april 22 – Candy Cummings makes his debut with the New York Mutuals. April 26 – Orator Jim ORourke makes his debut with the Middletown Mansfields, may 24 – The Washington Olympics play their last game before dropping out of the NA. Poor talent and financial difficulties combine to do in the Olympics, june 26 – The Washington Nationals, with an 0–11 record, disband after losing 9–1 to the Baltimore Canaries. July 6 – Sporting a 22–1 record, Harry Wright takes the Boston Red Stockings on vacation to an island in Boston Harbor, july 9 – The Brooklyn Eckfords commit 13 errors in their 15–3 loss to the Troy Haymakers. It is the fewest errors committed by the 0–11 Eckfords in a thus far this season. July 23 – Despite a winning record, the Troy Haymakers disband due to financial problems, half of the Haymakers roster will move to the Brooklyn Eckfords, which saves them from dropping out of the NA. July 26 – In an emergency meeting, the NA revises their scheduling requirements from 5 to 9 games versus each opponent competing for the championship. This is in response to the number of teams that have disbanded, august 13 – The Middletown Mansfields announce that they have disbanded the club and drop out of the NA. August 19 – The Cleveland Forest Citys disband their club after a loss to the Boston Red Stockings and this drops the number of teams still playing in the NA to 6. September 1 – Al Thake, left-fielder batting.295 for the Brooklyn Atlantics, Thake is the first active major league ballplayer to die. October 22 – The Boston Red Stockings clinch the pennant with a 4–3 win over the Brooklyn Eckfords, blackguards and Red Stockings, A History of Baseballs National Association 1871–1875. Wallingford, Connecticut, Colebrook Press ISBN 0-9673718-0-5 Nemec, David, the Great Encyclopedia of 19th-Century Major League Baseball. Fine Books ISBN 1-55611-500-8 Specific 1872 season at baseball-reference. com Charltons Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary. com Retrosheet. org
6.
1873 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1873 throughout the world. National Association, Boston Red Stockings March 3 – For the first time, may 14 – Nearly 5,000 fans watch the upstart Philadelphia White Stockings defeat the established Philadelphia Athletics 5–4 in 13 innings. Only once before, in 1865, had that many innings been played in one game, june 7 – The New York Mutuals and Philadelphia White Stockings combine for 40 errors in a game won by the White Stockings. The White Stockings, aided by the Mutuals 26 miscues, win 12–10, june 11 –10,000 fans are in attendance see the Philadelphia White Stockings score 5 runs in the 7th inning to defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 7–5. July 4 – Leading 11–3 over the Elizabeth Resolutes, the Boston Red Stockings score 21 runs in the bottom of the 9th inning for a 32–3 victory, the home-ahead rule would not be instituted for 6 more years. July 22 – Tom Barlow of the Brooklyn Atlantics lays down 6 bunts, all for hits, Ferguson and the Mutuals Nat Hicks get into an altercation with Ferguson breaking Hicks arm by hitting him with a bat. Ferguson requires an escort to leave the field and Hicks will be out for 2 months due to the incident. August 16 – The Boston Red Stockings defeat the Philadelphia White Stockings 11–8 in Chicago in front of several thousand fans, after the game, it is announced that Chicago has signed several players in hopes of placing a team in the NA for the 1874 season. October 16 – The Baltimore Canaries turn a play in a losing cause against the Philadelphia White Stockings. October 22 – The Boston Red Stockings win the pennant for the 2nd year in a row and they clinch on the same date as they had in 1872. November 6 – A benefit game is played between the Philadelphia White Stockings and Philadelphia Athletics under a rule of 10 men on the field and 10 innings for a game. The extra player is placed on the infield as a shortstop and with most observers feeling the extra player unnecessary. 1873 season at baseball-reference. com Charltons Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary. com Retrosheet. org Levine, a. G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball, The Promise of American Sport
7.
1876 in baseball
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After a tumultuous five-year existence, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players folded following the 1875 season. One of the new rules put into place by the new league was that all teams had to be located in cities that had a population of 75,000 or more. The initial NL season began with eight teams, and they were asked to play seventy games between April 22 and October 21, the NL is considered to be the first major league, although it has been argued that the NA can make that claim. National League, Chicago White Stockings Champions of the West, St. Louis Brown Stockings Four premier semi-professional teams were in play in 1876 and they were the Binghamton Crickets, the Columbus Buckeyes, the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and the Syracuse Stars. In competition against NL clubs these 4 semi-pro teams played 32 games – winning 16, losing 14, of the 60 players on these 4 semi-pro teams no fewer than 50 of them wound up playing in the National League over the next 5 seasons. Chicago White Stockings signed Cap Anson as a free agent, hartford Dark Blues signed Candy Cummings as a free agent. Boston Red Caps signed George Wright as a free agent, august 10,1876 – The New York Mutuals loaned Nealy Phelps to the Philadelphia Athletics. Phelps returned to the Mutuals on the same day, bryces Base Ball Guide General Ginsburg, Daniel E. The Fix Is in, A History of Baseball Gambling and Game Fixing Scandals, reiss, Steven A. Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball Clubs, Volume 1. Specific 1876 season at baseball-reference. com Charltons Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary. com Year by Year History at Baseball-Almanac. com Retrosheet. org
8.
1877 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1877 throughout the world. S. Newspapers poll, Boston Beaneaters and Lowell Ladies Men ranked #1, Boston 2 games to 1 Inter-league playoff, Syracuse def. Boston,1 game to 0 League Alliance Tournament winner, Syracuse Stars New York State Championship Tournament winner, Binghamton Crickets Interleague playoff, Boston,1 game to 0 Inter-league competition, National League teams defeated New England Assn, teams, in wins 24-22. Fisher will only appear in 1 more game in his career after his admission, february 20 – The International League, the first minor league, is formed in Pittsburgh. February 27 – Candy Cummings, player-manager of the Live Oaks of Lynn, march 5 – The Hartford Dark Blues agrees to play its home games in Brooklyn. The team will retain the Hartford name, although it will only play 2 league games in Hartford, march 22 – The National League publishes the 1877 schedule. It is the first time the league has handled scheduling and continues to this day, april 12 – Jim Tyng, a catcher for Harvard, becomes the first backstop to wear a face mask during a game. Harvard team manager, Fred Thayer, will receive a patent for the mask in 1878, may 2 – The Boston Red Caps, who will win the pennant with a 42–18 record in 1877, lose an exhibition game to the Allegheny club of the International League. Pud Galvin tosses a one-hit shutout and hits a home run to defeat the Red Caps 1–0, may 5 – Baseballs first minor league of sorts is formed as the National League recruits 12 teams to play in the League Alliance. Paul Red Caps and Winona Clippers, may 10 – The Lowell Ladies Men, members of the New England Association, affiliate themselves with the National League by joining the NLs farm system, i. e. the League Alliance East Division. Lowell competes in both circuits and wins the pennant in each, may 17 – The National League votes to change to a livelier ball to replace the one described as being dead enough to bury in a special league meeting. June 5 – Star pitcher Albert Spalding makes his last career start on the mound, June 10 – The St. Louis Brown Stockings and the Cincinnati Reds play a Sunday exhibition game. It will be the one and only Sunday game played in professional baseball until 1892, June 18 – The Cincinnati Reds club disbands after running out of money. The Buffalo Bisons of the New York Association also disband, the White Stockings will return Jones on June 29, but will retain Hallinan. June 30 – Cincinnati signs Candy Cummings to help bolster their pitching, Cummings will continue to hold his position as President of the International League while playing for the Reds. July 3 – Cincinnati loses to the Louisville Grays in their first game since re-organization, the Reds hope to avoid forfeiture of games played and expulsion by the National League by finishing out the season. July 11 – Pete Hotaling, of the Syracuse Stars in the International League, July 13 – George Bradley of the Chicago White Stockings ends his streak of pitching 88 consecutive games for Chicago after playing third base in the White Stockings victory. July 20 – Will White makes his major league debut, White is the first professional player to wear glasses
9.
1880 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1880 throughout the world. National League, Chicago White Stockings National Association, Washington Nationals Inter-league playoff, Chicago,4 games to 3 February 5 – The Worcester Ruby Legs are admitted to the National League. March 31 – The Worcester Ruby Legs offer the Providence Grays $1,000 for negotiating rights with Providence player-manager George Wright, the Grays refuse the offer and Wright remains the reserved property of Providence. April 21 – George Wright turns down the Providence Grays final contract offer, as a reserved player obligated to Providence, Wright has no other option but to sit out the season. April 28 – Lew Brown, catcher for the Boston Red Caps, may 1 – Roger Connor and Mickey Welch make their debuts for the Troy Trojans. Troy loses 13–1 to the Worcester Ruby Legs, who win their first National League game, may 1 – Ned Hanlon makes his debut for the Cleveland Blues in a losing effort. Hanlon will be elected to the Hall-of-Fame in 1996, may 5 – Charley Old Hoss Radbourn debuts for the Providence Grays. May 20 – Chicago White Stockings manager Cap Anson begins alternating Larry Corcoran, may 29 – The Chicago White Stockings set a National League record by winning their 13th consecutive game, a record they will shatter in 4 weeks. June 10 –1879 home run champ Charley Jones of the Boston Red Caps becomes the first player to hit 2 homers in one inning in a Boston victory over the Buffalo Bisons. June 12 – Lee Richmond of the Worcester Ruby Legs pitches the first perfect game in history in a 1–0 victory over the Cleveland Blues. June 17 – John Montgomery Ward of the Providence Grays pitches the 2nd perfect game in 6 days as the Grays defeat Pud Galvin, the National League would not see another perfect game until 1964. July 8 – The Chicago White Stockings win their 21st consecutive game and this record will stand until 1916 when it is broken by the New York Giants. It still stands as the 2nd longest winning streak in league history. July 11 – The Chicago Tribune publishes runs batted in for the first time, july 17 – Harry Stovey of the Worcester Ruby Legs hits his first big league home run. Stovey will become the first player in history to reach 100 career home runs, august 6 – Tim Keefe makes his major league debut with the Troy Trojans, pitching a 4-hitter in defeating the Cincinnati Reds. Keefe will end up with 342 career wins and be elected to the Hall-of-Fame in 1964, august 19 – Larry Corcoran of the Chicago White Stockings pitches a no-hitter against the Boston Red Caps. August 20 – Pud Galvin pitches a no-hitter for the Buffalo Bisons against the Worcester Ruby Legs and it is the 2nd day in a row that the National League has seen a no-hitter. August 27 – Bill Crowley of the Buffalo Bisons records 4 assists from the outfield for the time this season
10.
1878 in architecture
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The year 1878 in architecture involved some significant events. Work begins on the Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria, designed by Georg Dollman, the Semperoper in Dresden, designed by Gottfried Semper, is completed. The Tower House, Kensington, designed by William Burges for himself, is completed, the White House and No.1 Tite Street, Chelsea, London, designed by Edward William Godwin, are completed. The Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan is completed, construction begins on the Indiana Statehouse Indianapolis, Indiana Royal Gold Medal - Alfred Waterhouse. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Victor Laloux, thaddeus Hyatt introduces a patent for reinforced concrete to the United States
11.
1878 in science
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The year 1878 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Proctor describes the Zone of Avoidance, the area of the sky that is obscured by our own galaxy. Death of last confirmed Cape Lion, the rare earth element holmium is identified in erbium by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in Geneva and by Per Teodor Cleve in Sweden. An Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom places Epping Forest in the care of the City of London Corporation to remain unenclosed. June 22 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld sets out on the year-long first navigation of the Northern Sea Route, belgian mathematician Victor DHondt describes the DHondt method of voting. English mathematician Rev. William Allen Whitworth is the first to publish Bertrands ballot theorem, Ádám Politzer publishes Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde, a major otology textbook. Dentists Act in the United Kingdom limits the title of dentist, february 11 – The first weekly weather report is published in the United Kingdom. 31 Iguanodon skeletons are discovered in a mine at Bernissart. February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison, the oldest known audio recording is recovered from this device in 2012. March – The basic process, enabling the use of iron ore in steelmaking, developed at Blaenavon Ironworks by Percy Gilchrist. May 22 – John Philip Hollands experimental powered submarine Holland I is launched in Paterson, august – Cleopatras Needle is raised onto its base in London. October 14 – The worlds first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield, december 18 – Joseph Swan of Newcastle upon Tyne in England announces his invention of an incandescent light bulb. December 31 – Karl Benz produces a gas engine. William Crookes invents the Crookes tube which produces cathode rays, gustav Kessel obtains a patent in Germany for an espresso machine. Czech painter Karel Klíč perfects the photogravure process, lester Allan Pelton produces the first operational Pelton wheel. Remington, in the United States, introduce their No.2 typewriter, october 1 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in the United States. Copley Medal, Jean Baptiste Boussingault Wollaston Medal for Geology, Thomas Wright January 1 – A
12.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
13.
History of the Boston Braves
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The Atlanta Braves, a current Major League Baseball franchise, originated in Boston, Massachusetts. This article details the history of the Boston Braves, from 1871 to 1952, the Boston Franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952. Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University, the franchise, from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta, is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise. The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all-professional baseball team, the original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports. Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years, pitcher Al Spalding and second baseman Ross Barnes. Led by the Wright brothers, Barnes, and Spalding, the Red Stockings dominated the National Association, the team became one of the National Leagues charter franchises in 1876, sometimes called the Red Caps. Boston came to be called the Beaneaters by sportswriters in 1883, although somewhat stripped of talent in the National Leagues inaugural year, Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants. The Red Caps/Beaneaters were one of the dominant teams during the 19th century. For most of time, their manager was Frank Selee. The 1898 team finished 102-47, a record for wins that would stand for almost a century. The team was decimated when the American Leagues new Boston entry set up shop in 1901, many of the Beaneaters stars jumped to the new team, which offered contracts that the Beaneaters owners didnt even bother to match. They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913, in 1907, the Beaneaters eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected. The American League clubs owner, Charles Taylor, wasted time in changing his teams name to the Red Sox in place of the generic Americans. The all-white outfits gave rise to the sobriquet Doves in 1907, however, clever monikers did nothing to change the National League clubs luck. The team adopted a name, the Braves, for the first time in 1912. Their owner, James Gaffney, was a member of New York Citys political machine, Tammany Hall, two years later, the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history. After a dismal 4-18 start, the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish, on July 4,1914, the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers. The consecutive losses put their record at 26-40 and the Braves were in last place,15 games behind the league-leading New York Giants, who had won the previous three league pennants
14.
Road (sports)
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A road game or away game is a sports game where the specified team is not the host and must travel to another venue. Most professional teams represent cities or towns and amateur sports teams often represent academic institutions, each team has a location where it practices during the season and where it hosts games. When a team is not the host, it must travel to games. Thus, when a team is not hosting a game, the team is described as the team, the visiting team, or the away team. The venue in which the game is played is described as the stadium or the road. The host team is said to be the home team, major sporting events, if not held at a neutral venue, are often over several legs at each teams home ground, so that neither team has an advantage over the other. Occasionally, the team may not have to travel very far at all to a road game. These matches often become local derbies, a few times a year, a road team may even be lucky enough to have the road game played at their own home stadium or arena. This is prevalent in college athletics where many schools will play in regional leagues or groundshare. The related term true road game has seen increasing use in U. S. college sports in the 21st century, while regular-season tournaments and other special events have been part of college sports from their creation, the 21st century has seen a proliferation of such events. These are typically held at sites, with some of them taking place outside the contiguous U. S. or even outside the country entirely. In turn, this has led to the use of true road game to refer to contests played at one home venue. In some association football leagues, particularly in Europe, the teams fans sit in their own section. Depending on the stadium, they will either sit in a designated section or be separated from the home fans by a cordon of police officers. However, in the leagues in England, supporters may be free to mix. When games are played at a site, for instance the FA Cup final in England which is always played at Wembley Stadium. This results in each team occupying one half of the stadium and this is different from other sports, particularly in North America, where very few fans travel to games played away from their home stadium. Home and away fans are not separated at these games
15.
1878 Cincinnati Reds season
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The 1878 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished second in the National League with a record of 37–23, after finishing their first two seasons in the National League in last place, the Reds were hoping for some improvement in the 1878 season. Cincinnati signed Cal McVey of the Chicago White Stockings to become the new third baseman. Catcher Deacon White of the Boston Red Caps signed with Cincinnati, White led the National League with a.387 batting average,103 hits, eleven triples,49 RBI, and a.545 slugging percentage with the Red Caps in 1877. White also led the National League with 60 RBI while playing for the White Stockings in 1876, on the mound, 23-year-old Will White was signed by the Reds. White appeared in three games with the Boston Red Caps in 1877, going 2–1 with a 3.00 ERA. Charley Jones had another solid season with the Reds, as he had a.310 batting average. White saw his production slip, however, he still hit.314 with 29 RBI, player-manager McVey was solid with a.306 average and two home runs along with 28 RBI. Rookie King Kelly hit.283 with 27 RBI, White had a spectacular season, going 30–21 with a 1.79 ERA in 468 innings pitched. The Reds opened the season with a winning streak, and stayed hot in their first twenty games, going 15–5. Cincinnati then went on a losing streak, falling to 15–11. Note, Pos = Position, G = Games played, AB = At bats, H = Hits, = Batting average, HR = Home runs, RBI = Runs batted in Note, G = Games played, AB = At bats, H = Hits, Avg
16.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
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Paul Hines
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Paul Aloysius Hines was an American center fielder in professional baseball who played in the National Association and Major League Baseball from 1872 to 1891. There is some controversy over whether Hines was also the first player to turn a triple play. Hines probably practiced with the original Washington Nationals or played on its junior team before joining the National Association with that club in 1872, when the original Chicago White Stockings resumed play in 1874, the teenage Hines played every game, usually in center field. He returned to field with gradually declining playing time for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Boston Beaneaters. He finished his professional career splitting 1896 between Burlington, Iowa and Mobile, Alabama at age 41. During the first five NL seasons, from 1876 through 1880, Hines had more hits than any other player. He also remained among the top 10 major league home run hitters as late as 1887. His total of 16 seasons as a major league teams primary center fielder was not surpassed until Tris Speaker, Hines died at age 80 in Hyattsville, Maryland, deaf and blind. His hearing had been impaired in the 1880s if not earlier, edited by Robert L. Tiemann, and Mark Rucker. ISBN 0-910137-35-8 SABR Biographical Research Committee Report, bill Carle, ed. Cleveland, Ohio, SABR. Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Baseball-Reference
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Providence Grays
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The Providence Grays were a Major League Baseball team based in Providence, Rhode Island who played in the National League from 1878 until 1885. The Grays played at the Messer Street Grounds in the Olneyville neighborhood, the team won the National League title twice, in 1879 and 1884. Following the 1884 season, they won the first World Series over the New York Metropolitans of the American Association, the team folded after the 1885 season. Rhode Island was a hotbed of baseball in the 1870s with several amateur clubs along with Brown Universitys powerhouse collegiate team. In 1875, the semi-pro Rhode Islands were formed, after successful seasons in 1875,1876, and 1877, the team drew the attention of the recently formed National League. When the League elected to drop the Hartford franchise after the 1877 season, the new team was officially organized on January 16,1878 by Benjamin Douglas, who became the teams general manager. Henry Root was hired as the team president‚ and Tom Carey was initially hired to be the on-field captain, on January 21,1878, Providence applied for membership in the NL, and was officially approved on February 6. On April 10, Root took over ownership of the team, fired Douglas for incompetence and insubordination, on May 30, the Providence Base Ball Association was incorporated by the Rhode Island General Assembly. While the team practiced at the Dexter Training Ground in the spring of 1878, construction on the Messer Street Grounds began on April 1 and took exactly one month to complete, the final nail was hammered a mere five minutes before the opening game got underway on May 1. In a break with tradition, the National Leagues newest addition adopted gray flannel instead of white for their home uniform, one of the leading players from the 1879 pennant winner was Hall of Famer John Montgomery Ward. Evidence is strong but not conclusive, Peter Morris of the Society for American Baseball Research has researched this issue, the 1884 team was led by ace pitcher Charles Old Hoss Radbourn, who won a record 60 games that year and led the Grays to the pennant. The Grays went on a 20-game winning streak and topped the league ahead of their ferocious New England rivals, at the close of the season Providence officials accepted New York Metropolitans” manager Jim Mutries challenge to a three-game postseason match. All of the games took place at the Polo Grounds in New York and were played under American Association rules, which forbade overhand pitching. On October 23,1884, the Providence Grays whitewash the New York Metropolitans, 6–0, behind Radbourn, Radbourn would allow two hits and strikeout nine. The very next day, Radbourn three hits the Metropolitans and wins 3–1 in a game called after seven innings due to darkness, Grays third baseman Jerry Denny hits a three-run homer in the fifth inning. It is the first home run in World Series history, Tim Keefe loses for the second time. On October 25,1884 the Providence Grays defeat the New York Metropolitans, 11–2, Radbourn wins for the third time in three days. Buck Becannon takes the loss as Tim Keefe, New York Metropolitans losing pitcher in games 1 and 2, although post-season games prior to 1903 were considered exhibitions, the 1884 World Series is recognized today as the first inter-league postseason championship
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Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
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Run batted in
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A run batted in, plural runs batted in, is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored. For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a base can go home. Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not a baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, common nicknames for an RBI include ribby, rib, and ribeye. The plural of RBI is generally RBIs, although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural, as it can stand for runs batted in. The official scorers judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown, in addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. This implies that better offensive teams—and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base—tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams, totals are current through October 8,2015
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Tommy Bond (baseball)
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Thomas Henry Bond was a Major League Baseball player who was a pitcher and a right fielder a total of ten seasons. A native of Granard, Ireland, he is the first man born in Ireland to play Major League Baseball, Bond was also the last survivor of the National Leagues first season. Bond played for six teams during his career, the Brooklyn Atlantics, Hartford Dark Blues, Boston Red Caps, Worcester Ruby Legs, Boston Reds and he also managed the Worcester team for six games. During his 10-season career, he was a three-time 40-game winner, in 1877, he was the first winner of baseballs pitching Triple Crown, leading the NL in wins, earned run average, and strikeouts. His career statistics include a record of 234-163,386 complete games in 408 starts,42 shutouts, Bond also played 92 games in the outfield, a few more in the infield, and batted.238 with 174 RBI and 213 runs scored. Bond is the all-time baseball leader in strikeouts per walks, at a 4.44 ratio, Bond died the age of 84 in Boston, Massachusetts, and is interred at Forest Hills Cemetery. In the Irish Baseball League, the award for the best pitcher is named The Tommy Bond Best Pitcher Award
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